5.21.14 8th No Bellringer

Work Day (zoo project)

Zoo Project Due FRIDAY

(9th won’t see me Thursday)

Bellringer

Does your name mean anything? If so, what? If you were going to give any mythical creature a

scientific name, what would it be and why? Ex: Unicorn = Horsus unihornus

Intro to Classification….

1) Name something you have ever collected (rocks, stamps, coins, postcards, selfies, ect) and explain how you organized your collection.

2) Why should prokaryotes and eukaryotes be classified into different categories?

5.22.14 8th Bellringer: Intro to Classification

Classification Group Activity

Zoo Project due Tomorrow

Great Apes of Europe Why did the Great Apes of Europe go extinct?

How did scientists figure this out?

5.23.14 Bellringer: NY TIMES Article Darwin’s Finches Research Project Species Evolution Project HW: Shark Dichotomous Key Classification Notes

Get RECHARGED this weekend for the final stretch!!!

Species Evolution Project “Accidental” Plagiarism

Evolution can’t ‘invent’ traits

Reproduction often ignored This is possibly the MOST important factor regarding

evolution of species.

Forgetting the Rules of Ecology No more plants, so everyone is a carnivore

Classification Taxonomy: the part of

biology of naming and classifying organisms Carolus Linnaeus (1707 – 1778)

came up with our current system Linnaeus developed the two

part, “binomial” system based on Latin for naming organisms Ex: Humans are Homo

sapiens (two names)

Classification LevelsFrom the most broad to the most specific: Domain Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species

Classification Example: Jaguar From the most broad to the

most specific: Domain – Eukaria Kingdom - Animalia Phylum - Chordata Class - Mammalia Order - Carnivora Family - Felidae Genus - Panthera Species – Onca

Panthera onca (jaguar)

Species names are ALWAYS in italics, with the genus capitalized and the species lowercase

Test Corrections Find 4 errors you made on the test and

reflect on it….

Examples.. Question was unfairly worded You second guessed yourself You didn’t study that content You didn’t know what was being asked

5.27.14 Bellringer: Test Corrections

Grade Shark Key

Continue Taxonomy Notes

HW: Taxonomy Worksheet

Taxonomy is Related to Evolution

Organisms that are similar in characteristics are part of the same taxa

The more closely related organisms are, the more taxal groups they have in common

Dichotomous Keys: Keys used to identify organisms based on observable traits

Can be used for any taxa from phyla down to species identification

The 3 Domains

1) Archae

Prokaryote

2) Bacteria

3) Eukaryia Eukaryote

The Six Kingdoms

1. Archae (domain archae)

2. Bacteria (domain bacteria)

3. Protista (domain eukaryia)

4. Fungi (domain eukaryia)

5. Plantae (domain eukaryia)

6. Animalia (domain eukaryia)

Domain Archae Unicellular prokaryotes

No Nucleus Either heterotrophic (eat other things) or

autotrophic (make their own food) These may be ancestors of eukaryotic cells Three groups that live in extreme environments

Implies that they may have evolved during early earth

5.28 Comparisons

Bacteria vs. Protist (look at the

pictures)

1) Name as many similarities as you can between them.

2) Name as many differences as you can between them

3) Tell me everything you know about bacteria

Bacteria

Protist

5.28.14 Agenda Agenda:

Bellringer/discussion Notes Taxonomy WS

Homework: Protista Notes Quiz Friday…Archae, Bacteria, Protista

6 Kingdoms (#1 and #2 are easy!)

1) Kingdom Archae = Domain Archae

2) Kingdom Bacteria = Domain Bacteria

3) Protista

4) Fungi

5) Animalia

6) Plantae

3 Archae Groups 1) Methanogens: Convert CO2 into methane for

energy 2) Halophiles: Require high concentrations of salt

to survive (some need it to be 10x saltier than seawater)

3) Thermoacidophiles: Thrive in environments that are hot and acidic (60-80 C0, pH 2-4) Sulfur springs in Yellowstone National Park are inhabited by

thermoacidophiles performing chemosynthesis

Domain Bacteria Eubacteria are prokaryotes classified based on

shape and groupingShapes: Coccus – round cell Bacillus – rod-shaped cell Spirillum – spiral-shaped cellClustering: Diplo: pairing of cells Strepto: string of cells in a filament Staphylo: clusters of cells

Bacteria: Obtaining Energy Photosynthetic bacteria: Do photosynthesis

Ex: cyanobacteria responsible for introducing oxygen into the Earth’s atmosphere

Chemosynthetic bacteria: Many live in the soil and get their energy by doing “nitrification”

Heterotrophic bacteria: decomposers that break down dead things

Bacterial Reproduction Most bacteria in both kingdoms reproduce

asexually Asexual Reproduction: Making a “clone” of

themselves by 1 cell dividing into 2 Some bacteria can reproduce with a very primitive

type of sexual reproduction called “conjugation” Conjugation is a simple, direct donation of DNA

from one bacteria to another A cytoplasmic bridge forms between the two cells, and the

DNA passes this way

Domain Eukaryia Kingdom Protista is the most primitive of

the Eukaryotes

Plantae, Animalia and Fungi all evolved from different types of Protists

3) Kingdom Protista Most protists are unicellular eukaryotes Most belong to 2 categories:

1. Heterotrophic Protists: ingest food (like animals) or absorbs nutrients (like fungi)

2. Autotrophic Protists: photosynthesizes (like plants) They produce 1/3 of earth’s oxygen

Many protists are mobile, using cilia or flagella

Autotrophic Protists Examples: Euglena,

diatoms, ALGAE All organisms containing

chloroplasts came from Autotrophic protists

Multicellular Protists Some protists formed colonies leading to multi cellularity

Important!: This is the first time we see multicellular life!!!

Ex: three main groups of algae Green Algae: Store food as starch; have green

chloroplasts Many think they’re the ancestors of the Plant

Kingdom Brown Algae: Kelp Red Algae: The deepest of algae (absorb blue & green

light, which penetrates furthest)

Heterotrophic Protists Are generally considered either “fungus-like” or

“animal-like” Fungus-like: most were considered fungi until they

were analyzed and found to have different cell walls

Believed to be the anscestor of Fungi Slime molds: feed on small particles of organic

matter on the forest floor

Cont’d Animal-like protists are called protozoans

(“first-animals”) Many believe they are the ancestors of modern

animals They are divided into 4 groups based on their

form of locomotion: Flagellates: move with flagella

ex: Trichonympha, the protozoan that lives in the stomach of termites and digests wood

Cont’d Ciliates: move with cilia

Ex: Paramecium

Amoebas: move with pseudopodia (false-feet) Use pseudopodia to eat thru

endocytosis

Sporozoans: non-motile, spore-forming, unicellular parasites Ex: Plasmodium

An Ameoba Eating…

Dangerous Protists Malaria is caused by

the protozoan Plasmodium

spread by female mosquitos Plasmodium go

directly to the liver, where they reproduce

Cont’d Trypanosomes: live in

tsetse fly, cause African Sleeping Sickness Extreme fatigue,

rash, confusion, slurred speech, death will result in several weeks if not treated.