4. the Formation of English Nouns

THE FORMATION OF ENGLISH NOUNS

THROUGH DERIVATION

GROUP 5:

11B01086 RIZKA INDAHYANTI

11B01095 RAHMANIAR GUSRIANTI

11B01097 ASRIANA

11B01099 SUHARTINA A. BUSRAH

GRADUATE PROGRAM

STATE UNIVERSITY OF MAKASSAR

2011

THE FORMATION OF ENGLISH NOUNS THROUGH DERIVATION

1. The Formation of English Nouns with the Suffix –ion

Dictionary

For the formation of English nouns with suffix-ion, first we list all the words or stems used as the base of the word formation rules in the Dictionary (3-1) as the first component of generative morphology of Aronolf’s model as follows;

(3-1) (a) [compete]v (g) [rebel]v

(b) [educate]v (h) [repeat]v

(c) [examine]v (i) [reveal]v

(d) [exclude]v (j) [resolve]v

(e) [express]v (k) [resume]v

(f) [justify]v

Word formation Rule

The rule for the formation of English nouns with the suffix-ion can be formulated as follows;

(NFR-1) [X]v → [[X]v +[-ion]suf]N

The (NFR-1) states that English nouns can be formed by adding the suffix-ion to the base consisting of verbs as found in the Dictionary (3-1) with the meaning “the act of X+ing”.Underlying Representation

By applying (NFR-1), the following underlying representations can be generated;

*[#[compete]v + [-ion]suf#]N *[#[rebel]v + [-ion]suf#]N

*[#[educate]v + [-ion]suf#]N *[#[repeat]v + [-ion]suf#]N

*[#[examine]v + [-ion]suf#]N *[#[reveal]v + [-ion]suf#]N

*[#[excludee]v + [-ion]suf#]N *[#[resolve]v + [-ion]suf#]N

*[#[express]v + [-ion]suf#]N *[#[resume]v + [-ion]suf#]N

*[#[justify]v + [-ion]suf#]N *[#[rebel]v + [-ion]suf#]N

All of the above underlying representations are ungrammatical or unacceptable. There are underlying representations which are phonologically unacceptable; and there are underlying representations which are phonologically and morphologically unacceptable.Readjustment Rule

The following unacceptable underlying representations:

*[#[examine/ igzᴂmin/]v[-ion]suf#]N

*[#[reveal]v + [-ion]suf#]N

Must go through a readjustment process in which the formative at is inserted at the end of the base. The rule for this readjustment process can be formulated;

(RR-1) [[base]v + [-ion]suf]N

1 2

1+at 2

This rule states that the base takes the formative at when the suffix-ion is added to the base.

Surface Representation

By applying (RR-1), the following surface representations can be generated

*[#[examine+at]v + [-ion]suf#]N

*[#[reveal+at]v + [-ion]suf#]N

These surface representation are phonologically unacceptable, so that they must go through certain processes.Phonological Rules

The following unacceptable surface

Unacceptable surface representation:

UR :*[#[examine / igzaemin/]v + [-ion]Suf#]N

RR-1 insertion of at :*[#[examine+at / igxaemineit/]v + [-ion]Suf#]N

PR-1 /t/ → /š/ : [#[/igxaeminei š /]v + [-ion]Suf#]N

Output : [examination / igzæminei šen/]

2. The Formation of English Nouns with the Suffix –ty

Dictionary

a) [active]Adj

b) [certain]Adj

c) [continue]v

d) [cruel]Adj

e) [electric]Adj

f) [frail]Adj

g) [loyal]Adj

h) [novel]Adj

Word Formation Rule

(NFR-2) [X]v/Adj →[ [X]Adj + [-ty]Suf]N

Semantics “the quality, state, or condition of X”Underlying Representation

*[#[active]Adj + [-ty]Suf#]N

*[#[certain]Adj + [-ty]Suf#]N

*[#[continue]v + [-ty]Suf#]N

*[#[cruel]Adj + [-ty]Suf#]N

*[#[electric]Adj + [-ty]Suf#]N

*[#[frail]Adj + [-ty]Suf#]N

*[#[loyal]Adj + [-ty]Suf#]N

*[#[novel]Adj + [-ty]Suf#]N

*[#[safe]Adj + [-ty]Suf#]N

*[#[similar]Adj + [-ty]Suf#]N

*[#[special]Adj + [-ty]Suf#]NPhonological Rules

*[#[active]Adj + [-ty]Suf#]N

*[#[continue]v + [-ty]Suf#]N

Must go to phonological process, the formula is:

(PR-15) V

[+syllabic]

Ø → [+high] /…….# [-back]

Process of derivation:

UR : *[#[active/æktif/]Adj + [-ty]Suf#]N

PR-15 insertion of /i/ : [#[/æktif+i/]Adj +[-ty]Suf#]N

Output : [activity / æktiviti/]

UR : *[#[continue/kentinyu/]v + [-ty]Suf#]N

PR-15 insertion of /i/ : [#[/kentinyu:+i/]Adj +[-ty]Suf#]N

Output : [continuity / kentinyu:iti/]

3. The Formation of English Nouns with the Suffix –ment

Dictionary

a) [abolish]v

b) [achieve]v

c) [assign]v

d) [fulfill]v

e) [govern]v

f) [invest]v

g) [manage]v

h) [measure]v

Word Formation Rule

(NFR-3) [[X]v → [[X]v + [-ment]Suf]NUnderlying Representation

[#[abolish]v + [-ment]Suf#]N

[#[achieve]v + [-ment]Suf#]N

[#[assign]v + [-ment]Suf#]N

[#[fulfill]v + [-ment]Suf#]N

[#[govern]v + [-ment]Suf#]N

[#[invest]v + [-ment]Suf#]N

4. The Formation of English Nouns with the Suffix –ness

Dictionary

a) [clean]Adj

b) [fast]Adj

c) [fine]Adj

d) [kind]Adj

e) [lazy]Adj

f) [like]Adj

g) [mad]Adj

h) [polite]Adj

i) [rude]Adj

j) [short]Adj

k) [sweet]Adj

Word Formation Rule

(NFR-4) [X]Adj → [[X]Adj + [-ness]Suf]N

Semantics : “the state or condition of X”Underlying Representation

[#[clean]Adj + [-ness] Suf#]N

[#[fast]Adj + [-ness] Suf#]N

[#[fine]Adj + [-ness] Suf#]N

[#[kind]Adj + [-ness] Suf#]N

[#[lazy]Adj + [-ness] Suf#]N

[#[like]Adj + [-ness] Suf#]N

[#[mad]Adj + [-ness] Suf#]N

5. The Formation of English Nouns with the Suffix –hood Dictionary

a) [bachelor]N

b) [boy]N

c) [brother]N

d) [child]N

e) [father]N

f) [mother]N

g) [priest]N

h) [widow]Word Formation Rule

(NFR-5) [X] → [[X]N + [-hood]Suf]N

[-abstr] [-abstr] [-abstr]

Semantics : 1.“the status or condition of the sex of X”

2. “the quality of rank of X”Underlying Representation

All already acceptable

6. The Formation of English Nouns with the Suffix –ance

Dictionary (3-6)

a) [accept]v

b) [acquaint]v

c) [annoy]v

d) [appear]v

e) [assist]v

f) [attend]v

g) [further]v

h) [maintain]v

Word Formation Rule

( NRF-6) [[X]v → [[X]v + [-ance]Suf]NUnderlying Representation

[#[accept]v + [-ance]Suf#]N

[#[acquaint]v + [-ance]Suf#]N

[#[annoy]v + [-ance]Suf#]N

[#[appear]v + [-ance]Suf#]N

[#[assist]v + [-ance]Suf#]N

[#[attend]v + [-ance]Suf#]N

7. The Formation of English Nouns with the Suffix –ence

Dictionary

The base for the formation of the English nouns with the suffix –ence is listed in dictionary (3-7) as follows:

(3-7) (a) [confide]v (f) [precede]v

(b) [emerge]v (g) [prefer]v

(c) [correspond]v (h) [maintain]v

(d) [exist]v (i) [reminisce]v

(e) [interfere]v

Word Formation Rule

(NFR-7) [X]v [[X]v + [-ence]Suf]N

Semantics: “the act or result of X+ing”

This rule states that English nouns can be formed by adding the suffix –ence to the base consisting of verbs as indicated in the Dictionary (3-7) with the meaning “the act or result of X+ing”Underlying Representation

The application of (NFR-7) can generate the following underlying representations:

*[#[confide]v + [-ence]Suf#]N [#[precede]v + [-ence]Suf#]N

[#[correspond]v + [-ence]Suf#]N *[#[prefer]v + [-ence]Suf#]N

[#[emerge]v + [-ence]Suf#]N *[#[provide]v + [-ence]Suf#]N

[#[exist]v + [-ence]Suf#]N *[#[refer]v + [-ence]Suf#]N

[#[infer]v + [-ence]Suf#]N [#[reminisce]v + [-ence]Suf#]N

[#[interfere]v + [-ence]Suf#]N

There are four underlying representations, which are phonologically unacceptable, and the others are already acceptable. The acceptable underlying representations can directly become the output without going through the readjustment rule as well as the phonological rule as follows:

[correspondence] [interference]

[emergence] [precede]

[existence] [reminiscence]

[inference]Phonological Rule

The following unacceptable underlying the representations:

*[#[confide]v + [-ence]Suf#]N

*[#[provide]v + [-ence]Suf#]N

Must go through two phonological processes, namely strengthening in which the weak vowel phoneme /ǝ/ in the first syllable changes to the strong vowel phoneme /o/; and syllable structure process in which the diphthong /ai/ changes to the monophthong /i/. The second phonological process is handled by (PR-4); and the rule for the first phonological process can be formulated in the following:

(PR-19) V V/C(C)….CCVC

This rule states that the weak vowel phoneme /ǝ/ in the first syllable changes to the strong vowel phoneme /o/ when the suffix –ence is added to the base.

The whole process of derivation can be described as follows:

UR : *[#[confide/kǝnfaid/]v + [-ence]Suf#]N

PR-19 /ǝ/ /o/ : *[#[/konfaid/]v + [-ence]Suf#]N

PR-4 /ai/ /i/ : *[#[/konfid/]v + [-ence]Suf#]N

Output : [confidence /konfidǝns/]

UR : *[#[provide/prǝvaid/]v + [-ence]Suf#]N

PR-19 /ǝ/ /o/ : *[#[/provaid/]v + [-ence]Suf#]N

PR-4 /ai/ /i/ : *[#[/provid/]v + [-ence]Suf#]N

Output : [providence /providǝns/]

Finally, the following unacceptable underlying representations:

*[#[prefer]v + [-ence]Suf#]N

*[#[refer]v + [-ence]Suf#]N

Must go through two phonological processes, namely lowering in which the high vowel phoneme /i/ changes to the mid vowel phoneme /e/; and shortening in which the log vowel phoneme /ǝ:/ changes to the short vowel phoneme /ǝ/. The first phonological process is handled by (PR-17); and the rule for the second phonological process can be formulated in the following:

(PR-20) V V/C(C)VC…

The rule states that the long vowel phoneme /ǝ:/ in the second syllable changes to the short vowel phoneme /ǝ/ when the suffix –ence is added to the base.

The whole process of derivation can be described as follows:

UR : *[#[prefer/prifǝ:/]v + [-ence]Suf#]N

PR-3 /i/ /e / : *[#[/prefǝ:/]v + [-ence]Suf#]N

PR-20 /ǝ:/ /ǝ/ : *[#[/prefǝ/]v + [-ence]Suf#]N

Output : [preference /prefǝrǝns/]

UR : *[#[refer/riǝ:/]v + [-ence]Suf#]N

PR-3 /i/ /e / : *[#[/refǝ:/]v + [-ence]Suf#]N

PR-20 /ǝ:/ /ǝ/ : *[#[/refǝ/]v + [-ence]Suf#]N

Output : [reference /refǝrǝns/]

8. The Formation of English Nouns with the Suffix –er/or

Dictionary

The base for the formation of the English nouns with the suffix –er/or is listed in Dictionary (3-8) as follows:

(3-8) (a) [admire]v (k) [operate]v

(b) [build]v (l) [play]v

(c) [collect]v (m) [read]v

(d) [consume]v (n) [speak]v

(e) [drive]v (o) [supervise]v

(f) [farm]v (p) [teach]v

(g) [instruct]v (q) [visit]v

(h) [invade]v (r) [work]v

(i) [invent]v (s) [write]v

(j) [observe]v

Word Formation Rule

(NFR-8) [X]v [[X]v + [-er/]Suf]N

Semantics: “one who X+(e)s”

This rule states that English nouns can be formed by adding the suffix –er/-or to the base consisting of verbs as listed in the Dictionary (3-8) with the meaning “one who X+(e)s”.Underlying Representation

The application of (NFR-7) can generate the following underlying representations:

[#[admire]v + [-er]Suf#]N [#[operate]v + [-or]Suf#]N

[#[build]v + [-er]Suf#]N [#[play]v + [-er]Suf#]N

[#[collect]v + [-or]Suf#]N [#[read]v + [-er]Suf#]N

[#[consume]v + [-er]Suf#]N [#[speak]v + [-er]Suf#]N

[#[drive]v + [-er]Suf#]N [#[supervise]v + [-or]Suf#]N

[#[farm]v + [-er]Suf#]N [#[teach]v + [-er]Suf#]N

[#[instruct]v + [-or]Suf#]N [#[visit]v + [-or]Suf#]N

[#[invade]v + [-er]Suf#]N [#[work]v + [-er]Suf#]N

[#[observe]v + [-er]Suf#]N [#[write]v + [-er]Suf#]N

All the above underlying representations are already acceptable, so that they automatically become the output as follows:

[admirer] [operator]

[builder] [player]

[collector] [reader]

[consumer] [speaker]

[driver] [supervisor]

[farmer] [teacher]

[instructor] [visitor]

[invader] [worker]

[observer] [writer]

9. The formation of English nouns with suffix – ce

Dictionary

The base for the formation of english nouns with suffix – ce is listed in the dictionary as follows:

a) [apparent]adj (i) [independent]adj

b) [deviant]adj (j) [impudent]adj

c) [diligent]adj (k) [patient]adj

d) [distant]adj (l) [pertinet]adj

e) [dominant]adj (m) [present]adj

f) [elegant]adj (n) [tolerant]adj

g) [excelent]adj (o) [tubulent]adj

h) [ignorant]adj

Word formation rule

(NFR-9)[X]adj [[X]adj + [-ce]suf]n

Semantics: “the state of being X”

Underlying representation

When (NFR-9) is applied, we can generate the following UR:

*[#[apparent]adj + [-ce]suf#]n *[#[independent]adj + [-ce]suf#]n

*[#[deviant]adj + [-ce]suf#]n *[#[impudent]adj + [-ce]suf#]n

*[#[diligent]adj + [-ce]suf#]n *[#[patient]adj + [-ce]suf#]n

*[#[distant]adj + [-ce]suf#]n *[#[pertinent]adj + [-ce]suf#]n

*[#[dominant]adj + [-ce]suf#]n *[#[present]adj + [-ce]suf#]n

*[#[elegant]adj + [-ce]suf#]n *[#[tolerant]adj + [-ce]suf#]n

*[#[excelent]adj + [-ce]suf#]n *[#[turbulent]adj + [-ce]suf#]n

*[#[ignorant]adj + [-ce]suf#]n

All the UR above are phonologically unacceptable. To be acceptable, they must go through a phnological process called syllable structure processin which the stop consonant phoneme /t/ at the end of the base is deleted. The rule for this phonological process is (PR-14)

The process of derivation can be described by giving some example below:

UR : *[#[apparent]adj + [-ce]suf#]n

PR-14 deletion /t/ : [#[apparen]adj + [-ce]suf#]n

Output : [apparence]

UR : *[#[defiant]adj + [-ce]suf#]n

PR-14 deletion /t/ : [#[defian]adj + [-ce]suf#]n

Output : [defiance]

UR : *[#[diligent]adj +[-ce]suf#]n

PR-14 deletion /t/ : [#[diligen]adj + [-ce]suf#]n

Output : [diligence]

10. The formation of English nouns with suffix – cy

Dictionary

The base for the formation of English nouns with the suffix – cy is listed in the dictionary as follows:[accountant]n g) [president]n[agent]n h) [redundant]adj[constant]adj i) [stagnant]adj[infant]n j) [sufficient]adj[malignant]adj k [vacant]adj[pregnat]adj

Word formation rule

(NFR-10) [X]adj/n [[X]adj/n + [-cy]suf]n

Semantics: 1. “The state of being X”

2. “the office or term of office of an X”

3. “place of business of an X”

4. “profession of an X”

5. “use of land, ect. As an X, length of time during which an X uses land, ect”


The application of (NFR-10) can generate the following UR:

*[#[accountant]n + [-cy]suf#]n *[#[president]n + [-cy]suf#]n

*[#[agent]n + [-cy]suf#]n *[#[redundant]adj + [-cy]suf#]n

*[#[constant]adj + [-cy]suf#]n *[#[sufficient]adj + [-cy]suf#]n

*[#[infant]n + [-cy]suf#]n *[#[stagnant]adj + [-cy]suf#]n

*[#[malignant]adj + [-cy]suf#]n *[#[vacant]adj + [cy]suf#]n

*[#[pregnant]adj + [-cy]suf#]n

All the UR above are phonologically unacceptable. To be acceptable, they must go through a phnological process called syllable structure processin which the stop consonant phoneme /t/ at the end of the base is deleted. The rule for this phonological process is (PR-14)

The process of derivation can be described by giving some example below:

UR : *[#[accountant]n + [-cy]suf#]n

PR-14 deletion of /t/ : [#[accountan]n + [-cy]suf#]n

Output : [accountancy]

UR : *[#[president]n + [-cy]suf#]n

PR-14 deletion of /t/ : [#[presiden]n + [-cy]suf#]n

Output : [presidency]

UR : *[#[redundant]adj + [-cy]suf#]n

PR-14 deletion of /t/ : [#[redundan]adj + [-cy]suf#]n

Output : [redundancy]

11. The formation of english nouns with suffix – al

Dictionary

The base for the formation of english nouns with the suffix – al is listed in the dictionary as follows:

a) [appraise]v f) [propose]v

b) [approve]v g) [rehearse]v

c) [avow]v h) [renew]v

d) [disperse]v i) [rent]v

e) [dispose]v j) [withdraw]v

Word formation rule

(NFR-11) [X]v [[X]v + [-al]suf]n

Semantics: “the act of X + ing”Underlying representation


[#[appraise]v + [-al]suf#]n [#[propose]v + [-al]suf#]n

[#[approve]v + [-al]suf#]n [#[rehearse]v + [-al]suf#]n

[#[avow]v + [-al]suf#]n [#[renew]v + [-al]suf#]n

[#[disperse]v + [-al]suf#]n [#[rent]v + [-al]suf#]n

[#[dispose]v + [-al]suf#]n [#[withdraw]v + [-al]suf#]n

Because all the UR above are acceptable, so that they directly become the output as follows:

[apprisal] [proposal]

[approval] [rehearsal]

[avowal] [renewal]

[dispersal] [rental]

[disposal] [withdrawal]

12. The formation of English nouns with suffix – ee

Dictionary

The base for the formation of english nouns with the suffix – ee is listed in the dictionary as follows:

a) [address]v f) [examine]v

b) [detain]v g) [interview]v

c) [divorce]v h) [nominate]v

d) [employ]v i) [pay]v

e) [evacuate]v j) [train]vWord formation rule

(NFR-12) [X]v [[X]v + [-ee]suf]n

Semantics: “one who is X + ed”Underlying representation


[#[address]v + [-ee]suf#]n [#[examine]v + [-ee]suf#]n

[#[detain]v + [-ee]suf#]n [#[interview]v + [-ee]suf#]n

[#[divorce]v + [-ee]suf#]n [#[nominate]v + [-ee]suf#]n

[#[employ]v + [-ee]suf#]n [#[pay]v + [-ee]suf#]n

[#[evacuate]v + [-ee]suf#]n [#[train]v + [-ee]suf#]

Out of the above UR, two of them are morphologically unacceptable.Readjustment rule

The following unacceptable UR:

*[#[evacuate]v + [-ee]suf#]n

*[#[nominate]v + [-ee]suf#]n

The RR, that is, the truncation rule can be formulated as follows:

(RR-5) [[evacu/nomin+ate]v + [-ee]suf]n

1 2 3

1 Ø 3

This process of derivation can be described in the following:

UR : *[#[evacu+ate]v + [-ee]suf#]n

RR-5 Deletion of ate : [#[ evacu]v + [-ee]suf#]n

SR/Output : [evacuee]

UR : *[#[nomin+ate]v + [-ee]suf#]n

RR-5 Deletion of ate : [#[nomin]v + [-ee]suf#]n

SR/Output : [nominee]

13. The formation of english nouns with suffix – an

Dictionary

The base for the formation of english nouns with the suffix –an is listed in the dictionary as follows:[america]n[cosetic]n[egipt]n[history]n[indonesia]Word formation rule

(NFR-13) [X]n [[X]n + [-an]suf]n

Semantics : 1. “one who is expert or skillful in X”

2. “the people or language of X”Underlying Representation

The application of (NFR-13) can generate the folowing UR:

*[#[america]n + [-an]suf#]n

*[#[cosmetic]n + [-an]suf#]n

*[#[majic]n + [-an]suf#]n

*[#[logic]n + [-an]suf#]n

*[#[indonesia]n + [-an]suf#]n

All the UR above are phonological unacceptable , so that they must go through certain phonological processes.Phonological rule

The whole process of derivation can be described in the follwing:

UR : *[#[america/əmerikə/]n + [-an]suf#]n

PR-21 Deletion of /ə/ : [#[/əmerik/]n + [-an]suf#]n

Output : [american /əmerikən/]

UR : *[#[indonesia /indouni:ziə/]n + [-an]suf#]n

PR-21 Deletion of /ə/ : [#[/indouni:zi/]n + [-an]suf#]n

Output : [Indonesian /indouni:ziən/]

UR : *[#[cosmetic /kosmetik/]n + [-an]suf#]n

PR-27 Insertion of /i/ : *[#[/kosmetik+i]n + [-an]suf#]n

PR-22 /e/ /ə/ : *[#[/kosmətiki/]n + [-an]suf#]n

PR-23 /k/ /š/ : [#[/kosmətiš/]n + [-an]suf#]n

Output : [kosmeticion /kosmətišiən/]

UR : *[#[logic /loĵik/]n + [-an]suf#]n

PR-27 Insertion of /i/ : *[#[/loĵik+i/]n + [-an]suf#]n

PR-24 /o/ /ou/ : *[#[/louĵiki/]n + [-an]suf#]n

PR-23 /k/ /š/ : [#[/louĵiši]n + [-an]suf#]n

Output : [logician /louĵišən/]

UR : *[#[magic /mæĵik/]n + [-an]suf#]n

PR-27 Insertion of /i/ : *[#[/mæĵik+i]n + [-an]suf#]n

PR-25 /æ/ /ə/ : *[#[/məĵik+i/] + [-an]suf#]n

PR-23 /K/ /š/ : [#[/məĵiš+i/]n + [-an]suf#]n

Output : [magician / məĵišən/]

14. The formation of english nouns with suffix – ism

Dictionary [canibal]n 7. [material]n[capital]n 8. [national]adj[colonial]adj 9. [social]adj[feminine]adj 10. [symbol]n[hero]n 11. [tour]n[magnet]n

Word formation rule

(NFR-14) [X]n/adj [[X]n/adj + [-ism]suf]n

Semantics: 1. “movement related to X”

2. “custom or practice related to X”

3. “theory or belief related to X”

4. “system related to X”

5. “science related to X”

6. “policy related to X”


The application of (NFR-14)can generate the following UR:

[#[cannibal]n + [-ism]suf#]n [#[material]n + [-ism]suf#]n

[#[capital]n + [-ism]suf#]n [#[national]adj + [-ism]suf#]n

[#[colonial]adj + [-ism]suf#]n [#[social]adj + [-ism]suf#]n

*[#[feminine]adj + [-ism]suf#]n [#[symbol]n + [-ism]suf#]n

*[#[hero]n + [-ism]suf#]n [#[tour]n + [-ism]suf#]n

[#[magnet]n + [-ism]suf#]n

Among the UR above , only two of them are phonological unacceptable, so that they must go through certain phonological processes in order that they can be acceptable.Readjustment rule


*[#[feminine]adj + [-ism]suf#]n

(RR-6) [femin+ine]adj + [-ism]suf]n

1 2 3

1 Ø 3Surface representation

The application of (RR-6) can generate the following SR:

[#[femin]adj + [-ism]suf#]n

The process of derivation can be described as follows:

UR : *[#[femin+ine]adj + [-ism]suf#]n

RR-2 Deletion of ine : [#[femin]adj + [-ism]suf#]n

SR/Output : [feminism /feminizəm/]

Phonological rule


*[#[hero]n + [-ism]suf#]n

The process of derivation can be described in the following:

UR : *[#[hero /hiərou/]n + [-ism]suf#]n

PR-6 /iə/ /e/ : [#[/herou/]n + [-ism]suf#]n

Output : [heroism /herouiz(ə)m/]

15. The formation of english nouns with suffix – ist

Dictionary [bycicle]n 6. [journal]n[biology] 7. [national]adj[capital]n 8. [piano]n[economy]n 9. [psychiatry]n[instrumental]adj 10. [psychology]nWord formation rule

(NFR-15) [X]n/adj [[X]n/adj + [-ist]suf]n

Semantics: 1. “one who drives an X”

2. “expert in X”

3. “person who control much X”

4. “player of a musical instrument”

5. “supporter of X + ism”

6. “person engaged in X + ism”

7.”person who makes a special study of animals or plants”Underlying representation


*[#[bicycle]n + [-ist]suf#]n [#[journal]n + [-ist]suf#]n

*[#[biology]n + [-ist]suf#]n [#[national]adj + [-ist]suf#]n

[#[capital]n + [-ist]suf#]n [#[natural]adj + [-ist]suf#]n

*[#[economy]n + [-ist]suf#]n *[#[psychiatry]n + [-ist]suf#]n

[#[instrumental]adj + [-ist]suf#]n *[#[psychology]n + [-ist]suf#]n

Among the UR above, there are five of them which are phonological unacceptable.Phonological rule


*[#[bicycle]n + [-ist]suf#]n


UR : *[#[bicycle /baisikəl/]n + [-ist]suf#]n

PR-5 Deletio of /ə/ : [#[/baisikl/]n + [-ist]suf#]n

Output : [bicyclist /baisiklist/]


*[#[biology]n + [-ist]suf#]n

*[#[economy]n + [-ist]suf#]n

*[#[psychiatry]n + [-ist]suf#]n

*[#[psychology]n + [-ist]suf#]n


UR : *[#[biology /baioləĵi/]n + [-ist]suf#]n

PR-27 Deletion of /i/ : [#[/baioləĵ/]n + [-ist]suf#]n

Outpt : [biologist / bailoəĵist/]

UR : *[#[economy /ikonəmi/]n + [-ist]suf#]n

PR-27 Deletion of /i/ : [#[/ikonəm/]n + [-ist]suf#]n

Output : [economist /ikonəmist/]

UR : *[#[psychiatry /saikaiətri/]n + [-ist]suf#]n

PR-27 Deletion of /i/ : [#[/saikaiətr/]n + [-ist]suf#]n

Output : [psychiatrist /saikaiətrist/]

UR : *[#[psychology /saikoləĵi/]n + [-ist]suf#]n

PR-27 Deletion of /i/ : [#[/saikoləĵ/]n + [-ist]suf#]n

Output : [psychologist /saikoləĵist/]

16. The formation of english nouns with suffix – acy

Dictionary [intimate]adj 4. [obstinate]adj[intricate]adj 5 [supreme]adj[Legitimate]adjWord formation rule

(NFR-16) [X]adj [[X] + [-acy]suf]n

Semantics: “state of being X”Underlying representation


*[#[intimate]adj + [-acy]suf#]n *[#[obstinate]adj + [-acy]suf#]n

*[#[intricate]adj +[-acy]suf#]n *[#[supreme]ad + [-acy]suf#]n

*[#[legitimate]adj + [-acy]suf#]n

All of the above UR are unacceptable. Four of them are morphologically unacceptable and one is phonologically unacceptable.Readjustment rule

The rule for the readjustment process can be formulated in the following:

(RR-6) [[intim/intric/legitim/obstin+ate]adj + [-acy]suf]n

1 2 3

1 Ø 3Surface representation

The process of derivation can be described as follows:

UR : *[#[intim+ate]adj + [-acy]suf#]n

RR- Deletion of ate : [[intim]adj + [-acy]suf#]n

Output : [intimacy]

UR : *[#[intric+ate]adj + [-acy]suf#]h

RR-7 Deletion of ate : [[intric]adj + [-acy]suf#]n

Output : [intricacy]

UR : *[#[legitim+ate]adj + [-acy]suf#]n

RR-7 Deletion of ate : [[legim]adj + [-acy]suf#]n

Output : [legitmacy]

UR :*[#[obstin+ate]adj + [-acy]suf#]n

RR-7 Deletion of ate : [[obstin]adj + [-acy]suf#]n

Output : [obstinacy]

Phonological rule


UR : *[#[supreme /sjupri:m/]adj + [-acy]suf#]n

PR-28 /i:/ /e/ : [#[/sjuprem/]adj + [-acy]suf#]n

Output : [supremacy /sjupreməsi/]

17. The Formation of Nouns with the Suffix –age

A. Dictionary B. Word Formation Rule C. Underlying Representation Output

listed in the dictionary (3–17) (NFR-17) [X]N/V [[X]N/V+[-age]]N

[block]V [#[block]V + [-age]Suf #]N blockage

[hermit]N [#[hermit]N + [-age]Suf #]N hermitage

[pack]N [#[pack]N + [-age]Suf #]N package

[break]V [#[break]V + [-age]Suf #]N breakage

[parson]N [#[parson]N + [-age]Suf #]N parsonage

[patron]V [#[patron]V + [-age]Suf #]N patronage

[post]N [#[post]N + [-age]Suf #]N postage

[vicar]N [#[vicar]N + [-age]Suf #]N vicarage

18. The Formation of Nouns with the Suffix –dom

a. Dictionary b. Word Formation Rule c. Underlying Representation Output

listed in the dictionary (3–18) (NFR-18) [X]N/V/Adj [[X]N/V/Adj + [-dom]Suf]N

[bore]V [#[bore]V + [-dom]Suf #]N boredom

[free]Adj [#[free]N + [-dom]Suf #]N freedom

king]N [#[king]N + [-dom]Suf #]N kingdom

[martyr]N [#[martyr]N + [-dom]Suf #]N martyrdom

[wise]Adj *[#[wise]Adj + [-dom]Suf #]N wisdom

*d. Phonological Rule

It is a phonological process called monophthongization in which the diphthong /a1/ changes into the monopthong /1/ between two consonants when the suffix –dom is added the base.

UR : *[#[wise/wa1z/]Adj + [-dom]Suf #]N

PR–29 /a1/ /1/ : #[/w1z/]Adj + [-dom]Suf #]N

Output : [wisdom /w1zdəm/]

19. The Formation of Nouns with the Suffix –ry/-ery


listed in the dictionary (3–19) (NFR-19) [X]N/V/Adj [[X]N/V/Adj+[-ry/-ery]Suf]N

[brave]Adj [#[brave]Adj + [-ery]Suf #]N bravery

[citizen]N [#[citizen]N + [-ry]Suf #]N citizenry

[dentist]N [#[dentist]N + [-ry]Suf #]N dentistry

[gallant]Adj [#[gallant]Adj + [-ry]Suf #]N gallantry

[herald]N [#[herald]N + [-ry]Suf #]N heraldry

[machine]N [#[machine]N + [-ery]Suf #]N machinery

[mock]V [#[mock]V + [-ery]Suf #]N mockery

[peasant]N [#[peasant]N + [-ry]Suf #]N peasantry

[rival]V [#[rival]V + [-ry]Suf #]N rivalry

20. The Formation of Nouns with the Suffix –ure


listed in the dictionary (3–20) (NFR-20) [X]V/Adj [[X]V/Adj + [-ure]Suf]N

[depart]V *[#[depart]V + [-ure]Suf #]N departure

[rapt]Adj *[#[rapt]Adj + [-ure]Suf #]N rapture


They are unacceptable underlying representation that must go through one Phonological Process called Assimilation in which the stop consonant phoneme /t/ at the end of the base changes to the affricate consonant phoneme /č/ or /t∫/ when the suffix –ure is added to the base. The rule is a Phonological Process (PR-30):

UR : *[#[depart /d1’pa:t/]V + [-ure]Suf #]N

PR-30 /t/ /č/ : [/d1’pa:č/]V + [-ure]Suf #]N

Output : [departure /d1’pa:čə/]

UR : *[#[rapt /ræpt/]Adj + [-ure]Suf #]N

PR-30 /t/ /č/ : [#[/ræpč/]Adj + [-ure]Suf #]N

Output : [rapture /ræpčə/]


Listed in the dictionary (3–20) (NFR-20) [X]V/Adj [[X]V/Adj + [-ure]Suf]N

[expand]V *[#[expend]V + [-ure]Suf #]N expenditure

[invest]V *[#[invest]V + [-ure]Suf #]N investiture

*d. Readjustment Rule

The readjustment process in which the formative it is inserted at the end of the base when the suffix –ure is added to the base.

(RR-8) [[expend/invest]V + [-ure]Suf]N

1 2

2 1 + it 2

*e. Surface Representation

The application of (RR-8) can generate the following unacceptable surface representations:

*[#[expend+it]V + [-ure]Suf #]N

*[#[invest+it]V + [-ure]Suf #]N

Which are phonologically unacceptable, so that they must go through certain Phonological Process.

*f. Phonological Rule

*[#[expend+it]V + [-ure]Suf #]N

*[#[invest+it]V + [-ure]Suf #]N

Must go through a phonological process called assimilation in which the stop consonant phoneme /t/ of the formative it changes to the fricative consonant

phoneme /č/ when suffix –ure is added to the base. The rule for this phonological process can be formulated in the following:

(PR-30) C C

+anterior -anterior

+coronal +coronal

-voice -voice / ……. #

-continuant +del rel

-strident -del rel

The rule states that the stop consonant phoneme /t/ of the formative it changes to the affricate consonant phoneme /č/ when the suffix –ure is added.

The whole process of derivation can be described in the following:

UR : *[#[expend]V + [-ure]Suf #]N

RR-8 addition of it : *[#[expend+it]V + [-ure]Suf #]N

SR : *[#[expendit]V + [-ure]Suf #]N

PR-30 /t/ /č/ : [#[expendič]V + [-ure]Suf #]N

Output : [expenditure /ikspendičə/]

UR : *[#[invest]V + [-ure]Suf #]N

RR-8 Addition of it : *[#[invest+it]V + [-ure]Suf #]N

SR : *[#[investit]V + [-ure]Suf #]N

PR-30 /t/ /č/ : *[#[investič]V + [-ure]Suf #]N

Output : [investiture /investičə/]

21. The Formation of Nouns with the Suffix –y


Listed in the dictionary (3–21) (NFR-21) [X]N/V [[X]N/V + [-y]Suf]N

[photograph]V *[#[photograph]V + [-y]Suf #]N photography


Must go through three phonological processes, namely:

UR : *[#[photograph /foutəgra:f/]V + [-y]Suf #]N

PR-33 /ou/ /ə/ : *[#[/fətəgra:f/]V + [-y]Suf #]#]N

PR-34 /a:/ /ə/ : *[#[/fətəgrəf/]V + [-y]Suf #]N

PR-19 /ə/ /o/ : [#[/fətogrəf/]V + [-y]Suf #]N

Output : [#[photography /fətogrəfi/]


Listed in the dictionary (3–21) (NFR-21) [X]N/V [[X]N/V + [-y]Suf]N

[telegraph]V *[#[telegraph]V + [-y]Suf #]N telegraphy


Must go through three phonological processes, namely:

UR : *[#[telegraph /teligra:f/]N + [-y]Suf #]N

PR-35 /e/ /i/ : *[#[/tiligra:f/]N + [-y]Suf #]#]N

PR-34 /a:/ /ə/ : [#[/tiligrəf/]V + [-y]Suf #]N

Output : [telegraphy /tiligrəfi/]

22. The Formation of Nouns with the Suffix –th


Listed in the dictionary (3–22) (NFR-22) [X]V/Adj/N [[X]V/Adj/N + [-th]Suf]N

[bear]V *[#[bear]V + [-th]Suf #]N birth

[heal]V *[#[heal]V + [-th]Suf #]N health

[weal]N *[#[weal]N + [-th]Suf #]N wealth

[long]Adj *[#[long]Adj + [-th]Suf #]N length

[wide]Adj *[#[wide]Adj + [-th]Suf #]N width


UR : *[#[bear /beə/]V + [-th]Suf #]N

PR-36 /eə/ /ə:/ : [#[/bə:/]V + [-th]Suf #]N

Output : [birth /bə:θ/]

UR : *[#[heal /hi:l/]V + [-th]Suf #]N

PR-37 /i:/ /e/ : [#[/hel/]V + [-th]Suf #]N

Output : [health /helθ/]

UR : *[#[weal /wi:l/]N + [-th]Suf #]N

PR-37 /i:/ /e/ : [#[wel/]N + [-th]Suf #]N

Output : [wealth /welθ/]

UR : *[#[long /loŋ/]Adj + [-th]Suf #]N

PR-38 /o/ /e/ : [#[/leŋ/]Adj + [-th]Suf #]N

Output : [length /leŋθ/

UR : *[#[wide /waid/]Adj + [-th]Suf #]N

PR-29 /ai/ /i/ : [#[/wid/]Adj + [-th]Suf #]N

Output : [width /widθ/

23. The Formation of Nouns with the Suffix –ant


Listed in the dictionary (23) (NFR-23) [X]V [[X]V + [-ant]Suf]N

[account]V *[#[account]V + [-ant]Suf #]N accountant

[apply]V *[#[apply]V + [-ant]Suf #]N applicant

[contest]V *[#[contest]V + [-ant]Suf #]N contestant

[occupy]V *[#[occupy]V + [-ant]Suf #]N occupant

[participate]V *[#[participate]V + [-ant]Suf #]N participant

*d. Readjusment Rule

*[#[participate]V + [-ant]Suf #]N

(RR-9) *[[particip + ate]V + [-ant]Suf]

1 2 3

1 Ø 3

The rule states that the formative ate is deleted from base when the suffix –ant is added to the base.

e. Surface Representation

[#[participate]V + [-ant]Suf #]N

24. The Formation of Nouns with the Suffix –ing

Dictionary

The base for the formation of English nouns with the suffix-ing is listed in the dictionary (24) as follows;

(24) (a) [begin]V (f) [open]V

(b) [close]V (g) [read]V

(c) [come]V (h) [speak]V

(d) [hear]V (i) [teach]V

(e) [listen]V

Word Formation Rule

(NFR-24) [X]V → [[X]V + [-ing]Suf]

The rules states that English nouns can be formed by adding the suffix-ing to the base consisting of verbs as listed in the dictionary (24) with the meaning “act of X+ing”.Underlying Representation

The application of (NFR-24) can generative the following underlying representations;

*[#[begin]V + [-ing]Suf #]N *[#[open]V + [-ing]Suf #]N

*[#[close]V + [-ing]Suf #]N *[#[read]V + [-ing]Suf #]N

*[#[come]V + [-ing]Suf #]N *[#[speak]V + [-ing]Suf #]N

*[#[hear]V + [-ing]Suf #]N *[#[teach]V + [-ing]Suf #]N

*[#[listen]V + [-ing]Suf #]N

Only one of the above underlying represntations is unacceptable; the others are already acceptable, so they directly become the output as follows;

[closing] [opening]

[coming] [reading]

[hearing] [speaking]

[listening] [teaching]

Documents

4. the Formation of English Nouns