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5/17/10
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Latin America, Music,���The Debt Crisis
Tues. May 18 GEOG 1982
Lecture Outline
• Music • Landforms, Climate, & Hazards • History • Economic History • Free Trade • Other trends
Cuban Music • El son (la calabaza – Barbarito Torres) • Cha cha (chacha la vie) • Rumba Traditional-http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wgfNnnSuaEs
• Popular Cuban music (Los Van Van) • Silvio Rodriguez & Nueva Canción • Cuban music in the U.S.
– Afro-Cuban mambo, salsa (Tito Puente) pa’ los rumberos – Buena Vista Social Club http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6rRJP8rVg-4&feature=related
Cuban rappers Los Aldeanos
Mexican music
Mariachi http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Tu4Hnbor9rI (Antonio Banderas) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4CdPVmYF4v0 (Alejandro Fernandez)
Danzón http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eFN2lwJynQc Cumbia – Angeles Azules, Baile Folklorico http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=grS3aPtaTTo
Pop Maná http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qxWEdtQ3eBo
Santana http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=reaNVtCgQqs
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Nueva Canción Victor Jara (Murdered after 1973 Chilean coup) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xdBMY3R4C0Q
Mercedes Sosa (exiled from Argentina) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JlVB9erD-Vw
Silvio Rodriguez (Cuban) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yfyB_2BQI1o
Jamaican music scene Anthony Bourdain http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=o971jF3asas&feature=related (min 1:00-7:00)
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Plaza de las Tres Culturas – Mexico City
Aug 13, 1521 Cortez took Mexico City (Tlatelolco) Oct. 2, 1968 massacre
Economic History
Outline: • Early Extractive Phase • Import Substitution Industrialization • Debt Crisis • Structural Adjustment & Neoliberalism • Informal Economy • Characteristics: poverty, income disparity
Early Extractive Phase
• Hacienda, plantation, ranch, mine • Neocolonialism:
– Dominant countries’ control of poorer countries’ economics and politics to serve own interests
– E.g. money from extraction not reinvested in the area but taken to Europe & U.S.
Import Substitution Industrialization • Set of policies whose goal was to keep money and
resources within the country or region: – Nationalization - States (governments) bought
industries (esp. extractive) – State-run manufacturing industries - established using
revenue from nationalization of extractive industries – High Tariffs - taxes on imported manufactured goods
• Development of national & regional economy • Response to neocolonialism and foreign control
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Debt Crisis (p.353)
• Surplus money (from OPEC) in international banks (offshore); low interest rates on loans
• Governments borrowed millions of $ to finance industrialization projects
• Aug. 1982 Mexico defaults on loans • Banks worried other countries would also
default • U.S. & European banks stepped in
Structural Adjustment Policies (p.353)
• Structural adjustment - big changes in organization of countries’ economies – Export-oriented manufacturing (like Japan) – Privatization - sell state-owned industries – Free market policy & Free trade (remove tariffs)
• Goal: make economies more efficient & profitable to pay back loans
• Policies enforced by International Monetary Fund (IMF)
Neoliberalism • Neoliberal policies – economic policies that are
predicted on a minimalist role for the state, assuming the desirability of free markets as the idea condition not only for economic organization, but also for political and social life. (p.5)
• 1980s Ronald Reagan (US), Margaret Thatcher (UK), Augusto Pinochet (Chile), Deng Xioping (China
• Chilean history of neoliberalism http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mnjgjdwo-Gc http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TfkZlbax0Lw&feature=related Milton Friedman: Free Markets and freedom!
Effects of SAPs and Neoliberal policy: Poverty, Wealth Disparity
• In 2004 40% of the region’s population lived in poverty
• Income disparity grew
• Large informal economy - not government regulated (p.370)
Free Trade • Reduce tariffs & barriers to trade among a
group (or pair) of countries – NAFTA - 1994: Mexico, U.S., Canada – Mercosur - 1991: Brazil, Argentina, Uruguay,
Paraguay, Chile – FTAA - proposed: western hemisphere
• World Trade Organization (formerly GATT) • Maquiladoras, Export Processing Zones (free
trade zones)
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Problems with Free Trade
• Social services • Labor Rights • Agricultural subsidies & protective tariffs
– Tortilla Riots in Mexico, 2007 • Agricultural prohibitions (e.g. GMOs) • Copyright protections • Environmental restrictions
Countertrend: Venezuela
• President Hugo Chavez elected 1998 – Nationalized: oil, telecom, cement, gas, electricity – Raised foreign taxes on oil – Goal: give ordinary people more say in the way
the country is run through communal councils – Supporters say changes benefit the working class,
giving them housing, job, social benefits, education
Brazil • President Luiz Ignacio Lula da Silva elected
to second term 2006 – Dealt with economic instability - reduced
inflation and national debt – Extended welfare programs for poorest
• Landless Workers’ Movement (MST) – Demand for land reform: 1.6% of population
owns half of Brazil’s land – Land invasions – 1.5 million members
Video shorts Offshore Ads: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vRuY3dww6Gk&feature=related http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VByh_C49-3E http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gwMPEdgUnCI City of Factories: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tRdu5qo-htU&feature=related WTO Cancun: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=l9pHw9e0fvU
Review • What is El Niño (p.333-4) • Approximate dates of countries’ independence • ISI: motivation for, goals, & policies • Debt Crisis: causes & results • Structural Adjustment Policies (SAPs): definition, goal, examples of
programs/policies, who enforces • Neoliberalism: definitions, characteristics, supporters, negative
effects/outcomes • Free Trade: definition, examples, arguments against • TERMS: neocolonialsim, IMF, GATT, WTO, informal economy,
maquiladoras, Export Processing Zones, Hugo Chavez, Luiz Ignacio Lula da Silva, Landless Workers’ Movement, Salvador Allende, Augusto Pinochet; Text: altitudinal zonation, biodiversity, bioprospecting, Columbian Exchange, demographic collapse, ecotourism, El Niño, free trade zone, Green Revolution, informal economy, land reform, Monroe Doctrine, NAFTA, pristine myth