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March 2005
R. R. Miller, AT&T
Slide 1
doc.: IEEE 802.11-05/0173r0
Submission
4G Neighborhood Area Networks
Notice: This document has been prepared to assist IEEE 802.11. It is offered as a basis for discussion and is not binding on the contributing individual(s) or organization(s). The material in this document is subject to change in form and content after further study. The contributor(s) reserve(s) the right to add, amend or withdraw material contained herein.
Release: The contributor grants a free, irrevocable license to the IEEE to incorporate material contained in this contribution, and any modifications thereof, in the creation of an IEEE Standards publication; to copyright in the IEEE’s name any IEEE Standards publication even though it may include portions of this contribution; and at the IEEE’s sole discretion to permit others to reproduce in whole or in part the resulting IEEE Standards publication. The contributor also acknowledges and accepts that this contribution may be made public by IEEE 802.11.
Patent Policy and Procedures: The contributor is familiar with the IEEE 802 Patent Policy and Procedures <http:// ieee802.org/guides/bylaws/sb-bylaws.pdf>, including the statement "IEEE standards may include the known use of patent(s), including patent applications, provided the IEEE receives assurance from the patent holder or applicant with respect to patents essential for compliance with both mandatory and optional portions of the standard." Early disclosure to the Working Group of patent information that might be relevant to the standard is essential to reduce the possibility for delays in the development process and increase the likelihood that the draft publication will be approved for publication. Please notify the Chair <[email protected]> as early as possible, in written or electronic form, if patented technology (or technology under patent application) might be incorporated into a draft standard being developed within the IEEE 802.11 Working Group. If you have questions, contact the IEEE Patent Committee Administrator at <[email protected]>.
Date: 2005-03-11
Name Company Address Phone emailAuthors:
R. R. Miller AT&T Florham Park, NJ 973-236-6920 [email protected]
March 2005
R. R. Miller, AT&T
Slide 2
doc.: IEEE 802.11-05/0173r0
Submission
AbstractCompleting a practical broadband access network alternative comparable to cable or DSL for residence, remote/small business, and public service environments requires the realization of multi-tier diffuse-field wireless networks that functionally-parallel and interwork with their wired multi-tier counterparts. Fortunately, the sophistication and economy of radio systems have at last progressed to permit consideration of multi-tier approaches that can augment the established paradigm of wireless links that extend exclusively from a wired network POP directly to a device. Like wired networks, each component of a multi-tier wireless network must be designed to meet a specific teledensity demand, Shannon envelope, and capital affordability to establish a complete performance- and cost-effective broadband access network supporting Ethernet-like user expectations. Current network paradigms, such as LANs and MANs, already provide means to effectively extend networking toward the backbone from devices, and toward devices from the backbone, respectively. However, a critical segment is missing from a practical, complete tiered structure: Neighborhood Area Networks or NANs. NANs are characterized by outdoor diffuse-field coverage areas smaller than MANs and larger than LANs, hosting fixed or nomadic links from moderate AP heights such as street utility structures. These ~1000 foot-radius, ~100BaseT-equivalent coverage areas can be designed to support increased link predictability and higher teledensities compared to MANs due to reduced multipath, improved propagation predictability, and higher link margins, while encompassing ~100-200 premises for acceptable cost-scaling. The small-cell characteristics optimally-balance throughput/link and premises-passed costs mimicking node “reach” and size of cable, VDSL, or fiber neighborhood-serving facilities. Likewise, NANs cannot optimally address the teledensity, link throughput capabilities, and battery limitations of portable LAN devices, but can connect them to higher tiers without starving. Since NANs are required to complete multi-tier operation with other established tiers, networking architecture, airlink properties, and protocols must integrate wired and wireless standards elements into a single coherent solution. This presentation proposes creation of a study group to formulate a standards framework for the wireless NAN, with companion air interface, protocol, and spectrum use components. It is believed that this standard-setting can leverage knowledge bases and expertise from both Ethernet and wireless standards communities to establish the foundation for new equipment and services while enriching broadband access choices for consumers, businesses, and municipalities worldwide.
March 2005
R. R. Miller, AT&T
Slide 3
doc.: IEEE 802.11-05/0173r0
Submission
Preparing for True Broadband Wireless
Shannon Zone
March 2005
R. R. Miller, AT&T
Slide 4
doc.: IEEE 802.11-05/0173r0
Submission
ROM
Use
r Ass
igna
ble
Peak
Thr
ough
put
Fiber to the Neighborhood VDSLBPL
Fiber to the CurbFiber to the Home
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
“Last Mile”“Middle Mile”
Fiber to the Serving AreaFiber to the Serving Area DSL
“Transport”Active Fiber
PON
Cable
DSL
“Premises-Net”“Sub Connect”
VDSLCable
WLANEthernet
T/P
1
CableVDSL
BPL
Cable
PON
Fiber to the Home
Active FiberPON
Active FiberPON
Active FiberPON
Active Fiber
Fiber to the Neighborhood VDSLBPL
Distance from User to Network POP, Miles
Fiber to the Serving Area Street-Level CableFiber to the Serving Area Street-Level Cable
1001,00020,00045,000185,000
SONET
300,000Typical Houses-Passed
1M
10M
100M
1G
PLCWMAN DSL WMAN DSL WMAN
WMAN
A View of Carrier Connectivity Options
March 2005
R. R. Miller, AT&T
Slide 5
doc.: IEEE 802.11-05/0173r0
Submission
What is a Neighborhood Area Network?• New architectural system element for broadband
wireless local distribution applications• Service area smaller than Metropolitan, larger than
Local Area Networks– “Street Level” Distribution– Similar to VDSL wiring radius, cable branch node breakout size– Usually part a of multi-tier distribution architecture– May interface with radio or wired facilities at both ends– Application in residential, campus, public environments– Consistent with community aesthetics
• Extends the distribution network edge to the premises gateway
March 2005
R. R. Miller, AT&T
Slide 6
doc.: IEEE 802.11-05/0173r0
Submission
Metropolitan Area Network10,000-30,000 terminationsMacro/Microcell LOS/NLOS• PTMP Fixed and Mobile• Highest Base Stations• Sophisticated Directivity at Terminal• High Point Throughput• Large User Group
802.11 Wi-FiEthernet1 premises (2.3 clients)17000 sq-ft (75’ radius)6-30 Mbps peak350-1700 Kb/sq-ft2.5-13 Mb2.5-13 Mb
802.16 Wi-Max/3.5G CellularFiber/PTP Microwave 10,000 premises (23,000 clients)300,000,000 sq-ft (3 Km radius)70 Mbps peak (6 sectors, 5 MHz, TDD).23 b/sq-ft 7 Kbps3 Kbps
Air InterfaceBackhaulPrems passed#
Cell SizeCell ThruputTeledensityTerminal ECR*Client ECR*
UserRate
EffectiveLinkReach
# Assumes 30,000 sq-ft lot size, 2.3 active users/premises* ECR – Equivalent Circuit Rate with all clients active simultaneously
The NAN: Form Follows Function
+ Derived from Reference 2
WANsPANs
km/mikm/mi
Neighborhood Area NetworkNeighborhood Area Network100-300 terminations100-300 terminationsNanocell LOS/NLOSNanocell LOS/NLOS• PTMP Fixed/NomadicPTMP Fixed/Nomadic• Part of Multi-Tier NetworkPart of Multi-Tier Network• Low Base StationsLow Base Stations• Some Directivity at TerminalSome Directivity at Terminal• High ThroughputHigh Throughput• Limited User GroupLimited User Group
4G Broadband Fiber, PTMP Microwave100 premises (230 clients)315,000 sq-ft (1000’ radius)120 Mbps peak (4 sectors)380 Kb/sq-ft1.2 Mbps500 Kbps
“The MissingArchitecturalElement”
kftkft
Local Area Network1-100 clientsPicocell LOS/NLOS•Lowest Base Stations•Mostly Portable Clients•Little Client Directivity•Very High Throughput•Very Limited User Group•Pedestrian Mobility
ftft
March 2005
R. R. Miller, AT&T
Slide 7
doc.: IEEE 802.11-05/0173r0
Submission
• Radio No Longer Confined to Wired POP-to-Client Link• More Throughput, Higher Quality,, QoS• Parallels to Hierarchy of Wired Networks• Each Layer Demultiplexes Throughput from Layer Above• “Network of Networks” Approach, Like Internet• “Mix and Match” Architectural Elements• TCP/IP Convergence Layer, Software Defined Interfaces
Why the Time is Right for NANs: Multi-Tier Networking
Transport
DeviceConnect
Backbone
Drop/Inside Wire
NLOS Wireless Metropolitan Area Networks (MANs)
Backbone
Wireless Neighborhood Area Networks (NANs)
Local Distribution
Wireless Personal Area Networks PANs)
Wireless LocalArea Networks(LANs)
LOS H/SSystems
MetropolitanDistribution H/S Facilities (Coax, Fiber)
L/S Facilities (PON, xDSL, 100BT)
Metallic (T/R, 10BT, 100BT)
Cord (RJ-11.RJ-45)
Metro Fiber
Core Fiber
802.15
802.11 WLAN
Local PTMP
802.16+ PTMP
802.16+, mmWave, FSOC
`
`
`
`
March 2005
R. R. Miller, AT&T
Slide 8
doc.: IEEE 802.11-05/0173r0
Submission
Why Formalize the NAN?• Different solution space vis-à-vis existing access
MAN/LAN frameworks:– New small cell outdoor propagation environment, physical plant– New wireless distribution network economic paradigm– New spectrum and resource assignment options– Mix of MAN, LAN, and Ethernet-like network management– LAN-like RF power levels, consistent with small cells, high rates
• Key to new local broadband distribution opportunities• New performance bar: Wireless as good as wired• Next level of access network cell size reduction• Next-generation Ethernet synergies
March 2005
R. R. Miller, AT&T
Slide 9
doc.: IEEE 802.11-05/0173r0
Submission
Peer/Peer and Client/Server Small User Population Isolated "Cells" and User Groups Non-Contiguous Coverage Indoor Operation Limited Mobility Mostly Asynchronous Traffic Slower than Ethernet
First-Generation Wireless LANs
F1
F1
F1
Data-Centric Internet/Intranet 10BT Ethernet-Compatible Speeds RF Channel Interference Control
Second-Generation Wireless LANs
F1
F1
F1
F1
F1
F2F3
Quality of Service Cellular-Like Radio Resource Reuse Handoffs
Third-Generation Wireless LANs/MANs
Moving Toward a 4G Broadband Common Air Interface
LAN and NAN Architectural Elements 100BT Ethernet Speeds Seamless Mobility Contiguous Coverage in Dense Areas Organic Growth Model Data, Voice, Multimedia Higher System Utilization/Reuse Enhanced Security Automatic Radio Resource Management
Fourth-Generation BB WirelessCommunications (LAN/NAN/MAN)
F3F1
F4
F1
F1F4 F3
F3F2 F1
F1F4F3
F3F2
March 2005
R. R. Miller, AT&T
Slide 10
doc.: IEEE 802.11-05/0173r0
Submission
1950 1960 1970
Mobile/PortableMaximumPowerOutput
10 Watts
100 Watts
1 Watt
100 mW
Year
MaritimeMobile
HF RadioService
(~300 mi)
100
1,000
10,000
100,000
CellRadius(Feet)
1,000,000
30 mW.01 mi2
2G CellularExpanded
Service(~4 mi)
MetrolinerTrain
Telephone(~15 mi)
1G Macrocellular
Systems(~8 mi)
MJ-MKMobile
Telephone(~60 mi)
1980 1990 2000 2010
PCSMicrocells
(~0.5 -2 mi)
2.5GMicrocells
(~2 mi)
WNAN/LANNanocells
(~.06 -.2mi)
The 2G“Sweet Spot”
Cell-Based Coverage Area Trends• Increased Bandwidth Demand/User• Battery/Dissipation Device Constraints• Moore’s Law Radios• Increased Edge Intelligence• Distributed Control Techniques
The 3G/Wi-Max “Sweet Spot”
The 4G “SweetSpot”
10,000 mi2
700 mi2
March 2005
R. R. Miller, AT&T
Slide 11
doc.: IEEE 802.11-05/0173r0
Submission
10 feet 100 feet 1 mile 10 miles
1
PeakDataRate
Range
Wider Area,More Mobility
10
100
4G Wireless NAN2.4 & 5 GHz
4G H/S Wireless LAN2.4 & 5 GHz Unlicensed
3G/802.16 WirelessVarious Bands
3G/MAN Fixed or Pedestrian
Higher Rate,Less Mobility
Meg
abits
per
Sec
ond/
Use
r
2.5G Mobile/Pedestrian
3G/MAN Mobile.1
Bluetooth
PANs2.4GHz and UWB
Zigbee (Europe)
2/2,5G Wireless800 MHz, 2 GHz
Zigbee
Zigbee (US)
UWB
The Right Tool for the Right Job(in the Shannon Zone)
March 2005
R. R. Miller, AT&T
Slide 12
doc.: IEEE 802.11-05/0173r0
Submission
0.01 0.1 1 10180
160
140
120
100
80
60
40
Distance from Base, Km
Path
Los
s, d
B
hb = 5m Base Heighthb = 25m Base Height
Operation beyond transition pointrequires disproportionately higher power to overcome loss and to sustain sufficient fade margin (QoS)
Median path loss, 5mMedian path loss, 25m
Slope transition breakpoint moves in as base height is reduced. (~500’ for 5m pole,3200’ for 80’ tower)
Low antenna height makes 1000’ cells a “sweet spot” for coverage, transmit power, and link predictability/availability.
Typical SuburbanEnvironmentTwo-slope model
Client Antenna Height: 1.8m
A Glimpse at the NAN Propagation Environment
March 2005
R. R. Miller, AT&T
Slide 13
doc.: IEEE 802.11-05/0173r0
Submission
log2
10420 with 8b
b mR b
b m
h hPG Rh h
– The model is extended from work documented in Reference 1– The model consists of two attenuation slopes and a break point for
regeneration of propagation data.– The path gain at the break point is given by:
– The path loss model:
Modeling the “Burbs”
log ( )log ( )
0
0
0 10 0
10
Path gain at reference distanceReference point in metersPath gain at the break point
20 for 10 40 for
b
b
R
b
R b b
PGd
PG
PG d d d RPG PG d R d R
March 2005
R. R. Miller, AT&T
Slide 14
doc.: IEEE 802.11-05/0173r0
Submission
Typical Measurement Environments Used for Model
March 2005
R. R. Miller, AT&T
Slide 15
doc.: IEEE 802.11-05/0173r0
Submission
How Well Do Small Cell Models Work?
0.01 0.1 1 10180
160
140
120
100
80
60
40
Distance from Base, Km
Path
Los
s, d
B Data set representing measurements taken in particular neighborhood
shown in overlay
Small cells can be modeled with more accuracy, and link predictability can be further enhanced by actual topographic/aerial information.
March 2005
R. R. Miller, AT&T
Slide 16
doc.: IEEE 802.11-05/0173r0
Submission
Broadband 4G for The Campus and “The Burbs”: A Vision
March 2005
R. R. Miller, AT&T
Slide 17
doc.: IEEE 802.11-05/0173r0
Submission
What Constitutes a NAN?• Primarily outdoor operation• “Nanocells” (~1000’ radius)• Low base antenna height (~18’)• Mostly nomadic or fixed terminations• Small Termination Group (100-300 typ.)• High per-termination capacity (e.g. 10BT)• Strong QoS, Throughput Grooming/Controls • “Access + Distribution” Mentality• New Layout Paradigms
– Fusion of statistical and ray-traced coverage models– Mix of stereoscopic photography, GPS-aided base placements– Automated network formation– Automated spectrum use– Wired-like Service Level Agreements (SLAs)
March 2005
R. R. Miller, AT&T
Slide 18
doc.: IEEE 802.11-05/0173r0
Submission
r = 1000’ (308 m),~20% overlap by area
R = 3 km
Inexpensive computing and integrated radios have enabled massively paralleled base stations yielding acceptable cost with network resiliency and higher-quality links.
A View of Small Cell vs. Large Cell Wireless Capital
* Reference 3+ Estimated from FCC spectrum auctions 2000-2003 & Reference 4
There are ~125 NAN cells per 3 km MAN cell
Cost of MAN Equipment, Antennas, Site Access Rights, Backhaul Allocation ($100,000*) + Install ($50,000*) + Spectrum (42 MHz (FDD, 6 sector) 23,000 pops in 3km cell with 30,000 sq-ft lots and 2.3 pops/house x $0.10/MHz / POP ($100,000+) = Total estimated installed cost of 3km cell ($250,000)
$250,000 / 125 is equivalent to $2000 per small cell base station, installed. Based on wireless LAN AP costs with fiber backhaul allocation and unlicensed spectrum, small cell approach vis-a-vis MAN microcell coverage appears economically viable.
March 2005
R. R. Miller, AT&T
Slide 19
doc.: IEEE 802.11-05/0173r0
Submission
Tackling the Backhaul Issue: A PON + NAN Hybrid Architecture
R = 3 km
r = 1000’(308 m),~20% overlap by area
300’
300’
Typical Suburban Block/Street Layout
Point of Presence
Local Concentration Point
Network Aggregation Point
Wireless Aggregation PointFuture FTTH Connection
March 2005
R. R. Miller, AT&T
Slide 20
doc.: IEEE 802.11-05/0173r0
Submission
Why Isn’t a NAN a Small MAN?• “Tuned” for rate, not reach, in more predictable
nanocell environment• Extreme hardware cost sensitivity• Large-cell capabilities not required:
– Mobility, fast handoffs, rate adaptation robs CAI efficiency– Sophisticated ranging not required (short propagation time)– Slotted operation not required (less multiplexing)– Fewer simultaneous sessions
• Less “statistical”, more “5-9’s” diffuse-field coverage aim
• Cognitive radio, zero-touch self-organization built-in• “Ethernet-extension” rather than “backhaul” view
March 2005
R. R. Miller, AT&T
Slide 21
doc.: IEEE 802.11-05/0173r0
Submission
Why Isn’t a NAN a Large LAN?• Primarily outdoor operation, nanocell propagation• Mostly fixed links, directive clients• Multi-tier (a link in a chain of links), not direct from wired POP to
client– Treat penetration loss with separate in-prem LAN– Transparency for Q-Ethernet / wireless-wireless bridging– Supports all-wireless LAN/NAN/MAN multi-tier architecture– Use MANs for backhaul (more efficient use for large cells)
• Mostly point-coordinated with more sophisticated • Carrier-class performance controls• Requires CAI-like system-level (management frame) security• Multimedia service-provider mentality from inception• Scaleability Critical
March 2005
R. R. Miller, AT&T
Slide 22
doc.: IEEE 802.11-05/0173r0
Submission
Suggested Scope of a NAN Standard• Spectrum and Management (including new
spectrum opportunities)• PHY (May adopt elements of existing standards)• MAC (May adopt elements of existing standards)• Gateway Interface Transparency and Awareness
Requirements (e.g MAN, LAN, Q-Ethernet)• Automatic Network Organization (e.g. 802.11k,v)• Access Control• QoS/SLA Administration• Security/Encryption• Emergency Provisions (e.g. priority access)
March 2005
R. R. Miller, AT&T
Slide 23
doc.: IEEE 802.11-05/0173r0
Submission
Bottom Line
A NAN standard can open new architectural options while leveraging the best of both LAN and MAN technologies --- a solution based on small cells, Moore’s Law radios, and user value. It doesn’t seek to re-invent the wheel, just build a better car for going around the block.
March 2005
R. R. Miller, AT&T
Slide 24
doc.: IEEE 802.11-05/0173r0
Submission
Who Might Participate?• Operators/Carriers• Regulation/Spectrum Rulemakers• Local Governments Contemplating Broadband• Infrastructure Equipment Vendors• CPE Gateway Vendors• VLSI Makers• LAN Standards Contributors• MAN Standards Contributors• Enhanced Ethernet Standards Contributors
March 2005
R. R. Miller, AT&T
Slide 25
doc.: IEEE 802.11-05/0173r0
Submission
Suggested Next Steps• Identification of interest group • Formation of Study Group• Discussion and Project Planning• Scope Definition
To join the community of interest, please contact:
R. R. MillerAT&T Labs – Research
Florham Park, [email protected]
or
H. R. WorstellAT&T Labs – Research
Florham Park, [email protected]
March 2005
R. R. Miller, AT&T
Slide 26
doc.: IEEE 802.11-05/0173r0
Submission
BPL Broadband Power LineClient ECR Equivalent Circuit Rate with all clients active simultaneouslyDSL Digital Subscriber LineFSOC Free Space Optic CommunicationGPS Global Positioning SystemHCCA Hybrid Contention-Controlled AccessH/S Facilities High Speed FacilitiesLAN Local Area NetworksLOS Line-of-SightLOS H/S Line-of-Sight High SpeedL/S Facilities Low Speed FacilitiesMAN Metropolitan Area NetworksMoore’s Law The observation made in 1965 by Gordon Moore, co-founder of Intel, that the number of transistors
per square inch on integrated circuits had doubled every year since the integrated circuit wasinvented. Moore predicted that this trend would continue for the foreseeable future.
NAN Neighborhood Area NetworkNLOS Non-Line of SightPAN Personal Area NetworksPLC Power Line CarrierPON Passive Optical NetworkPOP Point of Presence or Population (used for spectrum evaluation only)Premises Passed Premises in service area awaiting subscriber connectionPTMP Point-to-Multipoint MicrowavePTP Microwave Point-to-Point MicrowaveQ-Ethernet Quality-of-Service [Enabled] EthernetQoS Quality of ServiceShannon A Mathematical Theory of Communication by Claude E. ShannonSLA Subscriber Line AgreementSONET Synchronous Optical NetworkT/P Twisted PairUWB Ultra Wide-BandVDSL Very-high-rate Digital Subscriber LineVLSI Very Large Scale IntegrationWAN Wide Area Network
Acronym / Terminology List
March 2005
R. R. Miller, AT&T
Slide 27
doc.: IEEE 802.11-05/0173r0
Submission
References
1. “Urban and Suburban Out-of-Sight Propagation Modeling”, V. Erceg, D.L. Schilling, S. S. Ghassemzadeh, D. Li, M. Taylor, IEEE Communication Magazine, 1992.
2. Broadband Wireless Access with WiMAX/802.16: Current Performance Benchmarks and Future Potential, IEEE Communications Magazine, February 2005
3. “Business Case Models for Fixed Broadband Wireless Access based on WiMAX Technology and the 802.16 Standard, WiMAX Forum, October 10, 2004
4. “Evolution of Spectrum Valuation for Mobile Services Other Countries”, Lemay-Yates Associates Inc., Canada, March 2003
5. WWISE, IEEE 802.11n Document 04/1505r06. WWISE, IEEE 802.11n Proposal-Nov Document 05/0080r07. WWISE, IEEE 802.11n Downselect Document 051591r38. TGnSync IEEE 802.11n Proposal Document 04/15069. TGnSync IEEE 802.11n Complete Proposal (Overview) Document 04/888r810. TGnSync IEEE 802.11n Complete Proposal Jan 05 11. IEEE Standard 802.1612. IEEE 802.16e Document P80216e_D6delta.zip13. IEEE 802.16 Document P80216d