665750_3en_Introduction To UMTS Training Document.pdf

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SYSTEM TRAINING

Introduction to UMTS

Training Document


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The information in this document is subject to change without notice and describes only theproduct defined in the introduction of this documentation. This document is intended for theuse of Nokia Networks' customers only for the purposes of the agreement under which thedocument is submitted, and no part of it may be reproduced or transmitted in any form ormeans without the prior written permission of Nokia Networks. The document has beenprepared to be used by professional and properly trained personnel, and the customerassumes full responsibility when using it. Nokia Networks welcomes customer comments aspart of the process of continuous development and improvement of the documentation.

The information or statements given in this document concerning the suitability, capacity, orperformance of the mentioned hardware or software products cannot be considered bindingbut shall be defined in the agreement made between Nokia Networks and the customer.However, Nokia Networks has made all reasonable efforts to ensure that the instructionscontained in the document are adequate and free of material errors and omissions. NokiaNetworks will, if necessary, explain issues which may not be covered by the document.

Nokia Networks' liability for any errors in the document is limited to the documentarycorrection of errors. Nokia Networks WILL NOT BE RESPONSIBLE IN ANY EVENT FORERRORS IN THIS DOCUMENT OR FOR ANY DAMAGES, INCIDENTAL ORCONSEQUENTIAL (INCLUDING MONETARY LOSSES), that might arise from the use of thisdocument or the information in it.

This document and the product it describes are considered protected by copyright accordingto the applicable laws.

NOKIA logo is a registered trademark of Nokia Corporation.

Other product names mentioned in this document may be trademarks of their respectivecompanies, and they are mentioned for identification purposes only.

Copyright © Nokia Oyj 2003. All rights reserved.


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Contents

1 Module objectives ..................................................................................4

2 Background and history........................................................................5 2.1 Specification process for UMTS...............................................................8 2.2 UMTS network structure.........................................................................11

3 Network evolution ................................................................................15 3.1 Starting with the basic GSM...................................................................15 3.1.1 GSM network elements..........................................................................16 3.2 Adding value to GSM networks..............................................................17 3.3 Adding value with GSM phase2+ and IN services .................................18 3.3.1 IN services .............................................................................................18 3.4 Increasing data transfer in existing GSM networks ................................19 3.4.1 Benefits of faster data and services .......................................................19 3.5 Evolving GSM to packet core.................................................................20

3.6 Increasing speed with EDGE .................................................................21 3.7 Evolving towards to the universal mobile network (Service

platform) .................................................................................................22 3.7.1 UMTS development................................................................................23 3.7.2 Service potential in the mobile information society ................................23 3.8 3G end-to-end IP solutions.....................................................................24

4 Basics of the air interface and the path to WCDMA..........................25 4.1 Wireless principles .................................................................................25 4.1.1 Duplex transmission...............................................................................25 4.1.2 Radio communication.............................................................................26 4.1.2.1 Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA) .........................................27 4.1.2.2 Space Division Multiple Access (SDMA)................................................28 4.1.2.3 Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) ..................................................29 4.1.2.4 Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) .................................................31 4.2 CDMA background.................................................................................32 4.3 Principles of CDMA ................................................................................33 4.3.1 CDMA information, theory and codes ....................................................35 4.3.2 Spread spectrum and the principle of direct sequence CDMA...............36 4.4 Motives for using WCDMA in UMTS......................................................38 4.4.1 Features of WCDMA in UMTS ...............................................................38

5 User Services .......................................................................................40

6 Review questions.................................................................................41


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1 Module objectives

The aim of this module is to give the participant the introductory knowledge

needed for explaining how the UMTS network has evolved. Topics to be

covered in this module include understanding the historic factors driving thesystem development and the evolution of the mobile networks. Furthermore, thestudent should gain a basic understanding of the different types of the air

interface and list the key benefits of UMTS for the operator and the end user.

After completing this module, the participant should be able to:

• List at least three significant events in the evolution of CDMA networks

• List the four main network subsystems of UMTS Release 99

• Explain how existing GSM networks have evolved to support additional

services and new technologies

• Name the four basic air interface access technologies

• List at least three key benefits of WCDMA and identify at least threeadvantages of 3G networks for both the operator and the end user

without using any references.


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2 Background and history

There are three different generations as far as mobile communication is

concerned. The first generation, 1G, is the name for the analogue or semi-

analogue (analogue radio path, but digital switching) mobile networksestablished after the mid-1980s, such as NMT (Nordic Mobile Telephone) andAMPS (American Mobile Phone System). These networks offered basic

services for the users, and the emphasis was on speech and services relatedmatters. 1G networks were mainly national efforts and very often they were

specified after the networks were established. Due to this, the 1G networks were

incompatible with each other. Mobile communication was considered somekind of curiosity, and it added value service on top of the fixed networks in

those times.

As the need for mobile communication increased, also the need for a more

global mobile communication system increased. The international specification

bodies started to specify what the second generation, 2G, mobile

communication system should look like. The emphasis on 2G is/was oncompatibility and international transparency; the system should be a global one

and the users of the system should be able to access it basically anywhere the

service exists. Due to some political reasons, the concept of globalisation did

not succeed completely and there were some 2G systems available on themarket. Out of these, the commercial success story is/was GSM (Global System

for Mobile communications) and its adaptations: GSM has clearly exceeded allthe expectations set, both technically and commercially.

The third generation, 3G, is expected to complete the globalisation process of

the mobile communication. Again there are national interests involved. Alsosome difficulties can be foreseen. Several 3G solutions were standardised, such

as UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunications System), cdma2000, andUWC-136 (Universal Wireless Communication).

The 3G system UMTS is mostly be based on GSM technical solutions due to

two reasons. Firstly, the GSM as technology dominates the market, and

secondly, investments made to GSM should be utilised as much as possible.Based on this, the specification bodies created a vision about how mobile

telecommunication will develop within the next decade. Through this vision,some requirements for UMTS were short-listed as follows:

• The system to be developed must be fully specified (like GSM). The

specifications generated should be valid world-wide.

• The system must bring clear added value when comparing to the GSM in

all aspects. However, in the beginning phase(s) the system must be backward compatible at least with GSM and ISDN.

• Multimedia and all of its components must be supported throughout thesystem.

• The radio access of the 3G must be generic.


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• The services for the end users must be independent: Radio access and the

network infrastructure must not limit the services to be generated. That is,

the technology platform is one issue and the services using the platformtotally another issue.

In order to appreciate the work in creating standards like UMTS, it is helpful to

understand the history and background of wireless communications in general,

as well as GSM and CDMA. A timeline of significant GSM and CDMA events

is contained in the following table.

Table 1. Significant events

Year Event

1900 In December, the first human voice transmission via radio wasaccomplished by Reginald Fessenden.

1906 First radio broadcast (also Reginald Fessenden).

1948 John Pierce writes a memo describing CDMA multiplexing.

1949 Claude Shannon and John Pierce describe major CDMA effects.

1956 “Antimultipath” RAKE receiver patented.

1970s CDMA used in several military communication and navigationsystems.

1980s Studies for narrowband CDMA for mobile cellular systems.

1981 Nokia introduces Nordic Mobile Telephone System (NMT).

1982 CEPT established Groupe Spėciale Mobile by the joint proposal ofthe Nordic countries and the Netherlands.

1983 Advanced Mobile Phone System (AMPS) introduced.

1985 ITU starts studies for Future Public Land MobileTelecommunication Systems (FPLMTS).

A decision made on GSM time schedule and action plan.

1986 Eight experimental GSM systems are tested in Paris.

1987 Memorandum of Understanding (MoU); the services of the GSMsystem will be offered in all of western Europe.

A decision on system parameters and preparation of draftrecommendations.

1989 Final GSM recommendations and specifications.

1990s Studies for wideband ~5 MHz CDMA for mobile cellular systems.

1991 First official GSM call in the world was made on January 7th usingNokia equipment.


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Year Event

1992 GSM system ready in capitals and international airports. DCS1800 start-up implementation.

In February, the World Administrative Radio Conference allocates

initial global radio spectrum for 3rd generation mobile systems inthe 1885 – 2025 and 2110 – 2200 MHz frequency ranges.

1993 Major European urban areas have GSM coverage.

2nd

generation mobile system using narrowband CDMAstandardised in USA; it is called IS-95 (Intermediate Standard).

1994 ARIB in Japan forms a special group for FPLMTS radio interfacedevelopment.

1995 GSM covers main transportation links between major urban areas.

1996 UMTS Forum formed to raise market awareness.

In December, ETSI SMG2 forms study group for UTRA.

1997 ITU changes FPLMTS name to International MobileTelecommunications 2000 (IMT-2000) during WARC-97.

ITU requests proposals of Candidate Radio TransmissionTechnologies (RTTs) for IMT-2000 Radio Interface.

1998 In June, ITU receives 10 proposals for terrestrial RTTs and five forsatellite RTTs. These include CDMA2000 from the USA, ARIBW-CDMA from Japan, and UTRA from Europe.

3GPP formed to co-ordinate the development of a joint 3rd

generation system based on evolved GSM core and UTRA airinterface.

1999 ETSI start UMTS project to co-ordinate European 3rd

generationnetwork development.

In January, four operators are given 3rd generation mobile networkoperating licenses in Finland.

2003 Commercial use of WCDMA systems.


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2.1 Specification process for UMTS

As the 3G system is expected to be global, world-wide and generic, the

specification bodies related are also global ones (see the following list). In

addition to the specification bodies, the specification process includes co-operation of operators and manufacturers.

3GPP - Third Generation Partnership Project

ARIB - Association of Radio Industries andBusinesses

CWTS - China Wireless TelecommunicationStandard group

ETSI - European TelecommunicationsStandards Institute

T1 - Standards Committee T1 Telecommunications

TTA - Telecommunications Technology Association

TTC - Telecommunication Technology Committee

GSM - Global System for Mobile communications

UMTS - Universal Mobile TelecommunicationsSystem

IETF - Internet Engineering Task Force

ITU-R - International Telecommunication Union -Radiocommunication

ITU-T - International Telecommunication Union -Telecommunication Standardisation

Figure 1. 3G specification bodies

There are four international standardisation bodies acting as “generators” for

3G specification work:

ITU-T (International Telecommunication Union)

This organisation provides in practise all the telecommunication branchspecifications that are official in nature. Hence, these form all the guidelines

required by the manufacturers and country-specific authorities. ITU-T has

finished its development process for IMT2000, International Mobile Telephone

– 2000. IMT-2000 represents a framework on how the network evolution from a

second to a third generation mobile communication system shall take place.Even more important, different radio interface scenarios were outlined for 3Gsystems (see figure below).


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Direct Spread(on pairedfrequency

spectrum)

CDMA

Multi Carrier(on pairedfrequency

spectrum)

Time Code(on unpaired

frequency

spectrum)

Single Carrier(on pairedfrequency

spectrum)

Time Code(on unpairedfrequency

spectrum)

TDMA FDMA

cdma2000 UWC-136(EDGE)

(DECT)

IMT-2000radio

interfaceoptions

3G systems

UMTSFDD mode TDD mode

Figure 2. IMT-2000 framework and resulting 3G standards

ETSI (European Telecommunication Standard Institute)

This organisational body has had a very strong role when GSM Specificationswere developed and enhanced. ETSI is divided into workgroups named SMG

(number), and every workgroup has a specific area to develop. Because of theGSM background, ETSI is in a relatively dominant role in this specification

work.

ARIB (Alliance of Radio Industries and Business)

ARIB provides commercially oriented contributions for the specification

process from the Australia-Asian area. It has remarkable experience - both

commercial and technical - in the new selected 3G air interface technology andseveral variants of it.

ANSI (American National Standard Institute)

ANSI is the American specification body that has issued a license for a

subgroup to define telecommunication-related issues in that part of the world.

Because of some political points of view, ANSI’s role is relatively small as faras UMTS concerned. The ANSI subgroup is mainly concentrating on a

competing 3G air interface technology selection called cdma2000.

In order to maintain globalisation and complete control of the UMTS

specifications, a separate specification body called 3GPP (3rd Generation

Partnership Project) was established to take care of the specification work in co-

operation with the previously listed institutes. The outcome of the 3GPP work isa complete set of specifications defining the 3G network functionality,

procedures, and service aspects.


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3G.IP

OHG

UMTS

Figure 3. 3rd

Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) – standardisationbody for UMTS

Because there are some political desires involved, the issue is not as simple asdescribed; global system means global business and this is why there has been a

lot of pressure to select or emphasise certain solutions more than others. This

political debate actually delayed the specification work remarkably, and finallyan organisation was established to take care of the harmonisation issues. This

organisation, OHG (Operator Harmonisation Group) aims to find a common

understanding concerning the global issues. The results of this organisation areused as inputs in 3GPP work as well as in 3G future implementations. The OHG

made its maybe the most remarkable decision in April-May 1999, when itdecided the common-for-all-variants code word (chip) rate in the 3G WCDMA

air interface. This issue has a direct effect on the system capacity andimplementation and it was maybe the biggest delaying factor concerning the

UMTS specifications.

The aim of the OHG work is to affect the specifications so that all radio access

variants are compatible with all the variants meant for switching; this will

ensure true globalisation for 3G systems.

The first UMTS release was frozen in December 1999. This release is called

UMTS Release 99. In UMTS Release 99, the specification body 3GPP

concentrated on two main aspects:

•

Inauguration of a new radio interface solution. A new 3G radiointerface solution must use the radio interface resources more efficientthan it is the case with 2G radio interface solution. In addition to that, itmust be very flexible in terms of data rates to allow a wide range of

applications to be served.


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The UMTS radio interface solutions are based on the multiple access

principle CDMA. CDMA stands for Code Division Multiple Access. In

UMTS Release 99, CDMA is applied on 5 MHz carrier frequency bands. This is the reason, why in some areas of the world, UMTS is

called Wideband CDMA (WCDMA).

Two radio interface solutions were specified with UMTS Release 99:The FDD-mode combines CDMA with frequency division duplex, i.e.

uplink and downlink transmission are realised on separate 5 MHz

frequency carriersThe TDD-mode combines CDMA with time division duplex, i.e.

uplink and downlink are made available of the same 5 MHz frequency

carrier, separated by time.

• Network evolution: GSM is nowadays the dominating mobilecommunications technology. In order to protect the investment of a

large number of mobile operators, network evolution guarantees the re-

use of the existing core network and service infrastructure in UMTS.This was archived in UMTS Release 99 by adopting an enhanced GSM

core network solution for the UMTS core network.The next version of the 3GPP Specifications is Release 4, which was frozen

March 2001, and Release 5, which was frozen in March/June 2002. In Release 4

and 5, the upgrades in the radio access and radio access network were minor.The main focus lay on the core network and the service infrastructure. UMTS

Release 4 included a specification of the Multimedia Messaging Service

(MMS), a new radio interface solution for China called low chip rate TDD

mode (or TD-SCDMA). While in UMTS Release 4 the first steps toward a ‘3GAll IP’ could be found, this was fully specified in UMTS Release 5, including

the IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS).

2.2 UMTS network structure

The obvious lack of GSM systems is the bandwidth offered to the end user. In the

beginning the bandwidth offered to the end user was reasonable, but as the

technology developed, the end user requirements increased. New services (such as

the Internet) became more common, so the bandwidth became inadequate. Thiswas the main reason for starting the specification for the next generation cellular

networks. As mentioned earlier in this document, one of the requirement pointswas that the air interface of the 3G should be generic. Roughly, this means that

the radio part of the network should be even more functionally separated than in

the GSM. To clarify and specify this, the call establishment related parts of the 3G

network are expressed as follows:


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WCDMA

ATM

Iu

NMS NMS

CN CN RAN RAN

O&M

Uu

UE UE

UE = User Equipment

RAN = Radio Acces Network

CN = Core Network

NMS = Network Management System

Service

Platform

Service

Platform

Figure 4. 3G network principle diagram

The multiple access method used between the User Equipment (UE) and the

RAN (Radio Access Network) is called Wideband Code Division MultipleAccess (WCDMA). The 3GPP is aiming to specify open interfaces also within

the RAN in order to guarantee multivendor scenarios. Despite this, it isreasonable to believe that operators will not select a large number of suppliers

for the RAN, nor for the Core Network (CN) implementation.

In GSM, we use TDM (Time Division Multiplexing) as the transmission

method between the different network elements. For UMTS, ATM

(Asynchronous Transfer Mode) has been chosen as the transmission method inthe radio access network. The basic difference between TDM and ATM is that

in TDM, we use timeslots for conveying information between network

elements. In ATM, on the other hand, the data is transmitted in cells (packets)of fixed size across the network. (An ATM cell has 48 octets of payload, 5

octets of headers.)

Also the interfaces within the CN and between the CN and the other networkscan be considered as open, but there may be several national limitations /

enhancements / extensions present. The 3G network can also be presented as a

collection of management layers, which cover certain parts of the network.


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Mobility Management (MM)

Session Management (SM)

Communication Management (CM)

Radio Resource Management (RRM)

UE RAN CN

Figure 5. 3G network management layers

The radio resource management (RRM) is completely covered between the

RAN and the user equipment (UE) and it involves managing how the channels

are allocated. The core network (CN) domains control the mobility management

(MM), session management (SM) and call control layers. The functions dependon whether the core network domain is the CS (circuit switched) or PS (packetswitched). The higher-layer functions performed between the UE and CN are

often called communication management (CM). The CM entity covers the

topics like call control (CC), supplementary services (SS) and short message

service (SMS). In the module UMTS Traffic Management , these managementlayers are further explained.

The added value that the WCDMA brings into the 3G network is the wideband

radio access, thus enabling a situation, in which the operator is able to offer

completely new services to the end users. The planned access rates to be offeredwith WCDMA are roughly presented in Figure 6. In 3G networks, the user

access rate will vary as a function of the speed. It should be noted that the bit

rates presented here are mainly points of interest when data services are inquestion. The very basic circuit-switched services, such as a plain voice calls,

do not require these bit rates, but when the user chooses to use e.g. fast Internet

or video phone services, the bit rates face the limits as expressed in Figure 6.

The 3GPP Specifications have been designed to divide the service platform

from the physical platform. This means that the services are independent from

the physical network. In GSM, we use traffic channels to carry data from theterminal to the core network. In UMTS, the physical network routes a bearer

between the terminal and the core network. The bearer is variable in terms of

speed and quality, and it is allocated depending on the services the subscriber

wishes to use. The subscriber may also be using different bearers for differentservices simultaneously.


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Pedestrian & Office (


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3 Network evolution

How can GSM as a system be converted or upgraded further on to face the

increased requirements set by the cellular operators and their subscribers? When

studying this matter, it is relatively easy to realise that there are several steps asto how things will be implemented. On the other hand, there are several "clans" being either for or against certain technical development step(s).

The majority of networks will support UMTS by evolving from GSM

backbones. Several public authorities have announced that it is not necessary to

implement every single step described here, but, by experience, a complicated

technical concept must be done in phases in order to guarantee final quality and better working equipment.

3.1 Starting with the basic GSM

MSC&VLR

HLR & AC & EIR

BSC

BSC

BTS

BTS

TCSM

TCSM

PSTN

ISDN

Figure 7. Basic GSM network – principle diagram


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3.1.1 GSM network elements

The GSM radio access network called BSS (Base Station Subsystem) consists

of the following elements:

• BSC (Base Station Controller) is responsible for radio path and radio

resource management.

• BTS (Base Transceiver Station) is the network radio terminal forming the

air interface that the MSs (Mobile Stations) use for network access andcommunication purposes.

• TCSM (Transcoding and Sub-Multiplexer Unit) is the channel codingconverter making it possible to use more effective channel coding within

the BSS (transcoding), and thus enables saving in transmission costs

(through sub-multiplexing).

NSS (Network Switching (Sub) system), the switching part of the GSM

network, contains the following elements:

• MSC (Mobile Switching Centre) performs the traffic path connectionsand is responsible for the majority of the connection management related

entities.

• VLR (Visitor Location Register) contains subscription and security

information of the active subscribers located in the radio network part.The nature of the data the VLR contains is not stable: when the

subscribers change their location(s), the VLR data changes respectively.

• HLR (Home Location Register) is the static data storage of thesubscription information. The HLR also contains the subscriber location

information, but the accuracy of this information is on the VLR level.

• AC (Authentication Centre) maintains security information of the

subscriptions.

• EIR (Equipment Identity Register) maintains security information related

to the mobile equipment, not to the subscription.

Figure 7 presents a very basic GSM network made strictly according tospecifications. That is, all possible open and proprietary interfaces are included.

The network described above is always the first step when a new/old operator is

starting its GSM cellular business. The subscribers in this kind of network haveall the basic services available:

• Speech, circuit switched data up to 9.6 kb/s, Facsimile

• Call forwarding, call barring, in-call services (Wait, Hold, Multi-Party)


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3.2 Adding value to GSM networks

The GSM Technical Specifications define certain interfaces, which make it

possible to add some value to the system. Through these interfaces, the

operators connect the Value Added Service (VAS) platform(s) into use.A typical VAS platform consists of two elements: Short Message Service

Centre (SMSC) and Voice Mail System (VMS). In other respects the GSM

network is the same as in the previous phase.

MSC&VLR

HLR & AC & EIR

BSC

BSC

BTS

BTS

TCSM

TCSM

PSTN

ISDN

Value Added Service Platform(s):

SMSC, VMS

Figure 8. GSM & Value Added Services

The Short Message Service (SMS) has proven its potential in commercial use.Originally, the SMS was not seriously considered as a service at all and thus it

was very cheap to use. However (and partly surprisingly), the subscribersadopted this service and nowadays a remarkable share of the traffic in the GSM

networks is SMS based.

Another issue is the capacity offered. In this phase the capacity of the network

is (normally) drastically increased, and a clear difference between the analogueand digital technology in this respect becomes evident.


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3.3 Adding value with GSM phase2+ and IN services

The control of the services provided by the basic GSM is relatively good.

However, these services are not very flexible. In other words, the basic GSM

offers “mass service for mass subscribers”. To change the situation, the IN(Intelligent Network) is integrated to the cellular network. The IN platform

provides the operator the tools for creating completely new services, as well as

full access to modify existing ones, even on a subscriber basis.

Value Added

Service Platform(s):

SMSC, VMS

MSC&VLR

HLR & AC & EIR

BSC

BSC

BTS

BTS

TCSM

TCSM

PSTN

ISDN

IN

Figure 9. GSM – Intelligent Network included

3.3.1 IN services

Fraud management is a very essential issue for the operators. For this purpose,

the basic GSM has two registers: AuC and EIR. However, these registers cannotguarantee that the subscribers pay their bills.

IN is maybe the most common and flexible way to create a service called

Prepaid , where the prepaid customers have their own account (paid in advance)

with a call credit balance. During each call the account balance is regularlychecked. When the balance is ‘0’ it is not possible to establish any calls.

Naturally, the subscribers are able to buy more airtime, thus increasing theiraccount balances.

The Intelligent Network has the following advantages:

• Possibility to differentiate and compete with services.

• Customer segmentation from the operator’s point of view.

• Better utilisation of the service platform: VAS (Value Added Service)components used in IN services.


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3.4 Increasing data transfer in existing GSM networks

The data transfer rate of the basic GSM is low. Thus, new concepts to tackle

this issue are introduced. The first one is HSCSD (High Speed Circuit Switched

Data), with its more effective channel coding. The enhancements allow the enduser to have data calls with bit rates like 40 – 60 kb/s. These enhancements

require only very limited changes in the existing network elements.

Value Added


SMSC, VMS

MSC&VLR

HLR & AC & EIR

BSC

BSC

BTS

BTS

TCSM

TCSM

PSTN

ISDN

IN

IP Networks

HW/SW

Figure 10. Enhancing GSM – High Speed Data

3.4.1 Benefits of faster data and services

HSCSD increases data transfer capability. Hereby, physical radio channels areallocated to the HSCSD subscriber on demand – only one physical channel is

guaranteed to the subscriber. The operator can therefore optimise the radio

interface usage given the demand of normal GSM subscribers and HSCSD

subscribers. A set of coding schemes allows a dynamic adjustment of theamount of redundancy added to the user information. This is done to maximise

the throughput via the radio interface.

Mobile phones usually have small screens. Therefore http-pages cannot be

presented in a satisfying way. WAP (Wireless Application Protocol) was

introduced to overcome this problem. This is a uniform way to browse theInternet from the mobile station without any accessory equipment. Roughly, the

WAP changes the nature of the mobile equipment from pure mobile towardsdata terminal; the mobile able to use WAP is actually an ASCII based Internet

browser.


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3.5 Evolving GSM to packet core

GPRS (General Packet Radio Service) is the way to transfer packet data over

the GSM air interface. This requires HW/SW changes in the existing network

elements, and some new elements as well. The term IP backbone refers to the part of the network handling packet switching and connections to the Internet

and other data networks. The basic packet switched data core consists of two

major elements: SGSN (Serving GPRS Support Node) and GGSN (GatewayGPRS Support Node). In addition to these, the IP backbone contains other

routers, firewall servers, and DNS (Domain Name Server).

Value Added


SMSC, VMS

MSC&VLR

HLR & AC & EIR

BSC

BSC

BTS

BTS

TCSM

TCSM

PSTN

ISDN

IN

IP Networks

HW/SW

SGSN

GGSNIP Networks

Figure 11. GSM and packet switched data core

The traffic through the packet core is not equal when comparing to the MSCside: the packet core traffic uses free air interface slots and thus the capacity of

the packet connection varies all the time. This is the basic reason why the 2G

packet traffic does not have exact QoS (Quality of Service) classification in use;it is said that 2G packet connection QoS is ‘best effort’.

From the operator point of view, the packet connections increase traffic anywayand the time slots not used by circuit switched services are in effective use.

Fast, wireless access to the Internet is enabled; theoretically, bit rates of≈

150kb/s in optimal circumstances are possible. A subscriber can expect nowadays

data rates of about 30 to 40 kb/s. Packet data transfer does not waste the

capacity (as the HSCSD does on one physical channel). WAP and SMS will beutilised very effectively in the context of different services either provided by

the operator or a 3rd party.


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3.6 Increasing speed with EDGE

Within the existing knowledge and technology, it is possible to further enhance

the transferred bit rates up to the level of 384 kb/s for circuit switched services,

and to a level of up to 473 kb/s for packet switched services. This is achieved byintroducing a new modulation scheme (8PSK), combined with sophisticated

coding methods over the air interface. These methods are backward compatible

with the existing GSM methods, and they form a concept called EDGE (Enhanced Data rates in GSM Environment). Please note that issues like

availability of timeslots, and transmission quality, affect the bit rates that can be

obtained.

Value Added


SMSC, VMS

MSC&VLR

HLR & AC & EIR

BSC

BSC

BTS

BTS

TCSM

TCSM

PSTN

ISDN

IN

IP Networks

HW/SW

Changes

SGSN

GGSN

IP Networks

TRX Change & TransmissionUpgrade

Figure 12. GSM - EDGE

This step will probably be the end point for several operators due to the

licensing policy (country-specific regulations). On the other hand, some

operators may skip this phase and move on to the next step in this development

path. EDGE utilises everything built in the GSM, including the multiple accessmethod used in the air interface (TDMA, Time Division Multiple Access).

Because the channel coding methods experience remarkable changes in this

step, the spectral efficiency does not change: same kinds of time slots are still in

use, carrying traffic like they have been carrying in a normal GSM. Also from

the network planning point of view, the use of radio frequencies will notchange. The changes in the system are related to transmission and multiple time

slot allocation required in PSTN connections.


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3.7 Evolving towards to the universal mobile network(Service platform)

3G has a completely new way to approach the term service: all the services

offered should be independent from the technology platform. This really opensthe windows for free, 3

rd party service development. There will be several

services, and the majority of those will be based on the Internet in one form or

another. In addition, imaging (picture transfer) and video phoning will beinteresting services.

Value Added

Service Platform(s): SMSC, VMS

MSC&VLR

HLR & AC & EIR

BSC

BSC

BTS

BTS

TCSM

TCSM

PSTN

ISDN

IN

IP Networks

HW/SW Changes

SGSN

GGSN

IP Networks

RNCBTSMGW

Figure 13. UMTS – New radio access introduced: UMTS networkarchitecture

If there is a possibility (as well as requirements and license), the operator maymove to a completely new level in service offering. This phase introduces new

wideband radio access technology, which, in the beginning, roughly equals the

bit rates the EDGE concept is able to provide. The new radio access require new

network elements in the radio network: RNC (Radio Network Controller) and

BS (Base Station) The BS is referred to as Node B in the 3GPP specifications.The new radio access introduced in this phase is, however, utilising thefrequency spectrum more efficiently; the data flow and its bit rate is not

dependent on time slots any more. When the radio access method was planned,

the packet type of traffic was especially considered.


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3.7.1 UMTS development

UMTS will be developed in releases like GSM. When the technology is more

mature, the services will be more sophisticated and involved in every area oflife.

The structure of the network will change considerably. There will be severalradio access technologies in use in parallel. The wideband communication has

changed the structure of the network equipment and transmission.

The trend is that packet switched traffic volume soon will dominate over circuit

switched. It is expected that circuit switched traffic is used only in special cases,

such as for real time services that have high Quality of Service (QoS)requirements.

3.7.2 Service potential in the mobile information society

The UMTS cellular network is tightly integrated to the society, and some otheritems (like digital signature) are widely used. This offers the possibility to

combine many items together. For instance, banking and business can be done

almost completely wirelessly. The 3G terminal is far more than ‘a phone’, it

may act as a social security card, passport, purse, etc.

The business model will change, too. In an ordinary 2G network the operator

provides most of the services. In UMTS network the operator can be consideredas a ‘carrier provider’. Some service providers use carrier provider resources to

deliver the service and the content of the service is provided to the service

providers by content providers. This structure will create a lot of challenges to be sorted out when integrating UMTS to the other networks and technologies.


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3.8 3G end-to-end IP solutions

With UMTS Release 99, a radio interface solution was introduced to allow the

transport of a wide range of multimedia services. The transmission network

solution of the UMTS radio access network is based on ATM (and analternative specification of IP transport partly exists), which guarantees flexible

bearer establishment in the radio access network. But the UMTS CN solution is

still rooted in GSM, and this may impose limitations for multimediaapplications. In UMTS Rel. 4 and 5, call-processing server solutions combined

with media gateways were specified for circuit and packet switched services to

allow flexible bearer establishment also in the core network. The specifications

explicitly mention IP and ATM as potential transmission solutions for the core

network.

This means a core network evolution.

P S T N

I S D N

Figure 14. 3G IP – Majority of the traffic over IP

The majority of the traffic is expected to be packet switched data transfer over

IP (its more mature variant(s)). That is, the IP is expected to fully support

mobility management (if expressed in telecommunication terms). Additionally,in this kind of environment the IP must fully support QoS (Quality of Service)

thinking. These two conditions are essential if cellular IP terminals are going to

be used.


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4 Basics of the air interface and the pathto WCDMA

Air interface is a very complicated part of the UMTS network, especially incomparison to actual 2G networks (such as GSM).

The following sections give a basic understanding of the air interface, which inturn helps to gain a better understanding of the issues and properties of the

WCDMA interface.

4.1 Wireless principles

4.1.1 Duplex transmission

There are three ways to accomplish communications:

• Simplex

• Half-duplex

• Duplex

Simplex has been used since the early 1900s. It is communication in a one-way

direction, such as AM and FM broadcast stations. Simplex uses one frequency broadcast to one or multiple receivers.

Half duplex is communication in a two-way direction. However, only one

person may talk at a time, since half duplex uses only one frequency. Halfduplex is often referred to as push-to-talk (PTT).

Duplex is communication in a two-way direction on two frequencies. Onefrequency is used to talk and the other one to listen. This is the modern way of

cellular communication.

There are two common ways to realise duplex transmission:

• Frequency Division Duplex (FDD) In this case, frequency resources are allocated to the mobilecommunication system. Some of the frequency bands are allocated to

uplink communication only, while other frequency bands are used for

downlink communication. In other words duplex transmission is

enabled by using different frequency bands, meaning that uplink anddownlink are separated by frequency.

• Time Division Duplex (TDD) In this case, one carrier frequency band is used for uplink and downlinkcommunication. The transmission is organised in time frames. Within


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in each time frame, some time resources are used for uplink

transmission, while the remaining ones are used for downlink

transmission.

Frequency Division Duplex Time Division Duplex

frequency

t i m e

frequency

t i m e

U p l i n k

Uplink

Uplink

Uplink D o w n l i n

k

Downlink

Downlink

Downlink

Figure 15. FDD and TDD

4.1.2 Radio communication

There are two basic formats used in the radio communication: analogue and

digital. The commercially available analogue format has been used since 1900,while the commercially available digital format was introduced in 1990. The

difference between the analogue and the digital format is that when using

analogue, a person’s voice signal is transmitted over the air, while the digital

format uses a string of 1s and 0s to represent the voice signal (Figure 16). If

someone would lock on to the frequency used for an analogue conversation,he/she could actually hear the users’ voices. For that same situation in the

digital format the observer would need to decode the 1s and 0s before hearing

the conversation.

There are four basic air interface technologies used for communication:

• Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA)

• Space Division Multiple Access (SDMA)

• Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA)

• Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA)

Both FDMA and SDMA were introduced in the analogue format. TDMA and

CDMA technologies are based on the digital format.


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So you see bla, bla, bla, yada, yada110000110101100011101110001

Analogue

Digital

Figure 16. The difference between analogue and digital

4.1.2.1 Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA)

In December 1900, Reginald Fessenden accomplished the first human voice

transmission via radio. This first link was over a mile long. Six years later he

transmitted the first radio broadcast. Soon afterwards, Frequency Division

Multiple Access (FDMA) technology was used. Different broadcasts in thesame geographical region could be heard by using different radio frequencies.

That is the idea behind the FDMA; the frequency range is broken down into

unique bandwidths and distributed to the users. FDMA is used in cellular

communications. One frequency to speak on and one to listen on; thus we haveduplex communications. That way multiple users can operate in a particular

frequency spectrum.


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frequency

t i m

e

m o b i l e

p h o

n e 1

m o b i l e

p h o

n e 4

m o b i l e

p h o

n e 2

m o b i l e

p h o

n e 3

carrier band

Figure 17. With FDMA, users transmit simultaneously using separatefrequencies

Early cellular systems (1940s - 1960s) used higher power and lower frequencies

compared to today’s cellular systems.

4.1.2.2 Space Division Multiple Access (SDMA)

In 1946, Bell Telephone System planners started submitting proposals for alarge-scale system that would satisfy the growing customer demand for more

wireless access. The idea behind the proposals was to break a huge geographicalregion into smaller areas called “cells.” Each cell would use a frequency

different than those of its nearest neighbours to prevent any interference.

That is the idea behind the Space Division Multiple Access (SDMA), the same

frequency can be used multiple times in the same geographical region.

The advantage to this technology is increased network capacity. The easiest wayfor FDMA broadcasters to increase their coverage area is to increase their

transmitting power. However, increased power causes interference problems

and increases the distance before a frequency can be reused. SDMA can

increase coverage by adding more cells. Modern cellular uses higherfrequencies and lower power. This causes less interference and reduces the

frequency reuse distance. This technology emerged with the offering of

Advanced Mobile Phone System (AMPS) in the early 1980s.

Although this was a big capacity improvement, it soon ran into its limits. Thenetwork planners made a few modifications to this design to increase capacity.

One solution was to reduce the cell size even further and to add more cells to fill


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in the newly created uncovered areas. A second alternative was to add another

frequency to the existing cell, so that two calls could be placed from the same

cell. Both of these solutions, however, did not overcome the basic limit of onecall per frequency.

Figure 18. Space Division Multiple Access

4.1.2.3 Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA)

The next step in providing greater network capacity was not only to divide

frequencies into different cells, but also to divide this frequency into differentslices of time. Originally, the frequency could only carry one conversation, but

with the Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) technology, multiple userscould carry on conversations using the same frequency in the same cell or

space.

That is the idea behind TDMA; dividing the frequency into multiple time slices

so that multiple users can access the same frequency at the same time.

The commercially available products associated with this new technology are

Digital Advanced Mobile Phone Service (D-AMPS) and Global System forMobile Communication (GSM). D-AMPS was introduced in the late 1980s, and

GSM became available in 1990. These two products are not compatible. D-

AMPS is a digital overlay to the existing analogue system AMPS for the

purpose of increasing capacity. GSM is standalone product with a digital formatat its core.


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f1

f2

f3

f4

f5

f6

f7

f1

f3

f2

Figure 19. Time Division Multiple Access

TDMA frame

frequency

t i m

e

TDMA frame

Mobile Phone 1

Mobile Phone 1

Mobile Phone 1

Mobile Phone 2

Mobile Phone 2

Mobile Phone 2

Mobile Phone 3

Mobile Phone 3

Mobile Phone 3

Mobile Phone 4

Mobile Phone 4

carrier band

Figure 20. TDMA divides the frequency into multiple time slices


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4.1.2.4 Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA)

Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) also uses digital format. In CDMAsystems, several transmissions via the radio interface take place simultaneously

on the same frequency bandwidth. The user data is combined at the

transmitter’s side with a code, then transmitted. On air, all transmission getmixed. At the receiver’s side, the same code is used as in the transmitter’s side.

The code helps the receiver to filter the user information of the transmitter from

the incoming mixture of all transmissions on the same frequency band and sametime. This is often represented by layers, as can be seen in the figure below.

In contrast to classical FDMA and TDMA systems, the same carrier frequency band can be used in neighbouring cells. Frequency reuse factor in CDMA is

one.

Figure 21. Code Division Multiple Access


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Codes

Power (P)

Time

Frequency

Figure 22. CDMA is digital and identifies each conversation by a coderather than frequency or time slice

4.2 CDMA background

Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) is a type of spread-spectrum; a familyof digital communication methods that the military has used for some time

dating back to World War II. It is particularly useful to the military for tworeasons:

• It provides protection from enemy jamming, because the spread signal is

difficult to interfere with.

• It can conceal that any communication is taking place.

Even though CDMA was hypothetically possible in the late 1940s, it was not

available to the civilian market for another four decades. A primary reason forthis was that low cost, high-density digital integrated circuits had to be

developed to keep the cost and the weight of the units down.


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4.3 Principles of CDMA

CDMA is the classic example of a room with people speaking different

languages.

Let us imagine that a corporate CEO is hosting a large multinational gathering.Our host, having mastered many languages, is primarily the one making the

conversation. Our host demands that his guests speak in their native tongues.Our host, a true mediator, is able to interpret the conversations between guests if

they wish to talk with each other; he can fluently follow several conversations at

the same time. He can understand different speakers, all talking at the same

time, because they speak in different languages.

He occasionally has to tell some guests, who tend to get carried away, to speak

a little softer; and he has to ask the soft speakers to talk more loudly so that hecan hear them better.

In the corner, a jazz band begins to play. Because of the music, the guests have

to speak louder in general. The host will no longer be able to hear the soft

speakers in the back, even though they yell at the top of their lungs. When the

band takes a break, it is easier to communicate again. The guests can speak withless volume for a while.

The party starts to mature and many more guests arrive. The overall volume begins to rise, because there are more people speaking at the same time. The

host asks the guests nearest to him to speak more softly, while he asks the ones

further away to please speak up.

CDMA functions are much like our party. The CEO hosting the party is our

Base Station (BS), the band represents another BS, and the guests are theMobile Stations (MS). The different languages correspond to codes in a CDMA

system. The BS can tell the mobiles apart, even though they are transmitting at

the same time, by the codes that they use. Each MS uses a separate code. Each

BS also uses a different code when they talk with the MSs. The codes themobiles use increase, spread the bandwidth used. The bandwidth actually used

is much larger than what is actually required. That is why we also call this a

spread spectrum system.


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4.3.1 CDMA information, theory and codes

Frequency Band

Spreading Factor

Power

WCDMAOriginating Bit Received Bit

Figure 24. General transmission principle

In direct sequence CDMA, the transmission takes place continuously. If one

user data bit has to be transmitted from the transmitter (e.g. the mobile phone)to the receiver (e.g. the base station), a certain amount of energy is required.

The amount of energy depends on the distance of the transmitter from the

receiver, the obstacles in the transmission path, etc. The energy can be

represented like a “box” having specific volume. The energy/volume is constant- but the dimensions of the box can be change. As can be seen above, the box’s

volume is made of the frequency band, transmitter power, and time for the

transmission. In UMTS, the frequency band is constant. The other twodimensions, power and duration for the transmission, are subject to change. A

high data rates means many bits in one second, so the duration for each

information bit is short. Consequently, the output power for each bit must behigh to keep the box’s volume at a specific, constant level. If the data rate goesdown, less information bits are transmitted in one second, and therefore the

duration of one information bit is longer. If the energy for the transmission ofthe information bit has not changed, the volume of the box is the same.

Consequently, less output power is required at the transmitter’s side.


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Codes

Power (P)

Time

Frequency

Figure 25. CDMA – Code Division Multiple Access

In direct sequence CDMA technology based systems (like WCDMA), everyuser is assigned a code/codes varying per transaction, i.e. the different users use

separate codes. These codes are called spreading codes. It should be noted that

one user may also use several spreading codes in certain situations. The userdata is directly multiplied with his code. This processes is called spreading.

Then the user data is transmitted via the common frequency band.

• If the originating bit rate is low, the power required for transmission is

small. This kind of case can be seen as a narrow layer in Figure 25.

• If the originating bit rate is high, is higher. This kind of case can be seen

as a thick layer in Figure 25.

4.3.2 Spread spectrum and the principle of direct sequence CDMA

There are several spread spectrum system designs:

In direct sequence spread spectrum we spread or code the message we want

to send by directly multiplying it with a large bandwidth user-specific codecalled the spreading sequence.

Frequency hopping spread spectrum utilises the large system bandwidth by periodically changing the carrier frequency of the narrowband message

according to a user-specific sequence.

Time hopping spread spectrum uses a user-specific sequence to key thetransmitter on and off at equal duration time segments. Unlike GSM, there is no

user-specific timeslot.


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The direct sequence (DS) spread spectrum method is used in both the 2nd

generation CDMA systems (that is, IS-95) and in the new 3rd generation

Wideband CDMA (WCDMA) (UMTS and cdma2000).

Let us visualise the spreading process. We have the information bits with some

power per bits. The spreading signal is like a monster truck driving over the bits. The bits get “squashed” and spread over the ground. The power that

previously defined the height of the bits is also flattened. The power is spreadover the spectrum, that is, the power per unit bandwidth is small. This is our

goal. For someone not knowing how the information was actually squashed, it

is very difficult to detect the presence of a spread spectrum user. All one wouldhear is an increased amount of noise.

f f

f f

User AUser A

User BUser B

DataData Data after Data after

spr eadingspreading

PP

PP

Tr ansmissionTransmission

over the air over the air

DespreadDespread

User A s ignalUser A signal

at the receiver at the receiver

f f

f f

f f f f

Figure 26. Spreading and sharing the same space

In a spread spectrum system all the users are in the same frequency band. Thefrequency band is not divided in time to the users as in GSM. All users may

send at the same time at will. The user’s information is spread over the whole

frequency band with a user-specific pseudo-noise (PN) signal, the spreadingcode. The transmitted signal occupies a much wider bandwidth than would be

necessary to send the information. The bits in the spreading code are called

chips. The chip rate of our code is fixed to 1.96 Mchip/s.

In a multiple access environment, we will have at the receiver our spreadspectrum signal summed with the other user signals. Our receiver will decode

the original message fine as long as the noise caused by the other signals present

is not too high. This is why we can say that each user is sharing a pool of powerin the system.


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4.4 Motives for using WCDMA in UMTS

The UMTS specifications include 3rd generation mobile services platforms.

Being able to deliver wideband multimedia services is going to require a higher

performance standard than the current wireless standards. UMTS will smooththe progress of new wireless wideband multimedia applications, while fully

supporting both packet and circuit switched communications (e.g. Internet and

traditional landline telephone). From the outset, UMTS has been designed forhigh-speed data services and Internet based packet data offering up to 2 Mbps in

stationary or office environments and up to 384 Kbps in wide area or mobile

environments.

In UMTS Release 99, there are two WCDMA modes:

• FDD mode FDD stands for frequency division duplex. Two separate 5 MHz

frequency bands are used – one for uplink transmission and another onefor downlink transmission.

• TDD mode TDD stands for time division duplex. Hereby, one frequency band is

used both for uplink and downlink transmission.

In the FDD mode a continuous transmission in one transmission direction cantake place. The TDD mode is more similar to GSM. Bursts are transmitted. The

reason for that is routed in the fact, that uplink and downlink transmission must

be managed on the same frequency bands at different times. The FDD mode is

seen as a very good solution to get coverage. The TDD mode is especiallyefficient, when there is asymmetric traffic. Because of this and its bursty nature,

it use is seen mainly in the pico and micro cell environment.

Both in the FDD and TDD mode, direct sequence CDMA is applied. The radio

interface solution is called Wideband CDMA (WCDMA), because 5 MHzcarriers are used.

4.4.1 Features of WCDMA in UMTS

WCDMA for UMTS has several advantages, for example:

Efficient use of the radio frequency spectrum

Different technologies, which improve the spectrum usage, are easy to apply to

CDMA. E.g. in GSM, one physical channel is dedicated to one user for speechtransmission. If discontinuous transmission is applied, several timeslots of the

physical channels are not used. These timeslots cannot be used otherwise. InUMTS, the transmission of several mobile phones takes place on the samefrequency band at the same time. Therefore, each transmission imposes

interference to the transmissions of other mobile phones on the same carrier

frequency band. UMTS supports discontinuous transmission via the radio


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interface. Consequently, if mobile phones are silent, when there is nothing to

transmit, the interference level is reduced and therefore the radio interface

capacity increased. Another option allowed in UMTS is the multiplexing of packet switched traffic with circuit switched traffic. If there is no speech to

transmit for a subscriber, the silent times are used for packet switched traffic.

Limited frequency management

CDMA uses the same frequency in adjacent cells. There is no need for the

FDMA/TDMA type of frequency assignment that can sometimes be difficult.

This is the main reason for increased radio interface efficiency of WCDMA

Low mobile station transmit power

With advanced receiver technologies, CDMA can improve the reception performance. The required transmit power of a CDMA mobile phone can be

reduced as compared to TDMA systems. In the FDD mode, where bursty

transmission is avoided, the peak power can be kept low. Continuous

transmission also avoids the electromagnetic emission problems caused by pulsed transmission to, for example, hearing aids and hospital equipment.

Uplink and downlink resource utilisation independent

Different bit rates for uplink and downlink can be allocated to each user.

CDMA thus supports asymmetric communications such as TCP/IP access.

Wide variety of data rates

The wide bandwidth of WCDMA enables the provision of higher transmission

rates. Additionally, it provides low and high rate services in the same band.

Improvement of multipath resolutionThe wide bandwidth of WCDMA makes it possible to resolve more multipath

components than in 2nd

generation CDMA, by using a so-called RAKE receiver.This assists in lowering the transmit power required and lowers interference

power at the same time. The result is further improved spectrum efficiency.

Statistical multiplexing advantage

The wideband carrier of the WCDMA system allows more channels/users in

one carrier. The statistical multiplexing effect also increase the frequency usage

efficiency. This efficiency drops in narrowband systems with fast datacommunications, because the number of the users on one carrier is limited.

Increased standby time from higher rate control channels

The wideband carrier can enhance the transmission of the control channels. The

MS only listens to the control channels part of the time, thereby increasing the

standby time.


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5 User Services

Subscribers are paying for value added services offered to them. Therefore

mobile operators are currently concentrating in broadening the services, offered

to the subscribers.

• Access to a complete range of integrated, customer-friendly servicescustomised to their needs by operators and service providers. These

services will be available irrespective of the serving network and

terminal, assuming that similar capabilities are available. Where the

capabilities are not available, the user will be presented with a subset of

the service.

• Enhanced user service management covering the ability to customise and

configure the appearance and behaviour of user services and applications.This management may include user interface customisation where the

terminal supports that capability.

•

Simplified service provisioning and service upgrades through thecapability to download new service applications with minimal customerinteraction.

• Wireless personal Internet

– information anywhere atanytime.

• Multimedia messaging

• Enhanced e-mail

• Telecommuting

• Improved quality of service

•

Support for video/audio clips

If the subscriber benefits from the UMTS introduction, so does the

operator:

• New service capabilities (means new business opportunity for operators)

• Revenue opportunity with increased data/voice traffic

• New frequency spectrum (new capacity)


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6 Review questions

Please take some time to answer the following questions.

1. Which of the following definitions for the abbreviation 3GPP is true?

a. It is a specification body organised by the manufactures to promotenew technologies.

b. It is an EU organisation that specifies all the features that a 3Gnetwork must support.

c. It is an organisational body by the operators to promote theharmonisation of different 3G technologies.

d. It is the name of the interface between the RAN and the CN.

e. It is a specification body that takes care of the specification work inco-operation with many institutes.

2. Name the four subsystems in the UMTS network Release 99.

3. Which of the following elements is not part of the core network?

a. HLR

b. GGSN

c. RNC

d. EIR

4. Which of the following sentences about EDGE is true?

a. EDGE is needed to support IN prepaid services.

b. EDGE is using a more efficient coding and modulation technique

than in GSM to increase data throughput.

c. EDGE and GSM networks are incompatible.

d. EDGE will allow telephone calls to take place faster as people cantalk faster than in GSM.


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5. The SGSN is not needed to support 3G IP connections.

❏ True ❏ False

6. List the four basic air interface technologies.

7. Which of the following is true (circle the correct answer)?

a. 1st generation networks are digital and 2nd generation networks areanalogue.

b. WCDMA is a 2nd generation technology.

c. TDMA and CDMA were introduced in 2nd generation networks.

d. Data, fax, and SMS services will first be introduced withWCDMA.

8. Describe the main difference between analogue and digital.

9. Which of the following are benefits of WCDMA (circle the correctanswer)?

a. Improvement of Erlang capacity.

b. No frequency change allows imperceptible soft handovers.

c. New available frequency spectrum.

d. All of the above.


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10. CDMA is an access technology, which was developed for high capacitycommercial mobile networks.

❏ True ❏ False

11. Which of the following are benefits or services for the end user?

a. Integrated services that may be customised per subscriber

b. Ability to download and activate new services at will

c. Multimedia messaging

d. Possibility for telecommuting

e. Improved quality of service

f. Videophony

g. Location-based services

h. Support for video/audio clips

i. All of the above.

Documents

665750_3en_Introduction To UMTS Training Document.pdf