4 Grade PSI - Center For Teaching & Learningcontent.njctl.org/courses/science/4th-grade-science/the-history-of...4th Grade PSI The History of Planet Earth 2015-11-10 ... Remember our

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4th Grade PSI

The History of Planet Earth

2015-11-10

www.njctl.org

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The History of Planet Earth

· The Structure of EarthClick on the topic to go to that section

· Rock Layers

· Fossils and Relative Time

· Rock Formations and Earth Forces

· Earth's Visible Features

· Patterns of Earth's Features

· Tectonic Plates

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http://www.njctl.org

http://www.njctl.org

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The Structure of Earth

Return to Tableof Contents

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The Structure of EarthWhen you look at the world around you, have you ever asked

How did the Earth get to be the way it is today?

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The Structure of EarthThe things that we see today on the surface of the Earth exist

for many reasons, and they can teach us many things.

The structures we can see on the surface and things underneath the surface tell us about the Earth's history.

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The Structure of EarthWorking with your table, come up with a list of structures on

Earth that you think might tell some of the story of Earth's past.

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The Structure of EarthThe things we see on the surface of Earth today have gotten

to be that way over many, many years.

The surface of Earth - what we see with our eyes - is the outermost layer of Earth and is called the crust.

Even though the crust is the outer layer, there are still parts of the crust that are too deep for us to see.

crust

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The Structure of EarthEarth has other layers underneath the crust.

These are called the mantle and the core .

mantle

core

But when we talk about the history of

Earth, it is the crust - the outer layer - that can tell us the most.

Why do we rely on the crust to tell us the story and not the mantle or the core?

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The Structure of EarthMost of the crust is made up of rock.

Much of this rock is sedimentary rock .

Sedimentary rocks are one of the main reasons why the crust tells us so much about Earth's history.

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1 Can the things we see on Earth's surface can tell us about Earth's history?

Yes

No

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1 Can the things we see on Earth's surface can tell us about Earth's history?

Yes

No

[This object is a pull tab]

Ans

wer

Yes.

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2 Is it possible Earth's surface has gotten to be the way it is within the past 50 years?

Yes

No

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2 Is it possible Earth's surface has gotten to be the way it is within the past 50 years?

Yes

No


Ans

wer No,

Earth's surface has gotten to be the way it is over many, many years.


3 The outer layer of Earth is called the:

A skin

B mantle

C crust

D core

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3 The outer layer of Earth is called the:

A skin

B mantle

C crust

D core


Ans

wer

C


4 We can see all of Earth's crust with our eyes.

Yes

No

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4 We can see all of Earth's crust with our eyes.

Yes

No


Ans

wer No,

we cannot see all of the Earth's crust with our eyes because the

crust is thick.


5 Which layer of Earth tells us the most about Earth's history?

A the core

B the mantle

C the outside

D the crust

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5 Which layer of Earth tells us the most about Earth's history?

A the core

B the mantle

C the outside

D the crust


Ans

wer

D


Rock Layers


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Rock LayersSedimentary rock, which makes up much of Earth's crust,

is made from sediment.

Sediment is broken down pieces of rock and other solid material

that settles to the bottom of a liquid.

sediment

Sediment is often dirt and rock particles that settle at the bottom of bodies of water, but it also refers to any solid material that settles at the bottom of a liquid, such as these particles in this glass of water.

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Rock LayersSedimentary rock is formed over many years.

Where on Earth might we see evidence of layering? How could that have happened?

Can you brainstorm any ways sedimentary rock could come to be?

Remember our definition of sediment.

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Rock LayersSo here's how it happens:

Sediments are deposited (usually by water).

Sediments build up in layers - a process called sedimentation .

Sediments are compacted as the weight of the sediments on top squash the sediments at the bottom.

Sediments are cemented by crystals of salt that are left after the water has been squeezed out of the rocks.

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deposition sedimentation compaction cementation

deposition sedimentation compaction cementation

txstate.edu

Rock Layers

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Rock LayersSedimentary rocks provide a history of the evolution of Earth, especially within the past billion years.

When sediments are deposited and compacted to form sedimentary rock, sediments are accumulated in beds one on top of another - in layers.

This means that when cut deep into the crust, below the surface we can see with our eyes, we find layers of different rocks that have formed over a long period of time.

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Rock LayersWhich layer of rock in this diagram do you think is the youngest?

Which is the oldest? Label the top and bottom layers and then move the boxes to reveal the answers.

move for

answer

move for

answer

This is called the Law of Superposition .

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Rock LayersGeologists study ancient sedimentary rocks to determine what environment they formed in.

Determining ancient environments is very important to understand the history of Earth.

It helps geologists understand how Earth's surface has changed over time.

One way to study this is to compare the sedimentary structures in ancient rocks with sedimentary structures in modern environments.

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6 The most important characteristic of a sediment is:

A that it settles to the bottom of a liquid

B that it floats in liquid

C its color

D that it is small

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6 The most important characteristic of a sediment is:

A that it settles to the bottom of a liquid

B that it floats in liquid

C its color

D that it is small


Ans

wer

A


7 Order the following steps from first to last in the process of sedimentary rock formation (enter all 4 letters on your responder in the correct order):

A compaction

B deposition

C cementation

D sedimentation

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7 Order the following steps from first to last in the process of sedimentary rock formation (enter all 4 letters on your responder in the correct order):

A compaction

B deposition

C cementation

D sedimentation


Ans

wer

B, D, A, C


8 Sedimentary rocks form in layers.

Yes

No

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8 Sedimentary rocks form in layers.

Yes

No


Ans

wer

Yes.


9 The Law of Superposition says:

A rock layers that are closer to the surface are old

B old and new rocks are found in the same place

C rock layers get older as you go further down

D rock layers that are deep down are the most recent

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9 The Law of Superposition says:

A rock layers that are closer to the surface are old

B old and new rocks are found in the same place

C rock layers get older as you go further down

D rock layers that are deep down are the most recent


Ans

wer

C


10 Geologists study ancient rocks to learn about:

A people

B environments

C sediments

D cementation

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10 Geologists study ancient rocks to learn about:

A people

B environments

C sediments

D cementation


Ans

wer

B


LAB: Rock LayersIn this lab, we will look more at how sedimentary rocks form,

focusing on the questions:

How are different sediments deposited differently?

How do sedimentary rocks form?

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Fossils and Relative Time


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Fossils and Relative TimeSedimentary rocks not only contain sediments such as dirt, sand, and pebbles, but also fossils - preserved remains of

plants or animals.

Fossils come in many forms. They can be bones, tracks, plants, or bodies of animals, among other things.

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Fossils and Relative TimeRocks of the same age contain the same, or very similar, fossils.

So, for example, very recently formed rocks may have a lot of these fossils,

and in rocks from an even older time period, there may be lots of these fossils, but none of the types found in the more recent rock.

while in rocks from an older time period there may be none of those fossils, but many of these fossils,

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So if fossils of this organism are found in these three places, then the rocks they were found in are all the same age.

Fossils and Relative TimeWhen the same kind of fossils are found in rocks in different places - for example, fossils of an organism that no longer exists - we know that the rocks are the same age. How?

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This means that the age of a rock can be determined by the fossils that are found in it.

A rock can also be compared to other rocks by the fossils the

rocks contain. The types of fossils in the rocks being compared

will show which rock is older than the other.

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very long time ago long time ago recent

When we compare fossils, we can form a general timeline of organisms that existed throughout history!

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Fossils and Relative TimeThe kinds of fossils found in rocks from different time periods

change because animals and plants change through time. These patterns of fossils exist globally.

But in certain places, fossils are also found in different rock layers

because the environment of that particular place changed throughout history.

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For example, imagine that a long time agothere was a lake, and many fish and shell fossils were left in that rock.

Many years later, something happened in that area and the rocks from that later time had many plant fossils, but no fish or shell fossils.

What do you think scientists would be able to tell happened in that place based on what they learned from the fossils? Come up with an idea in

your group you can share with the rest of the class.

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Fossils and Relative TimeFossils can tell us many things about the the history of:

or the entire planet.

one place, one region,

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11 Fossils are: (choose all that apply)

A found in sedimemtary rocks

B living organisms

C able to help determine how old rocks are

D preserved remains of plants and animals

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11 Fossils are: (choose all that apply)

A found in sedimemtary rocks

B living organisms

C able to help determine how old rocks are

D preserved remains of plants and animals


Ans

wer

A, C, & D


12 Is it possible to tell if one rock is older or younger than another rock by looking at their fossils?

Yes

No

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12 Is it possible to tell if one rock is older or younger than another rock by looking at their fossils?

Yes

No


Ans

wer

Yes.


13 Rocks of the same age contain very different fossils.

Yes

No

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13 Rocks of the same age contain very different fossils.

Yes

No


Ans

wer

No.


14 Why do rocks from different time periods have different kinds of fossils? (discuss as a class, do not answer with responders)

Students type their answers here

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14 Why do rocks from different time periods have different kinds of fossils? (discuss as a class, do not answer with responders)



Ans

wer

Rocks from different time periods have different types of fossils because plants and animals

change through time or in certain places because the environment

has changed over time so the organisms that lived there

changed.


ACTIVITY: Sediment Fossil Surprise

In this activity we will explore how fossils are deposited in rocklayers.

We will make our own models to better understand how fossils work and what they tell us.

We will focus on the question:

How are fossils deposited in sediment layers?

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ACTIVITY: Relative Age with Edible RocksIn this activity we will closely examine the inside of edible

rocks to learn about their "sediments" relative age based on patterns of their deposition.

We will focus on the question:

How is relative age dating used when observing rock layers?

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Rock Formations and Earth Forces


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Rock Formations and Earth ForcesSometimes rock layers are disturbed by different Earth forces.

This means that the pattern we typically see in rocks - of older rocks

being farther underground and newer rocks being closer to the surface -

can sometimes be mixed up, with rock layers existing in different

formations. What do you think might cause this?

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Rock Formations and Earth ForcesEarth forces can disturb the Law of Superposition.

Some Earth forces include earthquakes , rivers , and

erosion.

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Rock Formations and Earth ForcesEARTHQUAKES

Patterns in rock formations can show where earthquakes - shaking caused by the movement of rock under Earth's

surface - occurred and layers are no longer aligned.

fault line

Rock layers impacted by an earthquake will often show distinct change at the fault line where the earthquake occurred.

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Rock Formations and Earth ForcesRIVERS

Rivers are strong forces that can impact rocks. Often times

rivers will cut through rocks, leaving rock layers exposed.

Rivers may also deposit new sediment in the middle of old rock layers.

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Rock Formations and Earth ForcesEROSION

Different forces such as rain, wind, flowing water, and living animals can make rocks erode , or wear down.

This erosion wears down rocks and creates new patterns in rock layers.

eroded rock layers

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Rock Formations and Earth ForcesOften the cause of Earth forces that disrupt rock patterns is

plate tectonics , the movement of plates that make up Earth's crust.

crust

Remember, we said the crust is not a solid layer on the outside of Earth.

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geology.er.usgs.gov

You can see the plates here with a map of the continents underneath.

These plates move slowly and interact at their boundaries.

It is broken into sections called plates .

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Rock Formations and Earth ForcesTectonic plates fit closely together along their boundaries.

mantle

The plates are many miles thick. They bump and rub agains each other, while pulling apart, and pushing together.

The plates float on top of Earth's mantle which is made up of liquid rock.

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So in a cross-section under Earth's surface, the layers of rock that make up the crust are floating on top of the thick mantle of liquid rock.

Earth's surface

mantle

crus

t

Earth's surface

mantle

crus

t

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Rock Formations and Earth ForcesEarthquakes are one example of Earth forces caused by tectonic

plate movement.

Earthquakes occur when the plates interact - typically when they are pushing together or sliding past each other - and, as we saw,

they disturb rock layers.

Earthquakes often leave visible marks on Earth's surface, but especially leave visible marks on rock layers.

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Rock Formations and Earth ForcesTectonic plates can also cause rock layers to bend and fold.

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Rock Formations and Earth ForcesWhen Earth forces disturb typical rock formations, it can be trickier to understand what has happened in Earth's history.

But using fossils and other clues can help scientists

understand rocks and their ages even in these cases when

the layers are mixed up and not in straight lines.

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recent

oldestyoungest

very oldold

For instance, if these fossils were found in these layers, we could figure out which layers were oldest and youngest even

though the layers are diagonal.

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15 If Earth forces have impacted rocks in an area, will younger rocks still always be located on top of older ones?

Yes

No

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15 If Earth forces have impacted rocks in an area, will younger rocks still always be located on top of older ones?

Yes

No


Ans

wer

No.


16 Earth forces can cause rock layers to:

(choose all that apply)

A disappear

B fold up

C unalign

D swap

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16 Earth forces can cause rock layers to:


A disappear

B fold up

C unalign

D swap


Ans

wer

B, C, & D


17 What may have happened to these rocks? (discuss as a group, not a responder question)


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17 What may have happened to these rocks? (discuss as a group, not a responder question)



Ans

wer

These rock layers may have been laid a long time ago, but more

recently had a river cut through them. The river dried up and new

sediment was deposited in the space it eroded.


18 The crust is a solid layer on the outside of Earth.

Yes

No

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18 The crust is a solid layer on the outside of Earth.

Yes

No


Ans

wer

No.


19 The crust is broken into pieces called:

A continents

B regions

C plates

D shells

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19 The crust is broken into pieces called:

A continents

B regions

C plates

D shells


Ans

wer

C


20 Tectonic plates: (choose all the apply)

A never move

B interact at their boundaries

C can cause earthquakes

D are very thin

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20 Tectonic plates: (choose all the apply)

A never move

B interact at their boundaries

C can cause earthquakes

D are very thin


Ans

wer

B & C


Tectonic Plates


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Tectonic PlatesThe crust is divided into two types: oceanic and continental.

geology.er.usgs.gov

If you look closely at this map of tectonic plates, you can see

that parts of the plates are covered with water and parts are covered

with land.

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Tectonic PlatesOCEANIC CRUST

Where do you think oceanic crust is found?

It is made of dense rocks such as basalt. This means that oceanic crust is heavy .

Oceanic crust is about 4 miles thick.

ocean floor

mantle

oceanic crust

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Tectonic PlatesCONTINENTAL CRUST

Where do you think continental crust is found?

It is made of less dense rocks such as granite. This means continental crust is light .

Its thickness varies between 6 to 47 miles.

Continental crust is almost always much older than oceanic crust.

continental crust

mantle

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Tectonic PlatesThere are three types of tectonic plate boundaries: convergent , divergent , and transform .

geografas.eu

If you look closely at this map of tectonic plate movement, you can see

arrows showing that different

plates move in different directions

relative to each other.

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Tectonic PlatesCONVERGENT BOUNDARIES

At convergent boundaries, plates collide with one another .

At convergent boundaries, continental crust is created and oceanic crust is destroyed as it subducts, melts, and becomes magma.

The collision causes the edge of one or both plates to buckle, or causes one plate to move underneath the other, a process known as subduction .

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Tectonic PlatesDIVERGENT BOUNDARIES

At divergent boundaries, plates separate.

At divergent boundaries, oceanic crust is created.

Here, geysers spurt super-heated water, and magma, or molten rock,

rises from the mantle and solidifies to form

new crust.

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Tectonic PlatesTRANSFORM BOUNDARIES

At transform boundaries, plates slide past one another .

Here, earthquakes tend to occur when plates move and rub against one another. New crust is neither created or destroyed at transform boundaries.

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Tectonic Plates

USGS.gov

Here is a diagram of the three types of plate boundaries.

(The lithosphere and asthenosphere are parts of the mantle. The asthenophere is made of molten rock.)

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Tectonic PlatesCan you find the 3 different types of plate boundaries on this diagram?

geografas.eu

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Tectonic PlatesOn this diagram each type of boundary is shown in a different color.

Did you correctly identify some of these boundaries in the last diagram?

http://johomaps.com/world/worldtecton.html

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21 The two types of crust are ______________ and ______________ . (not a responder question)


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21 The two types of crust are ______________ and ______________ . (not a responder question)



Ans

wer

continental crust and oceanic crust


22 Oceanic crust is heavier than continental crust.

True

False

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22 Oceanic crust is heavier than continental crust.

True

False


Ans

wer

True


23 When tectonic pates move apart, it is called a:

A divergent boundary

B transform boundary

C convergent boundary

D subducting boundary

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23 When tectonic pates move apart, it is called a:






Ans

wer

A


24 This shows a _____________ boundary.





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24 This shows a _____________ boundary.






Ans

wer

C


Earth's Visible Features


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Earth's Visible Features

Some rock layers indicate Earth forces that happened a long time ago, but there are also many features on Earth's

surface that are visible signs of Earth forces today.This is because tectonic plates are still moving.

These visible features include mountain ranges, ocean trenches, mid-ocean ridges, rift valleys, and volcanoes,

all existing due to the movement of tectonic plates.

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page5svg

Earth's Visible FeaturesMOUNTAIN RANGES

Where plates collide or push together, mountain ranges form.

You can see that as the plates push together, the top layer of rock crunches up to form mountains. Sometimes one plate moves under

the other plate - subducts - and the other plate pushes upwards. Sometimes both top layers are pushed upwards.

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quake.eas.gatech.edu


When a oceanic and continental plate converge, the oceanic plate subducts and the continental crust crunches up, forming a mountain range.

Where two continental plates converge, they are likely to bothbuckle, or crunch up, forming a mountain range.

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The Himalayas, shown here, are an example of this.

shanahan2.pbworks.com

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trench

Earth's Visible FeaturesOCEAN TRENCHES

Where oceanic plates converge and one plate subducts underneath the other, ocean trenches are formed.

Trenches mark the position at which the flexed, subducting crust begins to descend under the crust it is colliding with.

Oceanic trenches typically extend 1.9 to 2.5 miles below the level of the surrounding oceanic floor.

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magma

Earth's Visible FeaturesMID-OCEAN RIDGES

Where oceanic plates diverge, mid-ocean ridges are formed.

Hot magma from Earth’s mantle bubbles to the surface where plates diverge.

This magma is then cooled by seawater and forms new crust.

The newest oceanic crust is located near the center of the ridge.

Over time, new oceanic crust pushes older crust farther away.

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Earth's Visible FeaturesRIFT VALLEYS

Where continental plates diverge, rift valleys are formed.

Rift valleys are often narrow, with steep sides and a flat floor.

Rift valleys can lead to the creation of entirely new

continents, or deepen valleys in existing ones.

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Earth's Visible FeaturesVOLCANOES

Where tectonic plates push together, volcanoes - mountains that erupt with lava - often form.

Where plates collide, pressure is built up in Earth. Magma - a mixture of gases and hot molten rock - builds up in the mantle and

pushes up into rock layers.

The magma opens cracks in weak spots in rocks, and eventually pushes all the way to the surface.

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Earth's Visible FeaturesVOLCANOES

When the magma erupts on Earth's surface, it is called lava.

The place it erupts is the volcano . lava

magma

volcano

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25 Mountain ranges form where tectonic plates diverge.

Yes

No

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25 Mountain ranges form where tectonic plates diverge.

Yes

No


Ans

wer

No


26 Subduction is when:

A two plates buckle up when they collide

B a colliding plate goes under another

C continental crust moves under oceanic crust

D two plates diverge

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26 Subduction is when:

A two plates buckle up when they collide

B a colliding plate goes under another

C continental crust moves under oceanic crust

D two plates diverge


Ans

wer

B


27 Mid-ocean ridges form where:

A oceanic and continental crust converge

B oceanic crust converges with oceanic crust

C continental or oceanic plates diverge

D oceanic crust diverges

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27 Mid-ocean ridges form where:

A oceanic and continental crust converge

B oceanic crust converges with oceanic crust

C continental or oceanic plates diverge

D oceanic crust diverges


Ans

wer

D


28 Which of the following are true of volcanoes:


A they form where plates converge

B they do not need magma to form

C they erupt with lava

D pressure in the earth helps to cause them

Slide 93 / 107

28 Which of the following are true of volcanoes:


A they form where plates converge

B they do not need magma to form

C they erupt with lava

D pressure in the earth helps to cause them


Ans

wer

A, C, & D


ACTIVITY: Where Plates MeetIn this activity we will explore tectonic plate boundaries across the globe. We will focus on the question: What do we find on Earth’s

surface at tectonic plate boundaries?

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Patterns of Earth's Features


Slide 95 / 107

page5svg

Patterns of Earth's FeaturesThe features we see on Earth, both visible and underground, occur in

patterns. Think about what causes earthquakes and volcanoes.

geology.er.usgs.gov

Where do you think

earthquakes and volcanoes are

most likely to occur?

Slide 96 / 107

Patterns of Earth's FeaturesHere is a map of earthquake locations over a 15 year period.

black = earthquakes close to the surface (0 - 70km)green = earthquakes a bit farther down (70 - 300km)

red = earthquakes farther down in the crust (300 - 700km)

What do you notice?

http://oceanworld.tamu.edu

Slide 97 / 107


If you place the map next to a map of the tectonic plates, you can see that earthquakes are most likely to occur along plate boundaries.

http://oceanworld.tamu.edu geology.er.usgs.gov

This is because earthquakes are caused by plates interacting at their boundaries.

Slide 98 / 107


We know that volcanoes occur where plates are converging.

geografas.eu

From looking at this map, can

you guess where volcanoes

are located?

Slide 99 / 107

Patterns of Earth's FeaturesHere is a map of volcano locations around the world.

Are any of the volcanoes where you guessed they would be?

http://www.globalchange.umich.edu

Slide 100 / 107

Patterns of Earth's FeaturesSimilar to earthquakes, volcanoes are also found along plate

boundaries.

More specifically, volcanoes exist where plates converge .

http://www.globalchange.umich.edu geografas.eu

Slide 101 / 107


Many volcanoes are found around the edges of the 5 main plates in the Pacific Ocean.

This area is known as The Ring of Fire. Why is it called this?

http://www.globalchange.umich.edu

Slide 102 / 107

Patterns of Earth's FeaturesA map of tectonic plates and their movements can help us

predict and know many things about Earth's features.

geografas.eu

Slide 103 / 107

29 Earthquakes occur in completely random locations that could never be predicted.

True

False

Slide 104 / 107

29 Earthquakes occur in completely random locations that could never be predicted.

True

False


Ans

wer

False


30 Earthquakes are likely to occur:

A anywhere

B in random places

C where plates diverge

D around plate boundaries

Slide 105 / 107

30 Earthquakes are likely to occur:

A anywhere

B in random places

C where plates diverge

D around plate boundaries


Ans

wer

D


31 What is The Ring of Fire?(not a responder question)


Slide 106 / 107

31 What is The Ring of Fire?(not a responder question)



Ans

wer The Ring of Fire is an area around

the tectonic plate edges in the Pacific Ocean where many

volcanoes are located.


ACTIVITY: Finding Plates by Mapping Quakes

In this activity we will map earthquakes across the globe and compare their locations to the location of plate boundaries.

We will think more about the question:

What can the location of earthquakes help us understand?

http://oceanworld.tamu.edu

Slide 107 / 107

Documents

4 Grade PSI - Center For Teaching & Learningcontent.njctl.org/courses/science/4th-grade-science/the-history-of...4th Grade PSI The History of Planet Earth 2015-11-10 ... Remember our