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MEDICAL POLICY – 7.01.154 Ablation of Peripheral Nerves to Treat Pain BCBSA Ref. Policy: 7.01.154 Effective Date: Dec. 1, 2020 Last Revised: Nov. 3, 2020 Replaces: 7.01.565
RELATED MEDICAL POLICIES: 7.01.147 Ablation Procedures for Peripheral Neuromas 7.01.563 Ablative Treatments for Occipital Neuralgia, Chronic Headaches, and
Atypical Facial Pain 7.01.564 Pulsed Radiofrequency
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POLICY CRITERIA | DOCUMENTATION REQUIREMENTS | CODING RELATED INFORMATION | EVIDENCE REVIEW | REFERENCES | HISTORY
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Introduction
Peripheral nerves are the nerves that connect the brain and spinal cord to the body. Nerves transmit sensation, including pain. Newer techniques to try to treat pain arising from the peripheral nerves involve trying to destroy a small part of the nerve. The goal is to try to interrupt pain signals. All techniques to destroy parts of the peripheral nerve, including using devices that create heat or extreme cold and devices that combine heat and cooled water are investigational. That means they need more study to see if they are effective.
Note: The Introduction section is for your general knowledge and is not to be taken as policy coverage criteria. The rest of the policy uses specific words and concepts familiar to medical professionals. It is intended for providers. A provider can be a person, such as a doctor, nurse, psychologist, or dentist. A provider also can be a place where medical care is given, like a hospital, clinic, or lab. This policy informs them about when a service may be covered.
Policy Coverage Criteria
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Service Investigational Radiofrequency ablation of peripheral nerves
Radiofrequency ablation of peripheral nerves to treat pain associated with knee osteoarthritis or plantar fasciitis is considered investigational. Radiofrequency ablation of peripheral nerves to treat pain associated with occipital neuralgia or cervicogenic headache is considered investigational.
Cryoneurolysis of peripheral nerves
Cryoneurolysis of peripheral nerves to treat pain associated with knee osteoarthritis or total knee arthroplasty is considered investigational. Cryoneurolysis of peripheral nerves to treat pain associated with occipital neuralgia or cervicogenic headache is considered investigational
Ablation of peripheral nerves
Ablation of peripheral nerves to treat pain is considered investigational in all other conditions, with the exception of facet joint pain (see Related Policies).
Coding
Code Description CPT 0441T Ablation, percutaneous, cryoablation, includes imaging guidance; lower extremity
distal/peripheral nerve
64624 Destruction by neurolytic agent, genicular nerve branches including imaging guidance, when performed
64640 Destruction by neurolytic agent; other peripheral nerve or branch
Note: CPT codes, descriptions and materials are copyrighted by the American Medical Association (AMA). HCPCS codes, descriptions and materials are copyrighted by Centers for Medicare Services (CMS).
Related Information
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N/A
Evidence Review
Description
Radiofrequency ablation (RFA) and cryoneurolysis of nerves have been proposed as treatments for several different types of pain. RFA has been used to treat a number of clinical pain syndromes such as trigeminal neuralgia as well as cervical and lumbar pain. This policy evaluates the application of RFA and cryoneurolysis in peripheral sites distant from the spine.
Background
Knee Osteoarthritis
Knee OA is common, and often the cause of substantial disability. Among U.S. adults, the most common causes of disability are arthritis and rheumatic disorders.
Treatment
Treatment for OA of the knee aims to alleviate pain and improve function. However, most treatments do not modify the natural history or progression of OA and are not considered curative. Nonsurgical modalities used include exercise; weight loss; various supportive devices; acetaminophen or nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (eg, ibuprofen); nutritional supplements (glucosamine, chondroitin); and intra-articular viscosupplements. Corticosteroid injection may be considered when relief from nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs is insufficient, or the patient is at risk of gastrointestinal adverse events. If symptom relief is inadequate with conservative measures, invasive treatments may be considered. Total knee arthroplasty is an operative treatment for symptomatic OA of the knee.
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Plantar Fasciitis
Plantar fasciitis is a common cause of foot pain in adults, characterized by deep pain in the plantar aspect of the heel, particularly on arising from bed. While the pain may subside with activity, in some patients the pain persists and can impede activities of daily living. On physical examination, firm pressure will elicit a tender spot over the medial tubercle of the calcaneus. The exact etiology of plantar fasciitis is unclear, although a repetitive injury is suspected. Heel spurs are a common associated finding, although it has never been proven that heel spurs cause the pain. Asymptomatic heel spurs can be found in up to 10% of the population.
Treatment
Most cases of plantar fasciitis are treated with conservative therapy, including rest or minimization of running and jumping, heel cups, and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Local steroid injection may also be used. Improvement may take up to one year in some cases.
Occipital Neuralgia
Occipital neuralgia is a specific type of headache that is located on one side of the upper neck, back of the head, and behind the ears, and sometimes extending to the scalp, forehead, and behind the eyes. The pain, which may be piercing, throbbing, or electric-shock-like, follows the course of the greater and lesser occipital nerves. Occipital neuralgia is believed to occur due to pressure or irritation to the occipital nerves, which may result from injury, entrapment by tight muscles, or inflammation.
Treatment
Treatment may include massage and rest, muscle relaxants, nerve blocks, and injection of steroids directly into the affected area.
Cervicogenic Headache
Cervicogenic headache is a headache that is secondary to a disorder of the cervical spine. The pain may be referred from facet joints, intervertebral discs, or soft tissue. The pain is constant
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rather than throbbing and may be aggravated by movements of the neck or pressure to certain areas on the neck. The first three cervical spinal nerves can refer pain to the head. The C1 suboccipital nerve innervates the atlanto-occipital joint; the C2 spinal nerve and the C3 dorsal ramus have close proximity to and innervate the C2-C3 facet joint. The C2-3 facet joint is the most frequent source of a cervicogenic headache. A diagnosis of a cervicogenic headache may be confirmed by an anesthetic block of the lateral atlanto-axial joint, the C2-3 facet joint, or the C3-4 facet joint.
Treatment
Treatment may include nerve blocks, physical therapy, and exercise.
Nerve Radiofrequency Ablation
Nerve RFA is a minimally invasive method that involves the use of heat and coagulation necrosis to destroy tissue. A needle electrode is inserted through the skin and into the tissue to be ablated. A high-frequency electrical current is applied to the target tissue and a small sphere of tissue is coagulated around the needle by the heat generated. It is theorized that the thermal lesioning of the nerve destroys peripheral sensory nerve endings, resulting in the alleviation of pain. Cooled radiofrequency (RF) treatment is a variation of nerve RFA using a water-cooled probe that applies more energy at the desired location without excessive heat diffusing beyond the area, causing less tissue damage away from the nerve (See Table 1). The goal of ablating the nerve is the same.
RFA is also distinguished from pulsed RF treatment, which has been investigated for different types of pain. The mechanism of action of pulsed RF treatment is uncertain but it is thought not to destroy the nerve.1 If it does produce some degree of nerve destruction, it is thought to cause less damage than standard RFA. Some studies refer to pulsed RF treatment as ablation.
For the indications assessed in this policy, nerve RFA should be distinguished from RF energy applied to areas other than the nerve to cause tissue damage. Some patients have been treated for plantar fasciitis with a fasciotomy procedure using an RF device. This procedure does not ablate a specific nerve.
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Table 1. Types of Radiofrequency Ablation
Type Procedure Tissue Temperature
Key Differences
Standard RFA Electrode tip provides thermal energy for 90 – 130 seconds
70 – 90° C Longer term pain relief but with more adjacent thermal tissue injury and limitation in size and shape of lesion.
Pulsed RFA Non-ablative - provides 20 ms pulses every 30 seconds
42° C Limits tissue damage but results in shorter duration of pain relief
Cooled RFA Water circulates through RF electrode to cool the tip
60° C Larger lesion with limited thermal injury to tissue. Longer term pain relief.
RF: radiofrequency; RFA: radiofrequency ablation; Adapted from Oladeji et al (2019)2
Cryoneurolysis
Cryoneurolysis is being investigated to alleviate pain. Temperatures of -20° to -100°C applied to a nerve cause Wallerian (anterograde axonal) degeneration, with disruption of nerve structure and conduction but maintenance of the perineural and epineural elements of the nerve bundle. Wallerian degeneration allows complete regeneration and recovery of nerve function in about three to five months. The iovera° cryoablation system is a portable handheld device that applies percutaneous and targeted delivery of cold to superficial peripheral nerves.
Summary of Evidence
For individuals who have knee OA who receive RFA of peripheral nerves, the evidence includes two RCTs with a total of 211 patients with a six-month follow-up and observational studies with 12 months of follow-up. The relevant outcomes include symptoms, functional outcomes, and quality of life (QOL). Knee OA is a common disorder in older adults. RFA of the genicular nerves has the potential to alleviate pain and improve function in this population and might also delay or eliminate the need for TKA. To date, the evidence on RFA for knee pain includes three RCTs
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with 6-month follow-up and prospective observational studies with 12 to 24 months of follow-up. One of the larger RCTs compared C-RFA to active control of steroid injection and utilized genicular nerve blocks to select patients for the study. At one month after treatment, pain scores on an 11-point NRS differed by less than 1 point, a finding that was statistically significant but of marginal clinical significance. By three months after treatment pain scores had increased in the steroid group, consistent with the known durability of the treatment. Pain scores in the RFA group remained low in patients who remained in the study. Another RCT compared cooled RFA with injection of hyaluronic acid, which has questionable efficacy. At this time, results have been reported in the control group only for the patients who had crossed over to RFA. The durability of this treatment approach at 12 to 24 months has been evaluated in a follow-up to the RCT, a retrospective study, and a small (n=25) independent prospective study. In both of the industry-sponsored publications, 65% of the patients treated with C-RFA reported a greater than 50% reduction in pain scores at 12 months. In an independent and prospective observational study, about one-third continued to show a response at one year after RFA of the genicular nerves. One of the RCTs used stimulation to identify the genicular nerves, rather than genicular nerve blocks with an anesthetic. None of the studies were blinded, which may have biased the subjective outcome measures. It should be noted that the anatomy of the genicular nerves is variable, and the best method for their identification has not been determined. Study in a larger number of patients, preferably in blinded studies with active control and follow-up longer than 12 months, is needed to determine the benefits and potential harms of this treatment. The evidence is insufficient to determine the effects of the technology on health outcomes.
For individuals who have knee OA or TKA who receive cryoneurolysis of peripheral nerves, the evidence includes an RCT with 180 patients and a retrospective comparative study. The relevant outcomes include symptoms, functional outcomes, and QOL. Cryoneurolysis in patients with knee OA resulted in a greater decrease in WOMAC pain score, WOMAC total score, and VAS score at 30 days compared with sham-treated controls. However, subsequent measurements showed no significant benefit of cryoneurolysis on WOMAC score at 60 days or VAS scores at 60 or 90 days. Perioperative cryoneurolysis was shown in a retrospective comparison to reduce the length of stay and opioid use in patients undergoing TKA. These results need to be confirmed in an RCT. Several technical issues including the optimal number of applications for each nerve, the duration of treatment, and the duration of thawing before moving the cannula have not been resolved. The most effective method for determining probe insertion location (eg, ultrasound-guided or based on anatomic landmarks) also need to be established. The evidence is insufficient to determine the effects of the technology on health outcomes.
For individuals who have plantar fasciitis who receive RFA of peripheral nerves, the evidence includes two RCTs. The relevant outcomes include symptoms, functional outcomes, and QOL. One of the randomized trials only evaluated 17 patients, and assessment of randomized
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outcomes was limited to four weeks posttreatment. A second RCT evaluated 36 patients out to 12 weeks. The case series generally had small sample sizes, and many had methodologic deficiencies such as retrospective assessment of pain. To be more confident in the efficacy of this treatment, controlled trials with larger samples and longer follow-up would be necessary. The evidence is insufficient to determine the effects of the technology on health outcomes.
For individuals who have occipital neuralgia or cervicogenic headache who receive RFA or cryoneurolysis of peripheral nerves, the evidence includes RCTs and systematic reviews of RCTs. The relevant outcomes are symptoms, functional outcomes, and quality of life. No RCTs of RFA for chronic occipital neuralgia have been identified. Three RCTs of RFA for a cervicogenic headache have been published, none of which were high quality. Pain is a subjective, patient-reported measure that is particularly susceptible to a placebo effect. Randomized trials with sham or active controls are needed to evaluate the efficacy of this treatment. One controlled trial found a temporary benefit of cryoneurolysis for cervicogenic headache, but the effect was not significantly better than injection of corticosteroid and local anesthetic. The evidence is insufficient to determine the effects of the technology on health outcomes.
Ongoing and Unpublished Clinical Trials
Some currently ongoing and unpublished trials that might influence this review are listed in Table 2.
Table 2. Summary of Key Trials
NCT No. Trial Name Planned Enrollment
Completion Date
Ongoing NCT03381248a A Prospective, Multi-center, Randomized, Clinical Trial
Evaluating the Safety and Effectiveness of Using COOLIEF™ Cooled Radiofrequency Probe to Create Lesions of the Genicular Nerves and Comparing a Single Injection of Hyaluronic Acid in the Management of Knee Pain
177 Aug 2020
NCT03818022 Effectiveness of Preoperative Cryoneurolysis (Iovera) for Postoperative Pain Control in Total Knee Arthroplasty
100 Dec 2020
NCT02915120 Ultrasound-Guided Pulsed Radiofrequency Of The Genicular Nerves In The Treatment Of Patients With
142 Dec 2020
https://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03381248?term=NCT03381248&draw=2&rank=1https://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03818022?term=NCT03818022&draw=2&rank=1https://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02915120?term=NCT02915120&draw=2&rank=1
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NCT No. Trial Name Planned Enrollment
Completion Date
Osteoarthritis Knee Pain: Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial
NCT03774121 Cryoneurolysis for the Management of Chronic Pain in Patients With Knee Osteoarthritis; A Randomized Controlled Study
90 Dec 2021
NCT04145011a A Prospective, Multi-center, Randomized, Single Blind Clinical Trial Comparing COOLIEF* Cooled Radiofrequency to Conventional Radiofrequency Ablation of the Genicular Nerves in the Management of Knee Pain in an Osteoarthritic Patient Population
148 Aug 2022
Unpublished NCT02294864 A Controlled Comparison of Pulsed Radiofrequency Vs
Physical Therapy on Treating Chronic Knee Osteoarthritis 50 Apr 2017
(unknown)
NCT02260869 Efficacy of Cooled and Monopolar Radiofrequency Ablation of the Geniculate Nerves for the Treatment of Chronic Osteoarthritic Knee Pain
78 Jun 2019 (completed)
NCT03628482a A Randomized Controlled Study to Compare Efficacy of Continuous Versus Pulsed Radiofrequency Treatment of Genicular Nerves to Alleviate Pain and Improve Functional Impairment in Patients With Advanced Osteoarthritis of the Knee
188 Aug 2019
NCT02925442a Comparison Between Cooled (C-RFA) and Standard (t-RFA) Radiofrequency Ablation, and Control for Pain Management Following Unilateral Knee Arthroplasty: A Double-Blinded, Parallel-Grouped, Placebo-Controlled Randomized Clinical Trial
150 Feb 2020
NCT: national clinical trial. a Industry sponsored or partially sponsored.
Practice Guidelines and Position Statements
American College of Rheumatology and Arthritis Foundation
The 2019 guidelines from the American College of Rheumatology and the Arthritis Foundation gave a conditional recommendation for radiofrequency ablation for the treatment of knee osteoarthritis.25 The recommendation was based on evidence of a potential analgesic benefit, but the studies used heterogeneous techniques and there was a lack of long-term safety data.
https://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03774121?term=NCT03774121&draw=2&rank=1https://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04145011?term=NCT04145011&draw=2&rank=1https://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02294864?term=NCT02294864&draw=2&rank=1https://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02260869?term=NCT02260869&draw=1&rank=1https://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03628482?term=NCT03628482&draw=2&rank=1https://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02925442?term=NCT02925442&draw=2&rank=1
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The American College of Foot and Ankle Surgeons
The American College of Foot and Ankle Surgeons (2018) issued consensus guidelines on the diagnosis and treatment of acquired infracalcaneal heel pain.26 The safety and efficacy of bipolar radiofrequency were listed as uncertain (neither appropriate nor inappropriate).
Medicare National Coverage
There is no national coverage determination.
Regulatory Status
A number of RF generators and probes for the peripheral nervous system have been cleared for marketing by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) through the 510(k) process. Some examples are listed in Table 3
In 2017, the COOLIEF Cooled Radiofrequency Probe (Avanos, previously known as Halyard Health) was cleared for marketing by the FDA through the 510(k) process to be used in conjunction with a radiofrequency generator to create lesions in nervous tissue (K163461). One of the indications is specifically for " creating radiofrequency lesions of the genicular nerves for the management of moderate to severe knee pain of more than 6 months with conservative therapy, including medication, in patients with radiologically-confirmed osteoarthritis (grade 2-4) and a positive response (> 50% reduction in pain) to a diagnostic genicular nerve block."
Table 3. Radiofrequency and Cryoneurolysis Devices
Device Manufacturer Clearance Date FDA Product Code
SInergy®/Bayless Pain Management Probe
Kimberly-Clark/Baylis K053082 2005 GXD
NeuroTherm® NT 2000 NeuroTherm K111576 2011 GXD
iovera Myoscience K133453 2014 GXH
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Device Manufacturer Clearance Date FDA Product Code
COOLIEF Cooled Radiofrequency Kit
Avanos, previously known as Halyard Health
K163236 2016 GXI
Rulo(TM) Radiofrequency Lesion Probe
Epimed International K190256 2019 GXI
References
1. Chua NH, Vissers KC, Sluijter ME. Pulsed radiofrequency treatment in interventional pain management: mechanisms and potential indications-a review. Acta Neurochir (Wien). Apr 2011; 153(4): 763-71. PMID 21116663
2. Oladeji LO, Cook JL. Cooled Radio Frequency Ablation for the Treatment of Osteoarthritis-Related Knee Pain: Evidence, Indications, and Outcomes. J Knee Surg. Jan 2019; 32(1): 65-71. PMID 30396206
3. Jamison DE, Cohen SP. Radiofrequency techniques to treat chronic knee pain: a comprehensive review of anatomy, effectiveness, treatment parameters, and patient selection.. 2018; 11: 1879-1888. PMID 30271194
4. Choi WJ, Hwang SJ, Song JG, et al. Radiofrequency treatment relieves chronic knee osteoarthritis pain: a double-blind randomized controlled trial. Pain. Mar 2011; 152(3): 481-7. PMID 21055873
5. Sari S, Aydin ON, Turan Y, et al. Which one is more effective for the clinical treatment of chronic pain in knee osteoarthritis: radiofrequency neurotomy of the genicular nerves or intra-articular injection?. Int J Rheum Dis. Oct 2018; 21(10): 1772-1778. PMID 27515095
6. Davis T, Loudermilk E, DePalma M, et al. Prospective, Multicenter, Randomized, Crossover Clinical Trial Comparing the Safety and Effectiveness of Cooled Radiofrequency Ablation With Corticosteroid Injection in the Management of Knee Pain From Osteoarthritis. Reg Anesth Pain Med. Jan 2018; 43(1): 84-91. PMID 29095245
7. El-Hakeim EH, Elawamy A, Kamel EZ, et al. Fluoroscopic Guided Radiofrequency of Genicular Nerves for Pain Alleviation in Chronic Knee Osteoarthritis: A Single-Blind Randomized Controlled Trial. Pain Physician. Mar 2018; 21(2): 169-177. PMID 29565947
8. McCormick ZL, Reddy R, Korn M, et al. A Prospective Randomized Trial of Prognostic Genicular Nerve Blocks to Determine the Predictive Value for the Outcome of Cooled Radiofrequency Ablation for Chronic Knee Pain Due to Osteoarthritis. Pain Med. Aug 01 2018; 19(8): 1628-1638. PMID 29300971
9. Davis T, Loudermilk E, DePalma M, et al. Twelve-month analgesia and rescue, by cooled radiofrequency ablation treatment of osteoarthritic knee pain: results from a prospective, multicenter, randomized, cross-over trial. Reg Anesth Pain Med. Feb 16 2019. PMID 30772821
10. Hunter C, Davis T, Loudermilk E, et al. Cooled Radiofrequency Ablation Treatment of the Genicular Nerves in the Treatment of Osteoarthritic Knee Pain: 18- and 24-Month Results. Pain Pract. Mar 2020; 20(3): 238-246. PMID 31605667
11. Chen AF, Khalouf F, Zora K, et al. Cooled radiofrequency ablation provides extended clinical utility in the management of knee osteoarthritis: 12-month results from a prospective, multi-center, randomized, cross-over trial comparing cooled radiofrequency ablation to a single hyaluronic acid injection. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. Jun 09 2020; 21(1): 363. PMID 32517739
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12. American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons. Treatment of Osteoarthritis of the Knee: Evidence-based Guideline 2nd edition. 2013 https://www.aaos.org/globalassets/quality-and-practice-resources/osteoarthritis-of-the-knee/osteoarthritis-of-the-knee-2nd-editiion-clinical-practice-guideline.pdf. Accessed November 20, 2020.
13. Santana Pineda MM, Vanlinthout LE, Moreno Martin A, et al. Analgesic Effect and Functional Improvement Caused by Radiofrequency Treatment of Genicular Nerves in Patients With Advanced Osteoarthritis of the Knee Until 1 Year Following Treatment. Reg Anesth Pain Med. Jan/Feb 2017; 42(1): 62-68. PMID 27875368
14. Kapural L, Lee N, Neal K, et al. Long-Term Retrospective Assessment of Clinical Efficacy of Radiofrequency Ablation of the Knee Using a Cooled Radiofrequency System. Pain Physician. Sep 2019; 22(5): 489-494. PMID 31561648
15. Radnovich R, Scott D, Patel AT, et al. Cryoneurolysis to treat the pain and symptoms of knee osteoarthritis: a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, sham-controlled trial. Osteoarthr Cartil. Aug 2017; 25(8): 1247-1256. PMID 28336454
16. Dasa V, Lensing G, Parsons M, et al. Percutaneous freezing of sensory nerves prior to total knee arthroplasty. Knee. Jun 2016; 23(3): 523-8. PMID 26875052
17. Gabriel RA, Ilfeld BM. Novel Methodologies in Regional Anesthesia for Knee Arthroplasty. Anesthesiol Clin. Sep 2018; 36(3): 387-401. PMID 30092936
18. Wu YT, Chang CY, Chou YC, et al. Ultrasound-Guided Pulsed Radiofrequency Stimulation of Posterior Tibial Nerve: A Potential Novel Intervention for Recalcitrant Plantar Fasciitis. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. May 2017; 98(5): 964-970. PMID 28209507
19. Landsman AS, Catanese DJ, Wiener SN, et al. A prospective, randomized, double-blinded study with crossover to determine the efficacy of radio-frequency nerve ablation for the treatment of heel pain. J Am Podiatr Med Assoc. Jan-Feb 2013; 103(1): 8-15. PMID 23328847
20. Cozzarelli J, Sollitto RJ, Thapar J, et al. A 12-year long-term retrospective analysis of the use of radiofrequency nerve ablation for the treatment of neurogenic heel pain. Foot Ankle Spec. Dec 2010; 3(6): 338-46. PMID 20817845
21. Cione JA, Cozzarelli J, Mullin CJ. A retrospective study of radiofrequency thermal lesioning for the treatment of neuritis of the medial calcaneal nerve and its terminal branches in chronic heel pain. J Foot Ankle Surg. Mar-Apr 2009; 48(2): 142-7. PMID 19232965
22. Grandhi RK, Kaye AD, Abd-Elsayed A. Systematic Review of Radiofrequency Ablation and Pulsed Radiofrequency for Management of Cervicogenic Headaches. Curr Pain Headache Rep. Feb 23 2018; 22(3): 18. PMID 29476360
23. Ducic I, Felder JM, Fantus SA. A systematic review of peripheral nerve interventional treatments for chronic headaches. Ann Plast Surg. Apr 2014; 72(4): 439-45. PMID 24374395
24. Kvarstein G, Hogstrom H, Allen SM, et al. Cryoneurolysis for cervicogenic headache - a double blinded randomized controlled study. Scand J Pain. Dec 18 2019; 20(1): 39-50. PMID 31675351
25. Kolasinski SL, Neogi T, Hochberg MC, et al. 2019 American College of Rheumatology/Arthritis Foundation Guideline for the Management of Osteoarthritis of the Hand, Hip, and Knee.. Feb 2020; 72(2): 220-233. PMID 31908163
26. Schneider HP, Baca JM, Carpenter BB, et al. American College of Foot and Ankle Surgeons Clinical Consensus Statement: Diagnosis and Treatment of Adult Acquired Infracalcaneal Heel Pain. J Foot Ankle Surg. Mar 2018; 57(2): 370-381. PMID 29284574
History
https://www.aaos.org/globalassets/quality-and-practice-resources/osteoarthritis-of-the-knee/osteoarthritis-of-the-knee-2nd-editiion-clinical-practice-guideline.pdfhttps://www.aaos.org/globalassets/quality-and-practice-resources/osteoarthritis-of-the-knee/osteoarthritis-of-the-knee-2nd-editiion-clinical-practice-guideline.pdf
Page | 13 of 13 ∞
Date Comments 08/01/20 New policy, approved July 14, 2020. Policy replaces 7.01.565. Policy statements remain
unchanged; CPT codes 0441T, 64624, & 64999 removed.
12/01/20 Interim Review, approved November 3, 2020. Policy updated with literature review through July, 2020; references added. Cryoneurolysis was added to the investigational statement on occipital neuralgia or cervicogenic headache, other statements unchanged. Added CPT codes 64624 and 0441T.
Disclaimer: This medical policy is a guide in evaluating the medical necessity of a particular service or treatment. The Company adopts policies after careful review of published peer-reviewed scientific literature, national guidelines and local standards of practice. Since medical technology is constantly changing, the Company reserves the right to review and update policies as appropriate. Member contracts differ in their benefits. Always consult the member benefit booklet or contact a member service representative to determine coverage for a specific medical service or supply. CPT codes, descriptions and materials are copyrighted by the American Medical Association (AMA). ©2020 Premera All Rights Reserved.
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አማሪኛ (Amharic): ይህ ማስታወቂያ አስፈላጊ መረጃ ይዟል። ይህ ማስታወቂያ ስለ ማመልከቻዎ ወይም የ Premera Blue Cross ሽፋን አስፈላጊ መረጃ ሊኖረው ይችላል። በዚህ ማስታወቂያ ውስጥ ቁልፍ ቀኖች ሊኖሩ ይችላሉ። የጤናን ሽፋንዎን ለመጠበቅና በአከፋፈል እርዳታ ለማግኘት በተውሰኑ የጊዜ ገደቦች እርምጃ መውሰድ ይገባዎት ይሆናል። ይህን መረጃ እንዲያገኙ እና ያለምንም ክፍያ በቋንቋዎ እርዳታ እንዲያገኙ መብት አለዎት።በስልክ ቁጥር 800-722-1471 (TTY: 800-842-5357) ይደውሉ።
( ةالعربي :(. امةھ ماتولعم اإلشعار ھذا يحوي
خالل من ھاعلي صولحلا تريد لتيا التغطيةلل أو ةصحيلاكطيتتغ لىع اظلحفل نةعيم يخراوت في إجراء خاذتال تحتاج وقد .اإلشعار ھذا في
تكلفة أية بدتك دون بلغتك مساعدةوال تاوملالمع ھذه على ولحصال لك يحق .800-722-1471 (TTY: 800-842-5357)
أو طلبك وصخصب مةمھ ماتوعلم عارشإلا ھذا ويحي قدةمھم يخراوت ھناك تكون قد .Premera Blue Cross
اعدةمس تصلايفكالتال دفع فيبـ
.
Arabic
Oromoo (Cushite): Beeksisni kun odeeffannoo barbaachisaa qaba. Beeksisti kun sagantaa yookan karaa Premera Blue Cross tiin tajaajila keessan ilaalchisee odeeffannoo barbaachisaa qabaachuu danda’a. Guyyaawwan murteessaa ta’an beeksisa kana keessatti ilaalaa. Tarii kaffaltiidhaan deeggaramuuf yookan tajaajila fayyaa keessaniif guyyaa dhumaa irratti wanti raawwattan jiraachuu danda’a. Kaffaltii irraa bilisa haala ta’een afaan keessaniin odeeffannoo argachuu fi deeggarsa argachuuf mirga ni qabaattu. Lakkoofsa bilbilaa 800-722-1471 (TTY: 800-842-5357) tii bilbilaa.
Français (French): Cet avis a d'importantes informations. Cet avis peut avoir d'importantes informations sur votre demande ou la couverture par l'intermédiaire de Premera Blue Cross. Le présent avis peut contenir des dates clés. Vous devrez peut-être prendre des mesures par certains délais pour maintenir votre couverture de santé ou d'aide avec les coûts. Vous avez le droit d'obtenir cette information et de l’aide dans votre langue à aucun coût. Appelez le 800-722-1471 (TTY: 800-842-5357).
Kreyòl ayisyen (Creole): Avi sila a gen Enfòmasyon Enpòtan ladann. Avi sila a kapab genyen enfòmasyon enpòtan konsènan aplikasyon w lan oswa konsènan kouvèti asirans lan atravè Premera Blue Cross. Kapab genyen dat ki enpòtan nan avi sila a. Ou ka gen pou pran kèk aksyon avan sèten dat limit pou ka kenbe kouvèti asirans sante w la oswa pou yo ka ede w avèk depans yo. Se dwa w pou resevwa enfòmasyon sa a ak asistans nan lang ou pale a, san ou pa gen pou peye pou sa. Rele nan 800-722-1471 (TTY: 800-842-5357).
Deutsche (German): Diese Benachrichtigung enthält wichtige Informationen. Diese Benachrichtigung enthält unter Umständen wichtige Informationen bezüglich Ihres Antrags auf Krankenversicherungsschutz durch Premera Blue Cross. Suchen Sie nach eventuellen wichtigen Terminen in dieser Benachrichtigung. Sie könnten bis zu bestimmten Stichtagen handeln müssen, um Ihren Krankenversicherungsschutz oder Hilfe mit den Kosten zu behalten. Sie haben das Recht, kostenlose Hilfe und Informationen in Ihrer Sprache zu erhalten. Rufen Sie an unter 800-722-1471 (TTY: 800-842-5357).
Hmoob (Hmong): Tsab ntawv tshaj xo no muaj cov ntshiab lus tseem ceeb. Tej zaum tsab ntawv tshaj xo no muaj cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb txog koj daim ntawv thov kev pab los yog koj qhov kev pab cuam los ntawm Premera Blue Cross. Tej zaum muaj cov hnub tseem ceeb uas sau rau hauv daim ntawv no. Tej zaum koj kuj yuav tau ua qee yam uas peb kom koj ua tsis pub dhau cov caij nyoog uas teev tseg rau hauv daim ntawv no mas koj thiaj yuav tau txais kev pab cuam kho mob los yog kev pab them tej nqi kho mob ntawd. Koj muaj cai kom lawv muab cov ntshiab lus no uas tau muab sau ua koj hom lus pub dawb rau koj. Hu rau 800-722-1471 (TTY: 800-842-5357).
Iloko (Ilocano): Daytoy a Pakdaar ket naglaon iti Napateg nga Impormasion. Daytoy a pakdaar mabalin nga adda ket naglaon iti napateg nga impormasion maipanggep iti apliksayonyo wenno coverage babaen iti Premera Blue Cross. Daytoy ket mabalin dagiti importante a petsa iti daytoy a pakdaar. Mabalin nga adda rumbeng nga aramidenyo nga addang sakbay dagiti partikular a naituding nga aldaw tapno mapagtalinaedyo ti coverage ti salun-atyo wenno tulong kadagiti gastos. Adda karbenganyo a mangala iti daytoy nga impormasion ken tulong iti bukodyo a pagsasao nga awan ti bayadanyo. Tumawag iti numero nga 800-722-1471 (TTY: 800-842-5357).
Italiano ( ):Questo avviso contiene informazioni importanti. Questo avviso può contenere informazioni importanti sulla tua domanda o copertura attraverso Premera Blue Cross. Potrebbero esserci date chiave in questo avviso. Potrebbe essere necessario un tuo intervento entro una scadenza determinata per consentirti di mantenere la tua copertura o sovvenzione. Hai il diritto di ottenere queste informazioni e assistenza nella tua lingua gratuitamente. Chiama 800-722-1471 (TTY: 800-842-5357).
Italian
中文 (Chinese):本通知有重要的訊息。本通知可能有關於您透過 Premera Blue Cross 提交的申請或保險的重要訊息。本通知內可能有重要日期。您可能需要在截止日期
之前採取行動,以保留您的健康保險或者費用補貼。您有權利免費以您的母
語得到本訊息和幫助。請撥電話 800-722-1471 (TTY: 800-842-5357)。
037338 (07-2016)
https://www.hhs.gov/ocr/office/file/index.htmlhttps://ocrportal.hhs.gov/ocr/portal/lobby.jsfmailto:[email protected]
日本語 (Japanese):この通知には重要な情報が含まれています。この通知には、 Premera Blue Crossの申請または補償範囲に関する重要な情報が含まれている場合があります。この通知に記載されている可能性がある重要な日付をご確認くだ
さい。健康保険や有料サポートを維持するには、特定の期日までに行動を
取らなければならない場合があります。ご希望の言語による情報とサポー
トが無料で提供されます。800-722-1471 (TTY: 800-842-5357)までお電話ください。
한국어 (Korean): 본 통지서에는 중요한 정보가 들어 있습니다 . 즉 이 통지서는 귀하의 신청에 관하여 그리고 Premera Blue Cross 를 통한 커버리지에 관한 정보를 포함하고 있을 수 있습니다 . 본 통지서에는 핵심이 되는 날짜들이 있을 수 있습니다. 귀하는 귀하의 건강 커버리지를 계속 유지하거나 비용을 절감하기 위해서 일정한 마감일까지 조치를 취해야 할 필요가 있을 수 있습니다 . 귀하는 이러한 정보와 도움을 귀하의 언어로 비용 부담없이 얻을 수 있는 권리가 있습니다 . 800-722-1471 (TTY: 800-842-5357) 로 전화하십시오 .
ລາວ (Lao): ແຈ້ງການນີ້ ນສໍ າຄັນ. ແຈ້ງການນີ້ອາດຈະມີ ນສໍ າຄັນກ່ຽວກັບຄໍ າຮ້ອງສະ ກ ຫຼື ຄວາມຄຸ້ມຄອງປະກັນໄພຂອງທ່ານຜ່ານ Premera Blue Cross. ອາດຈະມີ ນທີ າຄັນໃນແຈ້ງການນີ້. ທ່ານອາດຈະຈໍ າເປັ ນຕ້ອງດໍ າເນີ ນການຕາມກໍ ານົດ ເວລາສະເພາະເພື່ອຮັກສາຄວາມຄຸ້ມຄອງປະກັນສຸຂະພາບ ຫຼື ຄວາມຊ່ວຍເຫຼື ອເລື່ອງ າໃຊ້ າຍຂອງທ່ານໄວ້ . ທ່ານມີ ດໄດ້ ບຂໍ້ ນນີ້ ແລະ ຄວາມຊ່ວຍເຫຼື ອເປັ ນພາສາ ຂອງທ່ານໂດຍບ່ໍ ເສຍຄ່າ. ໃຫ້ໂທຫາ 800-722-1471 (TTY: 800-842-5357).
ູຂໍ້
່
ສໍ ັ
ຈ
ໝ
ສິ
ັ
່
ວ
ຄ
ມ
ມູຮັ
ູມີ ມຂໍ້
ភាសាែខមរ ( ): ឹ
រងរបស់
Premera Blue Cross ។ របែហលជាមាន កាលបរ ិ ឆ ំខានេនៅកងេសចក
េសចកតជី ូ
ជាមានព័ ៌ ៉ ងសំ ់អពី ់ ៉ ប់
នដំ ងេនះមានព័ ី
តមានយា ខាន ំ ទរមងែបបបទ ឬការរា
ណ ត៌មានយ៉ា ំ ់ តងសខាន។ េសចក
េចទស ់ ន ុ ត
ណងេនះ។ អ វការបេញញសមតភាព ដលកណតៃថ ចបាស
កតាមរយៈ
ដំ ឹ នករបែហលជារតូ ច ថ ់ ំ ់ ងជាក់ ់
នដ
ន
ី ន
ូ
អ
ូ
ជ
ជ
ំណឹងេនះរបែហល
នានា េដើ ីនងរកសាទុ ៉ បរងស់ ុ ់ ក ឬរបាក់ ំ
អ
មប ឹ កការធានារា ខភាពរបស ជ
ធនកមានសិ ទទលព័ មានេនះ និ ំ យេនៅកុងភាសារបសទិ ួ ត៌ ងជ ននួ
ន
់ កេដាយម
អ
នអ
យេចញៃថល។ ួ
នអស
ន
ិ
លុ ើ ូ ូយេឡយ។ សមទ ទ រស័ព 800-722-1471 (TTY: 800-842-5357)។
Khmer
ਕਵਰਜ ਅਤ ਅਰਜੀ ਬਾਰ ਮਹ ਤਵਪਰਨ ਜਾਣਕਾਰੀ ਹ ਸਕਦੀ ਹ . ਇਸ ਨ ਿਜਸ ਜਵਚ ਖਾਸ
ਤਾਰੀਖਾ ਹ ਸਕਦੀਆ ਹਨ. ਜੇਕਰ ਤਸੀ ਜਸਹਤ ਕਵਰਜ ਿਰਖਣੀ ਹਵ ਜਾ ਓਸ ਦੀ ਲਾਗਤ ਜਿਵਚ ਮਦਦ ਦ ੇਇਛ ੁਕ ਹ ਤਾਂ ਤਹਾਨ ਅ ਤਮ ਤਾਰੀਖ਼ ਤ ਪਿਹਲਾਂ ਕੁ ਝ ਖਾਸ ਕਦਮ ਚ ਕਣ ਦੀ ਲੜ ਹ ਸਕਦੀ ਹ ,ਤਹੁਾਨ ਮਫ਼ਤ ਿਵਚ ਤ ਆਪਣੀ ਭਾਸ਼ਾ ਿਵ ਚ ਜਾਣਕਾਰੀ ਅਤ ਮਦਦ ਪਾਪਤ ਕਰਨ ਦਾ ਅਿਧਕਾਰ ਹ ,ਕਾਲ 800-722-1471 (TTY: 800-842-5357).
ਪ ਜਾਬੀ (Punjabi): ਇਸ ਨ ਿਟਸ ਿਵਚ ਖਾਸ ਜਾਣਕਾਰੀ ਹ. ਇਸ ਨ ਿਟਸ ਿਵਚ Premera Blue Cross ਵਲ ਤੁਹਾਡੀ
ੰ
ੰ
ੇ ੇ ੇ ੱ ੂ ੋ ੈ ੋੋ ਂ ੁ ੇ ੱ ੋ ੇ ੱੱ ੁ ੱ ੂੁ ੱ ੇ ੱ ੇ ੍ਰ ੈ
ੋ ੰ ੂ ੱ ੁ ੋ ੋ ੈ ੰ
ੋ ੈ ੋ
(Farsi): فارسی فرم بارهدر ھمم اطالعات حاوی است ممکن يهمالعا اين. ميباشد ھمم اطالعات یوحا يهمالعا اين
در ھمم ھای خيتار به باشد.پ رایبستاکنممماش زينهھ اختدپر در مککيا تان بيمهوشش حقظ
Premera Blue Cross طريق از ماش مهبيوشش يا و تقاضا ای پ. يدماين جهتو يهمالعا اين
حق شما. يدشاب داشته اجتياح صیاخ کارھای امانج برای صیمشخ ایھ خيتار به تان، انیمدر ھای کسب برای .نماييد دريافت گانيرا ورط به ودخ زبان به را کمک و اطالعات اين که داريد را اين
استم ) 5357-842-800 مارهباش ماست TTY انکاربر(800-722-1471 مارهش با اطالعات .اييدنم برقرار
้
Polskie (Polish): To ogłoszenie może zawierać ważne informacje. To ogłoszenie może
zawierać ważne informacje odnośnie Państwa wniosku lub zakresu świadczeń poprzez Premera Blue Cross. Prosimy zwrócic uwagę na kluczowe daty, które mogą być zawarte w tym ogłoszeniu aby nie przekroczyć terminów w przypadku utrzymania polisy ubezpieczeniowej lub pomocy związanej z kosztami. Macie Państwo prawo do bezpłatnej informacji we własnym języku. Zadzwońcie pod 800-722-1471 (TTY: 800-842-5357).
Português (Portuguese): Este aviso contém informações importantes. Este aviso poderá conter informações importantes a respeito de sua aplicação ou cobertura por meio do Premera Blue Cross. Poderão existir datas importantes neste aviso. Talvez seja necessário que você tome providências dentro de determinados prazos para manter sua cobertura de saúde ou ajuda de custos. Você tem o direito de obter e sta informação e ajuda em seu idioma e sem custos. Ligue para 800-722-1471 (TTY: 800-842-5357).
Română (Romanian): Prezenta notificare conține informații importante. Această notificare poate conține informații importante privind cererea sau acoperirea asigurării dumneavoastre de sănătate prin Premera Blue Cross. Pot exista date cheie în această notificare. Este posibil să fie nevoie să acționați până la anumite termene limită pentru a vă menține acoperirea asigurării de sănătate sau asistența privitoare la costuri. Aveți dreptul de a obține gratuit aceste informații și ajutor în limba dumneavoastră. Sunați la 800-722-1471 (TTY: 800-842-5357).
Pусский (Russian): Настоящее уведомление содержит важную информацию. Это уведомление может содержать важную информацию о вашем заявлении или страховом покрытии через Premera Blue Cross. В настоящем уведомлении могут быть указаны ключевые даты. Вам, возможно, потребуется принять меры к определенным предельным срокам для сохранения страхового покрытия или помощи с расходами. Вы имеете право на бесплатное получение этой информации и помощь на вашем языке. Звоните по телефону 800-722-1471 (TTY: 800-842-5357).
Fa’asamoa (Samoan): Atonu ua iai i lenei fa’asilasilaga ni fa’amatalaga e sili ona taua e tatau ona e malamalama i ai. O lenei fa’asilasilaga o se fesoasoani e fa’amatala atili i ai i le tulaga o le polokalame, Premera Blue Cross, ua e tau fia maua atu i ai. Fa’amolemole, ia e iloilo fa’alelei i aso fa’apitoa olo’o iai i lenei fa’asilasilaga taua. Masalo o le’a iai ni feau e tatau ona e faia ao le’i aulia le aso ua ta’ua i lenei fa’asilasilaga ina ia e iai pea ma maua fesoasoani mai ai i le polokalame a le Malo olo’o e iai i ai. Olo’o iai iate oe le aia tatau e maua atu i lenei fa’asilasilaga ma lenei fa’matalaga i legagana e te malamalama i ai aunoa ma se togiga tupe. Vili atu i le telefoni 800-722-1471 (TTY: 800-842-5357).
Español ( ): Este Aviso contiene información importante. Es posible que este aviso contenga información importante acerca de su solicitud o cobertura a través de Premera Blue Cross. Es posible que haya fechas clave en este
tiene derecho a recibir esta información y ayuda en su idioma sin costo
aviso. Es posible que deba tomar alguna medida antes de determinadas fechas para mantener su cobertura médica o ayuda con los costos. Usted
alguno. Llame al 800-722-1471 (TTY: 800-842-5357).
Spanish
Tagalog (Tagalog): Ang Paunawa na ito ay naglalaman ng mahalagang impormasyon. Ang paunawa na ito ay maaaring naglalaman ng mahalagang impormasyon tungkol sa iyong aplikasyon o pagsakop sa pamamagitan ng Premera Blue Cross. Maaaring may mga mahalagang petsa dito sa paunawa. Maaring mangailangan ka na magsagawa ng hakbang sa ilang mga itinakdang panahon upang mapanatili ang iyong pagsakop sa kalusugan o tulong na walang gastos. May karapatan ka na makakuha ng ganitong impormasyon at tulong sa iyong wika ng walang gastos. Tumawag sa 800-722-1471 (TTY: 800-842-5357).
ไทย (Thai): ประกาศนมขอมลสาคญ ประกาศนอาจมขอมลทสาคญเกยวกบการการสมครหรอขอบเขตประกน สขภาพของคณผาน Premera Blue Cross และอาจมกาหนดการในประกาศน คณอาจจะตอง ดาเนนการภายในกาหนดระยะเวลาทแนนอนเพอจะรกษาการประกนสขภาพของคณหรอการชวยเหลอท มคาใชจาย คณมสทธทจะไดรบขอมลและความชวยเหลอนในภาษาของคณโดยไม่มคาใชจาย โทร 800-722-1471 (TTY: 800-842-5357)
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Український (Ukrainian): Це повідомлення містить важливу інформацію. Це повідомлення може містити важливу інформацію про Ваше звернення щодо страхувального покриття через Premera Blue Cross. Зверніть увагу на ключові дати, які можуть бути вказані у цьому повідомленні. Існує імовірність того, що Вам треба буде здійснити певні кроки у конкретні кінцеві строки для того, щоб зберегти Ваше медичне страхування або отримати фінансову допомогу. У Вас є право на отримання цієї інформації та допомоги безкоштовно на Вашій рідній мові. Дзвоніть за номером телефону 800-722-1471 (TTY: 800-842-5357).
Tiếng Việt (Vietnamese): Thông báo này cung cấp thông tin quan trọng. Thông báo này có thông tin quan trọng về đơn xin tham gia hoặc hợp đồng bảo hiểm của quý vị qua chương trình Premera Blue Cross. Xin xem ngày quan trọng trong thông báo này. Quý vị có thể phải thực hiện theo thông báo đúng trong thời hạn để duy trì bảo hiểm sức khỏe hoặc được trợ giúp thêm về chi phí. Quý vị có quyền được biết thông tin này và được trợ giúp bằng ngôn ngữ của mình miễn phí. Xin gọi số 800-722-1471 (TTY: 800-842-5357).