Abo sheaashaa

By

It is the part of light energy that can be seen. هو الجزء الذي مكن رؤته من الطاقة الضوئة

It is a form of energy هو صورة من صور الطاقة .

Light travels in straight lines. 1 سر الضوء فى خطوط مستقمة

formation of upside down ( inverted) images

through narrow holes is due to بسبب traveling

of light in straight lines.

It is the darkened area which is formed as

a result of falling of light on an opaque object.

Formation of shadow is due to traveling of light in

straight lines.

The properties of light: خصائص الضوء

The idea of camera

Light transmits through different materials. لمختلفةانتقل الضوء خلال المواد 2

Transparent material Semi-transparent

(translucent) material

Opaque material مواد نصف شفافة

مواد شفافة

مواد معتمة

Most of light can pass.

We can see objects

clearly behind it.

Glass – air – clear water Frosted light – tissue paper Rock – wood –paper –foil paper – people

Give reason :Cartoon is an opaque material:

Because the light can’t transmit through it

and objects can't be seen behind .

some of light can pass.

We can see objects less

clearly behind it.

Light can’t pass.

We can ‘t see objects

behind it.

Frosted glass is a translucent material.

Clear water is a transparent material.

the absence of light. Due toWe can't see in darkness: Give reason

1- the sun ( main source)

2- electric lamps.

3- candles.

4- kerosene lamps.

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

• When the colored light all on opaque object , the object appears black

because the object absorbs the colored light and doesn’t reflect any color.

Light reflection . 3 انعكاس الضــوء

It is the bouncing (returning back) of light rays when light falls on a

surface. الإشاعة الضوئة عندما تقع على سطح عاكس هو ارتداد

Seeing your image in the Give reason

mirror:

Because the mirror reflects the light rays

falling on it.

We can't see in darkness: Give reason

the absence of light. Due to

Light refraction . 4 انكـــســــار الضــوء

It is the change in the direction of light rays when light passes though the

separating surface between two transparent media, due to the change in

the light speed. هو تغر اتجاه الضوء عندما مر على سطح فاصل بن وسطن شفافن، بسبب التغر فى سرعة الضوء.

: Give reason

A spoon appears broken when you put it in

transparent cup of water.

Due to the refraction of light.

Separation of light . الضــوء( تحلل)انفصال 5 It is the separation of white light into seven

colors called spectrum colors.

red

orange

yellow

green

blue

indigo

violet

: the formation of the spectrum color. Give reason

Due to splitting of white light into seven spectrum color

A source of light and a reflecting surface are necessary for light reflection.

Direction اتجاه

Through خلال

Passes مر

Separating سطح فاصل

surface

وسط –مادة Media

Due to بسبب

Speed بسرعة

بدو -ظهر apears

:Regular reflection

• It is the reflection of light on a

smooth and shiny reflecting surface.

• the light rays are reflected directly

in one direction .

• like mirror.

irregular reflection: :

• It is the reflection of light

on a rough reflecting

surface.

• the light rays are reflected and

scattered in different directions.

• like white paper.

The seven spectrum colors ألوان الطف

Red – orange – yellow – green – blue – indigo - violet

Primary colors الألوان الأساسة

They are colors can’t produce by mixing two other colors.

They are colors can produce by mixing two primary colors.

secondary colors الألوان الثانوة

When white light falls on

Opaque object: it reflects its color

Translucent material: pass some light.

Transparent material: pass most light.

Colored transparent material:

Absorbs all colors and pass its color.

When one color light falls on

When light from colored

transparent sheet falls on

Opaque

object

The object seems

black Because it

absorbs the colored

light and doesn’t

reflect any color.

or

Give reason

• The red transparent ruler appears red when white light falls on it.

Because it absorbs all the light colors transmits only the red light color.

• we can see the white paper as it is.

Because it reflects all colors.

• we can see the the black board as it is.

Because it absorbs all colors.

• we can see the the red apple as it is.

Because it absorbs all light colors and reflects the red light color.

Red – yellow - blue

Orange – cyan - violet

MAGNITEZM It’s a type of rocks has an attractive force to any material made of iron.

Natural

Magnet

Artificial

magnet

• It is a black rock. • It is one of the iron ores which

is known as "Magnetite".

• It has different shapes and

sizes.

Magnetic

materials

Non-magnetic

materials

They are the materials which

are attracted to the magnet.

Iron – nickel- steel and

cobalt

They are the materials which are

not attracted to the magnet.

Chalk – glass- paper aluminium -

copper-wood –leather- plastic The magnet attracts iron,: Give reason

but doesn't attract copper.

Because iron is a magnetic material, but copper is a non-magnetic material.

The properties of the magnet

The magnet has two poles ,the attraction force

concentrated on them. للمغناطس قطبن تتركز فهما قوة الجذب 1

The regions (areas) of magnet at which most of the magnetic materials are attracted. Two poles of magnet (magnetic poles):

The freely moving الحر الحركة (suspended) magnet always

takes a fixed ثابت direction, which is North-south

direction. تخذ المغناطس الحر الحركة اتجاها ثابتا و هو اتجاه الشمال والجنوب

2

When you approach a magnet to some paper clips, the clips are : Give reason

.attracted to the two poles of the magnet

Because the attraction force of the magnet is concentrated at the two poles of magnet

The like (similar) magnetic

poles repel each other, but the

unlike (opposite) magnetic

poles attract each other.

الأقطاب المتشابهة تتنافر والأقطاب المختلفة تتجاذب

3 The north pole of : Give reason

a magnet attracts the south pole

of another magnet, but repels

the north pole.

Because the opposite magnetic

poles attract each other, while

the similar magnetic poles repel

each other.

The magnet is surrounded by an area called "Magnetic field". 4 المنطقة المحطة بالمغناطس تسمى المجال المغناطسى

Magnetic field:

It is the space around the magnet in

which the effect of magnetic force

appears.

Magnetic force:

It is the ability of the magnet to attract

the magnetic materials existed in its

field.

The importance of the magnetic compass

It used to identify the four geographical directions.

The compass is used to locate (determine) the main four directions.: Give reason

Because the north and south poles of its magnetic needle always point to the north

and south directions of the Earth.

المغناطسة

Mag

ne

tism

an

d E

lectr

icit

y

T

he

re a

re tw

o r

ela

tio

nship

s

Ele

ctr

ic c

urr

en

t can

gen

era

te a

mag

neti

c f

ield

.

Th

e e

lectr

ic c

urr

en

t can

be

gen

era

ted

by a

mag

neti

c e

nerg

y.

Th

e m

ag

ne

tic

fo

rce

of

the

ele

ctr

om

ag

ne

t c

an

be

in

cre

as

ed

by:

• in

cre

asin

g th

e n

um

be

r o

f co

il tu

rns.

• in

cre

asin

g th

e n

um

be

r o

f b

att

eri

es, w

he

re th

e in

ten

sity o

f th

e

ele

ctr

ic c

urr

en

t p

assin

g th

rou

gh

th

e c

oil in

cre

ase

s.

Giv

e r

eas

on

:

A w

rou

gh

t ir

on

عاو

طلم

ايد

حدالn

ail

is

us

ed

fo

r

makin

g t

he e

lectr

om

ag

net.

Beca

use

th

e w

rou

ght

iro

n n

ail g

ain

s ب

سكت

and

loses قد

ف t

he m

ag

netism

easily.

Ob

se

rva

tio

n : T

he

iro

n n

ail a

ttra

cts

th

e p

ap

er

clip

s.

Co

nc

lus

ion

: T

he

iro

n b

ar

be

co

me

s a

te

mp

ora

ry m

ag

ne

t th

at

is c

alle

d “

th

e e

lec

tro

ma

gn

et

".

Th

e e

lectr

ic c

urr

en

t can

be g

en

era

ted

in

a c

oil o

f d

yn

am

o

by:

a. M

ovin

g t

he

co

il in t

he

ma

gne

tic f

ield

be

twe

en t

he

tw

o p

ole

s

of th

e m

agnet.

b. M

ovin

g a

magnet

insid

e the c

oil.

: G

ive r

easo

n In

the d

ynam

o,

we m

ust

incre

ase t

he m

otion o

f th

e c

oil

betw

een t

he t

wo p

ole

s o

f m

agnet.

To incre

ase t

he g

enera

tion o

f th

e e

lectr

ic c

urr

ent.

Th

e M

eth

od

s t

o in

cre

as

e t

he

pro

du

ce

d a

mo

un

t o

f e

lec

tric

ity

fro

m t

he

dyn

am

o b

y:

• u

sin

g a

str

on

g m

ag

ne

t. •

incre

asin

g th

e n

um

be

r o

f co

il tu

rns.

• In

cre

asin

g th

e m

otio

n o

f m

ag

ne

t o

r co

il.

:U

ses o

f ele

ctr

om

ag

net

1-

In w

inch (

cra

ne)

to m

ove h

eavy

Iron b

locks.

2-

Ele

ctr

ic b

ell.

3-

Ele

ctr

ic M

ixer.

4-

Dis

c d

rive.

5-

Tele

vis

ion

U

ses o

f d

yn

am

o 1

- in

the b

ike w

e u

se s

mall

dyn

am

o t

o lig

hting t

he b

ulb

. 2

- In

ele

ctr

ic p

ow

er

sta

tions t

hey

use a

huge e

lectr

ic

genera

tors

for

lighte

nin

g c

itie

s.

me

tal p

ap

er

clip

s

insu

late

d

co

pp

er

wir

e

co

il

iro

n n

ail

Th

e D

yn

am

o

co

nsis

ts o

f co

il

an

d m

ag

net

Th

e e

lectr

om

ag

net

co

nsis

ts o

f ele

ctr

ic

cu

rren

t an

d c

oil

S N

movin

g

Ste

ps

: g

et b

utt

ery

,ir

on

na

il, m

eta

l p

ap

er

clip

s a

nd

co

pp

er

wir

e.

tu

rn th

e w

ire

aro

un

d th

e n

ail.

Mix

ture

s

ط ليخا

لم ا

Pu

re s

ub

sta

nce:

It is the s

ubsta

nce t

hat

is m

ade o

f only

one t

ype o

f id

entical

part

icle

s.

Both

sugar

and d

istilled w

ate

r are

consid

ere

d

: G

ive r

easo

n

pure

substa

nces.

Because e

ach o

f th

em

is c

om

posed o

f only

one t

ype o

f id

entical

pa

rtic

les.

( D

istille

d w

ate

r

رط

مق ال

اءلم

ا -

S

ugar

- B

akin

g s

oda )

Mix

ture

: It

is the s

ubsta

nce t

hat

consis

ts o

f m

ore

than o

ne t

ype o

f part

icle

s.

(

Co

ncre

te.

-

Milk -

Tom

ato

sa

uce

)

Bo

th m

ilk a

nd

co

ncre

te a

re c

on

sid

ere

d m

ixtu

res.

: G

ive

re

as

on

Be

ca

use

ea

ch

of th

em

is c

on

sis

ts o

f m

ore

th

an

on

e typ

e o

f p

art

icle

s.

Typ

es o

f M

ixtu

res

So

lid

So

lid

M

Liq

uid

Liq

uid

M

So

lid

Liq

uid

M

Ga

se

ou

s

Ga

se

ou

s

M

Ga

se

ou

s

Liq

uid

M

Each o

f so

lid-s

olid

, liq

uid

-liq

uid

and s

olid

-liq

uid

mix

ture

s is

div

ided in

to tw

o t

ypes:

Ho

mo

gen

eo

us m

ixtu

re:

A type o

f m

ixtu

res i

n w

hic

h,

we c

annot

dis

tinguis

h b

etw

een

its c

om

ponents

.

( M

ilk -

M

ixtu

re o

f salt a

nd w

ate

r )

Fo

rmati

on

of

mix

ture

s

Th

e p

rop

ert

ies o

f m

ixtu

re A

mix

ture

of sand a

nd iro

n f

ilings c

an b

e

: G

ive r

easo

n

separa

ted e

asily

. B

ecause t

he c

om

ponents

of

the m

ixtu

re d

o n

ot

react

togeth

er.

• E

ach c

om

ponent

in t

he m

ixtu

re k

eeps its

ow

n p

ropert

ies,

• T

he c

om

ponents

of

the m

ixtu

re c

an b

e m

ixed a

t any

ratio.

Mix

ture

ca

n b

e fo

rme

d b

y d

iffe

ren

t m

eth

od

s s

uch

as,

Sh

ak

ing

ج

ر,ال

Sti

rrin

g

ب قل

الت ,

Gri

nd

ing

ن

حط

ال

• S

olid

an

d liq

uid

ma

teri

als

ca

n b

e m

ixe

d b

y s

ha

kin

g a

nd

stirr

ing

• S

olid

ma

teri

als

ca

n b

e m

ixe

d b

y s

ha

kin

g a

nd

gri

nd

ing

.

• L

iqu

id m

ate

ria

ls c

an

be

mix

ed

by s

ha

kin

g a

nd

stirr

ing

.

1-

ma

gn

etic a

ttra

ctio

n

t

o s

ep

ara

te a

ma

gn

etic m

ate

ria

l fr

om

a

so

lid

mix

ture

.

2-

filtra

tio

n p

roce

ss

to s

ep

ara

te s

olid

ma

teri

als

th

at

are

in

so

lub

le in

wa

ter.

3

- e

va

po

ratio

n p

roce

ss

to

se

pa

rate

so

lid

ma

teri

als

th

at a

re s

olu

ble

in w

ate

r su

ch

as s

alt.

4-

Se

pa

ratin

g fu

nn

el

to

se

pa

rate

he

tero

ge

ne

ou

s li

qu

id

mix

ture

s s

uch

as w

ate

r a

nd

oil m

ixtu

re.

Filt

ration p

rocess is u

sed t

o s

epara

te s

and

: G

ive r

easo

n

from

sugary

solu

tion.

Because f

iltra

tion p

rocess is u

sed t

o s

e3para

te t

he s

olid

mate

rials

(as s

and)

that

are

insolu

ble

in w

ate

r.

• T

he c

om

ponents

of

the m

ixtu

re d

o n

ot

join

(

react)

togeth

er

and c

an b

e separa

ted e

asily

.

Funnel

Filte

r paper

Filtr

ate

evap

ora

tio

n

Iro

n f

ilin

gs +

san

d

Iro

n

mag

net

mag

neti

c a

ttra

cti

on

fi

ltra

tio

n

Sep

ara

tio

n o

f m

ixtu

res

Sep

ara

tin

g fu

nn

el

He

tero

gen

eo

us

mix

ture

: A

type o

f m

ixtu

res i

n w

hic

h,

we c

an d

istinguis

h b

etw

een its

com

ponents

. (

Mix

ture

of sand a

nd iro

n fillings )

تمن

س أ

so

luti

on

so

lute

so

lven

t

so

luti

on

S

olu

bil

ity p

roc

ess

بةذالإ اية

ملع

+

بذي

لما

ب

ذالم

ا

ولحل

لما

It is the s

ubsta

nce

whic

h d

issolv

es in

the s

olv

ent

It is the s

ubsta

nce

whic

h t

he s

olu

te

dis

solv

es in.

It is the p

rocess w

hic

h

the s

olu

te d

issolv

es in the s

olv

ent, a

nd

the s

olu

te d

isappear

and f

orm

solu

tion.

It is a

hom

oge

no

us m

ixtu

re ,

the s

olu

te b

reakdow

n i

nto

basic

part

icle

s

and

sp

read in it.

T

he h

om

ogeno

us m

ixtu

re is a

so

luti

on

has a

so

lub

le.

T

he h

ete

rogeneo

us

mix

ture

is a

su

sp

en

sio

n h

as a

n i

nso

lub

le.

Giv

e r

eas

on

: s

alty

solu

tion is a

hom

ogeneous m

ixtu

re

Because its

com

ponents

bre

ak

dow

n a

nd c

an’t b

e d

istinguis

hed.

Giv

e r

easo

n :

apple

juic

e is a

solu

tion.

Because a

pple

part

icle

s

bre

akdow

n a

nd d

isappear

in the

wate

r.

Giv

e r

easo

n :

sugar

is

consid

ere

d t

he s

olu

te in the

sugary

solu

tion

Because it dis

solv

es in the

solv

ent

(wate

r) t

o f

orm

solu

tion.

Fa

cto

rs a

ffecti

ng

so

lub

ilit

y p

roc

ess

T

he q

uan

tity

of

so

lven

t an

d s

olu

te.

• B

y in

cre

asin

g t

he s

olv

ent

, th

e s

olu

bili

ty

incre

ases a

nd v

ise v

ers

a.

• B

y in

cre

asin

g t

he s

olu

te,

the s

olu

bili

ty

decre

ases a

nd v

ise v

ers

a.

T

he t

em

pera

ture

.

By

incre

asin

g t

he t

em

pera

ture

, the s

olu

bili

ty

incre

ases a

nd v

ise v

ers

a.

T

he s

tirr

ing

.

By

incre

asin

g t

he s

tirr

ing ,

the s

olu

bili

ty

incre

ases a

nd v

ise v

ers

a.

Th

e k

ind

of

so

lute

.

The s

peed o

f th

e s

olu

bili

ty p

rocess d

epends o

n

the k

ind o

f solu

te.

Food relationships among living organisms

Predation in animals.

(a lion prey a deer - a wolf preys a rabbit - a cat preys a rat.)

insectivorous plant. آكلات الحشرات

Give reason : Drosera is an insectivorous plant.

Because it preys تفترس some insects to get the required

elements العناصر المطلوبة for making protein.

A chameleon simulates : Give reason

the color of the surrounding

.environment

To protect itself (hide) from the enemies.

Some bees : Give reason

look like wasps in forming

.stripes on their bodies

1 Predation: الأفتراس

It is a food relationship among living organisms, where one living organism devours

another one.

2 Commensalisms: التعاش

It is a common food relationship between two different living organisms, one of them

benefits from the other and does not harm it, but the other may or may not benefit

from the first.

.هى علاقة بن كائنن مختلفن ستفد إحداهما من الآخر ولا ضره ، والآخر قد ستفد أو لا ستفد

Mutualism: تبادل المنفعة

both of them get It is a food relationship in which,

from the other and is not harmed. benefit

The relation between a bee : Give reason

and flowers of plants is a mutual

relationship.

Because the bee feeds on the nectar of

flowers, and it transfer the pollen grains

from a flower to anther to help plant to

multiply.

هى علاقة بن الكائنات الحة الت فترس أحدهما الآخر

• The relationship between nodular bacteria البكترا

The .النباتات البقولة and leguminous plants العقدة

bacteria give the nitrogen to the plant and takes the

sugar from it.

• The relationship between insects and flowers of

plants.

• The relationship between hippopotamus and some

birds.

Camouflage: التخفوالتموه

the living organism changes its color to

simulate the color of its surrounding

environment.

( fish, frogs, birds, chameleon الحرباء and

most insects as butterflies.)

الاثنان يستفيدان

Symbiosis: التكافل

It is a food relationship between two living

organisms where, one of them benefits from the

other, while the other neither gets benefits nor is

harmed. لا ستفد ولا ضرواحد ستفد والآخر

• A bird picks up food remains بقاا الطعام

between the teeth of crocodile.

• Tiny aquatic living organisms get food and

shelter ملجأ from the canals and fissures

found inside the sponge. The sponge شقوق

neither gets benefit nor is harmed from the

existence of these living organisms.

Mimicry: المحاكاة

The harmless living organisms imitate other

harmful or poisonous living organisms to

fear their enemies and escape from them.

How living organisms defend تحمى themselves

To fear their enemies which get afraid

from wasps and escape from them.

They Cannot absorb some compounds from the soil to

make protein.

So , they prey insects to make protein. ( Drosera – Halphila)

Predator :

it is the living organism

which devours the other.

Prey :

it is the living organism

which is devoured.

Give reason : Bread mold fungus فطر عفن الخبز is

saprophytic organism.

Because it gets its food by decomposing food

remains (moist bread).

3

It is a food relationship in which saprophytes (decomposers) get their

food by decomposing food remains or bodies of dead organisms.

Saprophytism: الترمم

Parasitism: التطفل

The death of the host is : Give reason

considered a loss to the parasite.

Because the parasite will lose its source of

food and shelter ملجأ.

External parasitism:

4 It is a food relationship between two different living organisms, one benefits from

the other, while the other is harmed.

The parasite lives externally on the host's body and feeds by sucking متص the blood

of the host. The parasite conveys نقل diseases to the host.

سمكة الامبري عدمة الفكوك تمتص دم السمكة

Jawless lamprey sucks

fish's blood. Lice sucks man’s blood.

القمل تطفل على جلد رأس الإنسان ومتص دمه

Mosquitoes conveys نقل

diseases to the man such as

• Flaria worm that causes

elephantiasis disease.

• Malaria diseases

Internal parasitism:

The parasite lives internally inside the host's body and shares the host its digested

food or feeds on its tissues and cells. عش الطفل فى جسم العائل وشاركه الغذاء أو تغذى على أنسجة وخلاا جسمه

Ascaris worms cause anaemia.

Flaria worm causes

elephantiasis

disease

Bilharzia worms cause

bilharziasis disease

Fleas can convey small pox disease to man.

( Liver worms – Tape worms – Ascaris worms – Flaria worms – Bilharzia worms. )

• the parasite الطفيل : it is a living

organism which benefits from the host.

• the host العائل : it is a living organism

which harmed from the parasite.

It is a

ny n

atu

ral a

rea

tha

t co

nta

ins

livin

g o

rga

nis

ms (

as p

lants

and

anim

als

) a

nd

no

n-l

ivin

g t

hin

gs (

as w

ate

r, s

oil, a

ir a

nd

air

gase

s).

It is t

he b

ala

nce

betw

een t

he

com

ponents

of

the e

cosys

tem

.

livin

g t

hin

gs

-N

on

an

d

L

ivin

g o

rga

nis

ms

An

y e

co

syste

m c

on

sis

ts o

f tw

o c

om

po

ne

nts

wh

ich

are

pla

nt

an

d t

he

so

il

The p

lant

depends o

n t

he s

oil to a

bsorb

wate

r th

at

is

necessary

to m

ake its

ow

n f

ood b

y p

hoto

synth

esis

pro

cess.

pla

nts

an

d a

nim

als

:

Anim

als

feed o

n p

lants

to

get fo

od a

nd e

nerg

y.

Th

e r

ela

tio

ns

hip

be

tween

dif

fere

nt

an

imals

:

Som

e a

nim

als

fee

d o

n o

ther

anim

als

to g

et fo

od a

nd e

nerg

y.

En

vir

on

men

tal

bala

nce:

ي

يئلب اناز

توال

1.

Th

e c

han

gin

g in

th

e n

atu

ral

co

nd

itio

ns e

co

syste

mي

يئلب اام

ظلن لية

يعطب

الف

روظالى

فير

تغال

ca

use

s a

dis

turb

ance

tha

t le

ads t

o D

isa

pp

eara

nce

of

so

me

org

anis

ms a

nd

App

eara

nce

of

oth

er

org

anis

ms.

This

dis

turb

ance m

ay take a

short

or

a long p

eri

od o

f tim

e u

ntil a n

ew

bala

nce o

ccurs

in this

envir

onm

ent.

2-

Man

in

terf

ere

nce

:

نسا

لإن اخل

تد

Som

e h

um

an a

ctivitie

s s

uch a

s c

uttin

g d

ow

n t

rees,

burn

ing f

ore

sts

, polluting e

nvir

onm

ent,

and e

rodin

g t

he s

oil lead to d

istu

rb t

he e

nvir

onm

enta

l bala

nce.

Q-

Giv

e r

eas

on

: P

red

ati

on

re

lati

on

sh

ip p

lays

an

imp

ort

an

t ro

le in

keep

ing

th

e b

ala

nce o

f th

e

eco

syste

m.

Because p

redation o

rganiz

es t

he n

um

ber

of

pre

ys

popula

tions.

Q -

Wh

at

hap

pen

s i

f R

ab

bit

s a

re in

tro

du

ced

in

to a

n

isla

nd

th

at

has a

su

itab

le e

nvir

on

men

t w

ith

mu

ch

foo

d a

nd

no

natu

ral

en

em

ies?

The e

nvir

onm

enta

l bala

nce w

ill b

e d

istu

rbed a

s

نلأ t

he

num

ber

of

rabb

its incre

ase

s a

nd

the

fo

od

re

sourc

es

becom

e n

ot

enough f

or

them

. C

om

petition a

ppears

am

ong r

abbits p

opula

tions s

o,

they w

ill d

ie.

Eco

sys

tem

ي

يئلب اام

ظلن ا

In m

ed

ica

l to

ma

ke

an

tib

iotic.

Use

s in

so

me

ch

ee

se

an

d y

og

urt

.

T

he s

ap

rop

hyti

c o

rgan

ism

s (

deco

mp

osers

) p

lay a

n im

po

rtan

t

role

in

keep

ing

th

e b

ala

nce o

f eco

syste

m b

y:

1.G

ettin

g r

idص

خلالت

of bo

die

s o

f dead o

rga

nis

ms b

y d

ecom

posin

g t

hem

.

2. R

ecycling the c

hem

ical ele

ments

found i

n the b

odie

s o

f dead

org

anis

ms (

as c

arb

on,

nitro

gen a

nd p

hosphoru

s)

to the e

nvir

onm

ent

to

make o

ther

livin

g o

rganis

m b

enefit

from

them

. Q

- W

hat

hap

pen

if

sap

rop

hyte

s (

as b

acte

ria)

dis

ap

pear

fro

m t

he

pla

net

eart

h ?

The e

nvir

onm

enta

l bala

nce w

ill b

e d

istu

rbed b

ecause

the b

odie

s o

f

dead o

rganis

ms w

ill b

e r

em

ain

ed a

nd t

he e

lem

ent

in their

bodie

s(

carb

on a

nd N

itro

gen(

can’t r

ecycle

. Q

. H

ow

do

es m

an

ben

efi

ted

fro

m s

ap

rop

hyti

c o

rgan

ism

s i

n t

he

ind

ustr

y?

Facto

rs k

eep

th

e e

nvir

on

men

tal

bala

nce:

ي

يئلب اناز

تو ال

ىعل

ظ افح ت

ملوا

ع

pre

dation

and sap

rophyt

ism

pla

y a

n im

por

tant

role

to

kee

p th

e en

viro

nm

enta

l bala

nce

.

Facto

rs h

arm

(d

istu

rb)

the

en

vir

on

men

tal

bala

nc

e:

ي

يئلب اناز

توال بخل

تمل

واع