7. Natural Environment Ppt SDT - Feb 2014

8/12/2019 7. Natural Environment Ppt SDT - Feb 2014

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THE LIVING ENVIRONMENT =

THE SPATIAL ENTITY WITH ALLOBJECTS, POTENTIALS, CONDITIONS

AND LIVING ORGANISMS, INCLUDINGMAN AND HIS BEHAVIOR, WHICHINFLUENCE THE CONTINUANCE OFTHE LIFE AND WELFARE OF MAN ANDOTHER LIVING ORGANISMS.

37

(Tandjung, 2012)

RESOURCES

ELEMENTS OF THE LIVINGENVIRONMENT CONSISTING OFHUMAN RESOURCES, ORGANICNATURAL RESOURCES, INORGANICNATURAL RESOURCES, ANDMANMADE RESOURCES.

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(Tandjung, 2012)

ABC Environment, the components of naturalenvironment

The inorganic natural resources ( Physicalenvironment, sumber daya alam non hayati ) is A-biotic Environment.The organic natural environment ( sumber daya alamhayati ) is the Biotic Environment.The human resources ( sumber daya manusia ) and

their creation so called man made resources(sumber daya buatan ) is combined as the CulturalEnvironment.In short, the ABCenvironment consists of A-biotic,Biotic and Cultural Evironment.

SDF

SDH

SDM

SDB

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(Tandjung, 2012)

A-biotic or physical/chemical environmentconsists of 3 elements : water, land, and air.Biotic or ecological environment consists ofplants and vegetations (flora) , animals (fauna)and microbes (bacteria , yeasts, fungi). Culturalenvironment consists of individual environmental

interests, individual well being, socialinteractions and community well- being(Tandjung, 1995).Each component of the environment, e.g. thebiotic environment consists of living organisms,which interact with each other and areinseparably interrelated with their a-biotic andcultural environment (figure 3).

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A bioticEnvironment(A)

CulturalEnvironment

(C)

BioticEnvironment

(B)

Proposed Action

a - b

a-b-c

a-c b-c

The effect of proposed actions on B will also affect A on a-b and C on b-

c. Interaction of environmental components occur on a-b-c 44 45

AN ECOSYSTEM IS ANORDERING OF AN ELEMENT OF

THE ENVIRONMENT WHICHCOSTITUTES A WHOLE AND

COMPLETE UNIT WHICHINTERACTS TO PRODUCEENVIRONMENT BALANCE,

STABILITY AND PRODUCTIVITY

(RIEMA 1997)

(Tandjung, 2012)


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INTRODUCTIONFEATURES OF INDONESIA ECOSYSTEM :

THE LARGEST ISLAND COUNTRY IN THE WORLD:The most number of Islands, 17,508

The longest coastline, 81,000 KM

The most number of volcanoes, more than 100

The most stretch of altitude from -8,000 to + 5,000M

INDONESIAS LAND AREA = 2,027,870 KM 2

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(Tandjung, 2012)

Abiotic Natural Environment of Indonesia

Indonesia is an archipelago of 17,508 islandsstretching between two continents, Asia and Australia.Total coastline of Indonesia s 80,791km (FAO, 1991cit. Anon., 1995), this is the longest in the world.

The abiotic or physical natural environment ofIndonesia is composed of:

A. Land 1.91 million sq km

B. OceanTerritorial watersContinental water EEZ

5.10 million sq km3.00 million sq km2.70 million sq km

Total 12.71 million sq km

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(Tandjung, 2012)

C. Coastal AreaCoastal lengthMarshesMangroveBrackish Fish Pond ( tambak )

81,000km10,000,000km

3,600,000km183,000km

D. Inland WatersOpen waters(lake, river, swamp, etc)Fish Pond

Rice field waters ( minapadi )E. Mountains and HillsVolcanoes, more than 100

13,700,000ha40,000ha

61,000ha

(Haeruman, 1985, 1986, 1987)

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(Tandjung, 2012)

Biotic Natural Environment

On the million ha land of Indonesia there is143,970 million ha tropical rain forest or 75.38%of land is covered by forest . This is the highestpercentage among the tropical rain forest in theworld ( table 3). Among the 143,970 million haforest is designed for the :

1. Production forest : 64,392,000 ha2. Conversion forest : 30,537,000 ha3. Conservation forest : 18,725,000 ha4. Protected forest : 30,316,000 ha

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(Tandjung, 2012)

Table worlds biodiversity of major groupsGroups

Total number of speciesWorld Indonesia

Mammals (in forest only) 4,290 515Birds 8,900 1,500

2,000Reptile 8,000 Amphibia 6,000 1,000Fish 38,000 9,500Gastropods 150,000 20,000Insects 1,250,000 250,000Flowering plants 250,000 25,000Pteridophyte 13,000 1,250Moss, cryptogamic 16,000 1,500

Algae 210,000 1,800Fungi 100,000 12,000

Bacteria & blue algae 2,700 300 51

Indonesia endowed with:Highest degree of :

Biological diversityEndemism42 natural terrestrial &5 marine ecosystems,

Ranging from:

Ice fields & alpine meadows (Irian Jaya)to wide variety of humid lowland forest;

Deep lakes to swallow swamps;Spectacular coral reefs to seagrassbeds & mangrove swamps.

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(Tandjung, 2012)


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Indonesia Ranks

FIRST in the world for species richness for:Mammals (515 species, 36% endemic);Shallowtail butterflies (121 species, 44%endemic);

Third for reptiles (600 species);Fourth for bird (1,519 species, 28%

endemic);Fifth for amphibians (270 species);Seven for flowering plants

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(Tandjung, 2012)

A huge number of indonesiasmarine biodiversity are still

unknown & underutilized

A very large proportion of total biotacomprises unknown invertebrates

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(Tandjung, 2012)

INDONESIA POSSESSES UP TO ABOUT 17% OF THETOTAL NUMBER SPECIES IN THE WORD, INCLUDE :

10% OF THE WORLDS FLOWERING PLANTSPECIES,

12% OF THE WORLDS MAMMAL SPECIES, 16% OF THE WORLDS REPTILE & AMPHIBIAN

SPECIES, 25% OF THE WORLDS FISH SPECIES CHELINUS UNDULATUS ~ NAPOLEON WRASSE EPINEPHELUS FUSCOGUTTATUS ~ KRAPU MACAN CROMILEPTIS ALTIVELIS ~ KRAPU BEBEK

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(Tandjung, 2012)

Tabel TAKSIRAN JUMLAH JENIS KELOMPOKUTAMA MAKHLUK HIDUP

DUNIA INDONESIAHEWAN MENYUSUI 4.000 300BURUNG 8.900 7.500REPTIL 8.000 2.000AMFIBI 6.000 1.000IKAN 38.000 9.500KEONG 150.000 20.000SERANGGA 1.250.00

0250.000

T UMBUHAN BERBIJI 300.000 25.000PAKU PAKUAN 13.000 1.250LUMUT 16.000 1.500GANGGANG 21.000 1.800JAMUR 100.000 12.000BAKTERI & GANGGANG BIRU 2.700 300

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CONSERVATION OF RESOURCES

THE MANAGEMENT OF RESOURCESWHICH ENSURES THEIR WISEUTILIZATION, AND IN THE CASE OFRENEWAL NATURAL RESOURCES,ENSURES THEIR CONTINUED SUPPLY BYCONSTANTLY MAINTAINING ANDIMPROVING THEIR VALUE AND VARIETY.

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENTECODEVELOPMENT

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(Tandjung, 2012)

The Management of Living Environment (for SUSTAINABLEDEVELOPMENT) is an intergrated effort in the:

utilization

regulation

maintenance

supervision

control

restoration

development

of the environment

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(RIEMA, 1997)(Tandjung, 2012)


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THE ROLE OF INDONESIAN TRADITIONS VALUES, AND BELIEFS IN NATURAL RESOURCECONSERVATION AND ENVIRONMENTALMANAGEMENT

INDONESIA HAS 300 ETHNIC GROUPS, VERY RICHIN CULTURE AND TRADITIONS WHICH PLAY ANIMPORTANT ROLE OF LIFETHE CULTURE AND TRADITION HAS VARIOUSPATTERNS OF MOTIF IN WHICH ETHNICAL NORMS

ARE FORMULATED AND ETHICAL DECISIONS AREIMPLEMENTED, RESULTED e.g. ECOLOGICALWISDOMCASE STUDY : BALI AND MINANG

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(Tandjung, 2012)

TRIHITA KARANA

REGION

ECOLOGICAL DIVERSITY(BIODIVERSITY) AND SPATIAL ARRANGEMENT

HOUSE

3 COMPONENTS

RESOURCE MANAGEMENT

HOME YARD

(Keanekaragaman Hayati dan Tataruang)

SHRUB FLOWER

MEDIUM SIZEDTREES: FRUITS

HABITAT 1

TALL TREES:WOOD

PARAHYANGAN

VARIETY OF SPECIES HABITAT VARIATIONS

PAWONGAN

PALEMAHAN

HABITAT 2

HABITAT 3

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1. TRI HITA KARANA : THREE CAUSES OF GOODNESS

A CONCEPT DEVIDE EVERYTHING INTO 3COMPONENTS, e.g:

A HOMEYARD CONSISTS OF :PARAHYANGAN, PAWONGAN, AND PALEMAHAN PARAHYANGAN IS PLACE FOR GROWING

FLOWERS AND SHRUBS and for PURA (OFFERINGQUARTER), located in front or north. FLOWERS AREIMPORTANT MATERIAL IN HINDU BALINESERELIGION for YADNYA (offering, sesaji)

THE RELIGION IS, TO THE BALINESE, BOTH RACE AND NATIONALITY. THE BALINESE LOSES AUTOMATICALLY THE RIGHT TO BE CALLBALINES IF HE CHANGES HIS FAITH

62(Tandjung, 2012)

PAWONGAN IS A PLACE FORGROWING MEDIUM SIZE TREES OFFRUIT, in the middle betweenParahhyangan dan PalemahanPALEMAHAN is for TALL TREES AND

ANIMAL HOUSE OR FISH POND ATTHE BACK YARD OF THE HOUSE

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(Tandjung, 2012)

PADANG PEOPLE HAD A COMMON andSTRONG BELIEF ABOUT and the RESPECT for: ALAM TAKAMBANG JADI GURU 1. ADAT ISTIADAT (good conduct and tradition)2. RELIGION3. EDUCATION They Strongly belief and keep in mind that

Good Conduct is based on the law, the law isbased on the holy book, and the holy book isbased on the heart ( adat bersendi syara;syara bersendi kitabullah, kitabullah bersendihati nurani )

64(Tandjung, 2012)

PEOPLE RESPECT and LISTEN to LEADERSof ADAT (ninik mamak)

LEADERS of RELIGION ( alim ulama) LEADERS of EDUCATION (cerdik pandai) THIS TRIPLE LEADERSHIP IS Known as : A 3

STONE STOVE ( tungku tigo sajarang ) Or A 3- part bouding rope ( tali 3 sapilin ) The summon of the 3- leader is almost the

same as the law or oqual to the law- accordingto the adat which the respect to

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(Tandjung, 2012)


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HOME YARD DIVIDES INTO 3 COMPONENTS:

1. PARAHYANGAN ALL KINDS OF FLONER ARE PLANTED IN

DIFFERENT COLORS TO PROVIDE YADNYAOR SESAJI OFFERING TO SANG HYANGWIDHI (GOD ALMIGHTY )

2. PAWONGANFOR ALL KINDS OF FRUITS GIVEN TONEIGHBOURS, FRIENDS & VISITORS

3. PALEMAHANFOR FISHPOND, AND LIVESTOCKS

BIODIVERSITY & SPATIAL ARRANGEMENT66

PARAHYANGAN

PAWONGAN

~ HABLUMMINALLAH

~ HABLUMMINANNAS

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SIMILARTY CONCEPTS IN HINDU AND ISLAM RELIGION

(Tandjung, 2012)

72 73

(Tandjung, 2012)

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(Tandjung, 2012)75

(Tandjung, 2012)


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BOPHAL

CH3-N=C=OMETHYL

ISOCYANATE

TRAGEDI BHOPALINDIA, 1984

PABRIKINSEKTISIDA KARBARILKEBOCORANSEJUMLAH BESAR SENYAWA YG SANGATBERBAHAYA:

METHYL ISOCYANATE

HAMPIR TIDAK DIKETAHUI TOKSISITASNYA

TIDAK DIKETAHUI PENGOBATANNYA

Ribuan penduduk terbunuh & menderita sakitsampai dengan 1985 tidak ada penyembuhan

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(Tandjung, 2012)

Peristiwa Bhopal (1984)

PABRIK KIMIA THE UNION CARBIDE

COORPORATION

BHOPAL

CH3-N=C=OMETHYL

ISOCYANATESETELAH TENGAH MALAM, 3DES. 1984: AWAN METHYLISOCYANATE

SETINGGI 35M2.500 ORANG MENINGGAL; 200.000SAKIT MENGAKIBATKAN 17.000ORANG GANGGUAN PARU-PARUPERMANEN; RIBUAN HEWAN MATI& MEMBUSUK DI JALAN.

TOKSISITAS METHYL ISOCYANATE SANGAT SEDIKIT DIKETAHUI

Pengobatan diragukan & tidak memadai77

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(Tandjung, 2012)79

ACID RAIN PHENOMENA CROSS MEDIA POLLUTION(Tandjung, 2012)

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PERUSAK LAPISAN OZON :

CFC :TIDAK ADA DI ALAMHASIL REKAYASA MANUSIADITEMUKAN TH. 1920TIDAK BERACUNTIDAK TERBAKARSANGAT STABIL / TIDAK MUDAHBEREAKSISANGAT IDEAL UNTUK INDUSTRI

CHLOROFLUOROCARBON(CFC) DLL.

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(Tandjung, 2012)


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OZON ATMOSFERIK SEBAGAI PELINDUNG,DALAM BAHAYA

OZON : KONSTITUEN ATMOSFER YGMELINDUNGI KEHIDUPAN DARI RADIASI UV-MATAHARI;OZON STRATOSFERIK MENAHAN ( KECUALISUATU FRAKSI DARI 1% ) RADIASI UV. DG.PANJANG GELOMBANG KURANG DARI 340NANO METER ( 1 NANO METER : 1/MILYARMETER ) ;

SAFE OUR OZONTHAT SAFE US

= STOP CFC =

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(Tandjung, 2012)

Lingkupkehidupan

T = Troposfer : 11 mil/17kmS = Stratosfer : 33 kmM = Mesosfer : 35 kmTP = TropopauseSP = StratopauseMP = Mesopause

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CONTOH- CONTOHPENGGANTI CFC YANG EFEKTIF

1. PETROFERM, PERUSAHAAN KECIL DI FLORIDAMENEMUKAN BIOACT EC-7 TERBUAT DARITERPENE DALAM KULIT BUAH JERUK YG :BIODEGRADABELTIDAK BERACUNTIDAK KOROSIF

DAPAT MENGGANTI 30- 55% SELURUH PEMAKAIANCFC- 132. HFC 134A DALAM AC & LEMARI ES MENJAMIN

BEBAS CHLORIN;3. HCFC. 22, 123, 141B & 142B MERUSAK OZON

HANYA 5% CFC; DSB.84 85

(Tandjung, 2012)

Figure 6Figure 6

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Figure 7

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PENDAPAT (TUDUHAN ?) NEGARA NEGARA INDUSTRI BAHWA

PEMANASAN GLOBAL ( GLOBAL WARMING) DISEBABKAN OLEHPENGGUNDULAN/PERUSAKAN HUTANTROPIS (TROPICAL DEFORESTATION),

PERISTIWA PEMANASAN GLOBAL ADALAHGANGGUAN PADA KESEIMBANGANATMOSFER ( ATMOSPHERIC INBALANCE)

LUPAKAH MEREKA BAHWA

ADALAH PENDAPAT YANG SALAH &TUDUHAN YANG GEGABAH

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(Tandjung, 2012)

KESEIMBANGAN ATMOSFER TERCAPAI /TERJAGA BILA RATA RATA WILAYAH /KAWASAN MEMILIKI 30% HUTAN

MENURUT DATA WORLD RESOURCEINSTITUTE ( 1990)HUTAN NEGARA NEGARA INDUSTRI

YAKNI :TEMPERATE FOREST &BOREAL FOREST

JAUH DI BAWAH ANGKA NILAI AMBANGBATAS ITU ;

HUTAN TROPIS MASIH TERSEDIA 69 -74% (TANDJUNG, 92 )

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Lengkapnya situasi kehutanan negara-negara industri &berkembang adalah sebagai berikut :

Temperate & boreal forest

Hutan tropis

Negara Tersisa/tinggal (%)BelandaUSAKanadaJerman

7151919

Negara Tersisa/tinggal (%)IndonesiaZaireBrazilia

74,47169

90(Tandjung, 2012)

NATURAL FOREST

AS.2,5%

AUSTRALIA5%

EROPA BARAT0%

BRAZILIA43%

ZAIRE63%

INDONESIA..56%

TROPICAL RAIN FOREST

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(Tandjung, 2012)

KESIMPULANYANG DAPAT DITARIK DARI DATA DI ATAS IALAH YANG TERJADI

TETAPI YANG BENAR BENARTERJADI IALAH

TEMPERATE DEFORESTATION&

BOREAL DEFORESTATION

BUKAN TROPICAL DEFORESTATION

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(Tandjung, 2012)

A QUESTION CAN BE RAISED:

IS IT FAIR, THE INDUSTRIAL

COUNTRIES POLLUTE THE AIR WITH

CO 2 THAT CAUSE GLOBAL WARNING

AND HOPE ANOTHER COUNTRY

SUCH AS TROPICAL COUNTRY TO

CLEAN THE MESS ?93

(Tandjung, 2012)


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7. Natural Environment Ppt SDT - Feb 2014