5. Social trends and the inclusive city

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5. Social trends and the inclusive city

City population growth and social development are also closely linked. The NSDP shows that when unemployment is as serious everywhere, migration becomes more sensitive to non-economic factors

Economic development and social development are also linked. It is not a waste of valuable resources to focus on the social, when it helps build the middle class consumer and entrepreneur of tomorrow

Key issues examined in report:• Infrastructure development• Distribution of wealth and

opportunity, and burden of costs

• Human development• Spatial disadvantage• Security against risk• Quality of life

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City municipalities have made good progress in infrastructure development. Across 9 cities, numbers of people served have increased dramatically in 96-01

However population trends mean some proportions served remain same or have declined, ie the backlogs persist

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There are obviously differences between municipalities

And differences within service levels

• Although the number of households with water on site (ie in yard or in dwelling) increased between 96-01, this was mostly made up of new yard connections

• The number of households with water in-dwelling decreased by 121 565

• Partly due to movement of 478 922 households out of backyard accommodation in 1996-2001

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5. Social trends and the inclusive cityThere are key differences between municipalities in the

allocation of resources to social facilities

City of Joburg

Cape Town EkurhuleniNelson

MandelaMsunduzi

Total rates per capita 2002/03 R 653.97 R 640.24 R 444.60 R 367.56 R 405.55

% CapX on comm. projects 02/03 7.83% 3.72% 2.79% 8.28% 11.41%

CapX / p on comm. projects 02/03 R 29.10 R 24.01 R 7.86 R 35.78 R 37.61

Establishment Of Parks And Gardens R 7.74 R 3.21 R 0.15 R 8.29 R 5.19

Sports Fields R 8.92 R 6.58 R 2.94 R 10.96 R 5.63

Community Halls R 5.87 R 0.75 R 2.09 R 0.49 R 4.76

Libraries R 1.65 R 0.54 R 0.24 R 0.39 R 11.35

Recreation Facilities R 0.60 R 3.83 R 0.92 R 2.52 R 1.84

Clinics R 2.23 R 4.02 R 0.55 R 2.17 R 0.58

Museums and Art Galleries R 0.91 R 2.36 R 0.97 R 7.50 R 0.00

Other R 1.19 R 2.73 R 0.00 R 3.45 R 8.25

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5. Social trends and the inclusive cityThere are still large differences in access to services

across racial groups

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5. Social trends and the inclusive cityAverage household income in cities grew from R48 291 to

R71 835 per annum 1996-2001. But …• 179,6% increase in households reporting no income• Declines in percentage of households at middle income levels• Increase in dependency ratio from 3.13 to 3.41 (in some cities > 5)

R 0

R 10,000,000,000

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R 30,000,000,000

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2001

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5. Social trends and the inclusive cityLiving in the city has become more ‘costly’ over time

Joburg eThekwini Ekurhleni Nel Mand

Average mnthly account for small hshlds R 313.24 R 455.70 R 399.73 R 396.96

Annual hsh income R 1–R 4 800 (median = R267/m) 117.47% 170.89% 149.90% 148.86%

Annual hsh income R 4 801–R 9 600 (median = R600/m) 52.21% 75.95% 66.62% 66.16%





• Urban living costs include actual costs, transaction costs, and the opportunity costs of vulnerability. These costs bear heavily on those trying to move out of poverty. Need for a ‘social package’ very NB

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5. Social trends and the inclusive citySpatial exclusion is worsening as people without employment

and opportunities are pushed to edges of cities

• A picture of locational disadvantage in Ekurhuleni

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5. Social trends and the inclusive cityWith spatial exclusion comes higher costs in terms of

both time and resources

Average travel time (work in minutes)

50

Average travel time (education in minutes)

28

Average travel cost (work R/month)

R 186

Average travel cost (education R/month)

R 151

Commuters spending +10% of income on work trip

48%

% of all trips

Average travel time

in mins

Average cost

One taxi all the way 24.36% 48.7 R 3.11

Taxi - taxi 8.88% 77.5 R 6.06

One train all the way 3.76% 73.1 R 2.23

One bus all the way 3.70% 55.5 R 4.06

Taxi - train 1.63% 83.8 R 4.40

Train - taxi 0.66% 98.7 R 5.04

Taxi - taxi - taxi 0.57% 98.8 R 8.33

Train - train 0.47% 101.2 R 2.81

Taxi - bus 0.36% 84.9 R 6.48

Bus - bus 0.30% 85.4 R 6.45

Taxi - train - taxi 0.28% 114.9 R 8.24

• Times and costs from the Johannesburg ITP

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Key indicators of levels of human development

• Approx 55 infant deaths per 1000 live births in a number of cities

• Most cities have HIV prevalence rates of 29% - 32%, rising to 36% in one city

• TB incidence rates range from 251/100 000 population to 1470/100 000 in one city

• Life expectancy estimates range from 54yrs to as low as 43yrs

• But very good news on education!

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1996 2001

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Most residents in the cities do not have any formal security against risk

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

Cover Policy

Endowment / savings / investmentpolicy

Retirement annuity

Funeral insurance

Medical insurance

Short term insurance

Other

None of above

Member of medical aid scheme

• 67,75% are not covered for any risk

• Only 26,05% are members of medical aid

• Also, 43,13% have no access to banking facilities of any kind

• Only 5,45% have a home loan

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5. Social trends and the inclusive cityQuality of life is a subjective measure of sense of well-

being in the city. It refers to a number of things, not just whether residents have access to services.

• Sense of personal dignity esp regard access to socio-economic rights

• Convenience, relative to costs, of living in the city. And perceived value for money of where living

• Sense of belonging in the city & connectedness to a neighbourhood

• Voice & degree of influence over social processes that impact on life

• General satisfaction with standard of living, and capacity to realistically aspire to a better standard

Chart 2: Workforce Employment and Life Satisfaction Trends

15

25

35

45

55

65

75

1998-9 1999-0 2000-1 2001-2 2002-3

Years

%

Employment

Life Satisfaction

Do you think your children’s lives will be better or worse than your own life?

Their lives will be better 73,2%

Their lives will be the same 6,4%

Their lives will be worse 10,6%

Don’t know / refused answer

9,8%

Documents

5. Social trends and the inclusive city