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4th GradePlant & Animal Structures and Processes
20151109
www.njctl.org
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Table of Contents: From Molecules to Organisms
Click on the topic to go to that section
• Structure & Function
• Animal Structures
• Plant Structures
• Information Processing
• Plant Behavior
• Works Cited
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Teacher Setup: Clicker Training
Teacher:
Read through the Clicker Training Activity.
Begin the Clicker Training Activity Set up. Continue with the procedure until the Clicker Training Activity is reached later in the unit.
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Lab Setup: Are Leaves Important?
Follow the directions to set up this lab now.
Observe your plants every day and take careful notes so that you are ready to analyze your data later in the unit!
Source: Wikimedia Commons. Author: Pingstone.
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Structure & Function
Return to Tableof Contents
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Source: National Geographic. Author: Duplaix. Source: Wikimedia Commons. Author: Kraft.
The DuckBilled PlatypusThe duckbilled platypus is a very interesting animal. Look at the pictures below. Make a list of different structures (body parts) that you see on the platypus.
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The DuckBilled PlatypusAll living things are composed of different types of structures. Each structure has a specific job, or function. Choose three of the structures that you listed on the previous slide. For each structure, describe what you think it does (its function).
Structure Function
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The DuckBilled Platypus
Source: National Geographic Kids
The bill helps them to scoop up food from the bottom of the water.
Males have venomous claws on their back feet for
protection.
The tail stores fat and helps to steer when swimming.
Dense fur is
waterproof and
insulates the
platypus.
Click on the structures below to see how they function to help the platypus survive.
Tail
Fur
Bill
Rear claws
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External Structures
All of the platypus structures that we discussed were external structures. They were located on the outside of the animal.
Look around at your classmates. List 5 external structures that are visible right now.
"ex" = out
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Internal Structures
If an external structure is on the outside of a living thing's body, what is an internal structure?
An internal structure is located inside a living thing.
"in" = in
Think about the human body. Can you list 5 internal structures?
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1 A function describes what a structure does.
True
False
Answ
er
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2 Which of the statements describes the structure and function of the animal? (Choose all that apply.)
A An armidillo's leathery armour protects it from danger.
B A dragonfly's compound eye is composed of 24,000 individual units.
C The webbing on a duck's feet helps it to swim efficiently.
D A rabbit's long ears enables it to hear well.
Answ
er
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3 Select all of the internal structures.
A brain
B skin
C eyelashes
D stomach
Answ
er
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4 Which external structure is correctly paired with its function?
A feathers hear noises
B heart pumps blood
C claws dig holes
D muscles digest food
Answ
er
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Core FunctionsLiving things have many structures that help them to function in different ways. All of the functions fall into one or more of the following categories.
Source: Wikimedia Commons. Author: Jebulon.
• Growth• Survival• Behavior• Reproduction
The feathers of this male peacock attract females, helping this peacock to reproduce.
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Core FunctionsLiving things must perform each of the core functions in order to live. They have specific structures that fit each of the functions.
Each function answers a question about the organism. Click below to see the questions.
Growth
How does the organism acquire food and grow?
Survival
How does the organism survive in its
environment?
Behavior
How does the organism respond to its environment?
Reproduction
How does the organism pass on genes to the next generation?
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Growth
What structures help lions to acquire food and grow?
Source: Wikimedia Commons. Author: Galuzzi. Source: Wikimedia Commons. Author: Bruenken.
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Survival
Source: Wikimedia Commons. Author: Hamachidori.
What structure helps roses to survive?
Source: Wikimedia Commons. Author: Harrison.
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BehaviorWhat structure helps the pufferfish respond to its environment?
Source: Wikimedia Commons. Author: Hobgood. Source: Wikimedia Commons. Author: Williams.
Normal Agitated
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Reproduction
Source: Wikimedia Commons. Author: Werther.
Source: Wikipedia. Author: Inaglory.
What structures help flowering plants to reproduce?
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One Structure, Many Functions
Sometimes, one structure will have more than one function that helps the organism to live.
Source: Wikimedia Commons. Author: Escobar.
These plant roots help the plant to absorb water and nutrients from the soil so that the plant can grow.
The roots also anchor the plant and allow it to survive storms.
Core functions of roots: growth and survival
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One Structure, Many Functions
Source: The Alaska Zoo. Author: Gomes.
How many functions does the white fur of an arctic fox perform?
Answer
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Source: Wikimedia Commons. Author: Janson.
One Structure, Many FunctionsThis is a type of bird called the bird of paradise. Click below to watch a video of the courtship dance that males use to attract females. Then, determine the different functions that feathers have.
Click here to watch the courtship dance of the bird of paradise.
Answer
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Structure Fits FunctionScientists like to use the phrase "structure fits function".
Let's figure out what this means.
Think about gloves. There are a wide variety of gloves but they all have the same structure.
Source: Wikimedia Commons. Author: Kippelboy.
Describe the structure of a glove.
What is the function of a glove?
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Structure Fits Function
How does the structure of the glove enable it to have its specific function?
The structure fits the function!
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5 This peacock flounder is camouflaged to blend in with the bottom of the ocean. In fact, they can change their color based on what the bottom looks like. What type of function(s) does this serve for the animal? (Select all that apply.)
A Growth
B Survival
C Behavior
D ReprodutionSource: Wikimedia Commons. Author: Inaglory.
Answ
er
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6 Many flowers are brightly colored in order to attract pollinators. Only after a flower is pollinated can it create seeds that will become new plants. What core function does brightly colored flowers fit into? (Select all that apply.)
A Growth
B Survival
C Behavior
D ReproductionSource: Wikimedia Commons. Author: Petts.
Answ
er
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7 Your dad is serving soup for dinner. Which utensil below has a structure that fits the function of carrying soup to your mouth?
A fork
B chopsticks
C spoon
D knife
Answ
er
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8 This flower is a honeysuckle. Animals eat the nectar that is located at the bottom of the long tubular flower. Which bird below has a beak that fits the function of eating nectar from honeysuckle?
A
B
C
D
Source: Wikimedia Commons. Author: Biosthmos.
Source: Wikipedia. Author: Mdf.
Source: Wikipedia. Author: Fir0002.
Source: Wikipedia. Author: Cp9asngf.
Source: Wikimedia Commons. Author: AngMoKio.
Answ
er
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Activity: Bite Into Structure & Function
How do the structures of animal teeth fit their functions?
Source: Wikipedia. Author: Tartarus.
This American alligator has long, sharp teeth that enable it to tear into the flesh of animals.
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Animal Structures
Return to Tableof Contents
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Core FunctionsAll animals have structures that address each of the core functions: growth, survival, reproduction and behavior.
These impala males are using their antlers to fight during mating season. Looking at the picture, can you identify structures that address each core function?
Source: Wikipedia. Author: Karim.
Answ
er
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GrowthThere are many animal structures that help animals to acquire food and to grow. Look at the pictures below and identify one external structure in each picture that helps with this function.
Source: Wikimedia Commons. Author: Connell. Source: Wikipedia. Author: Penaluna.
Source: Wikipedia. Author: Adam.inglis84. Source: Wikimedia Commons. Author: Kok. Source: Wikipedia. Author: Garvie.
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GrowthWhile external structures are often useful in acquiring food, many internal structures are used for breaking down the food and using it to grow.
Source: Wikimedia Commons. Author: Villarreal.
The digestive system of animals is a group of organs that work together to break down and absorb nutrients from food. The digestive system has many parts, including the stomach, liver and intestines.
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SurvivalSurvival includes being protected from other animals and being protected from the environment.
Source: Wikimedia Commons. Author: Sayles.
The white fur of this arctic hare allows it to survive in many ways. The white color helps it to blend in with its environment. This enables it to hide from predators. The fur also keeps the hare warm in the cold winters, helping it to survive in its environment.
Is white fur an external or internal structure?
Answ
er
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Source: Wikimedia Commons. Author: Sayles.
SurvivalThe arctic hare also has internal structures that help it to survive.
The hare's muscles help it to run quickly to escape from danger. The hare's heart pumps blood throughout the body to help keep it warm and to transport oxygen and nutrients.
An animal's muscles are also useful for another core function.
Can you think of how?
Answ
er
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SurvivalThe sea cucumber has an interesting way to use internal structures for survival.
When threatened, sea cucumbers expel some of their internal organs to entangle their predators. These internal organs will grow back in 15 weeks.
Source: Wikipedia. Author: Michonneau.
Click here to learn more about the sea cucumber.
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Reproduction
Reproduction is the way in which new organisms develop. For some animals, reproduction occurs externally while for others, it is internal.
Many fish reproduce externally. Fish babies develop in eggs, outside of the parents' bodies.
Can you think of any other animals that use eggs to reproduce?Source: Wikimedia Commons. Author: Baron.
These are clownfish eggs. Each black spot is an eye that is developing.
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ReproductionOther animals use internal structures for reproduction. Mammals, which include humans, have babies that grow inside of the mother's body.
Source: Wikimedia Commons. Author: Hammond.
How long it takes for a baby to develop varies from one animal to another. Human babies take about 40 weeks to develop while elephant babies can take up to 92 weeks!
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BehaviorsAnimals respond to their environments in order to meet all of the other functions: growth, survival and reproduction.
It takes both internal and external structures to respond to the environment.One way that chameleons respond to their environment is by changing colors to blend in. By blending in, chameleons are able to sneak up on food and hide from predators.
Source: Wikimedia Commons. Author: Alex.kocourek.
Click here to watch a chameleon changing color.
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9 The digestive system is an external structure that helps animals to grow.
True
False
Answ
er
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10 A cat's claws help it to catch mice and to protect itself. What core functions do the claws have? Select all that apply.
A Growth
B Survival
C Reproduction
D Behavior
Answ
er
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11 A behavior is how an animal responds to its environment.
True
False
Answ
er
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Activity: Squid ExplorationSquid are marine animals that are related to the octopus.
In this activity, you will examine the internal and external structures that help squid to survive in their environment.
Source: NOAA FishWatch.
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Plant Structures
Return to Tableof Contents
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Lab: Are Leaves Important?
Source: Wikimedia Commons. Author: Pingstone.
Are leaves important for a plant to survive?
Analyze your data to find out!
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Core FunctionsJust like animals, plants have structures that help them to address each of the core functions: growth, survival, reproduction and behavior.
Source: Wikimedia Commons. Author: Mnolf.Source: Wikimedia Commons. Author: Elhardt.
The venus fly trap is a unique plant that eats insects. Look at the hairs on the red surfaces. When something makes the hairs move, the plant responds by snapping shut. This behavior helps the plant to obtain food and grow. (Core functions: growth and behavior)
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GrowthMost plants do not catch their food. They use photosynthesis to make their own food.
Think back to what you have already learned about photosynthesis. In what structure on the plant does this process occur? Click in the box to check your answer.
Source: Wikimedia Commons. Author: Sullivan.
Photosynthesis occurs in the leaves.
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GrowthThe leaves are not the only structure that helps plants to grow. Plants need water and minerals. They also need a way for water, minerals and food to travel to all parts of the plant.Can you think of any structures that would carry out these functions? Write your thoughts below.
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Growth
Source: Wikimedia Commons. Author: PDH. Source: Wikimedia Commons. Author: Fir0002.
Plant roots grow into the soil and absorb water and minerals that the plant needs to grow.
Just as our blood vessels carry blood throughout our bodies, plants have a similar system of small tubes that carry water, nutrients and food throughout the plant.
Are these structures internal or external?
Answ
er
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SurvivalPlants need to protect themselves just as much as animals do. By looking at a plant, it is not always obvious how the plant is using structures to survive.
Source: Wikipedia. Author: Teo.
The spines of these cactii help to keep animals from eating them.
The spines also help to prevent water loss from the plant. Since cactii live in a very hot environment, this is an important survival structure!
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Look at the pictures below. Can you identify how the structure addresses the function of survival? Click in the boxes to find out!
Survival
Source: Wikipedia. Author: Starr. Source: Wikipedia. Author: Virgilrm.
Some plants have a thick, waxy covering on their leaves. It makes these leaves look shiny. This helps the plant to survive by preventing water from escaping.
The bark of trees forms a layer of protection between the inner tree and the outer environment just like your skin!
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SurvivalSome plants make toxins that hurt or even kill animals that attempt to eat them. These toxins are made by internal structures and then stored in different areas of the plant.
Source: Wikimedia Commons. Author: Starr.
This plant goes by many different names, including Crab's eye. The red berries are extremely toxic. One berry is enough to kill a human!
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ReproductionPlants reproduce by creating seeds, a process that uses both internal and external structures. When the seeds are moved from the plant and covered in soil, they can begin to grow into a new plant.
Source: Wikipedia. Author: Hume. Source: Wikipedia. Author: Hume.
After the dandelion flower is pollinated, seeds are created. When the seeds blow away and then land on new ground, they grow into new dandelions.
Click here to watch the transformation between a dandelion flower and a seed head.
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BehaviorPlants are able to respond to their environments in many interesting ways.
Source: Wikimedia Commons. Author: Roeper.
This plant is bending towards the direction of the sunshine. Why would this be a beneficial behavior for the plant?
Answ
er
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12 Photosynthesis occurs in the ___.
A leaves
B stems
C roots
D flowers
Answ
er
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13 Which structure helps a plant to acquire water and nutrients?
A leaves
B stems
C roots
D flowers
Answ
er
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14 Which of the following is not an external structure that helps a plant to survive?
A Bark
B Toxins/poison
C Spines
D Waxy covering on leaves
Answ
er
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15 Seeds are a structure that help plants to ___.
A grow
B protect themselves
C respond to their environments
D reproduce
Answ
er
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16 When the venus fly trap senses movement on its hairs, it closes up. This is an example of a behavior.
True
False
Answ
er
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Lab: Gas Exchange in LeavesLeaves are covered in tiny holes where carbon dioxide and oxygen enter and leave the plant. These are called stomata.
Are stomata located on the tops of leaves, on the bottoms of leaves or on both the tops and bottoms of leaves?
Design your own experiment to answer this question!
Source: Wikimedia Commons. Author: Photohound.
This picture, taken by a scanning electron microscope, shows stomata on a tomato plant.
stomata
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Information Processing
Return to Tableof Contents
64
Demo: What is That?Our sense of hearing helps us to interpret what is happening in our environment.
Pay close attention... Can you figure out what is happening in your classroom?
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StimulusAnimals are constantly bombarded by things in the environment. Anything that causes a reaction from a plant or animal is called a stimulus.
For example:• A herd of impala hears noises in the brush and freezes until they are sure that they are safe. The noise is the stimulus.
• A leopard smells antelope and moves in that direction to find food. The smell is the stimulus.
Source: Wikimedia Commons. Author: Alchemisthp. Source: Wikipedia. Author: Haplochromis
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StimuliThe plural of stimulus is stimuli. Stimuli give us information about our surrounding environment. Animals perceive stimuli in their environments by using their senses. Can you list the five senses below?
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The Five Senses
Hear
Smell
Taste
See
Touch
Source: Wikimedia Commons. Author: Pharaoh Hound.
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The Five Senses
Not all animals perceive stimuli exactly the same way.
For example, many animals detect smells by using their noses. Snakes, however, gather scent information by flicking their tongues!
Source: Wikipedia. Author: LiquidGhoul.
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Other SensesSome animals have unique specialized senses that give them
information about the environment.
Source: Wikimedia Commons. Author: Kok.
The little holes on the snout of this tiger shark detect electrical activity in the water. This allows sharks to detect the movement of animals around them, even from a distance.
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17 All animals have exactly the same five senses.
True
False
Answ
er
False
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18 Which of the following is an example of sensory information based upon the picture? Choose all that apply.
A sweet smelling
B loud noises
C bumpy
D red and greenSource: Wikimedia Commons. Author: Pilsak.
Answ
er
A, C, D
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Activity: Clicker Training Part I
Source: Petco
Your teacher has been using a clicker in your class for several days. How do you react when you hear the click?
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Information ProcessingInformation processing describes how information from our environments creates a reaction.Think back to these examples:• A herd of impala hears noises in the brush and freezes until they are sure that they are safe.
• A leopard smells antelope and moves in that direction to find food.
Source: Wikimedia Commons. Author: Alchemisthp. Source: Wikipedia. Author: Haplochromis
In each example, what is the stimulus and what is the reaction?
Answ
er
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Information Processing
If you accidentally touch something that is hot, your hand will quickly pull away from it.
The stimulus is the heat. The reaction is to pull quickly away.
How does that happen?
Let's take a look at this process.
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Information ProcessingInformation processing uses the nervous system to transfer information from one part of the body to another.
Source: EHealthIdeas. Author: Deidara.
The nervous system is composed of nerves, the spinal cord and the brain.
Nerves collect and transport sensory information.
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Sensory ReceptorsWe have nerves all over our body! Every nerve ends in a sensory receptor. These detect stimuli from the environment.
There are many different types of sensory receptors.
Think about your tongue. What are some of the flavors that your tongue can detect? Click in the boxes to check your answers.
sweet
bitter
sour
salty
Each flavor is detected by a different sensory receptor!
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Rita LeviMontalcini was a scientist who studied neurology (the science of the nervous system). She won a Nobel Prize in 1986 for her work.
On Ms. LeviMontalcini's image, can you identify where sensory receptors would be located for: light, sound, smell and pain?
Sensory Receptors
Source: Wikimedia Commons. Author: Triggerhippie4.
Answ
er
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Sensory ReceptorsNow, let's get back to how your hand knows to pull away from something hot. This is due to information processing.
Information processing begins with the senses.
Our hands have many sensory receptors. Some detect pain, some detect pressure and some detect temperature.
When you touch something hot, the first thing that happens is that the high temperature is detected by sensory receptors in your hand.
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IntegrationNext, the information from the sensory receptor travels through the nervous system to the brain. The brain interprets, or integrates, the information. Your brain answers the questions:
Source: Wikimedia Commons. Author: Looie496.
The brain processes information sent to it from the nervous system.
• What is this?• Is this dangerous?• What should I do?
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Response
After the brain processes the information, it determines a reaction, or response. This information is transferred by the nervous system to the appropriate muscles where the response occurs.
The brain receives information from the sensory receptors in your hand and decides that this is unsafe. It transmits this information to your hand muscles, which quickly pull away from the heat.
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Response
The body responds to a stimuli.
Integration
The brain interprets the stimuli.
Stimulus
Sensory receptors receive stimuli.
Information ProcessingThis diagram shows the pathway of information processing.
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19 When you walk into your house after school, you smell fresh baked cookies. Your stomach immediately starts rumbling and your mouth starts watering. In this situation, what is the stimulus?
A the smell of the cookies
B your brain
C your rumbling stomach
D your salivating mouth
Answ
er
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20 What structures detect stimuli?
A the brain
B sensory receptors
C bones
D blood vessels
Answ
er
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21 Where does integration occur?
A Sensory receptors
B Brain
C Musles
D Hands
Answ
er
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22 Which pathway shows the correct order for information processing?
A response sensory integration sensory reception
B sensory reception response integration
C sensory reception integration response
D integration sensory reception response
Answ
er
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23 All sensory receptors are the same.
True
False
Answ
er
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MemoryAnimals use information processing to respond to situations. In addition, many animals are able to form memories from those situations so that they will not get hurt in the future.
Think about a hot flame. If you touch it, the sensory input will cause the brain to create the response of quickly pulling your hand away. Since this was a painful experience, you will form a memory of it. The next time you see a hot flame, you will make sure to keep your hand away from it!
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Information Processing & MemoryThe actions of animals are guided by:
• information processing• memory
Suppose that your dog attacks a squirrel in your backyard. The squirrel gets away unharmed due to its quick information processing.
Source: Wikimedia Commons. Author: Sutherland.
What will the squirrel do the next time it is in your backyard and you let your dog out?
Answ
er
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Case Study: Can OpenerYou have just adopted a cat from the local animal shelter. Frankie is very shy and immediately hides behind the couch. When it is time for dinner, you use a loud can opener to open Frankie's food. Frankie smells the food and comes out to eat it.
What are the steps of information processing that make Frankie come out from behind the couch? (List the stimulus, integration and response.)
Stimulus: smell of food
Integration: brain
Response: go look for
food
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This routine continues for several weeks.
Can opener Smell of food Frankie runs into kitchen
Eventually, when Frankie hears the can opener, he comes running into the kitchen to eat.
How does Frankie's memory help to create this behavior? Discuss this in small groups and then move to the next slide.
Source: Wikimedia Commons. Author: EvanAmos.
Case Study: Can Opener
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Case Study: Can Opener
How does memory affect Frankie's actions?
Every day, the cat hears the can opener, smells the food and goes to the kitchen to eat. Eventually, Frankie forms a memory of this chain of events. Then, when he hears the can opener, he immediately runs into the kitchen because his memory tells him it is time to eat.
Frankie used information processing and memory to know when it is time to eat.
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24 Animals' actions are only guided by information processing.
True
False
Answ
er
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Activity: Clicker Training Part II
Source: Wikimedia Commons. Author: Finch.
Clicker training is a common technique used to train animals. It uses the concepts of information processing and memory.
Can you use what you have learned so far to "train" your classmates to do simple tasks?
94
Plant Behavior
Return to Tableof Contents
95
Plant Responses
Plants do not have brains or a nervous system. Does this mean that plants cannot respond to their environments? Have you ever seen plants react? Write your examples below.
96
Plant ResponsesPlants definitely respond to their environments! They do so in order to grow and survive.
Watch the video below. This plant, sometimes called the sensitive plant, responds to touch by folding in all of its leaves. By doing this, it protects itself from harm.
Source: Wikimedia Commons. Author: Hrushikesh.
97
PhototropismPlants do not have brains or nervous systems. However, they use different chemicals to move or change shape.
When plants move in response to a stimulus, it is called a tropism.
Many plants move towards sunshine, in order to make their own food. This is called phototropism.
Source: Wikimedia Commons. Author: Tangopaso.
Click here to watch tomato plants displaying phototropism.
"photo" = light
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Tropism
For our next type of tropism, think about a seed. When it is buried under the soil, it is completely dark. When the stem and roots emerge from the seed, how do they know in which direction to grow? Why do you never see roots growing out of the top of the soil by mistake?
To what do you think the plant is responding? Write your ideas below.
99
Gravitropism
Plant can respond to gravity. This is called gravitropism.
Source: Wikimedia Commons. Author: Bluemoose.
Stems respond to gravity by growing away from it. Roots respond to gravity by growing towards it.
100
ThigmotropismRemember the sensitive plant from a previous slide. When it folds in after being touched, it is experiencing thigmotropism. Thigmotropism is a response to touch. Plants can respond in a variety of ways to touch.
Source: Wikipedia. Author: Meloche.
This vine relies on touch to grow. When the vine touches the wooden rod, it begins to grow around it.
Click here to watch a video of a vine growing.
"thigmo" = touch
101
25 Plants do not have a brain or a nervous system. Instead, they use chemicals to respond to stimuli.
True
False
Answ
er
102
26 When temperatures get very cold, the leaves of the Rhododendron plant curl inwards. This type of response is called a(n) ___.
A integration
B sensory receptor
C nervous system
D tropism Source: Wikimedia Commons. Author: TriviaKing.
Answ
er
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27 In the Rhododendron described in the last question, what is the stimulus?
A sunlight
B leaves curling
C cold temperature
D gravity
Answ
er
104
28 Sunflowers are known for moving the direction of their flower so that they constantly face the sun. This is an example of ___.
A integration
B thigmotropism
C phototropism
D gravitropism
Answ
er
105
Works Cited
Return to Tableof Contents
106
Adam.inglis84 2011, Eriophora transmarina.jpg, photograph, viewed on 17 July 2015, <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Eriophora_transmarina.jpg>.
Alchemisthp 2011, Aepyceros melampus petersi female 8014.jpg, photograph, viewed on 22 July 2015, <https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Aepyceros_melampus_petersi_female_8014.jpg>.
Ales.kocourek 2005, Chameleon – Tanzania – Usambara Mountains.jpg, photograph, viewed on 17 July 2015, <https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Chameleon__Tanzania__Usambara_Mountains.jpg>.
AngMoKio 2009, Weisskopf Seeadler haliaeetus leucocephalus 9 amk.jpg, photograph, viewed on 16 July 2015, <https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Weisskopf_Seeadler_haliaeetus_leucocephalus_9_amk.jpg>.
Baron, Silke 2009, Anemone Fish Eggs.jpg, photograph, viewed on 17 July 2015, <https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Anemone_Fish_Eggs.jpg>.
Biosthmos 2015, Lonicera sempervirens close up bloom.jpg, photograph, viewed on 16 July 16, 2015, <https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Lonicera_sempervirens_close_up_bloom.JPG>.
Bluemoose 2005, Sunflower seedlings.jpg, photograph, viewed on 22 July 2015, <https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Sunflower_seedlings.jpg>.
Bruenken, Winfried 2006, Panthera leoP1040181.jpg, photograph, viewed on 16 July 2015, <https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Panthera_leoP1040181.JPG>.
Connell, Jon 2013, Hippo mouth opening.jpg, photograph, viewed on 17 July 2015, <https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Hippo_mouth_opening.jpg>.
Cp9asngf 2011, Black faced spoonbill at Niigata.jpg, photograph, viewed on 16 July 2015,
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Black_faced_spoonbill_at_Niigata.JPG>.
Deidara 2014, The Nervous System Diagram, illustration, viewed on 24 July 2015, <http://www.ehealthideas.com/2014/10/thenervoussystemdiagram.html>.
Duplaix, Nicole, Platypus, ,photograph, viewed on 16 July 2015, <http://animals.nationalgeographic.com/animals/mammals/platypus/>.
Elhardt, Noah 2006, Venus Flytrap showing trigger hairs.jpg, photograph, viewed on 20 July 2015, <https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Venus_Flytrap_showing_trigger_hairs.jpg>.
Escobar, Aaron 2007, Exposed mango tree roots.jpg, photograph, viewed on 16 July 2015, <https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Exposed_mango_tree_roots.jpg>.
EvanAmos 2010, KitchenModernCanOpener.jpg, photograph, viewed on 23 July 2015, <https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:KitchenModernCanOpener.jpg>.
Finch, Ellen Levy 2004, Dog Clicker Training.jpg, photograph, viewed on 5 August 2015, <https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Dog_clicker_training.jpg>.
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