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7/24/2019 4 GTH Seminar Geothermal Power Plants
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Seminar on Geothermal Exploitation Santiago de Chile20/06/2011 1
Geothermal Power Plants
Single flash systems Binary systems
Seminar on Geothermal Exploitation Santiago de Chile20/06/2011 2
Contents
Power Plants
Steam Power plants
Binary Power plants
Equipment
Well head
Gathering piping system
Steam separators and moisture separators
Turbine generators
Condensers
NCG gas removal systems
Cooling Towers
Seminar on Geothermal Exploitation Santiago de Chile20/06/2011 3
Single flash power cycle
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Simplified single-flash backpressure schematic
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53
4
1
Separator
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Simplified single-flash condensing schematic
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5
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CWSeparator
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TS - Diagram for steam
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Single flash process- Working cycle
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One of the Design Objective
To produce as much energy as possible
from each kg geothermal fluid we extractfrom the geothermal reservoir
Example:
Let us assume that we know the reservoirenthalpy
We know the condensing temperature,
We need to estimate the separationtemperature and pressure that gives usmaximum energy
Seminar on Geothermal Exploitation Santiago de Chile20/06/2011 9
Backpressure, an alternative
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Example
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Silica Solubility
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Silica Solubility
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Binary Power Plants
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Basics for binary Power Plants
Uses similar principle as conventional
fossil or nuclear plants.
Instead of water/steam the working fluidis Propane, i or n-Butane, i or n Pentane,Ammonia or refrigerants with boiling pointmuch lower than water at same pressure.
Paratunka 1967, 670 kW
First indirect plant in Larerello 1912, 250kW with water/water cycle
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Simple schematic and pressure-enthalpy diagram
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Various Cycles
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Hybrid, flash and Binary
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Single flash + Binary
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Geothermal Steam Turbines
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Single flow, top exhaust, impulse turbine
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Types of steam turbines
Imulse turbine
The turbine change the direction of flowof a high velocity steam jet. The resultingimpulse spins the turbine and leaves thesteam with diminished kinetic energy.There is no pressure change of the steamin the turbine moving blades. All thepressure drop takes place in thestationary blades.
Reaction turbine
These turbines develop torque by reactingto the steam pressure or mass. The
pressure of the steam changes as itpasses through the turbine rotor blades.The turbine must be fully immersed in thefluid flow (such as with wind turbines).The casing contains and directs thesteam, maintains the suction imparted bythe draft tube.
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Double flow, top exhaust reaction turbine
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Single flow, multy pressure, top exhaust turbine
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The Condenser
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Direct condenser
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Shell and Tube Condenser
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The Gas extraction systems
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Non+condensable gases
In geothermal steam there will always be sometraces of non condensable gases.
The amount is usually in the range of 0-3% ofthe separated steam flow.
In some cases up to 20%
Since the gas in non-condensable this gas mustbe sucked out of the condensers, otherwise it willsimply build up there, blocking the heat exchangebetween the cooling water and the steam
There are several methods to remove the gases
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Methods of removing NCG
Steam ejectors, SE
Two stages with intercondenser and sometimesand aftercondenser
Liquid ring vacuum pumps, LRVP
Hybrid systems
One stages Steam ejector + LRVP
Two stages Steam ejector + LRVP
Compressors
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Steam Ejector
The pressure energy in the operating steam is converted intokinetic energy in the nozzle and this high velocity of the steamentrains the gas being pumped. The resulting mixture at theresulting velocity enters the diffuser where this veloc ityenergy is converted to pressure energy so that the pressure ofthe mixture at the ejector discharge is substantially higherthan the pressure in the suction chamber but lower than thepressure of the motive steam.
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Steam Ejector Velocity and Pressure
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Liquid Ring Vacuum Pump
The compression is performed by a rotating ring of liquid,usually water, as the impeller rotates in eccentric positionrelative to the pump casing, the sealing liquid flows againstthe casing by the centrifugal force and the sealing liquidcirculating flow is made, as the impel ler is in an eccentricposition a decreasing cavity is produced inside the pump. Thiscavity becomes smaller since the inside face of sealing liquidcirculating flow gradually approaches the discharge port andcompressesthe gas in the inside
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Compressor
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Two stage Steam Ejector
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Hybrid, Steam ejector + LRVP
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Two stage ejector system
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Air leakage and dissolved air in cooling water
Estimated air leakage into the low pressure part
Flanges
Seals
Due to sub-atmospheric pressure in condensers
Dissolved air in cooling water
Must be taken into account if the condenser is cooleddirectly
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Cooling
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Cooling
Rivers, lakes or seawater
Cooling with air
Cooling tower
Traditionally used for a flash cycle
Air Cooler
Often used for binary cycle
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Cooling tower
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Cooling tower Schematic
Schematic drawing of a wet cooling tower
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Unit 6 - Cooling Tower and CW-Pumps
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Example Reykjanes Power Plant
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Reykjanes Power Plant
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Reykjanes 50 MW Single flash - 3 units
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Reykjanes - Steam separator station
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Reykjanes - Brine exhaust silencers
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Reykjanes - 50 MW steam turbine
Double flowDouble exhaust
Cross over Duct
CW In/out
Condenser
Generator
Control valve
Steam strainer
Main stop valve
Steam traps
and drain pipes
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Reykjanes - Sea water cooling
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Example Svartsengi Power Plant
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Why construct a power plant so close to the pool?
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Svartsengi - Overview
High Pressure
dry steam area,Steam Cap
Re-injectionpipeline
CosmeticsProduction
BlueLagoon Power Plant
MedicalClinic
Water dominatedarea
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Svartsengi - Formation of the steam cap
Geothermal well
Steam cap
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Svartsengi - Steam cap area and collecting pipes
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Svartsengi Resource Park - Schematic
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Svartsengi Power Plant (2009)
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Svartsengi, Unit 5 - Turbine / Generator
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Svartsengi, Unit 5 - Condenser
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Svartsengi, Unit 5 - Water heaters
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Svartsengi, Unit 5 - Gas Removal system
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Svartsengi, Unit 5 - Cooling Tower
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Svartsengi, Unit 6. T/G - Moisture removal vessels
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Svartsengi, Unit 6- Piping
Cross Over Duct
MP Outlet
LP Inlet
MP Inlet
HP control valve
HP main stop valve
HP steam strainer
Oil Unit
HP=High pressure, 16 baraMP=Medium press. 6,5-6,7 bara
LP=Low pressure, 1,2 bara
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Svartsengi, Unit 6 - Condenser
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Svartsengi, Unit 6 - Condenser
Cross Over DuctNCG Extraction
Condenser domeVAC tank connectionDrain from ejector syst.
CW Outlet
CW from aux systemsCW Inlet
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Unit 6 - Cooling Tower and CW-Pumps
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Unit 6, Cooling Tower - Winter conditions
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Example - Binary Power Plant
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Binary Power Plant - Azores
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Sao Miguel Azores - Pico Vermelho Plant
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Pico Vermehlo - 10 MW PFD
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10 MW binary Power Plant - Plan View
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Typical well pad
Well head, steam separator, brine tank, rock muffler andgathering pipelines
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Well head and safety equipment
Safety valve with a rupture diskassembly on upstream side
Well head, master valve and branch valve
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Separator and brine tank
Brine tank and brine pups
Vertical steam separator
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Typical well pad
Well head, steam separator, brine tank, rock muffler andgathering pipelines
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Brine pumps
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Condensers, vaporizer and preheaters
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Turbine (s) and generator
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Reinjection pumps