6 Orange Level

8/10/2019 6 Orange Level

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Simple Sentences

A simp le sentencehas a subject and a verb

and completes a thought.

For example:

Shewentto the store. (subject = she/verb = went)

However, some people choose not to use a subject,

as in this example:

Question: Where did she go?

Answer:Wentto the store.

"Went to the store," is not good English. If you want

your English to improve, avoid making this kind of

mistake. Always try to use a subject and a verb

when making a sentence.In this exerciseyou can

practice identifying subjects and verbs in

sentences.

Starting with simple sentences in this level, we will

study sentence structure and if you go through all

of the lessons in order, hopefully, your writing and

speaking will get better.

Here are some examples:
http://www.learnamericanenglishonline.com/Orange%20Level/Exercises_for_the_Orange_Level/Exercise_1_subjects_and_verbs.htmlhttp://www.learnamericanenglishonline.com/Orange%20Level/Exercises_for_the_Orange_Level/Exercise_1_subjects_and_verbs.htmlhttp://www.learnamericanenglishonline.com/Orange%20Level/Exercises_for_the_Orange_Level/Exercise_1_subjects_and_verbs.htmlhttp://www.learnamericanenglishonline.com/Orange%20Level/Exercises_for_the_Orange_Level/Exercise_1_subjects_and_verbs.htmlhttp://www.learnamericanenglishonline.com/Orange%20Level/Exercises_for_the_Orange_Level/Exercise_1_subjects_and_verbs.htmlhttp://www.learnamericanenglishonline.com/Orange%20Level/Exercises_for_the_Orange_Level/Exercise_1_subjects_and_verbs.htmlhttp://www.learnamericanenglishonline.com/Orange%20Level/Exercises_for_the_Orange_Level/Exercise_1_subjects_and_verbs.htmlhttp://www.learnamericanenglishonline.com/Orange%20Level/Exercises_for_the_Orange_Level/Exercise_1_subjects_and_verbs.html


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She's afraid of spiders.

She loves her baby.

He's sitting on the ground.

The bridge fell down.


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The vacuum cleaner

is working.

He eats rice with chopsticks.

Clauses and Phrases


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----------------------------

A phrase is a group of words that does not have a

subject and a verb. For example:

in the morning

This phrase tells us when something will happen, but

there isn't a subject, a person or a thing, and there isn't

a verb describing activity or existence. Here's how to fix

it:

I go to school in the morning.

Phrases are very important in English because they

provide necessary information, as the examples below

(withphrases in blue) demonstrate:


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A compound sentence is made by joining two independent

clauses together with aconjunction.

Some examples:

John bought some new shoes, andhe wore them to a party.

Lydia liked her new house, butshe didn't like the front yard.

We can go see a movie, orwe can get something to eat.

Notice that in each example, there is a subject and a verb in each

independent clause. These sentences can be changed by removing

the subject:

John bought some new shoes and wore them to a party.

Lydia liked her new house but not the front yard.

We can go see a movie or get something to eat.

These are still good sentences, but by removing the subject from

one part of them, they are no longer compound sentences.

Compound sentences are often formed with these coordinating

conjunctions: and, but, for, or, nor, yet, so, and ;(the semi-colon).

Learn more about conjunctions inRed Level Lesson Fifteen.

Here are some more examples of compound sentences:
http://www.learnamericanenglishonline.com/Red%20Level/R15%20Conjunctions.htmlhttp://www.learnamericanenglishonline.com/Red%20Level/R15%20Conjunctions.htmlhttp://www.learnamericanenglishonline.com/Red%20Level/R15%20Conjunctions.htmlhttp://www.learnamericanenglishonline.com/Red%20Level/R15%20Conjunctions.htmlhttp://www.learnamericanenglishonline.com/Red%20Level/R15%20Conjunctions.htmlhttp://www.learnamericanenglishonline.com/Red%20Level/R15%20Conjunctions.htmlhttp://www.learnamericanenglishonline.com/Red%20Level/R15%20Conjunctions.htmlhttp://www.learnamericanenglishonline.com/Red%20Level/R15%20Conjunctions.html


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1. The two women washed the dishes,and then the man dried them.

2. He doesn't like to get his teethcleaned, but he knows that it's

necessary.

3. The apples weren't selling very

well, so he decided to have a sale.

Complex Sentences


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A complex sentence is made from an independent

clause and a dependent clause joined together.

Some examples:

After I came home,I made dinner.

(dependent clause:"After I came home")

(indpendent clause:I made dinner)

We visited the museumbefore it closed.

(dependent clause: before it closed.)

(independent clause: We visited the museum)

Complex sentences are often formed by putting these

words at the beginning of the dependent clause: as, as if,

before, after, because, thoug h, even thoug h, while, wh en,

whenever, i f , during,as soo n as, as long as, since, unti l ,

unless , wh ere, andwherever. These words are

called

subordinating conjunctions.

Here are some examples of complex sentences:

Because the bridge wasn't

properly maintained by the

government, it fell down.

indpendent clause: it fell down

dependent clause: because the bridge wasn't

properly maintained by the government


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Although he ate a really big

dinner, now he wants to eat

cake for dessert.

Whenever they eat at this

restaurant, they order a

hamburger and fries.

He'll be able to maintain a

healthy weight if he keeps

exercising.

Because the world is getting

warmer, polar bears are in

danger of becoming extinct.

Compound-Complex Sentences


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and Eight).

Here are some examples of compound-complex sentences:


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(This was written in 2012.)

If Barack Obama is re-

elected this November,

he'll serve another four

years, but it won't be an

easy contest to win.

independent cause:he'll

serve another four years

independent cause: it

won't be an easy contest

to win.

Dependent clause: If

Barack Obama is re-

elected this November,

Even though he prefers to

eat with a fork, he chooses

to use chopsticks in

Chinese restaurants;however, they aren't easy

to use.

independent clause:he

chooses to use chopsticks

in Chinese restaurants

independent clause: they

aren't easy to use.

dependent clause: Even

though he prefers to eat

with a fork


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I usually use a

pickwhenever I play the

guitar, orI just use my

fingers.

Nouns Clauses

A noun clause is a clause (containing a subject and

a verb) that can replace a noun.

The examples below show how they are used:

I don't know her. (not a noun clause)

I don't know who she is.

I don't know where she lives.

I don't know when she moved to the United States.

Noun clauses often use words such as when, what, why,

whoand other question words, but the speaker may or may

not be making a question.

You can also begin a sentence with a noun clause:

Why he did thatis a mystery.

(It is a mystery)


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3. I can't remember what time the

flight arrives.

Because noun clauses are often used with question words, many students make mistakes.

I don't know who is that woman. (incorrect!)

I don't know who that woman is. (correct)

He wants to find out where was she born. (incorrect!)

He wants to find out where she was born. (correct)

Remember to put the subjectbeforethe verb in a noun clause.

Using "that" to make a clause


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The word "that" is often used at the beginning of a

clause.

Examples below show how to use "that":

I think that it's a good idea.

She was angry that her friend lied to her.

We heard that U2 will be here in June.

Note:"That" is not always necessary to use in the clause. All of the

above sentences do not require "that"; however, it's important for

beginning and intemediate learners of English to practice.

Do you see and hear the differences in the sentences

below?

I think it's a good idea.

She was angryher friend lied to her.

We heard U2 will be here in June.

Here are some examples of sentences that use "that":


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She thinks that it's important to learn

English.

or

She thinks it's important to learn

English.

I believe that organic strawberries are

worth paying extra money for.

or

I believe organic strawberries are

worth paying extra money for.

This young woman is glad that the

water is warm.

or

This young woman is glad the water is

warm.

Clauses using "that" often follow this pattern:

subject+ verb+ that + clause

The teachernoticedthat the little girl didn't have a coat.

or this pattern:

subject+ verb+ adjective+ that + clause

Markwasangry that his boss told him to work this weekend.


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Adjective Clauses

An adjective clause is a clause that describes a word

or a group of words in another clause. Adjective

clauses are often part ofa complex sentence.

Adjective clauses usethat, who, whom, and whichto begin

the clause:

She's the person who gave me the idea.

or

She's the person that gave me the idea.

In both sentences, the personis described by...

She gave me the idea.

...but use that or whoin place of "she."


This student who comes from

Japanis a very nice person.
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The highway that George travels

on every dayis usually very

crowded during rush hour.

George is a man who likes to eat

a lot of watermelon.

(If you like this video, you can find more about adjective clauseshere.)

To practice the creation of a sentence with an adjective clause, combine these pairs ofsentences:

1. The teacher was not happy.

2. He found gum under the desk.

The teacher who found gum under the desk was not happy.

Now you practice. I recommend that you write your answers on a piece of paper. Don't look at

the answers below until you have finished trying to put these together.

1. The students are very helpful to each other.

2. They go to this class.

Answer: ________________________________________________________.
http://www.learnamericanenglishonline.com/Video/adjective_clauses_video.htmlhttp://www.learnamericanenglishonline.com/Video/adjective_clauses_video.htmlhttp://www.learnamericanenglishonline.com/Video/adjective_clauses_video.htmlhttp://www.learnamericanenglishonline.com/Video/adjective_clauses_video.html


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1. The apples are rotten.

2. I bought them today.

Answer: ________________________________________________________.

1. We really like the new car.

2. We bought it last weekend.

Answer: ________________________________________________________.

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

Answers:

The students who go to this class are very helpful to each other.

The apples that I bought today are rotten.

We really like the new car which we bought last weekend.

Adverb Clauses


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Adverb clauses provide information about other

parts of the sentence. They explain why, when,

andunder which condi t ionssomething happens.

These examples help understand their use:

why: I quit my job because I didn't like the company.

when: Apples are picked after they ripen.

condition: He keeps eating eggs every day even

though he knows they're high in cholesterol.

condition: I will help you if I have time.

Adverb clauses form complex sentences, so you can

also reverse the order of the clause--just use a

comma (,)

If I have time, I will help you.

After they ripen, apples are picked.

Here are some examples of sentences that use adverb clauses:

1. She works for a floristbecause

she loves flowers.

2. I use a wine glass whenever I

drink wine.


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3. He usually washes his carif it

gets dirty.

The Sequence of Tenses


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Understanding the sequence of tenses will help you

do many things:

1. It helps you explain what someone else said (indirect

quotations)

2. It helps you with conditional sentences (using the

word "if")

3. It helps you make sentences using the word "wish"


Someone says, "I need to go to the store."

She said that she needed to go to the store.

You change "need" to "needed" but the situation is still in

the present. This is a strange thing about English, but many

Americans do this properly without thinking about it.

Here's another example:

If you could meet me at the airport, I would be grateful.

In this situation, "can" changes to "could." Why? Because

"if" is present and the sentence is conditional. We will

practice conditional sentences in Lessons 11, 12, and 13.

Here's an example using "wish":

I wish I had been at the party last night.

This sentence indicates that something did not happen in

the past, but it uses the past perfect to express it.

Confused? Take a look at the chart below and then go on to

the next three lessons.

The Sequence of Tenses


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Original Tense Changed to....

Present Past

Present Continuous Past Continuous

Past Past Perfect

Present Perfect Past Perfect

will would

can could

may might


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Reported Speech / Indirect Speech


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Practice. Write your answers on a piece of paper. Then look below

for the correct verb choices.

1. "I will be ready by 10:00" She said that she ______ be ready by

10:00.

2. "The mail isn't here yet." He said that the mail ________here yet.

3. "They have lived here 10 years." Bill said they _________here 10

years.

4. "Is it going to rain today?" She asked if it _____________ to rain

today.

5. "Joe knows a lot of people." He said that Joe ________ a lot of

people.

6. "Can you play the guitar?" She asked me if I _________play the

guitar.

Answers: 1. would; 2. wasn't; 3. had lived; 4. was going; 5. knew; 6. could

Indirect speech for a question usually uses "if" or "whether" in the

sentence. Notice that #4 and #6 are not written with a question mark.

That's because the speaker is describing the question, not asking it.


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Here are some more examples:

"I love thisbaby verymuch," saidthe mother.

The mother said that she loved herbaby.

or

The mother said she loved her baby.

(In this sentence "that" is optional)

"My daughtergraduated fromcollege," said John.

John said that his daughter hadgraduated from college.

or

John said his daughter hadgraduated from college.

But......

John said his daughter graduatedfrom college. (This doesn't follow thesequence of tenses, but it's a littlemistake which most people won'tnotice.

"Can we ride on the bike again?" the

The students askedifthey could rideon the bike again.

or....

The students asked whethertheycould ride on the bike again.

Remember touseiforwhetherwhen describing aquestion.


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The present conditional describes a situation now that isn't

true or isn't happening. Teachers also call this the present

unreal or present contrary-to-fact.

Example:

If I had a mil l ion dol lars, I would give it away to al l my friends .

"If I had a million dollars" is in the past tense, but it describe a

possible situation (or impossible) situation in the present.

"I would give it away to all my friends" tells the outcome of the

condition. You can use "would," "could," "might," or "should" in

these kinds of sentences.

This next sentence uses the verb "be" in the present conditional:

I wouldn't do that i f I were you.

Well, I'm not you, so this describes a situation that is not true. Notice

that "were" is used with "i." Isn't that strange? But it's correct.

The Past Conditional


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The past conditional describes a past situation that never

happened, or it did happen and the person speaking is

describing the possibility of something not happening in the

past. This is also called the past unreal or the past contrary-

to-fact.

Here's an example:

If Ihad goneto that party, I would have hada good time.

(situation: I didn't go to the party; therefore, I didn't have a

good time.)

"If I had gone to that party" usesthe past perfectin this partof the sentence.

"I would have had a good time" is the likely result.

Sometimes you can do this without "if" and just use the past

perfect:

Had I heard the weather report, I would have taken an

umbrella.

or....

If I had heard the weather report, I would have taken an

umbrella.

These are both good sentences, but the second one is used

more often.

Click on the video below:
http://www.learnamericanenglishonline.com/Yellow%20Level/Y15%20Past%20Perfect.htmlhttp://www.learnamericanenglishonline.com/Yellow%20Level/Y15%20Past%20Perfect.htmlhttp://www.learnamericanenglishonline.com/Yellow%20Level/Y15%20Past%20Perfect.htmlhttp://www.learnamericanenglishonline.com/Yellow%20Level/Y15%20Past%20Perfect.html


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If she had been more careful, she

wouldn't have spilled her coffee.

(She wasn't careful, and this is the result. You can't

change the past, but you can talk about it.)

If Stephanie hadn't climbed up the tree,

she wouldn't have fallen down and

broken her arm.

(But, in fact, she climbed the tree, fell down and broke

her arm)

If he had given up smoking, he wouldn't

have died at such an early age.

(He didn't give up smoking, and then he died because

of this fact.)

Using "Wish"


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Similar to conditional sentences are those that use "wish" to

express something isn't true now, or it wasn't true in the past.

To make sentences with "wish" properly, a knowledge of

theSequence of Tensesis important.

I wish I had more money.

(This describes a present situation. In fact, I don't have more money.)

She wishes he would talk to her more often.

(This also describe a present situation. Notice that the modal verb "would" is used

here. "Would" and "could" are frequently used in these kinds of sentences.)

They wish they hadn't bought that house.

(This describes a past situation that can't be changed. They regret their decision, but

you can't change the past. Notice the use of the past perfect after "wish.")


Yesterday Tom moved his chair

and hurt his back. Now he

wishes he hadn't donethat.

(The verb "do" is especially useful. You can

use it for just about any kind of mistake

you made in the past.)
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Tony wishes he had a job as a

radio announcer.

(The verb "have" is often used after "wish."

In this situation, he doesn't have this job,

but you use the past tense of have: had.

"I wish I knew the answer."

(You don't know the answer, but you wish

you did. Again, the past tense is used to

describe a present situation.)

So and Too


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He likes to cook, and she does, too.

or

He likes to cook, and so does she.

Bobby went swimming yesterday,

and so did Tom.

or

Bobby went swimming yesterday,

and Tom did, too.

He has gotten all wet, and she has,

too.

or

He has gotten all wet, and

so hasshe.

Notice that the helping verbis used in the second part of the sentence.

Now it's time for you to practice. Be sure to pay attention to the verb tenses that are used.

They have to match in both sentences. After you do this exercise, you should understand. Use

the subject and the connecting word in parenthesis. Write this out by hand.

1. Mary can ride a bike, and ______________________________. (John / so)


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2. You like to study English, and ___________________________. (she / too)

3. They lived in Mexico a long time ago, and __________________. (I / so)

4. I have been to New York, and ____________________________. (you / so)

5. She's a student, and ___________________________________. (he / too)

6. We were late to class, and ________________________. (the teacher / so)

7. I eat lots of vegetables, and __________________________. (my kids / too)

8. My computer has a power cord, and __________________. (my printer / so)

9. Bob has finished his homework, and _____________________. (Mary / too)

10. Jerry will go to the party, and __________________________. (Sue / so)

Answers:

1. and so can John.

2. and she does too.

3. and so did I.

4. and so have you.

5. and he is too.

6. so was the teacher.

7. and my kids do too.

8. so does my printer.

9. and Mary has too.

10. so will Sue.

Either and Neither


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"Either" and "neither" are used in almost the same way as "so"

and "too," but they are used with negative verbs.

Examples:

I didn't get enough to eat, andyoudidn'teither.

or

I didn't get enough to eat, andneither didyou.

Pay attention to word order. "Either" goes at the end of the

sentence after the negative helping verb, and "neither" goes

after the conjunction, then the helping verb, and then thesubject.

It's important to notice that words following "neither" are not

negative. You shouldn't use double negatives in English.

When two situations are the same, you could write a sentence

like this:

William doesn't work there, and John doesn't work there.

But this is better:

William doesn't work there, and John doesn't either.

or

William doesn't work there, and neither does John.

This video might help you:


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Mary doesn't want to wake

Tom up, and Christine

doesn't either.

or

Mary doesn't want to wake

Tom up, and neither does

Christine.

He's not very good atpainting walls, and she isn't

either.

or

He's not very good at

painting walls, and neither

is she.

She can't wait until the

baby is born, and he can't

either. *

or

She can't wait unitl the

baby is born, and neither

can he.

*Modal verbs do the same thing that regular

helping verbs do--just repeat from the first

part of the sentence.


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Now it's time for you to practice. It might be helpful to do the exercise in Lesson 16 if you

haven't done so already. As in that exercise, use the subject and the connecting word in

parenthesis. Write this out by hand.

1. I can't speak Spanish, and ___________________________. (you / either)

2. She doesn't eat red meat, and ________________________. (he / neither)

3. The students didn't have any books, and __________. ( the teacher / either)

4. We haven't seen that movie yet, and ___________________. (you / neither)

5. Jane doesn't drive yet, and __________________________. (Jim / neither)

6. You won't shop at that store, and ________________________. ( I / either)

7. The computer doesn't work, and ________________. ( the printer / neither)

8. You didn't do any laundry, and __________________________. ( I / either)

9. Henry isn't eating his food, and ______________________. (Zelda / either)

10. I don't have to work tomorrow, and ___________________ (you / neither)

Answers:

1. and you can't either.

2. and neither does he.

3. and the teacher didn't either.

4. and neither have you.

5. and neither does Jim.

6. and I won't either.

7. and neither does the printer.

8. and I didn't either.

9. and Zelda isn't either.


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10. and neither do you.


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Still and Anymore

"Still" indicates that something is happening or not happening up to

the present.

Examples:

He still likes to go to that restaurant.

or

We are still trying to learn how to use this computer.

or

I still haven't seen that movie.

"Anymore" is used with negative statements and questions. It indicates

that something is finished or not happening. It often appears at the end

of a sentence.

I don't like to go there anymore.

or

I don't need anymore help.


After 35 years of marriage,

they stilllove each other.

They are both retired and don'thave to work anymore.


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The baby doesn't want to eat

anymore.

Her father is still trying to feed

her.

These two puppies are still

sleeping.

They don't live with their

mother anymore.


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A tag question starts out as a statementand then becomes a

quest ionat the end. There are different reasons for using tag

questions, but usually it's because you have an idea of what the

answer might be.

Examples:

You want to learn English,don' t you?

We've had some really good weather,haven't we?

She can help you with your homework,can' t she?

Notice the subject is repeated at the end of the question, and the helpingverb (auxiliary verb) is used to reinforce the tense of the verb.

The first question is in the present tense; therefore, use "do" as the

helping verb. In this question, I know you want to learn English:

You wantto learn English, don'tyou?

The second question is in the present perfect; therefore, use "have" as

the helping verb. Remember that your choice of helping verb sometimesdepends on the subject. In this question, we both know that the weather

has been great:

We'vehad some really nice weather,haven'twe?

How about a question in which "he" is the subject and there's a

contraction:

He'smade a lot of friends in school,hasn'the?

The third question uses a modal verb, "can," so you simply make it

negative before the subject. In this question, I think the person can help

you, but I might not be sure:


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She canhelp you with your homework,can'tshe?

Tag questions can start out in the negative and then end in the

affirmative:

It hasn'tbeena very good day, hasit?

They don't liketo eat different kinds of food, dothey?

You wouldn't dothat, wouldyou?


She's very beautiful, isn't she?

(We all agree that this is a beatiful woman.)


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The baby doesn't want to eat her

food, does she?

(It's obvious that this baby isn't going to eat.)

She's done something really

interesting to her hair, hasn't she?

(Dying your hair purple is interesting--although

you may or may not like it. I like it, but you might

not like it. However, I want you to agree with

me.)

Embedded Questions


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An embedded question is contained within a statement or a

question. The important thing here is word order:

1. I don't know where the libraryis.

2. Do you know where the libraryis?

compare to:

3. Whereisthe library?

The first two examples contain an embedded question. The

word order for an embedded qustion is subject and then verb.

The third example (Where isthe library?) is just a regular

question in which the word order is verband then subject. In

this lesson, you will learn how to make questions and

statements that have questions within them. This lesson is

similar toLesson Sixin the Orange Level.

Embedded questions are often used in conversation:

Question Embedded Question

What does an avocado taste like?

I don't know what anavocado tastes like.

Do you know what ittastes like?
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Where did you buy this cake?

I can't remember

where I bought thecake.

Where did they move to?

I have no idea where

they moved to.

Does anyone knowwhere they moved to?

Why do leaves change color inthe fall.

I don't know whyleaves change colors.

Is there a website thatcan explain why leaveschange color in the fall?


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How long has she been gone onher trip.

I'm not sure how longshe's been gone.

Does anyone knowhow long she's beengone?

How much did you pay for thoseshoes?

I'm not sure how muchI paid for the shoes.

Does the receipt showhow much I paid forthem?


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When did she learn how to ride atricycle?

I can't remember whenshe learned how to ridea bike.

Do you think sheremembers when shelearned to do that

Question Words

This page lists all the question words that you need to know

when asking a question for information.

How: method / manner / situation

Q: How do you know her?

A: I know her from school. Hername is Nella.

Nella

Q: How did you figure out that

problem?

A: I worked it out on theblackboard.


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Q: How do I get to Lake Street

from here? A: Go straight and take a left.

Q: How did you make the crust

for this pie? A: I used flour, shortening, salt,

and ice water.

Q: How do you like your

coffee?

A: I like it with a little bit of

cream.

How about: Do you want to.....?

John: How about going to a

movie later?

(Do you want to go to a movie)

Ying: Okay. What do you wantto see?

John: How about an action

movie?

Ying: No, I don't want to see

that. How about a comedy

instead?

John: Okay.

John

Ying

How about:What is your opinion

of ____?


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Q: How about those Twins?

(What do you think about the

team?) A: Yeah, they're doing great

this season.

How about this weather?

(What's your opinion on the weather?)

How come: why

Sandra: How come you

didn't call me?

Javier: I was busy.

or

Sandra: Why didn't you call

me?

Javier: I was busy.

Sandra

Javier

A: Norbert didn't show up at

the party.

B: How come?

A: He had tickets to a

basketball game.

Norbert


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How far: distance / extent

Q: How far is it to the

nearest town?

A: It's about 20 miles.

Q: How far is it from the

earth to the moon? A: It's about 240,000 miles

away.

How high: height

Q: How high is that

mountain

A: It's about half a milehigh.

How long: length

Q: How long is the ski trail?

A: It's about five miles long.


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Q: How long was the

movie?

A: It was about 90 minuteslong.

film reel

Q: How long is her hair?

A: It goes down to hershoulders, but she usuallywears it in a pony tail.

How tall: height

Q: How tall are you, Caner?

A: I'm six feet tall.

Caner

A: How tall is that building?

B: It's 15 stories high.

How old: age


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Q: How old are you?

A: I'm 31 and she's 29.

Q: How old is your baby?

A: She's nine months old.

How many: amount (count nouns)

Q: How many knives are inthat knife block?

A: There are ten knives.

How much: amount (noncount nouns)

Q: How much lettuce do we

need to get?

A: Not very much. We justneed one head.

What: general information


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Q: What time is it?

A: It's ten minutes before

two.

Q: What's that?

A: It's a marshmallow.

Q: What are those?

A: They're tortilla chips.

What about: consider this

Mother: What are you going

to do this afternoon?

Daughter: I'm going to go

play basketball.

Mother: What about your

homework.

Daughter: I'll do it later.

Mother: No, you should doit now and play basketball

later.

Daughter: Okay.


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Student: When were you

born?

Teacher: I was born in 1963.

Where: location

Paul: Where did you go

yesterday? Daniya: I went to a coffee

shop to meet some friends.

Daniya

Which: choice of two or more

Q: Which do you prefer, red

peppers or green peppers?

A: I like them both, but I

prefer red peppers because

they're sweeter.

Who: subject for a person


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Q: Who is she?

A: Her name is Natalia.She's my classmate.

Natalia

Whom: object for a person

Q: Whom did you go fishing

with last week?

A: I went fishing withMichael.

(Note: Although "whom" is the correct choice,many Americans use "who" instead.) Michael

Whose: possessive form for a person

Q: Whose motorcycle is

that?

A: It belongs to Luiz.

Why: reason

Q: Why does she look so

sad?

A: Her dog died.

Why not: reason

Q: Why doesn't he hire

someone to paint his


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house?

A: He can't afford it.

Question Words + "have to"

Because it's so common to make information questions using "have to," thislesson is on just that. The most important thing to remember is that the helpingverbs and the modal verbs determine the tense.

Present Tense

Question:

Where doyou have to gotoday?

Answer:

I have to goto work.

Where doeshe have to gotoday? He has to goto work.

How many shirts doI have to buy toget one free?

You have to buytwoshirts to get one free.

Past Tense

Question:

Why didyou have to see the doctor?

Answer:

I hadto get my bloodpressure checked.

How much didhe have to payfortuition?

He had to payover$3000.

Why didthey have to leave? They had to attenda

wedding.

Future Tense

Question:

How long willI have to takethismedication?

Answer:

You'll have to takeituntil the pain goes away.

When willshe have to bethere? She'll have to bethere

by 2:00.

Notice that you can also use the present tense when asking about the future.

How long doI have to takethis You have to takeit until


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medication? the pain goes away.

When doesshe have to bethere? She has to bethere by

2:00.

While "have to" is typically used for the present, past, and the future, it isoccasionally used with the present perfect tense; however, sometimes it'sdifficult to apply "have to" when making a question in this tense.

Present Perfect Tense

Question:

Why havethey had to cut back on their

spending? (Or...Why have they needed tocut back on their spending?)

Answer:

They've had to

cut backon theirspending becausehe lost his job.

How long hashe had to usea cane to getaround?

He's had to useacane for the lastcouple of years.

or...

How long has he used a cane to getaround? (It's not necessary in some casesto use the present perfect with "have to"when making a question.)

He's had to useacane for the last

couple of years.

You can also make questions with modal verbs and "have to," but aside from"will," the modal verb most commonly used is "should."

Present Perfect Tense

Question:

Why shouldwe have to payourtaxes if we aren't happy with theway government operates/

Answer:

We should have topayour taxes because it'sthe law and because thegovernment providesessential services.


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Practice

You're given the answer to a question. Make the question using "have to" andthe question words provided. Write your answers in a notebook:

1. What time ______________________________________________?

Answer: He has to get there at 8:00.

2. Why ___________________________________________________?

Answer: She had to leave early because she had an appointment.

3. Where _________________________________________________?

Answer: You have to sign your name on the bottom of the page.

4. How much ______________________________________________?

Answer: They had to pay $100 for the tickets.

5. How long _______________________________________________?

Answer: They had to stand in line for 30 minutes.

6. Who ___________________________________________________?

Answer: He has to call Bernie.

7. Whom _________________________________________________?


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Answer: She had to meet her boyfriend at the airport.

8. When _________________________________________________?

Answer: I'll have to have this finished by tomorrow.

9. How many _____________________________________________?

Answer: Roger had to make 20 hamburgers.

10. Why _________________________________________________?

Answer: You have to eat your vegetables because we want you to be healthy.

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