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landscaping
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LANDSCAPE
DESIGN Lecture # 7
Ar. Samrana Qureshi
FEATURES OF
LANDSCAPE Softscapes
LANDSCAPE FEATURES Soft Landscaping Elements
Comprise elements of ecological sequence or all living things in gardens/parks
Includes: Earth moving and soil enhancement, planting, shrubs, semi mature trees, seeding and turfing, mulching and use of aquatic animals etc
Hard Landscaping Elements Comprise features created through construction
materials
Includes: Patios, paths/ pavings, driveways, retaining walls, fences, gazebos, pots/planters, water features, garden/street furniture, lighting, and sculptures etc
Soft Landscaping Elements
Greenery: Most Integral feature of Landscape
Design
Green spaces: Lungs for Urban Areas
Have been used in ancient times for
decorative/ornamental purposes
Have been used by horticulturist and botanist for
various purposes
Basis of Plants Classification
Ecology
Botany
Horticulture
Aesthetics Value
Growth & Survival
Use of Plants in Design
Ecology
Considered as ecological
community
Corresponds to a range of
environmental conditions required
for growth and reproduction of
species
Greatest variety of plants exists in
tropics and least in the arctics
Botany
Botanical nomenclature classifies
plants into families
Plants named in Latin for universal
specification
Latin names useful as common
names vary with location
Horticulture
Useful breakdown for landscape
architecture & design
Uses botanical nomenclature
Classifies as trees, shrubs & Hedges,
climbers & creepers, and ground
cover etc
Aesthetics Value
Color
Form
Size
Texture
Seasonal variation
Growth & Survival
Depends on
Climate
Soil
Watering
Use of Fertilizer
Availability of Light etc
Use of Plants in Design
Selection for
Function
Aesthetics
Environment
Trees Forms
Weeping
Conical/
Columnar
Pyramidal
Rounded/
Oval
Vase
Spreading
Trees - Functional and Visual
Role
Trees for shade
Reduce outdoor temperature
through natural air conditioning effect due to transpiration
Trees with broad canopy cast
large shade patterns, effective for
summers
Trees filter light for comfort of people as well as for flowers and
shrubs that cannot grow in direct
sunlight
Trees for privacy
Hide a view of a bare wall, fence, parking lot or utility/services fixtures and poles, pools, patios etc
Hide a unsightly area such as dumping site or vacant lots
Visually separate various areas of a building complex and closely constructed buildings
Obstructing view of passing vehicles & pedestrians
Trees to be used for screening have to be
considered for their size at maturity, pace of growth, foliage density and persistence of
leaves
Privacy can be achieved through mass tree
plantings with different heights and forms
Shrubs and climbers, mixed with trees can be used for achieving privacy
Temporary & movable screens can be created
by planting small trees and shrubs in containers
Trees for bounding space
An important function of trees is to create outdoor rooms through creating walls & ceilings with tree canopies
Overhead canopies (ceilings) greater than 12 creates open feeling & less than 12 creates intimate spaces
Walls can be created using small trees having dense foliage
Trees while bounding space also provides privacy in addition to allowing outward views
Trees to look upon
Trees for Obstruction, Deflection &
Air Flow Guidance
Trees are used to buffer or direct winds
Trees when planted in long, narrow corridors between the buildings reduce wind tunneling
Trees when used in multiple layers with small
sized trees and shrubs can slow and divert
winds for a greater distance
Important windbreak consideration requires
diverse tree species selection and proper
placement. (Avoiding use of several trees from
one species is recommended)
Trees for filtration
Natural Air Filtration
Absorption of Green house
gases
Carbon Sequestration
Aquifer Recharge
Run off Reduction
Trees as a focal point
Trees to frame a building
Trees can be used to frame
buildings
Trees used for framing should be
avoided in the middle of buildings
and should be used to frame front
or entrances
Trees to focus on a specific
feature
Trees for Cooling Load Reduction
Shade trees can dramatically reduce cooling loads
Planting deciduous trees on South & South-West facing openings blocks summer sun yet allows winter sun to make buildings comfortable (bare-branch shade percentage varies for various species)
Using trellises, arbors and screens on west facing openings can help reducing cooling load during summer
Deciduous Trees with wide upright or vase shaped growth are recommended
Trees for enhancement of view
Softens architecture especially corners of
buildings
Breaking monotony of facades
Improving view between buildings and parking
lots
Enhance visual quality of landscape their size,
color, texture and form
Climbers & Creepers
Climbers are plants with soft stems that grow and
climb up with some support (other plant, trellis or wall) to reach sunlight
Creepers creep along soil or wall surface and
spread to longer distances becoming a cover,
screen and shade
Many climbers and creepers are flowering and thus soften and hide ugly materials and outlines
Climbers & creepers are commonly used for
pergolas, arches, porches and pillars
Annual climbers/creepers usually grow flowers and
complete cycle in 1 year
Perennial climbers/creepers grow and flower for
several years
Foliage climbers/creepers grow where flowering
climbers/creepers fail to grow due to lack of
sunlight
Shrubs & Hedges
o Shrubs are low height plants or bushes differentiated
from trees through multiple stems and low height
o Shrubs are available in various colors and forms
o Flowering shrubs are quite common
o Dwarf trees: Shrubs of low height and compact foliage
o Small trees: Taller shrubs that can be classified as a small
tree
o Hedges: Shrubs with thick foliage are used as formal or
privacy hedge
o Topiary: Shrubs are often carved in different forms and
used for ornamentation & to create interest
Hedge Gateway
on a side street near Hammersmith Cat-shaped hedge topiary
Impressive topiary at Yew Tree Cottage near to East Harting,
West Sussex, Great Britain
Meikleour beech
hedge World's
tallest hedge.
Planted around
1745; tallest at 120
feet high at
northern end and
80 feet high at
southern end;
average height 100
feet. Now
maintained by the
Meikleour Trust and
trimmed and re-
measured every ten
years. The Beech
Hedge in Spring
The Beech Hedge in Fall
Fedges Living Hedges
Fences are usually made out of non-living
materials including cane, wood, metal, plastic etc.
Hedges are created out of shrubs and small plants
and hence with living material
When a Hedge is not exactly a Hedge and cross
between a hedge and a fence its a Fedge
Fedges: Living fences
Ground Cover
o Making landscape beautiful and bright
o Preventing germination of weed seeds
o Protecting the soil from erosion
o Conserving water
o Insulating the soil from high and low
temperatures
o Providing habitat for beneficial insects
o Building up humus in the soil
Flowers