1

National Position Navigation and Timing Architecture

APEC GNSS Innovation Summit

Karen Van Dyke, DOT/RITA/Volpe Center

May 26-28, 2008

2

Overview

• PNT Architecture Background• Architecture Development• Vision, Strategy, and Vectors• Way Forward

27-May-08 3

PNT Architecture Background

• Study requested by– Assistant Secretary of Defense for Networks and Information

Integration– Under Secretary of Transportation for Policy– National Space-based PNT Executive Committee

• Justification - PNT Strategic Landscape is Changing– Gaps in current capabilities– Insufficient unity of effort towards future PNT capabilities

• Products– 20 year strategic outlook to guide near and mid-term decisions on

PNT capabilities

4

NationalPNT Strategy

Needed

NationalNationalPNT StrategyPNT Strategy

NeededNeeded

Origins

NSS Program Assessment

Mar-2005

NSS Program NSS Program AssessmentAssessment

MarMar--20052005

DoD PNT S&T RoadmapApr-2006

DoD PNT S&T DoD PNT S&T RoadmapRoadmapAprApr--20062006

““Develop a Develop a Comprehensive PNT Comprehensive PNT

ArchitectureArchitecture””

““Develop a Develop a DoD Timing DoD Timing

ArchitectureArchitecture””

JROCM 187-06Sep-2006

JROCM 187JROCM 187--0606SepSep--20062006

““JROC Approves JROC Approves the PNT JCD & the PNT JCD &

Validates the Five Validates the Five Gaps IdentifiedGaps Identified””

DSB Task Force on GPS

Oct-2005

DSB Task DSB Task Force on GPSForce on GPS

OctOct--20052005

““Develop a Develop a Comprehensive Comprehensive

National PNT National PNT ArchitectureArchitecture””

““Periodically Evaluate Periodically Evaluate RadionavigationRadionavigation

System Contributions System Contributions to the Overall Mixto the Overall Mix””

““Conduct a Conduct a Comprehensive Analysis Comprehensive Analysis

of GPS Backup of GPS Backup Navigation & Precision Navigation & Precision

Timing OptionsTiming Options””

““Determine the Determine the optimal integrated optimal integrated system for meeting system for meeting

requirements of requirements of Federal usersFederal users””

““Validate GPS Validate GPS Requirements vs. Requirements vs.

PNT RequirementsPNT Requirements””

Radionav Sys. Task Force Jan-2004

RadionavRadionav Sys. Sys. Task Force Task Force JanJan--20042004

Volpe GPS Vulnerability

Sep-2001

Volpe GPS Volpe GPS VulnerabilityVulnerability

SepSep--20012001

Nat’l Approach to Aug. GPS

Dec-1994

NatNat’’l Approach l Approach to Aug. GPSto Aug. GPS

DecDec--19941994

Civil AoABriefing

May-2005

Civil Civil AoAAoABriefingBriefing

MayMay--20052005

5

Foundations

““NSSO develop a NSSO develop a National PNT National PNT ArchitectureArchitecture””

““NPCO will NPCO will initiate an effort initiate an effort

with NSSOwith NSSO””

““RITA will lead RITA will lead effort on behalf of effort on behalf of DOT for the civil DOT for the civil

communitycommunity””

ASD/NII Memo23-Jan-2006

ASD/NII MemoASD/NII Memo2323--JanJan--20062006

NPEC Action Items26-Jan-2006

NPEC NPEC Action ItemsAction Items2626--JanJan--20062006

DOT/RITA Memo

14-Mar-2006

DOT/RITA DOT/RITA MemoMemo

1414--MarMar--20062006

PNT Architecture TOR

11-Jul-2006

PNT Architecture PNT Architecture TORTOR

1111--JulJul--20062006

More Effective & Efficient PNT and an Evolutionary Path for Government Provided Systems & ServicesMore Effective & Efficient PNT and an Evolutionary More Effective & Efficient PNT and an Evolutionary Path for Government Provided Systems & ServicesPath for Government Provided Systems & Services

RITA

FAA

FHWA

FRA

DOC

NIST

DHS

USCG

DOI

State

NCO

NASA

NII

USAF

AFSPC

SMC

USA

USMC

USN

USNO

NGA

NSA

STRAT

JS

S&T

PBFA

SAF/USA

NSSO

SMDC

NRL

JPDO

6

National PNT Architecture Scope

Military

HomelandSecurity

Civil

Commercial

Individual

Space

Air

Surface

Sub-Surface

Location Based ServicesTrackingSurvey

ScientificRecreation

TransportationMachine Control

AgricultureWeapons

OrientationCommunications

and Timing

GNSS

GNSS Augmentation

TerrestrialNAVAIDS

Onboard / User Equip

Networks

Military

Civil

Commercial

International

USERS DOMAIN MISSIONS PROVIDERSSOURCES

Broad Scope Requires Innovative Approaches and Focused Analysis Efforts

7

“As-Is” PNT Architecture Graphic (2008)

EMI EMI

GPS

Tracking

Celestial

Star Trackers

Commercial Augmentations

Beacons

ENABLERS & INFRASTRUCTUREUSNO NIST

Star CatalogsCryptography

Modeling

Standards Science & Technology

PoliciesMapping/Charting/GeodesyElectro Optical Info.

Reference Frames NGA NGSNSA

TestingIndustrial Base

Laser Ranging NetworkLaunch

Version 21 Aug 2007

User Interface Orgs

Inertial

Clocks N

SEW

WAASGALILEO

(GIOVE-A/B)

Cell Phone Networks

TASS

GLONASS

EGNOSCommercial

Augmentations

Time Transfer

WAGEZAOD

Compass

MTSAT

Doppler Tercom

ASI

GDGPS

NDGPSMDGPS

IGS

VOR/DME, TACANILS, NDB

GBAS Cat-I

Time Transfer

Compass

Pedometers

CORS

NAVCEN

GPSOC NOCC

Time Transfer

LORAN-C

AAI

EnvironmentWeather

Geo-politicalFiscal

SpectrumNavwar

Interference

8

Primary PNT Gaps

• Gaps primarily drawn from military’s PNT Joint Capabilities Document, with additions and modifications from parallel civil community documents and discussions– Physically Impeded Environments – Electromagnetically Impeded Environments – Higher accuracy with integrity– Hazardously Misleading Info (Integrity) – High Altitude/Space Position and Orientation– Geospatial information - access to improved GIS data

(regarding intended path of travel)– Insufficient modeling capability

9

Primary Objective of the Architecture

Near & Mid-Term Decisions Guided

by Architecture

Near & MidNear & Mid--Term Term Decisions Guided Decisions Guided

by Architectureby Architecture

Based on Long-Term

Vision

Based on Based on LongLong--Term Term

VisionVision

Without Enterprise

Architecture Strategy

Without Without Enterprise Enterprise

Architecture Architecture StrategyStrategy

Cap

abili

tyC

apab

ility

ShouldShould--Be Be ArchitectureArchitecture

Evolved Evolved Baseline Baseline

(EBL)(EBL)

AsAs--Is Is ArchitectureArchitecture System EmphasisSystem Emphasis

ArchitectureArchitectureEmphasisEmphasis

NowNow 5 Years5 Years 10 Years10 Years 15 Years15 Years 20 Years20 Years

“…provide more effective and efficient PNT capabilities focused onthe 2025 timeframe and an evolutionary path for governmentprovided systems and services.” -- Terms of Reference

“…“…provide more effective and efficient PNT capabilities focused onprovide more effective and efficient PNT capabilities focused onthe 2025 timeframe and an evolutionary path for governmentthe 2025 timeframe and an evolutionary path for governmentprovided systems and services.provided systems and services.”” ---- Terms of ReferenceTerms of Reference

10

PNT User Perspectives (2025)

Framework to describe user needs & environments, and which users are affected by each capability gapVersion 18 Jul 2007

11

Cumulative Process

Data GatheringData GatheringConcept DevelopmentConcept Development

Analysis & AssessmentAnalysis & Assessment

Needs & Gaps

Environment, Technology& Evolved Baseline

Community InvolvementCommunity InvolvementArchitecture Development Team,

Subject Matter Experts,Small Working Groups

& Industry

Trade Space, Features & Architectures

Analytical Framework

12

Related Efforts & National Decisions

• Recent & Upcoming Decisions – Future of eLORAN– Future of NDGPS and High Accuracy NDGPS– Backup SATNAV Tasking – Backup PNT Needs (ADS-B, NGATS, Timing Infrastructure)– GPS III and OCX Acquisition Strategies

National PNT ArchitectureDOT and FAA

• Aviation Navigation Evolution Roadmap• GPS Evolutionary Architecture Study

DOT and FAA• Aviation Navigation Evolution Roadmap

• GPS Evolutionary Architecture Study

National Space-Based PNT Coordination Office

• 5-Year Plan & Assessment

National Space-Based PNT Coordination Office

• 5-Year Plan & Assessment

USSTRATCOM• PNT Joint Capabilities Document

• PNT Functional Solutions Analysis

USSTRATCOM• PNT Joint Capabilities Document

• PNT Functional Solutions Analysis

NSSO• NSS Program Assessment

• NSS Plan

NSSO• NSS Program Assessment

• NSS Plan

RAND• Ensuring Effective PNT

RAND• Ensuring Effective PNT

Joint Planning & Development Office• Next Generation Air Transportation System

SatNav Backup Study

Joint Planning & Development Office• Next Generation Air Transportation System

SatNav Backup Study

MAINTAIN SHARED SITUATIONAL AWARENESS

DHS/USCG• Timing Criticality Study

DHS/USCG• Timing Criticality Study DOD

• DOD PNT S&T Roadmap update

DOD• DOD PNT S&T

Roadmap update

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Guiding Principles

SUPPORTING VECTORCooperative Organizational Structures

SUPPORTING VECTORSynergy of PNT with Communications

VISIONUS Leadership in Global PNT

VISIONUS Leadership in Global PNT

STRATEGYGreater Common Denominator

STRATEGYGreater Common Denominator

PRIMARY VECTORMultiple Phenomenologies

PRIMARY VECTORMultiple Phenomenologies

PRIMARY VECTORInterchangeable Solutions

PRIMARY VECTORInterchangeable Solutions

14

US Leadership in Global PNTUS Leadership in Global PNTUS Leadership in Global PNT

National PNT Architecture Vision

• National PNT Architecture based on policy foundation set by 2004Presidential Policy Directive on Space-Based PNT

• Efficiently (cost, schedule, acceptable risks, user impact) develop and field the best technologies and systems

• Promulgate stable policies (commitment to funding, commitment toperformance, advanced notice of change, etc)

• Foster innovation through competition within the commercial sector• Ensure robust and enduring inter-agency coordination and cooperation• Maximize the practical use of military, civil, commercial and foreign

systems and technologies• Judiciously develop and apply standards and best practices

15

National PNT Architecture Strategy

• Satisfy common needs with common solutions• Promulgate a predominantly “dependent” architecture where users rely

upon external sources • Leverage ongoing US GNSS modernization to assure global service and

support national interests• Promote adoption of low-burden “autonomous” features for robustness• Specialized needs still require specialized solutions • Balance provided or enabled capabilities with the need for a military PNT

advantage

The US can Best Achieve Efficiency and Effectiveness through a Greater Common Denominator Approach

The US can Best Achieve Efficiency and Effectiveness The US can Best Achieve Efficiency and Effectiveness through a Greater Common Denominator Approachthrough a Greater Common Denominator Approach

16

“Should-Be” PNT Architecture Graphic (2025)

EMI EMI

GPS

Tracking

Celestial

Star Trackers

Commercial Augmentations

Beacons

ENABLERS & INFRASTRUCTUREUSNO NIST

Star CatalogsCryptography

Modeling

Standards Science & Technology

PoliciesMapping/Charting/GeodesyElectro Optical Info.

Reference Frames NGA NGSNSA

TestingIndustrial Base

Laser Ranging NetworkLaunch

Version 22 Oct 2007

Networks

User Interface Orgs

Pseudolites & Beacons

Geospatial Data

PNT UserEquipment

Autonomous

Inertial

Sensors & Sensor Aiding

Clocks

N

SEW

Wireless Networks

Space Comm & Nav Arch

Pseudolites

SATCOMAiding Data &

Ranging Signals

Synergy of PNT and Communications Multiple

PhenomenologiesGround Based Radio Freq

Foreign GNSS

Cell Phone Networks

Pseudolites & Beacons

PNT signal monitoring

EvolvedGNSS Augmentation

Foreign Regional Nav

Interchangeable Solutions

Cooperative Organizational Structures

EnvironmentWeather

Geo-politicalFiscal

SpectrumNavwar

Interference TechnologicalDemographics

Cleared for public release, distribution unlimited; SAF/PA case 2007-0613, 20 Sep 07

17

Next Steps

• NSSO, RITA & NII oversee development of detailed transition and implementation planning

• Hold Workshop to Obtain Industry Feedback on Recommendations When Publicly Released

• Architecture Implementation Memorandum – Approved event-based implementation timeline

• Influence update to PNT planning documents– Federal Radionavigation Plan– Five-Year National Space-Based PNT Plan

18

BACKUPS

19

Purpose of NSSO ArchitecturesPurpose of NSSO Architectures

• Enterprise Level Guidance– High Level Capabilities– Fundamental Processes– Organizations– Infrastructure

• Similar to City Planning– Considerations for how people, buildings,

transportation, utilities work together– Effect of External Factors (e.g., weather,

state jurisdiction, etc.)– Objective is not to design all the buildings– May conduct detailed design of some

elements, primarily to gain understanding of higher level issues

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Functional Reference Model

Disseminate PTO (to User)Disseminate Disseminate

PTO (to User)PTO (to User)Receive PTO Information

Receive PTO Receive PTO InformationInformation

Generate PTO

Information

Generate Generate PTO PTO

InformationInformation

Determine PTO State

Determine Determine PTO StatePTO State

Receive PTO Information

Receive PTO Receive PTO InformationInformation

Disseminate PTO

Information

Disseminate Disseminate PTO PTO

InformationInformationDetermine

PTODetermine Determine

PTOPTO

AugmenterAugmenter

ProviderProvider

UserUserDisseminate PTO

Information

Disseminate Disseminate PTO PTO

InformationInformation

Receive PTO Information

Receive PTO Receive PTO InformationInformation

Determine PTO State

Determine Determine PTO StatePTO State

Generate PTO

Information

Generate Generate PTO PTO

InformationInformation

Reference Frames

Reference Reference FramesFrames

Geospatial InformationGeospatial Geospatial InformationInformation

ModelsModelsModelsStandardsStandardsStandardsCommand, Control, &

Status

Command, Command, Control, & Control, &

StatusStatus

PTO: Position, Time and/or OrientationPTO: Position, Time and/or Orientation(including the time derivatives)(including the time derivatives)

NavigateNavigate

21

Concept Development

PNT Architecture Trade Space

• Source Location (of the service provider)– Terrestrial: concept provides service from,

near, or beneath the surface of the earth– Space: concept provides service from space

• Service Volume (of the service provided)– Local: concept provides a meaningful

service only at a fixed point– Interplanetary: concept provides a

meaningful service throughout the solar system

• Autonomy (of the user)– Dependent: concept requires frequent

refresh of information from external sources to provide a meaningful service

– Autonomous: concept, once initialized, is self-contained and requires no refresh of information from external sources to provide a meaningful service

LocalInterplanetary

Dependent

Autonomous

Terrestrial

Space

22

PNT Representative Architectures (RA)

RA0 = EBL (Point of Departure)RA0 = EBL (Point of Departure)

Service VolumeService Volume Source LocationSource LocationAutonomyAutonomy

0: Evolved Baseline1: Dependent Terrestrial2A: Combined GNSS

Constellations4: Network Aiding of GNSS5: Aided Autonomous

Sensors and Aiding Sources6: Highly Autonomous

14

65

2A

LocalInterplanetary

Dependent

Autonomous

Terrestrial

Space

RAs ARE NOT FINAL SOLUTIONS – THEY ARE USED TO GAIN INSIGHTS TOWARDS FINAL RECOMMENDATIONS

23

From Representative Architectures … to Recommendations

Representative Architectures

Hybrid Architectures

Should Be Architecture- Recommendations- Guidance- Decision Criteria

Preliminary Analysis(Feb - Mar 07)

Cost and Performance Analysis

(Apr - Jul 07)

24

Three Themes (Hybrid Architectures)

Hybrid A• Common solutions

for many users• Horizontal integration• Greatest common

denominator• Emphasis on global

and long range broadcasts direct to users

Hybrid B• Common solutions

for many users• Horizontal integration• Greatest common

denominator• Emphasis on

networks

Hybrid C• Specialized solutions

for each user group• Vertical integration • Least common

denominator• Emphasis on

autonomous solutions

25

These features should be hybrid cornerstones:

These features/systems can contribute to covering primary PNT gaps; those which help the most, or which help to cover multiple gaps, should be included in hybrids:

INS Clock

“Here”Beacons

MultiLatBeacons

Stars

EBL Enablers

GIS Data

Integrity Augment

US GNSS

AccuracyAugment

Ground Based PNT

Multi Sensor

Integration

More Satellites INS

Clock

Network Aiding

Higher Freq

Cell Network

LF/ELF PNT

Signalsof

Opportunity

More Power

Signal Diversity

TopoSensors

Reduced Age of Data

Redun-dancy

Frequent CalibrationComm Stars

Version 18 Jul 07

Color Legend:Enablers

Space

Ground

Network

Autonomous

Implementation Undefined

Job Aid -- Draft PNT Architecture Features

Network s

26

Comm

EBL Enablers

EBL Enablers

Signal Diversity

Reduced Age of Data

Signal Diversity

Reduced Age of Data

Signal Diversity

Signal Diversity

Redun-dancy

Redun-dancy

More Satellites

More Satellites

Comm

More Satellites

MorePower

MorePower

MorePower

EBL Enablers

GIS Data

EBL Enablers

EBL Enablers

EBL Enablers

EBL Enablers

GIS Data

HigherFreq

LF/ELF PNT

NetworkAiding

NetworkAiding

LF/ELF PNT

NetworkAiding

LF/ELF PNT

NetworkAiding

CellNetwork

CellNetwork

Cornerstone Features: EBL Enablers

GIS Data

US GNSS

Ground Based PNT

INS Clock Stars AccuracyAugment

Integrity Augment

Access to Geospatial Data

Hi-Altitude Pos. & Orientation

Hazardously Misleading Info

Higher Accuracy with Integrity

EM Impeded–Intentional

EM Impeded–Unintentional

Phys. Impeded–Underwater

Phys. Impeded–Underground

Phys. Impeded–Indoors

Phys. Impeded–Canopy

Phys. Impeded–Urban Canyon

Selected features that can contribute to covering gapsPrimary Gaps

NetworkAiding

CellNetwork

ClockMulti

Sensor Integration

INS Clock

INS ClockMulti

Sensor Integration

INS ClockMulti

Sensor Integration

INS ClockMulti

Sensor Integration

LF/ELF PNT

INS ClockMulti

Sensor Integration

INS ClockMulti

Sensor Integration

LF/ELF PNT

NetworkAiding

CellNetwork

INS ClockMulti

Sensor Integration

SignalsOf

Opportunity

LF/ELF PNT

NetworkAiding

INS ClockMulti

Sensor Integration

LF/ELF PNT

NetworkAiding

CellNetwork

INS ClockMulti

Sensor Integration

SignalsOf

Opportunity

“Here”Beacons

MultiLatBeacons

TopoSensors

Version 18 Jul 07

MultiLatBeacons

MultiLatBeacons

MultiLatBeacons

Stars

Frequent Calibration

Frequent Calibration

TopoSensors

TopoSensors

TopoSensors

Stars

Stars

“Here”Beacons

MultiLatBeacons

“Here”Beacons

MultiLatBeacons

Job Aid – PNT Architecture Features vs. Gaps

Networks

“Here”Beacons

MultiLatBeacons

“Here”Beacons

MultiLatBeacons

“Here”Beacons

MultiLatBeacons