Upload
others
View
1
Download
0
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
Slide 1 / 101
4th Grade
Earth Systems
2015-11-10
www.njctl.org
Slide 2 / 101
Earth Systems
· Earth's Systems
Click on the topic to go to that section
· Mechanical Weathering
· Chemical Weathering
· Erosion
· Biogeology
Slide 3 / 101
Earth's Systems
Return to Tableof Contents
Slide 4 / 101
Earth's SystemsEarth has many parts that work together
to make it the way that it is.
Can you think of some parts of the Earth that work together?
Slide 5 / 101
Earth's SystemsEarth has four systems that are continually working together.
Do you know the names of any of the systems represented in these pictures?
Slide 6 / 101
Earth's SystemsThe four systems that work together are:
the atmosphere the biosphere
the hydrospherethe geosphere
Slide 7 / 101
Earth's Systems - Atmosphere
The atmosphere is a layer of gases that surrounds Earth.The atmosphere includes the air around us.
Layers of gases within the atmosphere interact with each other. We can feel when these layers interact through a cool
breeze or the thick air of a hot and humid day.
Slide 8 / 101
Earth's Systems - BiosphereThe biosphere is where life is found.
The biosphere includes: animals, plants, and all living organisms.
What do you think the prefix "Bio" means?
Slide 9 / 101
Earth's Systems - BiosphereThe biosphere is where life is found.
The biosphere includes: animals, plants, and all living organisms.
What do you think the prefix "Bio" means?
[This object is a pull tab]
Ans
wer
The prefix "Bio" means life.
Slide 9 (Answer) / 101
Earth's Systems: Geosphere
The geosphere is the solid, rock part of Earth.
The geosphere includes: the interior of Earth (the mantle and core), the crust, rocks, and all landforms that make up Earth.
Can you guess what the prefix "Geo" means?
Slide 10 / 101
Earth's Systems: Geosphere
The geosphere is the solid, rock part of Earth.
The geosphere includes: the interior of Earth (the mantle and core), the crust, rocks, and all landforms that make up Earth.
Can you guess what the prefix "Geo" means?
[This object is a pull tab]
Ans
wer
The prefix "Geo" means earth.
Slide 10 (Answer) / 101
Earth's Systems - Hydrosphere
The hydrosphere is all of the water on Earth.
The hydrosphere includes: oceans, lakes, rivers, streams, water in the air, snow, rain, and sleet.
"Hydro" means ______________.
Slide 11 / 101
Earth's Systems - Hydrosphere
The hydrosphere is all of the water on Earth.
The hydrosphere includes: oceans, lakes, rivers, streams, water in the air, snow, rain, and sleet.
"Hydro" means ______________.
[This object is a pull tab]
Ans
wer
The prefix "Hydro" means water.
Slide 11 (Answer) / 101
Earth's SystemsHow is this fish tank like Earth's four systems? Right now, write a few complete sentences to answer this question.
Slide 12 / 101
Earth's Systems
Where do we see Earth's four systems here?(click the boxes to reveal the answers)
atmosphere - sky
biosphere - trees
geosphere - cliff
hydrosphere - lake
All of Earth's systems work together and interact with each other.
Slide 13 / 101
Earth's SystemsWhat systems do we see here?
atmosphere - sky
biosphere - trees
geosphere - rocks
hydrosphere - river
Slide 14 / 101
Earth's SystemsWhat systems can we see here?
biosphere - sea turtle hydrosphere - ocean
Slide 15 / 101
1 Earth has four systems that work together.
True
False
Slide 16 / 101
1 Earth has four systems that work together.
True
False
[This object is a pull tab]
Ans
wer
True
Slide 16 (Answer) / 101
2 The ________ includes water in, on, and surroundingthe Earth.
A atmosphere
B biosphere
C geosphere
D hydrosphere
Slide 17 / 101
2 The ________ includes water in, on, and surroundingthe Earth.
A atmosphere
B biosphere
C geosphere
D hydrosphere[This object is a pull tab]
Ans
wer
D
Slide 17 (Answer) / 101
3 The solid, rock part of Earth is the_________.
A hydrosphere
B atmosphere
C geosphere
D biosphere
Slide 18 / 101
3 The solid, rock part of Earth is the_________.
A hydrosphere
B atmosphere
C geosphere
D biosphere[This object is a pull tab]
Ans
wer
C
Slide 18 (Answer) / 101
4 The system that includes all life on Earth is the ________.
A biosphere
B geosphere
C hydrosphere
D atmosphere
Slide 19 / 101
4 The system that includes all life on Earth is the ________.
A biosphere
B geosphere
C hydrosphere
D atmosphere
[This object is a pull tab]
Ans
wer
A
Slide 19 (Answer) / 101
5 The ________ is the layer of gases that surroundsEarth.
A geosphere
B hydrosphere
C atmosphere
D biosphere
Slide 20 / 101
5 The ________ is the layer of gases that surroundsEarth.
A geosphere
B hydrosphere
C atmosphere
D biosphere
[This object is a pull tab]
Ans
wer
C
Slide 20 (Answer) / 101
6 Which of Earth's systems includes the crust?
A hydrosphere
B biosphere
C atmosphere
D geosphere
Slide 21 / 101
6 Which of Earth's systems includes the crust?
A hydrosphere
B biosphere
C atmosphere
D geosphere
[This object is a pull tab]
Ans
wer
D
Slide 21 (Answer) / 101
7 These are part of which system?
A atmosphere
B hydrosphere
C biosphere
D geosphere (snow)
(rain)
Slide 22 / 101
7 These are part of which system?
A atmosphere
B hydrosphere
C biosphere
D geosphere (snow)
(rain)
[This object is a pull tab]
Ans
wer
B
Slide 22 (Answer) / 101
8 Is this squirrel part of the geosphere?
Yes
No
Slide 23 / 101
8 Is this squirrel part of the geosphere?
Yes
No
[This object is a pull tab]
Ans
wer
No
Slide 23 (Answer) / 101
Mechanical Weathering
Return to Tableof Contents
Slide 24 / 101
Mechanical WeatheringWe know that sometimes Earth's systems work together to
build up or create new rocks or crust - particularly the geosphere as tectonic plates interact.
But Earth's systems also work together to break down Earth's crust.
the geosphere building up rocks in the form of a mountain range
Slide 25 / 101
Mechanical WeatheringWeathering is the breaking down or dissolving of rocks,
minerals, and sediments on Earth's surface. Weathering breaks down the land around us and shapes what
we see on the surface.
Slide 26 / 101
Mechanical WeatheringMechanical weathering is one type of weathering.
For example, all of these small rocks were once part of the ledge above, but now physical forces have broken them off.
Mechanical weathering is when physical processes break
down rock.
Slide 27 / 101
Mechanical WeatheringAn auto mechanic can help us remember what mechanical
weathering does.
A mechanic uses tools to break a car into smaller pieces .
You may know other things a mechanic does, but remembering that a mechanic does this can help us
remember what mechanical weathering is.
What does a mechanic do? (click the box to find the answer)
Slide 28 / 101
Mechanical WeatheringLike a mechanic who uses tools to take apart cars,
mechanical weathering is Earth's way of using different physical tools to break apart features on its surface.
Mechanical weathering uses a different set of tools.
Can you guess what they are?
An auto mechanic may use these
tools:
Slide 29 / 101
Mechanical Weathering
The tools of mechanical weathering are:(click boxes for answers)
water ice heat plants wind glaciers
All of these work to break down the rocks of Earth's crust.
Slide 30 / 101
Mechanical Weathering
Some tools of mechanical weathering are:(click boxes for answers)
plants wind glaciers
All of these work to break down the rocks of Earth's crust.
Slide 31 / 101
Mechanical WeatheringSome more tools of mechanical weathering are:
(click boxes for answers)
water ice the Sun
All of these work to break down the rocks of Earth's crust.
Slide 32 / 101
Mechanical Weathering - Water
Water is a strong force that breaks down rocks.
Here, waves have smashed against
these rocks so many times that
the rocks are now smoothed out and
worn away.
Slide 33 / 101
Mechanical Weathering - IceWhen water freezes, it expands.
When water gets into rocks and freezes, it expands inside the rock and causes the rock to crack.
Can you explain in your own words what happened in this video?
Click to watch a video demonstrating how ice can powerfully break apart rocks.
Slide 34 / 101
Mechanical Weathering - Heat and Temperature Change
Temperature, the change between hot and cold, is another force of mechanical weathering.
This rock, which has many layers, is broken like a puzzle after many seasons of heating and freezing.
Slide 35 / 101
Mechanical Weathering - PlantsPlants also can break apart rocks.
Here, this tree has grown into the rock
and caused it to crack.
The roots of plants often break apart
rocks.
Slide 36 / 101
Mechanical Weathering - WindAlthough wind can be hard to see with our eyes, its effects on
rocks are not.
softer rock layers - very weathered by the wind
harder rock layers -less weathered by the wind
Here we can see how wind has weathered the softer layers this rock more than the harder layers.
Slide 37 / 101
Mechanical Weathering - GlaciersGlaciers are giant masses of ice, often a mile high. They are extremely heavy, and can crush rock beneath them. The ice
and water from glaciers can also weather rocks by freezing in cracks.
This rock shows marks from a glacier scraping its surface.
Slide 38 / 101
Mechanical Weathering
Mechanical weathering is constantly at work.
Which Earth system does mechanical weathering break down?
Do you notice which Earth systems work to break down rocks?
The geosphere is broken down by weathering.
Slide 39 / 101
9 Mechanical weathering changes the size and shapeof rocks.
True
False
Slide 40 / 101
9 Mechanical weathering changes the size and shapeof rocks.
True
False
[This object is a pull tab]
Ans
wer
True
Slide 40 (Answer) / 101
10 What does an auto mechanic do that is similar to what mechanical weathering does?
A fixes things that are broken
B uses tools to put things together
C uses tools to break things apart
D figures out a problem and how to fix it
Slide 41 / 101
10 What does an auto mechanic do that is similar to what mechanical weathering does?
A fixes things that are broken
B uses tools to put things together
C uses tools to break things apart
D figures out a problem and how to fix it[This object is a pull tab]
Ans
wer
C
Slide 41 (Answer) / 101
11 Which of the following is not a form of mechanical weathering?
A plants
B gravity
C temperature change
D glaciers
Slide 42 / 101
11 Which of the following is not a form of mechanical weathering?
A plants
B gravity
C temperature change
D glaciers
[This object is a pull tab]
Ans
wer
B
Slide 42 (Answer) / 101
12 Does rock that is hard weather faster than rock that is soft?
Yes
No
Slide 43 / 101
12 Does rock that is hard weather faster than rock that is soft?
Yes
No
[This object is a pull tab]
Ans
wer
No
Slide 43 (Answer) / 101
LAB: Ice Breaks RocksHow does ice break rocks apart?
In this lab, we will create models of how ice breaks apart rocks.
Slide 44 / 101
LAB: Water WeathersHow does water mechanically weather rocks?
In this lab, we will create models of how water weathersrocks.
Get your arms ready to do some shaking!
Slide 45 / 101
Chemical Weathering
Return to Tableof Contents
Slide 46 / 101
Chemical Weathering
Chemical weathering is the second type of weathering.
Chemical weathering is when chemicals change the materials that make up a rock.
Chemical weathering does not just break down rocks like mechanical weathering does, but actually changes what the
rocks are made of.
Slide 47 / 101
Chemical Weathering
For example, you can see where
this rock has been chemically
weathered. It has changed from
being a smooth brown rock to a
rough yellow one.
Slide 48 / 101
Chemical WeatheringA chemist can help us remember what chemical weathering
does.
A chemist uses chemicals to change one material into another .
You may know other things a chemist does, but remembering that a chemist does this can help us remember what
mechanical weathering is.
What does a chemist do?(click on the box to find the answer)
Slide 49 / 101
Mechanical Weathering
Water and heat are the two largest means through which chemical weathering occurs.
Slide 50 / 101
Mechanical Weathering - WaterRain is not pure water. It contains acids that, over time, can
dissolve rocks.
Have you ever seen a statue like these, worn down and smooth?
Over time statues made of rock get this way because of acid rain . The acid rain dissolves the rock the statue is made of.
Slide 51 / 101
Mechanical Weathering - Water
Acid rain has dissolved some of the rock in these statues.
From looking at the pictures closely, can you tell what it means to dissolve a rock?
Slide 52 / 101
Mechanical Weathering - WaterAcid rain can also cause rocks to rust.
Here, acid rain water flowed into this rock through the crack towards the front of the slab. The darker portion is iron rust.
We can also see rust on this rock.
Slide 53 / 101
Mechanical Weathering - Water
On top of acid rain, other bodies of water can also carry acids and chemicals that have the power to change the rocks around them.
The lake at the bottom of these falls is green because of the dissolved minerals and chemicals it has picked up from the river.
Slide 54 / 101
Mechanical Weathering - Water
Caves (left) and karsts (right) are also created from water that contains acid wearing away at rocks.
Slide 55 / 101
Mechanical Weathering - Heat
Heat, too, can change the material a rock is made of. Exposure to hot air over time can cause changes like this.
Chemical reactions caused by heat and water break down the bonds holding the rocks together, causing them to fall
apart, forming smaller and smaller pieces.
Slide 56 / 101
13 Chemical weathering is the process of ___________.
A breaking down rocks into smaller pieces
B changing the size of pieces a rock is made of
C mixing chemicals
D changing the material a rock is made of
Slide 57 / 101
13 Chemical weathering is the process of ___________.
A breaking down rocks into smaller pieces
B changing the size of pieces a rock is made of
C mixing chemicals
D changing the material a rock is made of
[This object is a pull tab]
Ans
wer
D
Slide 57 (Answer) / 101
14 Rainfall can make rocks dissolve.
True
False
Slide 58 / 101
14 Rainfall can make rocks dissolve.
True
False
[This object is a pull tab]
Ans
wer
True
Slide 58 (Answer) / 101
15 Which of the following is NOT an example of chemical weathering?
A A rock freezes and breaks.
B A rock turns red with rust.
C A rock is dissolved and washed away.
D A rock changes color and composition when exposed to air.
Slide 59 / 101
15 Which of the following is NOT an example of chemical weathering?
A A rock freezes and breaks.
B A rock turns red with rust.
C A rock is dissolved and washed away.
D A rock changes color and composition when exposed to air.
[This object is a pull tab]
Ans
wer
A
Slide 59 (Answer) / 101
16 When a large rock falls off a cliff and breaks into many small pieces, this is an example of ________ weathering.
A mechanical
B chemical
Slide 60 / 101
16 When a large rock falls off a cliff and breaks into many small pieces, this is an example of ________ weathering.
A mechanical
B chemical
[This object is a pull tab]
Ans
wer
A
Slide 60 (Answer) / 101
Weathering Review
Discuss in small groups:
How do you think mechanical and chemical weathering relate to Earth's four systems?
Which of the four systems are involved in weathering?
Which of the four systems get weathered?
Are any of the systems not very involved in weathering?
Slide 61 / 101
ACTIVITY: Modeling Chemical Weathering
How does chemical weathering work?
We will look at how chemical weathering works through two activities using chalk and old pennies.
Slide 62 / 101
LAB: Chemical Weathering
How does chemical weathering affect different types of rocks?
This lab will take multiple days and involves conducting MOHS HARDNESS TEST of a number of rock samples.
Get ready!
Slide 63 / 101
Erosion
Return to Tableof Contents
Slide 64 / 101
Weathering and ErosionWeathering causes rocks to break down into smaller pieces.
Erosion is the movement of these small pieces to different locations.
There are several ways erosion occurs.
Slide 65 / 101
Erosion by Gravity
Mechanical weathering broke these rocks into small pieces, but gravity caused them to move to a new location. This is erosion.
Slide 66 / 101
Erosion by Wind
This rock experienced mechanical and
chemical weathering. Then the wind carried
the small pieces of rock, sand and debris away.
Slide 67 / 101
Erosion by Rain
After weathering has broken up materials, rain can wash it away.
Slide 68 / 101
Erosion by RiversAs rivers flow, they move sediment and other materials that
have been broken down by weathering.
Slide 69 / 101
Erosion by Oceans
Oceans carry broken rock, sediment, and sand to other locations.
Slide 70 / 101
Erosion by GlaciersGlaciers can move pieces of rock and sediment to different
locations.
Slide 71 / 101
Erosion
Sometimes the same factors can cause both weathering and erosion.
The glaciers' pressure breaks down the rock beneath it (weathering). The glaciers' movement carries the rock away (erosion).
What is causing weathering and erosion in
this picture?
Click the box to check your answer.
Slide 72 / 101
ErosionWhat is causing weathering and erosion in this picture?
The ocean waves break apart the land (weathering). The water washes the small pieces away (erosion).
Slide 73 / 101
ErosionThis is a picture was taken during aftermath of Hurricane
Katrina in 2005.
Discuss how you think a hurricane
can cause weathering and
erosion.
Slide 74 / 101
17 Erosion is the breaking down of rocks into smaller pieces.
True
False
Slide 75 / 101
17 Erosion is the breaking down of rocks into smaller pieces.
True
False
[This object is a pull tab]
Ans
wer
False
Slide 75 (Answer) / 101
18 When a glacier crushes the rock beneath it, this is an example of ____________.
A mechanical weathering
B chemical weathering
C erosion
Slide 76 / 101
18 When a glacier crushes the rock beneath it, this is an example of ____________.
A mechanical weathering
B chemical weathering
C erosion
[This object is a pull tab]
Ans
wer
A
Slide 76 (Answer) / 101
19 When a glacier moves small rocks to a new location, this is an example of __________.
A mechanical weathering
B chemical weathering
C erosion
Slide 77 / 101
19 When a glacier moves small rocks to a new location, this is an example of __________.
A mechanical weathering
B chemical weathering
C erosion
[This object is a pull tab]
Ans
wer
C
Slide 77 (Answer) / 101
20 Can rocks or sediments that are washed away ormoved by erosion change their form?
Yes
No
Slide 78 / 101
20 Can rocks or sediments that are washed away ormoved by erosion change their form?
Yes
No
[This object is a pull tab]
Ans
wer
Yes
Slide 78 (Answer) / 101
21 Which of Earth's four systems are involved in weathering and erosion?
A atmosphere
B biosphere
C geosphere
D hydrosphere
Slide 79 / 101
21 Which of Earth's four systems are involved in weathering and erosion?
A atmosphere
B biosphere
C geosphere
D hydrosphere[This object is a pull tab]
Ans
wer A, B, C, & D
All four of Earth's systems are involved in weathering and
erosion.
Slide 79 (Answer) / 101
22 Discuss at your table how all four of Earth's systems are involved in weathering and erosion. Students type their answers here
the atmosphere the biosphere
the hydrospherethe geosphere
Slide 80 / 101
LAB: ErosionHow are new landforms created through erosion and
deposition?
During this lab, we will create models of landforms and then erode them with water.
Make sure you are a good observer throughout the lab.
Slide 81 / 101
LAB: Weathering & ErosionHow are weathering and erosion related?
Using skittles, you will create a model of weathering and erosion.
You will be recording what you see throughout the lab. It is important that you draw what you see, not what you think of when you think of a skittle or anything else.
Scientists must draw what they see.
Slide 82 / 101
Biogeology
Return to Tableof Contents
Slide 83 / 101
BiogeologyThe biosphere is not only involved in shaping Earth through
weathering, but also through animals and all living organisms which help to shape the environments around them.
Biogeology is how life interacts with Earth.
How do you think living organisms affect their environments?
Slide 84 / 101
BiogeologyAll living things affect the physical characteristics of the
regions they live in.
Here is one example. This is lichen, an organism that grows on rocks. It absorbs minerals
from the rock, eventually causing the rock to break down. This lichen is 100's of years old.
Slide 85 / 101
BiogeologyHumans change their environments in many ways.
Humans plow fields, mine, and build buildings.
What else can you think of that we do to change our environment?
Slide 86 / 101
BiogeologyPlants also change their environments in many ways.
Plants, like this tree, grow roots into the soil around them and they stabilize the soil.
Can you think of anything else that plants do to change their environment?
Slide 87 / 101
BiogeologyAnimals also change their environments in many ways.
One example is beavers; they build damns that change the flow of water just like humans do when they build dams.
How else do animals change
their environment?
Slide 88 / 101
Biogeology
Although all living organisms change the environments around them, they also must respond as their environments change, sometimes from factors other than themselves (for
example, because of plate tectonics).
When an organism cannot adapt to changes in their environment, they will become extinct, meaning they will no
longer exist.
Slide 89 / 101
Extinction
This is what happened to the dinosaurs.
Dinosaurs are extinct because they did not adapt to changes in Earth's environment many years ago.
What are some theories on what happened in the environment that lead to their extinction?
Slide 90 / 101
BiogeologyAll living organisms must adapt to things in their
environments, even as these organisms also change their environments.
For example, humans change their environment by building big buildings.
At the same time, it may snow in that environment and humans have to adapt and learn to live in those conditions.
Slide 91 / 101
Biogeology - RainfallRainfall is one of the largest factors that determine which
organisms can live in a region.
Rainfall helps to shape land and it affects the types of living organisms found in a region.
For example, in a desert with very little rainfall, you find cacti and lizards.
You would not find big trees and tree frogs here.
Slide 92 / 101
Biogeology - RainforestBut in a place with large amounts of rain, like a rainforest,
you find many large trees and tree frogs.
These plants and animals grow and live where they do because of rainfall. Some organisms have adapted to very
little rainfall, like cacti, and some have adapted to live where there is lots and lots of rainfall, like these trees.
Slide 93 / 101
BiogeologyAs environments change, life forms need to respond and
adapt to the changes.
As humans have cut down trees to build more roads, we have changed the habitats of plants and animals. This has caused extinction of some species, death of animals and
plants, and a shortage of resources.
But sometimes we can take steps to help other organisms adapt to the changes we make in our environments.
Click here to see a video on how humans have provided a structure to help animals adapt where there are major
highways.
Slide 94 / 101
23 Biogeology is how rocks interact with Earth.
True
False
Slide 95 / 101
23 Biogeology is how rocks interact with Earth.
True
False
[This object is a pull tab]
Ans
wer
False
Slide 95 (Answer) / 101
24 As environments change, living organisms need to _______ to the changes.
A not respond
B adapt
Slide 96 / 101
24 As environments change, living organisms need to _______ to the changes.
A not respond
B adapt
[This object is a pull tab]
Ans
wer
B
Slide 96 (Answer) / 101
25 Humans change the environments around them, but they do not have to adapt to their environments.
True
False
Slide 97 / 101
25 Humans change the environments around them, but they do not have to adapt to their environments.
True
False
[This object is a pull tab]
Ans
wer
False
Slide 97 (Answer) / 101
26 When humans change their environments, can they sometimes help other organisms learn to adapt to those changes?
Yes
No
Slide 98 / 101
26 When humans change their environments, can they sometimes help other organisms learn to adapt to those changes?
Yes
No
[This object is a pull tab]
Ans
wer
Yes
Slide 98 (Answer) / 101
27 Does rainfall help to shape the land and affect the type of living organisms found in a region?
Yes
No
Slide 99 / 101
27 Does rainfall help to shape the land and affect the type of living organisms found in a region?
Yes
No
[This object is a pull tab]
Ans
wer
Yes
Slide 99 (Answer) / 101
28 Only some living things affect their environment.
True
False
Slide 100 / 101
28 Only some living things affect their environment.
True
False
[This object is a pull tab]
Ans
wer
False
Slide 100 (Answer) / 101
Earth's System WalkIn this activity, you will find evidence of weathering, erosion and
biogeology in the world around you.
Slide 101 / 101