4_Explanation of M&V

8/13/2019 4_Explanation of M&V

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Explanation ofM&V Options (A, B, C, D)

Prepared byDuan Gvozdenac and Miroslav Kljaji

Project: Regional training on planning and monitoring

energy efficiency measures in the constructing sectorPodgorica, Tiran, Sarajevo i Banja Luka, October December, 2013.


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Option A and B

M

Option C and D

Option A and B areretrofit-isolationmethods.

Option C and D arewhole-facilitymethods.

The difference iswhere the boundarylines are drawn.

Options A&B vs Options C&D

2OVERVIEW OF MONITORING &

VERIFICATION3-Nov-13


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M&V OptionHow savings arecalculated

Option A: Retrofit Isolation, Key ParameterBased on measured equipment performance,measured or estimated operational factors,and annual verification of potential to

perform.

Simple engineeringcalculations usingmeasured and estimateddata

Option B: Retrofit Isolation, All ParametersBased on measurements(usually periodic orcontinuous ) taken of all relevant parameters.

Engineering calculationsusing measured data

Option C: Based on whole-building or facility-

level utility meter data adjusted for weatherand/or other factors.

Analysis of utility meterdata

Option D: Based on computer simulation ofbuilding or process; simulation is calibrated

with measured data.

Comparing different

models


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Option A

Simple approach (and low cost)

Performance parameter(s) is measured (before and after);

Usage parameters may be measured or estimated.

Used where the potential to perform needs to be verified

but highly accurate savings estimation is simple or notnecessary.

OptionA is NOT stipulated savings !


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Option B

relevant parameters are measured, usually periodicallyor continuously.

Measurement frequency consistent with expectedvariations.

Applicable where accurate savings estimation isnecessary and where long-term performance needs to betracked.

Reduces uncertainty, but requires more effort.


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Option C

Option C looks at energy use and cost of entire facility, notat specific equipment.

Considers weather, occupancy, etc. for baselineadjustments.

Applicable where total savings need to be quantified butcomponent-level savings do not AND where savings > 15%of energy use.

Easily implemented, commercial software is available.


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Option D

Option D treats building as computer model

Flexible, but requires significant effort

Applications:

New construction

- Energy management & control systems

- Multiple interacting measures

- Building use changes

- Building modifications (e.g., windows)


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Appropriate Use of Stipulations

Parameter is well understood Agency willing to accept risk Agency has previous experience Probable success of ECM Small savings and/or small uncertainty Greater M&V costs not justified Stipulations dont add to uncertainty Monitoring serves no other purpose

Stipulate

To stipulate is to agree to a term or condition.

To stipulate means to estimate without measurement. Only Measured values may be stipulated.


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Inappropriate Use of Stipulations

Agency unwilling to assume risk Parameters not known with reasonable certainty Potential for technical problems Monitoring provides valuable information

Stipulation significantly contributes to overalluncertainty


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Sources of Stipulations

Acceptable Unacceptable

Measurements

Engineering analysis

Measurement-based models Manufacturers data

Standard tables

National weather institution International standards

Facility logs

Undocumentedassumptions

Exclusive procedures

Unsupported handshakeagreements

Guesses at parameters

Models based onquestionable data

Other buildings


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Examples:

Option A: Lighting

Option B: Variable-Speed Drive

Option C: Heating Plant

Option D: New Construction


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Example: LIGHTING PROJECT

Consider the following lighting project:

Upgrade 5,000 fixtures

Existing performance: 86 Watts

New performance: 56 Watts

Operating hours: 3,000/year

Electricity: $0.10 / kWh + $10 / kW-m


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Performance: Baseline power demand is 86 Watts.

Proposed power demand is 56 Watts.

Difference is 30 Watts.

Usage:

Baseline and New: 3,000 hours / year

Financial:

Energy = $0.10/kWh + $10/kW-m

Option A


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Lighting Savings

Energy Savings = QTY (Before -After) HoursES = (5,000) (86 W - 56 W) (3,000 hours) (1 kW/1000 W)

ES = 450,000 kWh / year

Demand Savings = QTY (Before -After) DF

DS = (5,000)*(86 W - 56 W) (1 kW/1000 W) DF

DS = 150 kW DF

DF: Diversity Factor.

% of lights operating when peak demand is set.

Assumes diversity factor of 75%.


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Lighting Cost Savings

Cost Savings =(Unit Cost) (Energy Savings) +

(Unit Cost) (Demand Savings)

CS =

($0.10/kWh) (450,000 kWh) +

($10/kW) (150 kW) (75%) 12 m.

Cost Savings = $45,000 + $13,500 = $58,500 / year

Assumes diversity factor of 75%.


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Example VSD Project

Variable-Speed Drive on HVAC Fan

Baseline Fan: Operates continuously at a single speed andpower no matter what the cooling load is.

VSD Fan: Speed and power change with cooling load(outside temperature).

Option B


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Option B

Fan Performance Baseline fan: Constant power (140 kW).

VSD Fan: Power changes [W] / weather.

Fan Usage

Fan power changes hourly with cooling load (outsidetemperature and sunshine).

Financial

Energy = $0.10 / kWh +$10 / kW-m


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Monitor Fan Performance Variable Speed Drive Fan Power


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Month kW Saved Cost Savings

July 59 $587

August 71 $712

September 64 $645

October 74 $737

November 85 $849

Calculate Monthly Demand Savings

Demand Savings = kW Before Max (kW After)

Cost Savings = (Unit Cost) (Demand Savings)


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Heating System Characteristics

Baseline Performance: Oil-fired, low-efficiency, and steam loss

New Performance:

Gas-fired, high efficiency, no steam loss

Usage: Driven by weather

Financial: Oil was $ 0.4/liter (10.84 kWh/liter) Gas is $0.0256/kWh


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Compare Oil Use to Temperature

Baseline Oil Use for Heating


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Develop Baseline Model

Baseline Oil Use Model

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200

Monthly[MW

h]

Monthly HDD


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Example: New Construction

Proposed building incorporates energy-efficientdesign features selected and implemented byESCO.

Baseline building is existing design before ESCO

modifications.

Option D


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Develop Computer Model...


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Energy Use, kWh

Alternative Light Cooling Other Total Savings

Base Case 1,500,298 955,263 2,447,979 4,903,540 -

Efficient Lighting 1,125,240 860,062 2,365,638 4,350,940 552,600

Efficient Chiller 1,500,298 788,681 2,426,812 4,715,791 187,749

Chiller & Lighting 1,125,240 708,933 2,346,427 4,180,600 722,940

Calculate Savings

Evaluate energy use for each scenario. Calculate savings for each scenario relative to

base case.


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Review and Discussion

Total energy use andsavings are a functionof both usage andperformance.

Can mix and match methods. Selection of M&V method based on need to verify

savings cost-effectively.

POWER REDUCTION

CURRENT TOTAL ENERGY

CONSUMPTIONHOURS

REDUCTION

Operating Hours

Pow

erDemand

Post Retrifit

Hours

Baseline

Hours

Post Retrifit

Power

Baseline

Power

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4_Explanation of M&V