5.2.b. How is NREGA Doing July 2007

8/7/2019 5.2.b. How is NREGA Doing July 2007

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How is NREGA doing?

(200 districts, 2006-7)

Jean Drze and Christian Oldiges


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NREGA: Fundamental PrinciplesNREGA: Fundamental Principles

Employment on demand.Employment on demand.

Legal right.Legal right.

Universal entitlement.Universal entitlement.

Participatory approach.Participatory approach.

Accountability to PRIs.Accountability to PRIs.Full transparency.Full transparency.


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NREGA: Basic EntitlementsNREGA: Basic Entitlements

Employment within 15 days of application.Employment within 15 days of application.

Unemployment allowance.Unemployment allowance.

Work within 5 kilometres.Work within 5 kilometres.Minimum wages.Minimum wages.

Payment within 15 days.Payment within 15 days.

No gender discrimination.No gender discrimination.

Basic worksite facilities.Basic worksite facilities.


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NREGA: Employment Generation, 2006NREGA: Employment Generation, 2006--77

Total:Total: 90 crore person90 crore person--daysdays

Per job card:Per job card: 24 person24 person--daysdays

Per rural household:Per rural household: 17 person17 person--daysdays

Minimum requirement:Minimum requirement:aa 200 crore person200 crore person--daysdays

aa NAC estimate, 2004.NAC estimate, 2004.


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NREGA Expenditure, 2006NREGA Expenditure, 2006--77

Total:Total: Rs. 8,813 croresRs. 8,813 crores

Per district:Per district: Rs. 44.06 croresRs. 44.06 crores

Estimated requirement for 200 districts: Rs. 20,000 croresEstimated requirement for 200 districts: Rs. 20,000 crores

Budget allocation for 2007Budget allocation for 2007--8 (330 districts): Rs. 13,000 crores8 (330 districts): Rs. 13,000 crores


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Number of NREGA works, 2006Number of NREGA works, 2006--77

Taken up:Taken up: 8.3 lakh8.3 lakh

Completed:Completed: 3.8 lakh3.8 lakh

In progress:In progress: 4.5 lakh4.5 lakh

Approximate number ofApproximate number of

villages in NREGA districts:villages in NREGA districts: 2 lakh2 lakh


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NREGA Employment, 2006NREGA Employment, 2006--7:7:PersonPerson--days per rural householddays per rural household

Rajasthan 77Rajasthan 77 Uttar Pradesh 11Uttar Pradesh 11

Assam 70Assam 70 Andhra Pradesh 10Andhra Pradesh 10

Madhya Pradesh 56Madhya Pradesh 56 Haryana 9Haryana 9

NorthNorth--EastEastaa 4545 Tamil Nadu 9Tamil Nadu 9

Chhattisgarh 34Chhattisgarh 34 Bihar 8Bihar 8

Orissa 21Orissa 21 Gujarat 7Gujarat 7

Himachal Pradesh 20Himachal Pradesh 20 Punjab 7Punjab 7

Uttarakhand 20Uttarakhand 20 West Bengal 6West Bengal 6

Karnataka 17Karnataka 17 Maharashtra 4Maharashtra 4

Jharkhand 14Jharkhand 14 Kerala 3Kerala 3

Jammu & Kashmir 13Jammu & Kashmir 13 INDIA 17INDIA 17

a Except Assam (approximate figure, based on incomplete data).


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PersonPerson--days per rural householddays per rural household


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Share of Disadvantaged Groups inShare of Disadvantaged Groups in

NREGA EmploymentNREGA EmploymentWomen:Women: 40%40%

Scheduled Tribes (ST):Scheduled Tribes (ST): 36%36%

Scheduled Castes (SC):Scheduled Castes (SC): 26%26%

SC/ST Combined:SC/ST Combined: 62%62%


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Share of Women in NREGAShare of Women in NREGA

EmploymentEmploymentNational average:National average: 40%40%

Highest shares:Highest shares: Tamil NaduTamil Nadu 81%81%

RajasthanRajasthan 67%67%KeralaKerala 66%66%

Andhra PradeshAndhra Pradesh 55%55%

Lowest shares:Lowest shares: Bihar Bihar 17%17%

Uttar PradeshUttar Pradesh 17%17%

Himachal PradeshHimachal Pradesh 12%12%

Jammu & KashmirJammu & Kashmir 4%4%


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Share of Women in NREGA EmploymentShare of Women in NREGA Employment


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Average Expenditure and Labour CostsAverage Expenditure and Labour Costs

Average Expenditure per PersonAverage Expenditure per Person--DayDay Rs. 98Rs. 98

Share of Wages in Total ExpenditureShare of Wages in Total Expenditureaa 66%66%

Average Wage Cost per PersonAverage Wage Cost per Person--DayDayaa Rs. 64Rs. 64

aaUnskilled labour only.Unskilled labour only.


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Average Wage Cost per PersonAverage Wage Cost per Person--DayDay

Kerala 121 Jammu & Kashmir 69

Maharashtra 104 Assam 67

Haryana 97 Karnataka 67

Punjab 94 North-Easta 63

Andhra Pradesh 86 Chhattisgarh 63

Jharkhand 80 Madhya Pradesh 59

Tamil Nadu 80 Uttar Pradesh 56

Uttarakhand 72 Gujarat 56

Bihar 70 Orissa 53

West Bengal 70 Rajasthan 51

Himachal Pradesh 69 INDIA 64

a

Except Assam (approximate figure, based on incomplete data).


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NREGA: Employment and Wages, 2006NREGA: Employment and Wages, 2006--77

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90

Person-days of work per rural household

W

agerate(Rs/day)


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CDECDE--IHD Survey, 2007IHD Survey, 2007

A field survey of NREGA was recently conducted by theA field survey of NREGA was recently conducted by the

Centre for Development Economics (CDE) and the Institute ofCentre for Development Economics (CDE) and the Institute of

Human Development (IHD), with students from DelhiHuman Development (IHD), with students from Delhi

University and Jawaharlal Nehru UniversityUniversity and Jawaharlal Nehru University..

Date:Date: MayMay--June 2007June 2007

Survey Districts:Survey Districts: Ranchi (Jharkhand)Ranchi (Jharkhand)

Surguja (Chhattisgarh)S

urguja (Chhattisgarh)Number of Gram Panchayats:Number of Gram Panchayats: 2323

Number of worksites:Number of worksites: 4747


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Surguja: Positive FindingsSurguja: Positive Findings

Most families have aMost families have ajob card.job card.

Awareness levelsAwareness levels

have improved.have improved.Employment on aEmployment on amassive scale.massive scale.

Minimum wages areMinimum wages are

being paid.being paid.Contractors haveContractors havedisappeared.disappeared.

Most of the worksMost of the worksare productive.are productive.

Corruption levelsCorruption levels

have gone down.have gone down.Where there is work,Where there is work,NREGA is a lifelineNREGA is a lifelinefor the rural poor.for the rural poor.

Massive progressMassive progresscompared withcompared withearlier years!earlier years!


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Surguja: Areas of ConcernSurguja: Areas of Concern

Work is not demandWork is not demand--driven.driven.

Long delays in wage payments.Long delays in wage payments.

Shortage of staff at all levels.Shortage of staff at all levels.Poor worksite facilities (e.g. creches).Poor worksite facilities (e.g. creches).

Violations of the transparency safeguards.Violations of the transparency safeguards.

Corruption persists.Corruption persists.


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Survey Findings: Application ProcessSurvey Findings: Application Process

Were most labourers at this worksite employedWere most labourers at this worksite employed

in response to an application for work?in response to an application for work?

RanchiRanchi SurgujaSurguja

YesYes 4%4% 11%11%

NoNo 96%96% 89%89%


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Survey Findings: Wage PaymentsSurvey Findings: Wage Payments

Proportion (%) of worksites where:Proportion (%) of worksites where:

RanchiRanchi SurgujaSurguja

Most labourers earnedMost labourers earned

the minimum wagethe minimum wage n/an/a 8484

Wages were paid in frontWages were paid in front

of the labourersof the labourersaa 5454 7979

Wages were paid within 15 daysWages were paid within 15 days 3232 1616

Labourers had complaintsLabourers had complaints

about wage paymentsabout wage payments 7171 9090

aa Excluding payments through BanksExcluding payments through Banks


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Survey Findings: Worksite FacilitiesSurvey Findings: Worksite Facilities

Proportion (%) of worksites with the following facilities:Proportion (%) of worksites with the following facilities:

Ranchi SurgujaRanchi Surguja

Drinking waterDrinking water 6464 100100

Shade for periods of restShade for periods of restaa 6868 (16)(16)

Medicine kitMedicine kit 6868 5959

CrcheCrche 44 1111

aa Not including natural shade.Not including natural shade.


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Survey Findings:Vigilance CommitteesSurvey Findings:Vigilance Committees

Proportion (%) of worksites with:Proportion (%) of worksites with:

Ranchi SurgujaRanchi Surguja

Vigilance committeeVigilance committee 8989 8484

Active vigilance committeeActive vigilance committee 1111 2121


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Survey Findings:Estimated LeakagesSurvey Findings:Estimated Leakages

Earlier surveys:Earlier surveys:

Dungarpur, April 2006:Dungarpur, April 2006: (negligible)(negligible)

Garhwa, October 2006:Garhwa, October 2006: 85%85%

CDECDE--IHD survey:IHD survey:

RanchiRanchi 33%33%SurgujaSurgujaaa 5%5%

aa Gram Panchayat works.Gram Panchayat works.


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The Future of NREGA: Critical IssuesThe Future of NREGA: Critical Issues

Activating the work application process.Activating the work application process.

Implementation of transparency safeguardsImplementation of transparency safeguards

Timely wage payments.Timely wage payments.Need for a wage policy.Need for a wage policy.

Womens participation.Womens participation.

Redressal systems!Redressal systems!


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NREGA and Party PoliticsNREGA and Party Politics


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Documents

5.2.b. How is NREGA Doing July 2007