61260249 Support and Movement2

8/20/2019 61260249 Support and Movement2

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Science

form 2

Chapter 8

SupportSupportandand

movementmovement


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Content

8.1 Support Systems in Animals

8.2 Support Systems in Plants

8.3 Appreciating the Support System inLiving Things


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8.1

Support Systems in Animals


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Vertebrate and invertebrate

•• VertebratesVertebrates are animals with backbones.

•• InvertebratesInvertebrates are animals withoutbackbones.

VertebratesVertebrates


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Vertebrate

• Vertebrates are supported by internalinternal

skeleton of bonesskeleton of bones called endoskeleton.endoskeleton.


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Vertebrate

The functions of endoskeleton are:

(a) to support the body weight

(b) to protect the internal organs

(c) to maintain the shape of the body


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Land Vertebrate

• The land vertebrates have to support their

own body weight.

• Hence, the endoskeletons of land

vertebrates are normally big and strongbig and strong.

Horse skeleton Elephant skeleton


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Aquatic Vertebrate

• The body weight of aquatic vertebrates is

supported by the buoyancy of water.Hence, the endoskeletons of aquaticvertebrates are smaller.

whale skeleton


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InvertebrateThe support systems of invertebrates

consist ofi. exoskeleton and

ii. hydrostatic skeleton.

exoskeleton hydrostatic skeleton


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Invertebrate- Exoskeleton

•• CuticleCuticle is an exoskeleton which is made of

chitin.chitin.

• It covers and protects the body.

• Bees, flies, cockroaches , scorpions, crabsand prawns are supported by cuticle.


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Invertebrate- Hydrostatic skeleton

• Invertebrates which have soft bodies such

as worms, leeches and caterpillars aresupported by the body fluid pressurecalled hydrostatic pressure.

Earth worms Leeches Caterpillars


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8.2

Support Systems in Plants


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Woody plants

• The woody plants aresupported by woodywoody

tissues.tissues.

• Some of the examplesof woody trees are

rubber trees, rambutantrees and durian trees.


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Woody plant

• Some woody plants have additional

features to help them.

(a) Buttress roots(b) Prop roots

(c) Stilt roots


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Buttress roots• Casuarina trees have buttress roots to

provide additional support to the stems.

Casuarinas木麻黄树


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Prop roots• Banyan trees and maize plants have prop

roots to give them extra support

Banyan trees = Pokok Ara榕树


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Stilt roots• Mangrove trees have stilt roots which

provide extra support to the stem and helpthem to obtain sunlight.

Mangrove trees

= pokok bakau红树


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Non-woody plant• Non-woody plants have

soft stems.

• The turgidity of the cells

provides support to thesenon-woody plants.

• Some of the examples ofnon-woody plants are yamplant, leafy vegetables andbalsam plant.


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Non-woody plant• Some non-woody plants have weak stems

which are unable to support the plants.

• However, they have other features to helpthem.(a) Tendrils

(b) Thorns and prickles(c) Twining stems

(d) Clasping roots


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Tendrils• Cucumber plants and pumpkin plants

climb and grow upwards using tendrils.


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Thorns and prickles• Bougainvillea plants, rattan plants and

rose plants climb using thorns

Prickles

Rattan


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Twining stems• Morning glory plants twine around other

plants to help them climb higher in order toget enough sunlight.


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Clasping roots• Money plants and pepper plants climb by

clasping.


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61260249 Support and Movement2