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Measuring principles
USTERUSTER®®
HVI SPECTRUMHVI SPECTRUM
2Edas/schulungsunterlagen/HVI SPECTRUM
Test Report
3Edas/schulungsunterlagen/HVI SPECTRUM
Measurements on cotton:
• Length, uniformity• Micronaire• Strength• Color• Trash
NEW on USTER® HVI SPECTRUM:• Maturity Index• Short Fiber Index• Moisture
4Edas/schulungsunterlagen/HVI SPECTRUM
Length & Strength MeasurementLength & Strength Measurement
HomePosition
Comb Fiber Beard
LED
Breaker Jaws
Breaker Jaws
5Edas/schulungsunterlagen/HVI SPECTRUM
Development of a fibrogram
6Edas/schulungsunterlagen/HVI SPECTRUM
Mean Length Mean Length --Principle of MeasurementPrinciple of MeasurementDeveloped from the fibrogram
Mean lengthML
100%0%
Length
Tangent from origin
7Edas/schulungsunterlagen/HVI SPECTRUM
Upper Half Mean Length Upper Half Mean Length --Principle of MeasurementPrinciple of MeasurementDeveloped from the fibrogram
Upper half mean lengthUHML
100%0% 50%
Length
Tangent from 50% amount
8Edas/schulungsunterlagen/HVI SPECTRUM
Comparison Mean Length - Upper Half Mean Length
Upper half mean length
Mean length
100%0% 50%
Length
9Edas/schulungsunterlagen/HVI SPECTRUM
Staple diagram
Fiber length
100%0% 50%
10Edas/schulungsunterlagen/HVI SPECTRUM
Comparison Fibrogram - Staple Diagram
Fibrogram• non end-aligned
diagram of the fiber length
• calculated from a randomly taken fiber bundle which is fixed in a measuring grip
Staple Diagram• end-aligned
diagram of the fiber length
• distribution curve (histogram) of all fiber lengths
11Edas/schulungsunterlagen/HVI SPECTRUM
Explanation to the length
1 inch = staple class 32 32:32 = 1
1 1/16 inch = staple class 34 34:32 = 1 1/16
1 1/2 inch = staple class 48 48:32 = 1 1/2
12Edas/schulungsunterlagen/HVI SPECTRUM
Relationship Between Staple Class Relationship Between Staple Class and HVI UHML Resultsand HVI UHML Results
Inches UHM [inches] UHM [mm] Code
below 13/16 < 0.79 < 20.1 2413/16 0.80 - 0.85 20.1 - 21.6 267/8 0.86 - 0.89 21.8 - 22.6 2829/32 0.90 - 0.92 22.9 - 23.4 2915/16 0.93 - 0.95 23.6 - 24.1 30
31/32 0.96 - 0.98 24.4 - 24.9 311 0.99 - 1.01 25.1 - 25.8 321 1/32 1.02 - 1.04 25.9 - 26.4 331 1/16 1.05 - 1.07 26.7 - 27.2 341 3/32 1.08 - 1.10 27.4 - 27.9 35
1 1/8 1.11 - 1.13 28.2 - 28.7 361 5/32 1.14 - 1.17 29.0 - 29.7 371 3/16 1.18 - 1.20 30.0 - 30.5 381 7/32 1.21 - 1.23 30.7 - 31.2 391 1/4 1.24 - 1.26 31.5 - 32.0 40
1 9/32 1.27 - 1.29 32.3 - 32.8 411 5/16 1.30 - 1.32 33.0 - 33.5 421 11/32 1.33 - 1.35 33.8 - 34.3 431 3/8 > 1.38 > 35.0 44
13Edas/schulungsunterlagen/HVI SPECTRUM
Uniformity Index
Indication of the distribution of fiber length within the fibrogram fiber length variation
ML = Mean LengthUHML = Upper Half Mean Length
Uniformity Index UI = ML x 100UHML
14Edas/schulungsunterlagen/HVI SPECTRUM
Length Uniformity Length Uniformity -- Evaluation criteriaEvaluation criteria
Uniformity IndexML/UHML Description
77 & lower very low
77 – 79 low
80 – 82 average
83 – 85 high
85 & higher very high
15Edas/schulungsunterlagen/HVI SPECTRUM
Short Fiber Index SFIAn indication of the amount of fibers that are less than 0.5 inch (12.7 mm) in length.
Short Fiber Index Description
Below 6 very low
6 to 9 low
10 to 13 average
14 to 17 high
18 and higher very high
16Edas/schulungsunterlagen/HVI SPECTRUM
Short Fiber Index SFICalculated with a proven algorithm
Fiber length (mm/inch)
Short fiber content SFC (%)
100%
L½"12.7 mm
0% 25% 50%
Frequency (%)
x %
17Edas/schulungsunterlagen/HVI SPECTRUM
Length & Strength MeasurementLength & Strength Measurement
Cotton Fiber Structure - genetically caused weak places
18Edas/schulungsunterlagen/HVI SPECTRUM
Bundle Fiber Strength Bundle Fiber Strength --Principle of MeasurementPrinciple of Measurement• The bundle strength is the breaking strength of the
cotton fibers in grams per tex. The fineness is calculated from the Micronaire value.
• The fiber beard is broken at a continuous deformationrate and with a 1/8-inch distance between the clamps.
• With the space of 1/8-inch, the fibers will break at their weakest spot, not at a predetermined breaking-point (clamp).
19Edas/schulungsunterlagen/HVI SPECTRUM
* Calibrated to HVI calibration cottons
Bundle Fiber Strength - Evaluation
Description Pressley 1/8"g/tex
Stelometer 1/8"g/tex
HVI 1/8"*g/tex
very low 21 & lower 17 & lower 21 & lowerlow 21 – 23 17 – 19 22 - 24average 24 – 26 20 – 22 25 – 27high 27 – 29 23 – 25 28 – 30very high 30 & higher 26 & higher 31 & higher
20Edas/schulungsunterlagen/HVI SPECTRUM
Bundle Fiber Strength - Evaluation
Strength (gram/tex) Description
Less than 21 very weak
22 to 24 weak
25 to 27 medium
28 to 30 strong
31 and higher very strong
21Edas/schulungsunterlagen/HVI SPECTRUM
Elongation MeasurementElongation Measurement
• Measurement of the elastic behavior of the fibers in the bundle
• The distance the fibers extend before they break is expressed as percent elongation
22Edas/schulungsunterlagen/HVI SPECTRUM
Determination of the elongation
Clamp
Clamp
= x 100ll0
23Edas/schulungsunterlagen/HVI SPECTRUM
Elongation Measurement Elongation Measurement -- EvaluationEvaluation
Elongation (%) Description
Less than 5.0 very low
5.1 to 5.8 low
5.9 to 6.7 average
6.8 to 7.6 high
7.7 and higher very high
24Edas/schulungsunterlagen/HVI SPECTRUM
Micronaire MeasurementMicronaire Measurement
Air measuring device
Pressurechangemeasuringdevice
Measuringchamber with fibers
Airflow
25Edas/schulungsunterlagen/HVI SPECTRUM
Micronaire MeasurementMicronaire Measurement
Air flow
coarse fibers,low air resistance
(high Micronaire value)
fine fibers,high air resistance
(low Micronaire value)
26Edas/schulungsunterlagen/HVI SPECTRUM
Micronaire MeasurementMicronaire Measurement
• A fiber sample of constant weight is measured by passing air through the fibers and measuring the drop in pressure.
• Maturity has an influence on micronaire results.
27Edas/schulungsunterlagen/HVI SPECTRUM
Micronaire - Influences
• Genetic factors of the cotton, which have an influence on the diameter of the fiber. For example Pima cotton has a lower micronaire value than Upland cotton.
• Environmental influences, e.g. soil, fertilizer, humidity and temperature, duration of growing period
28Edas/schulungsunterlagen/HVI SPECTRUM
Micronaire - Consequences
Low Micronaire• Can tend to the
formation of neps in yarn and fabric
• If they are mature, they are fine and strong
• If they are immature, they are weak
• Immature fibers absorb less dye and can lead to problems in dyeing (shiny neps)
High Micronaire• Mostly mature and
strong fibers• Limits the yarn count• Fine yarns cannot be
spun.
29Edas/schulungsunterlagen/HVI SPECTRUM
Micronaire Micronaire -- Evaluation Evaluation
Micronaire Description
Less than 3.0 very fine
3.0 to 3.6 fine
3.7 to 4.7 medium
4.8 to 5.9 coarse
6.0 and higher very coarse
30Edas/schulungsunterlagen/HVI SPECTRUM
Maturity IndexMaturity Index
• The maturity index is a relative value calculated from the HVI measurements of
- micronaire - strength - elongation
• Indicates the degree of cell wall thickness
31Edas/schulungsunterlagen/HVI SPECTRUM
Maturity Index Maturity Index -- EvaluationEvaluation
Maturity Index Description
Below 0.7 uncommon
0.70 to 0.85 immature
0.86 to 1.00 mature
above 1.00 very mature
32Edas/schulungsunterlagen/HVI SPECTRUM
Micronaire & Maturity- Evaluation
smaller than 3.0 = very finesmall perimeter and mature or largeperimeter and very immature
3.1 to 3.9 = finedifferent degrees of maturity and/ortypes, but often little mature
4.0 to 4.9 = averagemedium degree of maturity
5.0 to 5.9 = coarselarge perimeter, mostly immature
greater than 6.0 = very coarsemature fibers
33Edas/schulungsunterlagen/HVI SPECTRUM
Micronaire & Maturity
Low Micronaire &“fairly mature”
Medium Micronaire &“less mature”
Medium Micronaire &“fairly mature”
High Micronaire &“well mature”
34Edas/schulungsunterlagen/HVI SPECTRUM
Color & Trash MeasurementColor & Trash Measurement
35Edas/schulungsunterlagen/HVI SPECTRUM
Color Range of CottonColor Range of Cotton
36Edas/schulungsunterlagen/HVI SPECTRUM
HVI Color HVI Color
GradesGrades
forfor
Upland Upland
CottonCotton
37Edas/schulungsunterlagen/HVI SPECTRUM
HVI ColorHVI Color
GradesGrades
forfor
Upland Upland
CottonCotton
38Edas/schulungsunterlagen/HVI SPECTRUM
HVI Color HVI Color GradesGradesfor for Pima Pima CottonCotton
39Edas/schulungsunterlagen/HVI SPECTRUM
U.S. Upland U.S. Upland Cotton Cotton Standard Standard DescriptionDescriptionforfor Color Color and Leafand Leaf
Color Grade Symbols Code Leaf CodeWhiteGood MiddlingStrict MiddlingMiddlingStrict Low MiddlingLow MiddlingStrict Good OrdinaryGood Ordinary
GMSMMidSLMLMSGOGO
11213141516171
1234567
Light SpottedGood MiddlingStrict MiddlingMiddlingStrict Low MiddlingLow MiddlingStrict Good Ordinary
GM Lt SpSM Lt SpMid Lt SpSLM Lt SpLM Lt SpSGO Lt Sp
122232425262
123456
SpottedGood MiddlingStrict MiddlingMiddlingStrict Low MiddlingLow MiddlingStrict Good Ordinary
GM SpSM SpMid SpSLM SpLM SpSGO Sp
132333435363
123456
TingedStrict MiddlingMiddlingStrict Low MiddlingLow Middling
SM TgMid TgSLM TgLM Tg
24344454
2345
Yellow StainedStrict MiddlingMiddling
SM YSMid YS
2535
23
40Edas/schulungsunterlagen/HVI SPECTRUM
Color Measurement
• Reflectance (Rd):This value expresses the whiteness of the light that is reflected by the cotton fibers. It corresponds to the Nickerson/Hunter color chart.
• Yellowness (+b):This value expresses the yellowness of the light that is reflected by the cotton fibers. It corresponds to the Nickerson/Hunter color chart.
• The Color Grade (CG) results from these two values.
The color is defined by the Reflectance (Rd) and the Yellowness (+b) of the cotton fibers:
41Edas/schulungsunterlagen/HVI SPECTRUM
Trash MeasurementTrash Measurement
Video image
analysis
results in:
Trash % Area (covered)
Trash (Particle)Count
42Edas/schulungsunterlagen/HVI SPECTRUM
Trash Measurement • Trash Count (TC)
Sample is illuminated from underneath the glass window, and a black and white CCD camera analyzes the changes in the pixels. A trash particle is counted, if it exceeds the grayness threshold set in the camera.
• Trash Area (TA)The area that is covered by a trash particle. The result is expressed in relation to the entire measuring area of the glass window and is expressed as “% Area”.Resulting from the TA, the Trash Code (T) is determined.
43Edas/schulungsunterlagen/HVI SPECTRUM
Relationship of Trash Measurement to Relationship of Trash Measurement to ClasserClasser’’s Leaf Grade*s Leaf Grade*
Classer‘sLeaf Grade
TrashMeasurement
(% area)
12345678
<= 0.08<= 0.12<= 0.18<= 0.34<= 0.55<= 0.86<= 1.56> 1.56
* 1999 USDA crop data (4 year average)* 1999 USDA crop data (4 year average)
44Edas/schulungsunterlagen/HVI SPECTRUM
Automated Moisture MeasurementAutomated Moisture Measurement
Moisture is the amount (%) of water that is present in the sample being tested.
Patented resistance moisture sensor
Direct measurement
Sensor located underneath color/ trash hand
Consistent pressure ensures repeatable moisture results
No customer calibration required
45Edas/schulungsunterlagen/HVI SPECTRUM
Moisture - Evaluation
Moisture Content % Description
< 4% very low
4 – 6% low
6 – 8% medium
8 – 11% high
> 11% very high