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Evidence Based Medicine DR. dr. Zafrullah Khany Jasa SpAn.KNA

(7). Evidence Based Medicine ZKJ

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Evidence Based Medicine

Evidence Based MedicineDR. dr. Zafrullah Khany Jasa SpAn.KNA

Evidence-Based Medicine (EBM)Evidence-Based Practice (EBP)Evidence-Based Clinical Practice (EBCP)Evidence-Based Health Care (EBHC) Evidence-Based Nursing (EBN)

I am here to learn EBM because .I am working in clinical practiceI am working on evidence resources (reviews, guidelines, reports , )I will help others use evidenceI plan to teach EBMMy boss told me I had to attendPRESENTATION ONE24/02/2014Introduction to Evidence-Based Practice3Evidence-Based Medicine (EMB)Adalah integrasi hasil-hasil penelitian terbaru dengan subyek pasien dan kejadian klinik dalam membuat keputusan klinik .EBM merupakan hasil-hasil penelitian terbaru yang merupakan integrasi antara pengalaman klinik, pengetahuan patofisiologi dan keputusan terhadap kesehatan pasien.Atau merupakan integrasi kejadian untuk menentukan terapi atau penatalaksanaan suatu penyakit.

Dengan melihat pada penelitian-penelitian kedokteran dan literatur-literatur (individual atau group), sehingga dapat membantu dokter Menentukan diagnosis yang tepat, Memilih rencana pemeriksaan terbaru, Memilih terapi terbaru Memilih metode pencegahan penyakit terbaru.Evidence Based MedicinePatient ValuesClinicalExpertiseResearchEvidenceMedical Decision6Integration of best research evidence with clinical expertise and patient values

Selama ini jenis penelitian terbaik adalah :Randomised clinical trials Meta-analysis

Bukti-bukti klinik biasanya ditulis dalam suatu journal dan dokumen-dokumen, sehingga memudahkan seorang dokter atau klinisi untuk memanfaatkanya.Menggunakan tehnik EMB berskala besar dengan pengelompokan pada penyakit yang sama dapat digunakan untuk pembuatan suatu practice guidelines atau konsensus.

Manfaat practice guideline oleh para klinisi digunakan untuk menentukan :Diagnostik.Terapi.

EBM KlinikMerupakan bukti penelitian terbaru untuk memutuskan tentang penatalaksaan pasien-pasien secara individu.untuk memperbaiki dan mengevaluasi perawatan pada pasien.

Digunakan sebagai gold standart/ standar baku/standar emas untuk praktisi klinik dan guideline therapi.

Sumber EBM KlinikSistematic reviews dari literatur kedokteran.Large Randomised controlled trials ( efikasi terapi)Large prospective studies (pemantauan waktu). Bukti penelitian test diagnostik dan terapi.Klasifikasi EBM1. Evidence-Base guideline.EBM praktis pada tingkat organisasi atau institusi dalam bentuk guideline, pedoman, dan aturan

2.Evidence-Base individual decision making.EBM praktis pada individual.

Manfaat EBM KlinikPractice guideline atau Evidence-base medicine guidelines.Membantu menurunkan mortalitas atau kematian pasien.Memperbaiki derajat kesehatan dan perawatan.Mengevaluasi dan merencanakan terapi.Memilih pola hidup dan perawatan kesehatan terbaik.

Contoh EBM klinikClinical Guidelines The Evidence Base for Tight Blood Pressure Control in the Management of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Petunjuk Praktis Pengelolaan Diabetes Mellitus Tipe 2 oleh PERKENI 2002.Konsensus Pengelolaan dan Pencegahan Diabetes Mellitus Tipe 2 di Indonesia oleh PERKENI 2006JNC VII for hipertension.FIVE STEPS TO FINDING THE BEST EVIDENCE

IDENTIFY NEEDS : What type of information is needed?IDENTIFY RESOURCES : Types, Availability, Timeliness, Costs?SEARCH & RETRIEVE : Use efficient strategiREVIEW : Check quality and usefulness of info5. INTERPRET : Help patient understand info, application

EBP:Assess the patientAsk the questionAcquire the evidenceAppraise the evidenceApply: talk with the patientEBM:Ask focused questionFind the evidenceAppraise the evidenceMake a decisionEvaluate performanceStepsForming a questionIdentify key patient problemPhrased to facilitate finding an answerWhat treatment might be consideredAlternative treatments to considerOutcome to avoid or promotePICOP = Patient or problemI = Intervention, prognostic factor, or exposureC = ComparisonO = Outcomes(T)= Type of StudyTypes of StudiesCase series and Case ReportsCase control studiesCohort studiesRandomized, controlled clinical trialsSystematic ReviewsMeta-analysisPATIENTPHYSICIAN

INFORMATIONIt starts with the patientand ends with the patient!Evidence Based MedicineEBM IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES

LIMITED RESOURCESMay help to eliminate unnecessary or poor quality screening tests (ie: resting EKG to screen for CAD = high false negative and false positive rates)

LIMITED DRUG REGULATIONApproval for drug marketing easy - promotes insurgence of new drugs for questionable indications, limited effectiveness, false claims, inflated prices based on ad response (include more expensive is better)EBM IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES

LIMITED CAPACITY FOR CMEDrug companies - may sponsor meetings that are little more than captive marketing sessions or biased education sessions (drug education vs promo)

Result may be push for more expensive, less effective treatments (ie push for CCBs over BBs) - calc channel blockers over Beta Blockers

EBM IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES

LIMITED ACCESS TO LITERATURE DATABASES

Desktop computer with CD ROM reader and modem ($900)Electricity1 yr subscription to MedLine on CD ROM (?500)Internet connection $25/mt

Convince administrators of expense: Publicly cite how searches help with lectures, research and patient care management decisions

Get equipment from drug companies (usually strings attached)

EBM IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES

LIMITED ACCESS TO ADEQUATE LIBRARY FACIILITIES

ALMOST INEVITABLE IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIESIdentify resources via search, but then unable to retrieve articles!

A top EBM practitioner (Philippines) recommends: Top 3 medical libraries in your countryMultinational drug company librariesFriends and colleagues - including in other countries

Training, clinical experience and consultation with other professionals

Convincing evidence (non-experimental) from articles, case reports, product literature, etc.

Preferences of the patient

Active search of Randomized Controlled Trials, Systematic Reviews, Meta-Analysis ReportsWHAT IS THE BASIS OF YOUR MEDICAL PRACTICE ?Kualifikasi EBM KlinikU.S. Preventive Services Task ForceU. K. National Health Service (level of evidence [LOE])1 .U.S. Preventive Services Task ForceLevel I:Designed randomized controlled trial.Level II-1:Designed controllled trial tanpa randomLevel II-2:Studi cohort atau case-control analytic.Level II-3:Multiple time series dengan atau tanpa intervensi.Level III:Pendapat ahli, penelitian klinik dasar, studi descriptive atau laporan kasus.Kategori dari rekomendasi( US. Preventive Services Task Force)Level A:Suatu penelitian yang memberikan manfaat klinik lebih baik dengan resiko sedikit.Level B:Suatu penelitian yang memberikan manfaat klinik sedikit lebih baik dengan resiko sedikitLevel C:Suatu penelitian yang memberikan manfaat klinik sedikit, dimana perbandingan antara manfaat dan resiko sama.Level D:Suatu penelitian yang memberikan resiko klinik lebih berat.Level I:Suatu penelitian yang tidak mempunyai bukti cukup, kualitas jelek atau banyak pertentangan.2. UK National Health Service ( level of evidence [LOE])Pembagaian berdasarkan pendekatan prevention, diagnosis, prognosis dan therapy.Level A: Consistent Randomised Controlled Clinical Trial, Cohort study, keputusan klinik berdasarkan validitas pada populasi yang berbeda.Level B:Consistent Retrospective Cohort,Explonatory Cohort, Ecological Study,,Outcomes Research, Case-control Study, atau extrapolasi dari studi level A.Level C:Case-series Study atau extrapolasi dari studi level BLevel D:Opini tanpa critical appraisal atau berdasarkan patophysiologi.Is keeping up to date Mission Impossible?

TERIMA KASIHPRESENTATION ONE24/02/2014Introduction to Evidence-Based Practice32