organon Seminarorganon Seminar

P re s e n te d b y D r.J e ra ld III. M D

D e p t. o f O rg a n o n o f M e d ic in e G HM C C a lic u t.

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Logic and Homoeopathy

• The word logic is derived from the Greek adjective “Logike” corresponding to the Greek word “Logos” which means thought or word, idea, argument, account, reason, or principle as the expression of thought.

• The use of the same word Logos to denote both thought and word to emphasize the close relation between thought and it’s expression in language. Hence etymologically Logic is the science of thought as expressed in the language.

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Definitions The branch of philosophy that analyzes inference Reasoned and reasonable judgment The principles that guide reasoning within a given field or

situation A System of reasoning The Art of reasoning Science of reasoning The Science of thought The Science of the formal laws of thought The Science of the understanding in the pursuit of the truth. Use of ability in argument Science of the operation of the understanding that the

subservient to the destination of the evidence for the process itself advancing from known truths to unknown and all other intellectual operations insofar as auxiliary to this. – MILL.

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HISTORY • Many cultures have employed intricate

systems of reasoning and asked questions about logic or propounded logical paradoxes. In India the Nasadiya Sukta of the Rig-Veda (RV 10.129) contains ontological speculation in terms of various logical divisions that were later recast formally as the four circles of catuskoti: "A", "not A", "A and not A", and "not A and not not A". Tharka, Vitharka & Kutharka are different forms of logic and argument.

• Chinese philosopher Gongsun Long (325–250 BC) proposed the paradox “ One and one cannot become two, since neither becomes two.

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HISTORYThe first sustained work on the subject of logic

which has survived was that of Aristotle. Aristotle (384 – 312 B.C) can be called as the father of Logic . According to Aristotle Logic is the important Instrument for acquisition of genuine knowledge. Logic is an elaboration of methods in search of all knowledge and it is called as science of sciences. He was the founder of both Deductive and Inductive Logic. Logic is concerned with thought forms and thinking process to achieve truth. He was the first to conceive systematic treatment of correct inference. His method of Logic has been explained in his book “Prior Analyticus”.

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HISTORY• Lord Francis Bacon (1561 – 1626 A.D)

formulated the new system of Logic in his book “Novum Organum” to highlight the importance of inductive logic . Before Lord Bacon’s time, Logic was used principally as an instrument for argument and disputation. Little or no attention were given to facts. He demolished innumerable false systems and restored Logic to it’s true place as the guide to truth.

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HISTORY• George Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel (1770-

1831) : One of His major work has been titled as “Science of Logic”. He emphasized on the part to whole relationship. He said any organic whole is more than mere sum of its parts.

• John Stuart mill (1806 – 1873 A.D) He succeeded bacon emphasizing the practical utility of inductive logic in his book titled “Systems of knowledge”

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TYPES 1. Deductive Logic [Formal Logic]

2. Inductive Logic [Logic of Reality or Truth / Material Logic]

Other Types: • Informal logic: is the study of natural language arguments. The

study of fallacies is an especially important branch of informal logic. The dialogues of Plato are a major example of informal logic.

• Symbolic logic: is the study of symbolic abstractions that capture the formal features of logical inference. Symbolic logic is often divided into two branches, propositional logic and predicate logic.

• Mathematical logic: is an extension of symbolic logic into other areas, in particular to the study of model theory, proof theory, set theory, and recursion theory.

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Deductive Logic Reasoning from the general to the particular (or from

cause to effect) A deduction is an argument in which the conclusion follows

necessarily from the premises. Aristotle’s deductive method is otherwise called as syllogism., which means computation Every syllogism consists of three parts:

1. Major premises 2. Minor premises 3. Conclusion Example: All men are mortal = major premise John is a man = minor premise John is mortal = conclusion

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Syllogism can be continued - the conclusion of one syllogism can be used as the premise for other syllogism. Basic principles never require premises.

Types of deduction:Complete: a record in the conclusion follows obviously from premises. Incomplete: conclusion is not obvious. It requires adequate steps of reasoning between the premises and conclusions.

Criticisms of Syllogism: How to derive a major premise? ( defect of system itself)

the Over estimation of deduction ( Without following

induction)

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Inductive logic Reasoning from detailed facts to general principles. ( search for the cause)

The Inductive method in Logic is the scientific method that proceeds by induction ie., by drawing universal conclusion from particular premises. Inductive logic does on concern itself with facts, with the reality.its primary purpose is to discovery and use of truth. The Inductive logic is the logic of Bacon, Mill, and Hahnemann .

Requirement of Inductive logic : Soundness: The premises must be true( they should be valid observation of facts upon pure experimentation ) Consistency: which means that none of the theorems of the system contradict one another.Completeness: The induction must be complete without a break from premises to conclusion, Adequate knowledge on the subject.

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Steps of inductive logic : ( c.f FUNK & WAGNALL’s dictionary definition of inductive reasoning)

i. Exact Observation

ii. Correct Interpretation: of the observed Facts with the view to understanding them in relation to each other and to their causes.

iii.Rational Explanation of the facts by referring them to their real cause or law

iv.Scientific Construction: by putting the facts in such co-ordination that the system reached shall agree with the reality.

For example; 1. Hahnemann’s exact observations of the frequent failures to help sick patients

by his method off treatment when being an allopath resulted a honest disappointment and made him quit his practice of medicine. While translating cullen’s materia medica the exact observation of the truth that the ability of cinchona bark to cure malaria was not the astringent property of it made him to experiment on himself.

2. Correct interpretation of the fact from the cinchona experiment that the diseases are cured by the properties of drugs which are capable of producing the similar disease in healthy persons.

3. Rational explanation of the phenomena of similia similibus curentur which was hinted at the time of ancient Hindu sages, by Hippocrates, Paracelsus, Stahl.

4. Scientific construction of the principles evolved from his inductive reasoning. 12www.similima.com

Four methods of induction in search for the cause:

1. Method of agreement: in which a condition uniformly present is assumed to be probably a cause

2. Method of difference: in which the happening of an event when a condition is present and its failure when a condition is absent lead to the assumption of that condition as a cause.

3. Method of concomitant variation: In which the simultaneous variation In similar the degree of condition and event establishes a causal relation

4. Method of residues or of residual variations: where after subtracting from a phenomenon that part due to causes already established the remainder is held to be due to some other unascertained cause or to the known remaining causes.

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Utility of LogicLogic furnishes scientific knowledge of the principles of correct thinking by the observance of which truth is attained errors detected and avoided. Logic is the science of sciences. Every science must conform to the general law of correct thinking with which Logic is concerned. Logic is an intellectual discipline. The study of Logic cultivates the power of abstract thinking and trains and develops the reasoning powers. In Logic the Homoeopathic Physician not only can conduct his daily works with ease and facility but also can solve his most difficult and important problems 14www.similima.com

Logic and its Homoeopathic ApplicationsIntroduction: Science is the application of principles to art and life.

The principles are deduced from facts by the exercise of reason. The setting is conducted according to fixed laws, which is our business to learn and apply. Learn how to reason scientifically upon the facts of his department is as essential for the homeopathic Physician as it is for any other scientific man. Analysis of the Organon of Hahnemann as well as of the history of Homoeopathy and the life of its founder shows clearly that Homoeopathy is a product of logic (both deduction and induction) applied to the subject of medicine. Logic is essentially a tool for discoveries and advancement and not for argument.

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Relation Between Logic and Organon The semantics of ORGANON are simplified as:

1. A method of scientific investigation,2. An instrument of thoughts,3. A system of logic,4. Literary work.

It also means, 5.An organ or system. 6.A group of logical requirements for scientific

inquiry or demonstration. 7. Any major work of an author which sets down

many fundamental principles in that specific topic. And hence logic and organon functions as one

single unit and are inseparable and hence Homoeopathy from Logic.

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Principles• Similia similibus curentur: is a product of true

Logic originally deductive but conformed and verified by inductive method of reasoning.

• Doctrine of drug proving: is the first doctrine borne in the great Intellect of Hahnemann is a byproduct of both the deductive and inductive logic.

• Law of Simplex: is the principle born along with the law of similia and drug proving. It is essentially an inductive method of reasoning.

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• Law of causation / Theory of miasms : The theory of induction is based upon

the notion of cause. The real cause is the whole of the antecedents and we have no right to give the name of the cause to one of them, exclusively of others. The most common and the most pernicious medical error is to assume that a disease had a single cause and to direct all efforts and agencies against that.

Hahnemann’s discovery of miasms was entirely based on true induction and generalization. But later in the history of Homoeopathy this particular doctrine suffered a lot of deduction by the dogmatic followers of Hahnemann and rendered a lot more confusions about miasms and complicated the scientificity of Homoeopathy.

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Theory of drug dynamization: The discovery of dynamization is the combination of both the

Logic and intuition. Due to his immense mathematical knowledge he could find a methodology for that. The discovery of dynamization is very important not only for the medical field but also in the physical sciences. Dynamization changed the total outlook of Homoeopathy as it completely changed from a materials science to a dynamic science.

Facts known to us are: We get symptoms even in the proving of higher potencies. The action of dynamized medicines have been clinically verified

by millions of Homoeopathic doctors all over the world everyday.Facts unknown in the process of dynamization are:

What are the physical and chemical changes occurring?What happens to a substance in the process of dynamization? Why does it and in organisms?What is the channel in which the medicine and substance acts? How does the medicine act? Through which route does it act?

Unless these answers are found, Homoeopathy will always be an occult science.

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• Law of Minimum: It’s the principle, formulated from the experience by

Hahnemann. Probably the concept of minimum dose came up when he was Treating a case of colicodynia in 1799. Four grain doses of veratrum alb Twice daily for two days were given and the patient had life threatening aggravation. In 1801 he advice 1: 100, 000 of one drop of belladonna mother tincture as a dose for cure prevention of scarlet fever

• Theory of vital force: In the sixth edition of organon it is transformed

as vital principle. It’s discovery is possibly an attempt of Hahnemann to give a reasonable explanation to an unknown phenomenon. It seemed to be a dogmatic theory rather than the byproduct of logical science. The consequence of his theory of vital force had a far reaching and most damaging impact on Homoeopathy and obstructed further investigations of the drug action in Homoeopathy .

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Other related topics in Homoeopathy • Case taking / examination of the patient: §83 deals with the demands of the

homeopathic Physician as freedom from prejudice, sounds senses, attention in observing , fidelity in tracing the picture of disease are nothing but the initial requisites of an inductive method.

• Diagnosis : The method of disease diagnosis and patient

diagnosis or individualization is an inductive reasoning as the process of correct interpretation on the base of true facts exactly observed. It is a process of generalization erected from the facts obtained during case taking.

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Totality of symptoms/ Individualization / Prescription: It is an scientific construction in logical sequence

following exact observation and correct interpretation of data obtained in case taking. Logic facilitates the comprehension of related totality or picture of the symptoms of the case as a whole. The true totality is more than the mere numerical totality or whole number of symptoms. By definition The totality of symptoms means all the symptoms of the case which are capable of being logically combined into a harmonious and consistent whole having form, coherency and individuality.

The basis of prescription of a Homoeopathic Physician it’s always viewed and interpreted from the standpoint of the prescriber. Individualization has been the burden of the message of every great teacher since Hahnemann . They have reported cases illustrating their own personal method of selecting the remedy by which they have attained marvelous results; but they have not shown the inner workings of their minds. The skill of selecting a symptom as characteristic is also in many occasions the subjective skill of an prescriber. 22www.similima.com

Law of Cure: It is based on exact observations and

verifications through number of cases from the experience of Hahnemann and other pioneers including Hering.

Repertory: The works on repertories are the greatest master

piece of analysis, comparison and generalization in our literature. Boenninghausen’s repertory is the outcome of true inductive reasoning and Kent’s repertory is mainly a deductive methodology inferred after an inductive work on facts. The prescriptions will be obviously scientific and more reasonable if they are based on an authentic repertorial reference.

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Modern statistical research studies and Logic The steps which are necessary to carry out a research study includes.,

Formulating the research problem Review of the literature Formulation of the hypothesis Decision on the research designDecision On the sample is designThe collection of data (un prejudiced)Analysis of the data Testing of hypotheses Generalization and interpretation Research report

are nothing but the steps of inductive methodology .

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Re fe re nc e s

The Genius of Homoeopathy – Dr.Stuart close The principles and Art of cure by Homoeopathy – Dr.H.A Roberts Prescribing methods – Dr.Keith Souter A treatise on organon of medicine supplementary to part one –

Dr.Asok Kumar Das New Lights – Dr.E.S Rajendran Lecture notes on philosophy - Dr.Abdu Rehiman www.wickepedia.com

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