511_Lecture#2_History of RS.pdf

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Lecture # 2

28th August, 2015

MS-RS/GIS

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Compiled and Edited By Ms.Lubna Ghazal


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Cameras served as thefirst remote sensorsover 150 years ago.

Pictures of Cameras from http://www.historiccamera.com/cgi-bin/ads/suite/classifieds/classifieds.cgi , cameras pictured not necessarily used in remote sensing

The history of remote sensing

began with the invention ofphotography. The term"photography" is derived fromtwo Greek words meaning "light"(phos) and "writing" (graphien).

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http://www.historiccamera.com/cgi-bin/ads/suite/classifieds/classifieds.cgihttp://www.historiccamera.com/cgi-bin/ads/suite/classifieds/classifieds.cgihttp://www.historiccamera.com/cgi-bin/ads/suite/classifieds/classifieds.cgihttp://www.historiccamera.com/cgi-bin/ads/suite/classifieds/classifieds.cgi


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1038 AD - Al Hazenan Arabian

mathematicianexplained theprinciple of thecamera obscura toobserve sun eclipse.

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1666 - Sir Isaac Newton while experimenting with aprism, found that he could disperse light into a

spectrum of red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo,and violet. Utilizing a second prism, he found thathe could re-combine the colors into white light.

1676 - Johann Christopher Sturm , introducesthe relax lens principle where by a mirror ismounted at a 45 degree angle that projects animage, the essential development that led tothe modern single lens reflex camera

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1827 – Niepce takes first picture of naturefrom a window viewof the French

countryside using acamera obscura andan emulsion usingbitumen of Judea, aresinous substance,

and oil of lavender (ittook 8 hours in brightsunlight to producethe image)

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The pictures used inthe stereo viewswhere in the form of

"stereographs"which were twopictures of the samescene that were

slightly offset andmounted side-by-side.

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1855 – James ClerkMaxwell describes

color additivetheory.

The color additivetheory describeshow we perceivecolor and how they

are created.

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1859 – Gaspard Felix Tournachon tookcameras up into a balloon to makeland surveys. He was not verysuccessful, but this began aerialphotography. Unfortunately, this first

picture is lost. 1860s – Aerial photos from balloons

continued to be the standard.

Self-Portrait from http://www.profotos.com/education/referencedesk/masters/masters/felixnadar/felixnadar.shtml 8/30/2015 8

http://www.profotos.com/education/referencedesk/masters/masters/felixnadar/felixnadar.shtmlhttp://www.profotos.com/education/referencedesk/masters/masters/felixnadar/felixnadar.shtmlhttp://www.geog.ucsb.edu/~jeff/115a/history/nadar_balloon.jpghttp://www.profotos.com/education/referencedesk/masters/masters/felixnadar/felixnadar.shtml


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E. Archibald of England began mountingcameras on kites and this method stayed popularthrough the last two decades of 19th century.

Left: “Here is a well-

preserved photo (1889)from a kite, snapped by

a remote mechanism

operated by Arthur

Batut, covering

Labrugauere, France:”

Picutre from http://rst.gsfc.nasa.gov/Intro/Part2_7.html

Quote taken from http://rst.gsfc.nasa.gov/Intro/Part2_7.html8/30/2015 9


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“Historically,the first photostaken from asmall rocket,from a heightof about 100meters, wereimaged from arocketdesigned by

Alfred Nobel(of Prize fame)and launchedin 1897 over aSwedish

landscape:”

Photo from http://rst.gsfc.nasa.gov/Intro/Part2_7.html Quote taken from http://rst.gsfc.nasa.gov/Intro/Part2_7.html8/30/2015 11

http://rst.gsfc.nasa.gov/Intro/Part2_7.htmlhttp://rst.gsfc.nasa.gov/Intro/Part2_7.html


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Cameras were attached topigeons. The cameras wereprogrammed to take apicture every 30 seconds asthe pigeon flew along .

Images from http://rst.gsfc.nasa.gov/Front/overview.html

Unfortunately, most pigeons

were shot down by opposing

troops. Their flight path was

not predictable which posedan additional problem.

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The first rocket to obtain aerialphotographs at 600 meters, less than onemile, was launched by Alfred Maul.

Photos from http://rst.gsfc.nasa.gov/Intro/Part2_7.html8/30/2015 13


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Below are pictures of Wilbur describing his

airplane to King Alfonso XIII of Spain (left)and a picture of his flight on September 21,1908 which lasted 1 hour and 25 4/5 seconds(right).

Pictures fromhttp://www.wam.umd.edu/~stwright/WrBr/Wrights.html

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http://www.wam.umd.edu/~stwright/WrBr/Wrights.htmlhttp://www.wam.umd.edu/~stwright/WrBr/Wrights.html


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Cameras weremounted on planes orheld by aviators.Normally thesepictures were used for

reconnaissancemissions.

Photos from http://rst.gsfc.nasa.gov/Intro/Part2_7.html8/30/2015 15


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1954 - U-2 (CIA’s Spy Plane takesfirst flight) to take photographsof deep interior places of Russia.But Russia Shot down it in 1960.

1957 - Russia launches Sputnik-1,this was unexpected andencouraged governments tomake space exploration apriority.

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1960 – The first non-photosensors were televisioncameras mounted onunmanned spacecraft and

devoted to looking at clouds.TIROS-1, Television InfraredObservation Satellite, wasfirst sensor launched. It hassince been renamed NOAA,

the National Oceanic andAtmospheric Administration.

To the right are two recentNOAA images.

Severe weather outbreak that caused 88 tornadoeson November 10, 2002.

Image of solar storm on October 28, 2003.

Images from http://www.noaa.com8/30/2015 18


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In Late 60s– Man also entered spacetaking photographs.

Images from http://mediaarchive.ksc.nasa.gov/index.cf8/30/2015 19


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http://www.geog.ucsb.edu/~kclarke/Corona/Corona.htmlhttp://www.geog.ucsb.edu/~jeff/115a/history/u2history.htmlhttp://www.geog.ucsb.edu/~kclarke/Corona/Corona.htmlhttp://www.geog.ucsb.edu/~jeff/115a/history/u2history.htmlhttp://www.geog.ucsb.edu/~jeff/115a/history/u2history.htmlhttp://www.geog.ucsb.edu/~jeff/115a/history/u2history.html


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1964- Nimbus Weather SatelliteProgram beginswith the Launch of

Nimbus1. Late 1960's - Gemini

and Apollo Spacephotography.

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http://www.jsc.nasa.gov/gemini.htmhttp://www.geog.ucsb.edu/~jeff/115a/history/apollo.htmlhttp://www.geog.ucsb.edu/~jeff/115a/history/apollo.htmlhttp://www.jsc.nasa.gov/gemini.htm


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1972: The launch of the Earth Resources Technology

Satellite (ERTS-A); later renamed LANDSAT I. Thiswas the first satellite dedicated to civilian remotesensing.

A fork in the road: civilian and military RS head indifferent directions.

Civilian RS: moderate spatial resolution sensors anda focus on “regional” studies. A standard Landsat

scene is 185 km X 185 km. Great for things like cropmonitoring.

Military RS: focus on very high spatial resolution.

Imagery of planes, military installations etc.8/30/2015 22


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1980s: Two parallel lines of development:

Improved sensor for Landsat 4; theThematic Mapper (TM) that was optimizedfor vegetation RS based on basic research

done during the 1970s Delays in development of Landsat 4

suggested that there might be a windowduring which there would be no operational

Landsat. This lead to “discovery” that operational

meteorological satellites could be used for

vegetation RS8/30/2015 23


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1980s: (continued):

NOAA meteorological satellites havevery low spatial resolution (1-4km vs.30-80m for the sensors carried by

Landsat) but this also enables them toimage much larger areas (swath widthof over 2000km vs. 185 km for Landsat).

Data from these sensors can be used toaddress different questions, especiallythose related to global climate change

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Mid-1990s:

NASA takes back Landsat; Space Imaging

continues to market older imagery; NASAlaunches Landsat 7 in 1999.

Landsat 5 continued to operate until Landsat7 became operational

Landsat 7: Modest improvements overLandsat 5. Fed govt manages; committed tomaintaining system for decades

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Landsat 4 and 5 launched in 1982and 84 respectively; designed tooperate for 3 years.

EOSAT pledged to fund Landsat 6

Landsat 6 finally launched in

1993: It crashed. Privatization of Landsat widely

viewed as a failure

Mid-1990s: NASA takes back

Landsat; Space Imaging continuesto market older imagery;

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The EarthObserving System(EOS) era: lots of

new sensors (15m-5km spatialresolution)

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Commercial RemoteSensing finds aniche: high spatial

resolution data (0.6-4m); IKONOS,Quickbird, others

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http://www.digitalglobe.com/about/quickbird.htmlhttp://www.digitalglobe.com/about/quickbird.html


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Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectrometer(MODIS): a key instrument on TERRA, part ofthe Earth Observing System (EOS)

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1972 - Launch of ERTS-1 (the first Earth ResourcesTechnology Satellite ,later renamed Landsat 1).

1972 - Photography from Skylab, America's first spacestation, was used to produce land use maps.

1975 - Landsat 2, GOES

1977 - Meteosat-1 the first in a long series of Europeanweather satellites

1978 - Landsat 3

1978 - Seasat, the first civil Synthetic Aperture Radar

(SAR) satellite. 1978 - Launch of Nimbus-7 with Total Ozone Mapping

Sensor (TOMS) and the Coastal Zone Color Scanner(CZCS),GOES-3.

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h l i d ( )

http://www.geog.ucsb.edu/~jeff/115a/history/landsat1.htmlhttp://www.geog.ucsb.edu/~jeff/115a/history/landsat1.htmlhttp://www.geog.ucsb.edu/~jeff/115a/history/landsat1.htmlhttp://www.geog.ucsb.edu/~jeff/115a/history/landsat1.html


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1981 - Space-Shuttle Imaging Radar (SIR-A),Meteosat-2

1982 - Landsat-4

1984 - SIR-B 1984 - Landsat-5 1986 - SPOT-1 1986 - Launch of SPOT-1

1988 - IRS-1A, Meteosat 3, Ofeq-1 1989 - Meteosat-4, Ofeq-2 1990 - SPOT-2 1991 - ERS (European Radar Satellite), IRS-1B,

Meteosat-5. 1992 - JERS-1,Topex/Poseidon. 1993 - SPOT-3, Landsat-6 fails to achieve orbit,

Meteosat-6 1994 - SIR-C/X-SAR flys on the space shuttle.

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http://winds.jpl.nasa.gov/missions/quikscat/quikindex.htmlhttp://www.geog.ucsb.edu/~jeff/115a/history/eosam1scan.jpg


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1999 - Launch of Landsat 7 ,IKONOS ,IRS-P4, QuickSCAT ,CBERS-1 ,Terra , MODIS , ASTER , CERES , MISR ,MOPITT ,Kompsat 1.

2000 - SRTM (China), Tsinghau-1 , EROS A1 (Israel) , Jason-1

2001- Quickbird

2002 - Aqua, SPOT-5, ENVISAT, METSAT, Alsat-1, MeteosatSecond Generation, ADEOS-II , Ofeq-5

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2003 L h f ICES O b i 3

http://www.geog.ucsb.edu/~jeff/115a/history/eosam1scan.jpghttp://winds.jpl.nasa.gov/missions/quikscat/quikindex.htmlhttp://www.cbers.inpe.br/en/programas/p_satelites.htmhttp://www.geog.ucsb.edu/~jeff/115a/history/terra_scientificamerican_scan.jpghttp://modis.gsfc.nasa.gov/http://asterweb.jpl.nasa.gov/http://asd-www.larc.nasa.gov/ceres/http://www-misr.jpl.nasa.gov/http://www.eos.ucar.edu/mopitt/http://www.geog.ucsb.edu/~jeff/115a/history/srtm.jpghttp://www.geog.ucsb.edu/~jeff/115a/history/tsinghau-1_sstl_microsat.jpghttp://www.geog.ucsb.edu/~jeff/115a/history/eros.htmlhttp://topex-www.jpl.nasa.gov/mission/jason-1.htmlhttp://www.digitalglobe.com/about/quickbird.htmlhttp://www.eoc.nasda.go.jp/guide/satellite/satdata/adeos2_e.htmlhttp://www.defense-update.com/news/ofeq5.htmhttp://www.defense-update.com/news/ofeq5.htmhttp://www.defense-update.com/news/ofeq5.htmhttp://www.defense-update.com/news/ofeq5.htmhttp://www.eoc.nasda.go.jp/guide/satellite/satdata/adeos2_e.htmlhttp://www.eoc.nasda.go.jp/guide/satellite/satdata/adeos2_e.htmlhttp://www.eoc.nasda.go.jp/guide/satellite/satdata/adeos2_e.htmlhttp://www.digitalglobe.com/about/quickbird.htmlhttp://topex-www.jpl.nasa.gov/mission/jason-1.htmlhttp://topex-www.jpl.nasa.gov/mission/jason-1.htmlhttp://topex-www.jpl.nasa.gov/mission/jason-1.htmlhttp://www.geog.ucsb.edu/~jeff/115a/history/eros.htmlhttp://www.geog.ucsb.edu/~jeff/115a/history/tsinghau-1_sstl_microsat.jpghttp://www.geog.ucsb.edu/~jeff/115a/history/tsinghau-1_sstl_microsat.jpghttp://www.geog.ucsb.edu/~jeff/115a/history/tsinghau-1_sstl_microsat.jpghttp://www.geog.ucsb.edu/~jeff/115a/history/srtm.jpghttp://www.eos.ucar.edu/mopitt/http://www-misr.jpl.nasa.gov/http://asd-www.larc.nasa.gov/ceres/http://asterweb.jpl.nasa.gov/http://modis.gsfc.nasa.gov/http://www.geog.ucsb.edu/~jeff/115a/history/terra_scientificamerican_scan.jpghttp://www.cbers.inpe.br/en/programas/p_satelites.htmhttp://www.cbers.inpe.br/en/programas/p_satelites.htmhttp://www.cbers.inpe.br/en/programas/p_satelites.htmhttp://winds.jpl.nasa.gov/missions/quikscat/quikindex.htmlhttp://www.geog.ucsb.edu/~jeff/115a/history/eosam1scan.jpg


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2003 - Launch of ICESat, Orbview-3

2003 – Launch of ALOS (Advanced LandObservation Satellite) Japan

2003 – Launch Radarsat-2 (CANADA), CBERS-2(China). DMC BilSat (TURKEY) DMC NigeriaSat-1 (Nigeria), DMC UK (UK)

2004 - China Satellite RocSat2 launched. 2005 - Launch of TopSat , a micro-satellite, with 2.5

m resolution and the ability to relay imagery toreceiving stations within the safe image footprint.

2005 - Google Inc. releases Keyhole,http://earth.google.com , greatly increasing publicawareness of the uses of satellite imagery andother geospatial information.

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http://www.fas.org/spp/guide/taiwan/earth/http://www.sstl.co.uk/index.php?loc=114http://earth.google.com/http://earth.google.com/http://www.sstl.co.uk/index.php?loc=114http://www.fas.org/spp/guide/taiwan/earth/


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2004 - China Satellite

http://www.fas.org/spp/guide/taiwan/earth/


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2004 China SatelliteRocSat2 launched.

2005 - Launch of TopSat, amicro-satellite, with 2.5 m

resolution and the abilityto relay imagery toreceiving stations withinthe safe image footprint.

2005 - Google Inc. releasesKeyhole, greatly increasing public

awareness of the uses ofsatellite imagery and othergeospatial information.

2008– Launch ofRapidEye...

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http://www.fas.org/spp/guide/taiwan/earth/http://www.fas.org/spp/guide/taiwan/earth/http://www.sstl.co.uk/index.php?loc=114http://earth.google.com/http://earth.google.com/http://www.sstl.co.uk/index.php?loc=114http://www.fas.org/spp/guide/taiwan/earth/


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The RapidEye Mission was launched in 2008. Thefive satellites were launched on asingle Dnepr vehicle and placed in a common sun-synchronous orbit of 620 km, with the satellitesequally spaced about 19 minutes apart in their orbit,

ensuring frequent imaging of particular areas ofinterest. The satellites can be redirected once perorbit through the telemetry, tracking and commandunit. A data handling and storage unit is situatedonboard each satellite as well as a high-speed X-

band communication system. The designed lifetimeof these satellites is 7 years. In 2015 it was estimated, that the RapidEye satellites

would remain in service until 2021

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http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_lau_det/dnepr-1.htmhttp://space.skyrocket.de/doc_lau_det/dnepr-1.htmhttp://space.skyrocket.de/doc_lau_det/dnepr-1.htm


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511_Lecture#2_History of RS.pdf