COLLEGE OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION AND TECHNOLOGY (CBAT), KUSHTIA.

Lecture- 4 Bangladesh Studies (3105) BBA THIRD YEAR FIFTH SEMESTER

1. Describe the Agartala Conspiracy Case.

Agartala Conspiracy Case is a case framed by the Pakistan Government in 1968 during the

Ayub regime against Awami League chief SHEIKH MUJIBUR RAHMAN, some in-service and ex-

service army personnel and high government officials.

AvMiZjv loh¯¨ gvgjv cvwKÕ¦vb miKvi 1968 mvGji Rvbyqvwi gvGm AvIqvgx jxM cÉavb •kL gywReyi ingvbGK cÉavb Avmvwg KGi •mbvevwnbxi KGqKRb KgÆiZ I cÉvî×b m`mÅ ‣es Ea»ÆZb miKvwi AwdmviG`i wei‚G«¬ •h gvgjv `vGqi KGi ZvB AvMiZjv loh¯¨ gvgjv bvGg cwiwPZ|

They were accused of involvement in a conspiracy to secede the East wing from Pakistan with

the help of the government of India. The petitis principii in the petition was that the conspiracy

was concocted between the Indian party and the accused persons at Agartala city of Tripura in

India. The case was thus called Agartala Conspiracy Case.

ZvG`i wei‚G«¬ AwfGhvM wQj •h, Zviv fviZ miKvGii mnvqZvq mkÕ¨ AfzÅïvGbi gvaÅGg cƒeÆ cvwKÕ¦vbGK cvwKÕ¦vb •^GK wewœQ®² Kivi lohG¯¨ wjµ¦ wQGjb| fviGZi wòcyivi AvMiZjv knGi fviZxq cÞ I Avmvgx cÞG`i gGaÅ ‣B lohG¯¨i cwiK͸bv Kiv nGqwQj eGj gvgjvq DGÍÏL ^vKvq ‣GK AvMiZjv loh¯¨ gvgjv ejv nq|

However, the Pakistan government was compelled to withdraw the case in the face of a mass

movement in East Pakistan.

evsjvG`Gki Õ¼vaxbZvi BwZnvGm ‣B gvgjv ‣es ‣i cÉwZwò×qv weGkl ài‚Z½cƒYÆ| cƒeÆ cvwKÕ¦vGbi RbMGYi ZxeË AvG±`vjGbi gyGL cvwKÕ¦vb miKvi AwPGiB gvgjvwU cÉZÅvnvi KiGZ evaÅ nq|

2. Describe the Killing of Intellectuals in Bangladesh.

Killing of Intellectuals one of the most brutal and savage carnages in the history of Bangladesh.

It was a planned killing of the Bangali intellectuals- educationists, journalists, literateurs,

physicians, scientists, lawyers, artists, philosophers and political thinkers - executed by a group

of collaborators under the directive and guidance of the Pakistani military rulers during the

WAR OF LIBERATION in 1971

eyw«¬Rxex nZÅv 1971 mvGj gywî×hy«¬ PjvKvGj evOvwj eyw«¬Rxex wbab evsjvG`Gki BwZnvGm b†ksmZg I eeÆGivwPZ nZÅvhæ| evOvwj wkÞvwe`, mvsevw`K, mvwnwZÅK, wPwKrmK, weævbx, AvBbRxex, wk͸x, `vkÆwbK I ivR‥bwZK wP¯¦vwe`MY ‣B mycwiKw͸Z wbabhGæi wkKvi nb| cvwKÕ¦vwb mvgwiK kvmKGMvÓ¤xi wbG`Ækbv I g`G` ‣K •kÉYxi `vjvjiv ‣B nZÅvhæ msNwUZ KGi|

The brutality and killing took a serious turn especially in Dhaka during the days preceding the

surrender of the Pak army, particularly on 14 December, the day now commemorated as

Shaheed Buddhijibi Hatya Dibash (Martyred Intellectuals Day).

cvKevwnbxi AvZÄmgcÆGbi AeÅewnZ cƒeÆeZÆx w`bàGjvGZ, weGklZ 14 wWGmÁ¼i ‣B eeÆiZv I nZÅvhÆ fqven i…c cwiM Én KGi| 14 wWGmÁ¼i ZvB knx` eyw«¬Rxex nZÅv w`em i…Gc ÕÃiYxq nGq AvGQ|

The number of intellectuals killed is estimated as follows: educationist 991, journalist 13,

physician 49, lawyer 42, others (litterateur, artist and engineer) 16.

knx` eyw«¬RxexG`i cÉK ‡Z msLÅv A`Åewa wbi…wcZ nqwb| cÉvµ¦ Z^Åmƒò •^GK knx`G`i •gvUvgywU ‣KUv msLÅv `uvo KvivGbv hvq| ‣uG`i gGaÅ wQGjb 991 Rb wkÞvwe`, 13 Rb mvsevw`K, 49 Rb wPwKrmK, 42 Rb AvBbRxex ‣es 16 Rb mvwnwZÅK, wk͸x I cÉGK…kjx|

3. Critically discuss the role of India in the Liberation War of Bangladesh. Or

Critically discuss the role of U.S.S.R in the Liberation War of Bangladesh.

At the international level, the United States and the People's Republic of China considered the

crisis as an internal affair of Pakistan. On the other hand, India, Soviet Union and her allies and

general masses in Japan, and Western countries stood solidly behind Bangladesh.

evsjvG`Gki gywî×hy«¬ PjvKvGj Av¯¦RÆvwZK chÆvGq gvwKÆb hyî×ivÓ¡Ë I MYcÉRvZ¯¨x Pxb cvwKÕ¦vbGK •K…kjMZ mg^Æb •`q| cÞv¯¦Gi, fviZ, •mvwfGqZ BDwbqb I ZvG`i wgò •`kmgƒn ‣es Rvcvb I cwøGgi AGbK •`Gki mvaviY RbMY evsjvG`Gki cGÞ AeÕ©vb •bq|

In order to gain strategic advantage vis-a-vis Sino-US-Pakistan axis, Indo-Soviet Friendship

Treaty was signed on 9 August 1971. It provided a new dimension to the War of Liberation.

Pxb-hyî×ivÓ¡Ë-cvwKÕ¦vb AGÞi wei‚G«¬ •K…kjMZ myweav ARÆGbi jGÞÅ 1971 mvGji 9 AvMÕ¡ fviZ miKvi •mvwfGqZ BDwbqGbi mGã ‣KwU ․gòxPzwî× Õ¼vÞi KGi| ‣ Pzwî× Õ¼vÞwiZ nIqvq evsjvG`Gki Õ¼vaxbZv hyG«¬ ‣K bZzb gvòv •hvM nq|

The joint command of the Mukti Bahini and the Indian army was underway from November

1971. Lieutenant General Jagjit Singh Aurora, Commander, Eastern Command of Indian Army,

became the commander of the joint forces. The joint command of the Mukti Bahini and the

Indian Army, however, started operation from the evening of 3 December, when the Pakistan

Air Force bombed Amritsar, Sree Nagar and the Kashmir valley. Immediately, the Indian

armed forces were ordered to hit back the Pakistan army and thus the Indo-Pak war broke out.

The Mukti Bahini and the Indian army continued advancing inside Bangladesh and the defeat

and surrender of the Pakistan army became a matter of time.

1971 mvGji bGfÁ¼i gvGm gywî×evwnbx I fviZxq evwnbxi •h…^ Kgv´£ MwVZ nq| fviZxq •mbvevwnbxi cƒeÆvçjxq KgÅvG´£i AwabvqK •jdGUbÅv´Ÿ •RbvGij RMwRr wms AGiviv •h…^ evwnbxi cÉavb wbhyî× nb| AekÅ 3 wWGmÁ¼i m®¬Åvq Ag†Zmi, kÉxbMi I KvkÄxi DcZÅKvq cvwKÕ¦vb wegvbevwnbxi •evgv elÆGYi ci •^GKB gywî×evwnbx I fviZxq evwnbxi •h…^ Kgv´£ KvhÆKi f„wgKv MÉnY KGi| ZLbB fviZxq mkÕ¨ evwnbxi Dci wbG`Æk AvGm cvwKÕ¦vwb •mbvevwnbxGK cÉZÅvNvZ Kivi| gywî×evwnbx I fviZxq •mbvevwnbx evsjvG`Gki Afů¦Gi ò×gk AMÉmi nGZ ^vGK| dGj cvwKÕ¦vwb ․mbÅG`i civRq I AvZÄmgcÆY AwbevhÆ nGq IGV|

International efforts for a cease-fire before Bangladesh is fully liberated failed due to Soviet

veto in the United Nations Security Council.

evsjvG`k mÁ·ƒYÆ kò‚gyî× nIqvi cÉvØvGj RvwZmsN wbivcîv cwilG` ‣KwU hy«¬ weiwZi cÉÕ¦ve Dïvcb Kiv nq| •mvwfGqZ BDwbqb ‣GZ •fGUv cÉGqvM Kivq ‣B cÉGPÓ¡v bmÅvr nGq hvq|

The Indian troops and the freedom fighters of No 11 Sector reached Tongi on 14 December and

Savar in the morning of 16 December.

fviZxq ․mbÅ ‣es ‣MvGiv bÁ¼i •mÙGii gywî×Ghv«¬viv 14 wWGmÁ¼i XvKvi Uãxi KvGQ •cu…GQ| 16 wWGmÁ¼i mKvGj Zviv mvfvGi AeÕ©vb •bq|

A fleet of helicopters landed on the tarmac of Dhaka airport at about 4 p.m. with Lieutenant

General Aurora and his staff. Group Captain AK Khandaker, Deputy Chief of Staff,

Bangladesh Forces represented the Mukti Bahini. Lieutenant General AAK Niazi received

Lieutenant General Aurora. The instrument of surrender was signed by Lieutenant Jagit Sing

Aurora and Lieutenant General Niazi at the RAMNA RACECOURSE (now Suhrawardy Uddyan) at

one minute past 5 p.m. on 16 December 1971.

1971 mvGji 16 wWGmÁ¼i weKvj cuvPUv ‣K wgwbGU igbv •imGKvGmÆ (eZÆgvb •mvnivIqv`Æx D`Åvb) •h…^ KgÅvG´£i cGÞ •jdGUbÅv´Ÿ •RbvGij RMwRr wms AGiviv ‣es cvwKÕ¦vb evwnbxi cƒeÆvçjxq KgÅvG´£i cGÞ •jdGUbÅv´Ÿ •RbvGij wbqvRx cvwKÕ¦vGbi AvZÄmgcGÆYi `wjGj Õ¼vÞi KGib|

During the WAR OF LIBERATION in 1971, an estimated ten million refugees fled from Bangladesh to neighbouring India to escape from the atrocities of the Pakistan Army and their local collaborators

1971 mvGj Õ¼vaxbZv hy«¬ PjvKvGj cvwKÕ¦vb •mbvevwnbx ‣es ZvG`i Õ©vbxq •`vmiG`i b†ksmZvi nvZ •^GK iÞv cvIqvi RbÅ 10 wgwjqb kiYv^Æx evsjvG`k •^GK cvk¼ÆeZÆx fviGZ AvkÉq •bq|

To help refugees on their way back, they were given food for the journey, medical assistance, and two weeks' basic rations.

•divi mgq kiYv ÆxG`iGK hvòvcG^ Lvevi, •gwWKÅvj mnvqZv ‣es y mµ¦vGni cÉv^wgK •ikb cÉ vb Kiv nq|

4. What were the major features of Bangladesh Constitution?

Constitution of the People's Republic of Bangladesh was adopted by the Constituent Assembly

on 4 November 1972 and came into force on 16 December of the same year, marking the

Victory Day.

msweavb MYcÉRvZ¯¨x evsjvG`Gki msweavb 1972 mvGji 4 bGfÁ¼i MYcwilG` M†nxZ nq ‣es ‣KB eQi 16 wWGmÁ¼i weRq w`eGm ejer nq|

The Constitution has 153 Articles arranged under eleven parts and 4 schedules entitled the

Republic, Fundamental Principles of State Policy, Fundamental Rights, the Executive, Prime

Minister and the Cabinet, the Legislature, Legislative and Financial Procedure, Ordinance

Making Power, Judiciary, Elections, Comptroller and Auditor General, Services of Bangladesh,

Public Service Commission, Emergency Provisions, Amendment of the Constitution, and

Miscellaneous.

msweavGb ‣MvGivwU fvGM webÅÕ¦ •gvU 153wU AbyGœQ` iGqGQ| fvMàwj nGœQ: cÉRvZ¯¨, ivÓ¡Ë cwiPvjbvi gƒjbxwZ, •g…wjK AwaKvi, wbeÆvnx, cÉavbg¯¨x I gw¯¨mfv, AvBbmfv, AaÅvG`k Rvwii ÞgZv, wePvi wefvM, wbeÆvPb, gnv wnmve-wbixÞK I wbq¯¨K, evsjvG`Gki KgÆwefvM, cvewjK mvwfÆm Kwgkb, Ri‚wi weavbvewj, msweavb msGkvab I wewea|

5. Briefly mention all the amendments to the Bangladesh Constitution.

Or

Present the short title of all the amendments to the Bangladesh Constitution. #Critically

discuss the 5th

amendment in this regards in line with the recent development.#

The Constitution of the People's Republic of Bangladesh has been amended several times. The following is a brief account of these acts and orders.

mvsweavwbK msGkvabx MYcÉRvZ¯¨x evsjvG`Gki msweavGb ‣ chƯ¦ •ek KGqKwU msGkvabx Avbv nGqGQ| •mme msGkvabxi mswÞµ¦ weeiY wbÁ²i…c:

First Amendment Act The Constitution (First Amendment) Act 1973 was passed on 15 July 1973.

cÉ g msGkvabx AvBb 1973 mvGji 15 RyjvB ‧msweavb (cÉ g msGkvabx) AvBb, 1973 M†nxZ nq|

Second Amendment Act The Constitution (Second Amendment) Act 1973 was passed on 22 September 1973.

«¼Zxq msGkvabx AvBb msweavb (w«¼Zxq msGkvabx) AvBb, 1973 M†nxZ nq 1973 mvGji 22 •mG¶ŸÁ¼i|

Third Amendment Act The Constitution (Third Amendment) Act 1974 was enacted on 28

November 1974 by bringing in changes in Article 2 of the constitution with a view to giving

effect to an agreement between Bangladesh and India in respect of exchange of certain enclaves

and fixation of boundary lines between India and Bangladesh .

Z‡Zxq msGkvabx AvBb msweavb (Z‡Zxq msGkvabx) AvBb, 1974 ejer nq 1974 mvGji 28 bGfÁ¼i| ‣i «¼viv evsjvG`k I fviGZi gGaÅ KwZcq wQUgnj wewbgq I mxgv¯¦ •iLv wbaÆviGYi eÅvcvGi ‣KwU Pzwî× KvhÆKi Kivi jGÞÅ msweavGbi 2 AbyGœQG` cwieZÆb Avbv nq|

Fourth Amendment Act The Constitution (Fourth Amendment) Act 1975 was passed on 25 January 1975. Major changes were brought into the constitution by this amendment.

PZz^Æ msGkvabx AvBb msweavb (PZz^Æ msGkvabx) AvBb, 1975 M†nxZ nq 1975 mvGji 25 Rvbyqvwi| ‣B msGkvabxi «¼viv msweavGb KwZcq eo cwieZÆb Avbv nq|

# Fifth Amendment Act This Amendment Act was passed by the Jatiya Sangsad on 6 April

1979. This Act amended the Fourth Schedule to the constitution by adding a new paragraph 18

thereto, which provided that all amendments, additions, modifications, substitutions and

omissions made in the constitution during the period between 15 August 1975 and 9 April 1979

(both days inclusive) by any Proclamation or Proclamation Order of the Martial Law

Authorities had been validly made and would not be called in question in or before any court or

tribunal or authority on any ground whatsoever.

cçg msGkvabx AvBb ‣B msweavb AvBb RvZxq msmG` AbyGgvw`Z nq 1979 mvGji 6 ‣wcÉj| ‣B AvBb «¼viv msweavGbi PZz^Æ ZdwmGji msGkvab Kiv nq ‣es ZvGZ 18 cÅvivMÉvd bvGg ‣KwU bZzb cÅvivMÉvd hyî× Kiv nq| ‣GZ ejv nq •h, 1975 mvGji 15 AvMÕ¡ ZvwiLmn IB w`b •^GK 1979 mvGji 9 ‣wcÉj ZvwiL chƯ¦ (H w`bmn) mvgwiK AvBb KZƆcGÞi •h •KvGbv •NvlYv ev AvG`k eGj mÁ·vw`Z msweavGbi mKj msGkvabx, mshywî×, cwieZÆb, cÉwZÕ©vcb I wejywµ¦ ․eafvGe mÁ·vw`Z eGj weGewPZ nGe ‣es •KvGbv KviGYB •KvGbv Av`vjZ ev UÇvBeybÅvGj ‣mGei eÅvcvGi •KvGbv cÉk² •Zvjv hvGe bv|

Sixth Amendment Act The Sixth Amendment Act was enacted by the Jatiya Sangsad with a

view to amending Articles 51 and 66 of the 1981 constitution.

lÓ¡ msGkvabx AvBb 1981 mvGji msweavGbi 51 I 66 AbyGœQ` msGkvaGbi jGÞÅ RvZxq msm` KZ‡ÆK ‣B AvBb KvhÆKi nq|

Seventh Amendment Act This Act was passed on 11 November 1986.

mµ¦g msGkvabx AvBb 1986 mvGji 11 bGfÁ¼i ‣B AvBb cvm nq|

Eighth Amendment Act This Amendment Act was passed on 7 June 1988. It amended Articles

2, 3, 5, 30 and 100 of the constitution. This Amendment Act (i) declared ISLAM as the state

religion; (ii) decentralised the judiciary by setting up six permanent benches of the High Court

Division outside Dhaka; (iii) amended the word 'Bengali' into 'Bangla' and 'Dacca' into 'Dhaka'

in Article 5 of the constitution; (iv) amended Article 30 of the constitution by prohibiting

acceptance of any title, honours, award or decoration from any foreign state by any citizen of

Bangladesh without the prior approval of the president. It may be noted here that the Supreme

Court subsequently declared the amendment of Article 100 unconstitutional since it had altered

the basic structure of the constitution.

AÓ¡g msGkvax AvBb 1988 mvGji 7 Ryb ‣B msGkvabx AvBb cvm nq| ‣i «¼viv msweavGbi 2, 3, 5, 30 I 100 AbyGœQ` msGkvab Kiv nq| ‣B msGkvabx AvBbeGj (1) Bmjvg ivÓ¡ÌagÆ wnGmGe •NvwlZ nq; (2) XvKvi evBGi nvBGKvUÆ wefvGMi QqwU Õ©vqx •eç Õ©vcGbi gaÅ w`Gq wePvi wefvGMi weGK±`ÊxKiY Kiv nq; (3) msweavGbi 5 AbyGœQG` Bengali

kõwU cwieZÆb KGi Bangla Kiv nq ‣es Dacca cwieZÆb KGi Dhaka Kiv nq; (4) msweavGbi 30 AbyGœQ` msGkvab KGi evsjvG`Gki ivÓ¡ÌcwZi cƒeÆvbygwZ Qvov ‣G`Gki •KvGbv bvMwiK KZƆK •KvGbv weG`kx ivGÓ¡Ìi cÉ î •KvGbv •LZve, mÁÃvbbv, cyiÕ|vi ev Awfav MÉnY wbwl«¬ Kiv nq

Ninth Amendment Act The Constitution (Ninth Amendment) Act 1989 was passed in July

1989. This amendment provided for the direct election of the vice-president; it restricted a

person in holding the office of the PRESIDENT for two consecutive terms of five years each; it

also provided that a vice-president might be appointed in case of a vacancy, but the

appointment must be approved by the Jatiya Sangsad.

beg msGkvabx AvBb msweavb AvBb, 1989 (beg msGkvabx) cvm nq 1989 mvGji RyjvB gvGm| ‣B msGkvabx «¼viv ivGÓ¡Ìi Dc-ivÓ¡ÌcwZ cG` cÉZÅÞ wbeÆvPGbi weavb Kiv nq; ivÓ¡ÌcwZi cG` ‣KB eÅwî×i `vwqZ½ cvjb ci ci `yB •gqvG`i gGaÅ mxgve«¬ Kiv nq (cÉwZ •gqv`Kvj 5 eQi)| ‣B msGkvabxGZ AviI ejv nq •h, kƒbÅZv m†wÓ¡ nGj ‣KRb Dc-ivÓ¡ÌcwZ wbGqvM Kiv •hGZ cvGi, ZGe •mB wbGqvGMi cGÞ RvZxq msmG`i AbyGgv`b AvekÅK nGe|

Tenth Amendment Act The Tenth Amendment Act was enacted on 12 June 1990. It amended,

among others, Article 65 of the constitution, providing for reservation of thirty seats for the

next 10 years in the Jatiya Sangsad exclusively for women members, to be elected by the

members of the Sangsad.

`kg msGkvabx AvBb 1990 mvGji 12 Ryb `kg msGkvabx AvBb KvhÆKi nq| ‣i «¼viv, AbÅvGbÅi gGaÅ, msweavGbi 65 AbyGœQ` msGkvab KGi cieZÆx 10 eQGii RbÅ RvZxq msmG` bvixG`i RbÅ 30wU Avmb msiÞGYi weavb Kiv nq, •hme AvmGb bvixiv wbeÆvwPZ nGeb msm` m`mÅG`i •fvGU|

Eleventh Amendment Act This Act was passed on 6 August 1991. It amended the Fourth Schedule to the constitution by adding a new paragraph 21

‰Kv`k msGkvabx AvBb ‣B AvBb cvm nq 1991 mvGji 6 AvMÕ¡| ‣B AvBbeGj msweavGbi PZz^Æ Zdwmj msGkvab Kiv nq ‣es ZvGZ 21 bs bZzb cÅvivMÉvd mshyî× Kiv nq.

Twelfth Amendment Act This Amendment Act, known as the most important landmark in the history of constitutional development in Bangladesh, was passed on 6 August 1991.

«¼v`k msGkvabx AvBb evsjvG`Gki mvsweavwbK weKvGki BwZnvGm meÆvwaK ài‚Z½cƒYÆ gvBjdjK wnGmGe LÅvZ ‣B msGkvabx AvBb cvm nq 1991 mvGji 6 AvMÕ¡|

Thirteenth Amendment Act The Constitution (Thirteenth Amendment) Act 1996 was passed on 26 March 1996. It provided for a non-party CARETAKER GOVERNMENT which, acting as an interim government, would give all possible aid and assistance to the Election Commission for holding the general election of members of the Jatiya Sangsad peacefully, fairly and impartially. The non-party caretaker government, comprising the Chief Adviser and not more than 10 other advisers, would be collectively responsible to the president and would stand dissolved on the date on which the prime minister entered upon his office after the constitution of the new Sangsad.

òGqv`k msGkvabx AvBb msweavb AvBb, 1996 (òGqv`k msGkvabx) cvm nq 1996 mvGji 26 gvPÆ| ‣i «¼viv ‣KwU wb`Æjxq Zî½veavqK miKvi eÅeÕ©vi weavb Kiv nq, hv ‣KwU A¯¦eÆZÆxKvjxb cÉkvmb wnGmGe KvR KiGe ‣es myÓ¤z, Aeva I wbiGcÞfvGe RvZxq msmG`i wbeÆvPb AbyÓ¤vGb wbeÆvPb KwgkbGK meÆGZvfvGe mvnvhÅ-mnGhvwMZv KiGe| ‣KRb cÉavb DcG`Ó¡v I Abƒa»Æ 10 Rb DcG`Ó¡vi mg ¼Gq MwVZeÅ Zî½veavqK miKvi mgwÓ¡MZfvGe ivÓ¡ÌcwZi wbKU `vqe«¬ ^vKGe ‣es bZzb msm` MVGbi ci bZzb miKvGii cÉavbg¯¨x `vwqZ½ MÉnGYi ZvwiGL wejyµ¦ nGe|

6. Describe the major religious, national and social festivals of Bangladesh culture.

Religious festivals:-

The two main religious festivals of the Muslims of Bangladesh are EID-UL FITR and EID-UL AZHA. Eid-ul Fitr is observed after the end of Ramadan. The social meaning of Eid is joyful festival, while its etymological meaning denotes returning time and again. Like all other social festivals, Eid returns every year. So is the case with Eid-ul Azha. The same can be said of HAJJ.

evsjvG`Gki gymjgvbG`i `ywU cÉavb agÆxq Drme nGœQ C`yj wdZ&i I C`yj Avhnv| igRvb •kGl C`yj wdZ&i cvwjZ nq| CG`i mvgvwRK A^Æ Drme, Avi AvwfavwbK A^Æ cybivMgb ev evievi wdGi Avmv| AbÅvbÅ mvgvwRK DrmGei gGZv C`I evievi wdGi AvGm| ‣KB K^v cÉGhvRÅ C`yj Avhnv I nä mÁ·GKÆI| The biggest religious festival of the Hindu community in Bengal was and still is the DURGA PUJA.

evsjvG`Gki wn±`y mÁcÉ`vGqi meGPGq eo agÆxq Drme `yMÆvcƒRv|

National festivals:-

Pahela Baishakh first day of the Bangla year. Pahela Baishakh is celebrated in a festive

manner in both Bangladesh and West Bengal. In Bangladesh Pahela Baishakh is a national

holiday. Pahela Baisakh falls on April 14 or 15.

cGnjv ŠekvL evsjv mGbi cÉ^g w`b| ‣ w`bwU evsjvG`k I cwøgeGã beelÆ wnGmGe cvwjZ nq| ‣wU evOvwji ‣KwU meÆRbxb •jvKDrme | ‣w`b Avb±`Nb cwiGeGk eiY KGi •bIqv nq bZzb eQiGK| KjÅvY I bZzb RxeGbi cÉZxK nGjv beelÆ| AZxGZi fzjò‚wU I eÅ^ÆZvi ™Ïvwb fzGj bZzb KGi myL-kvw¯¦ I mg†w«¬ Kvgbvq D`&hvwcZ nq beelÆ| ‣w`b miKvwi •emiKvwi mKj cÉwZÓ¤vb e®¬ ^vGK|

Shaheed Dibash The 21st day of February (EKUSHEY FEBRUARY) is being officially observed as the

Shaheed Dibash (Martyrs' Day) since the emergence of Bangladesh.

knx` w`em evsjvG`Gki AfzÅ`Gqi ci •^GKB ivÓ¡ËxqfvGe •deË‚qvwi gvGmi 21 ZvwiL knx` w`em wnGmGe D`hvwcZ nGq AvmGQ|

Independence Day The independence of Bangladesh was declared on 26 March 1971

following the crackdown by the Pakistani army on the night of 25 March 1971.

Õ¼vaxbZv w`em 1971 mvGji 25 gvPÆ ivGZ cvwKÕ¦vwb ․mbÅG`i wbwe ÆPvi MYnZÅv I a»smhGæi ci 1971 mvGji 26 gvPÆ evsjvG`Gki Õ¼vaxbZv •NvlYv Kiv nq|

Bijoy Dibash commemorates the day in 1971 (16 December) when ninety thousand troops of

the Pakistan occupation army surrendered to the allied forces of Bangladesh and India at

Suhrawardy Udyan in Dhaka. The day is observed with due solemnity and nationalistic fervour.

The first ray of the morning is heralded with a 31 gun-salute. In capital Dhaka, there is usually

a ceremonial military parade in which all uniformed services are represented. Hundreds of

thousands of people gather at the National Parade Square to watch this parade. Floral

wreaths are laid at the Jatiya Smriti Saudha (National Memorial Monument) at Savar near

Dhaka in memory of those who sacrificed their lives for the liberation of the country.

weRq w`em 1971 mvGji 16 wWGmÁ¼i cvwjZ nq, •hw`b XvKvi •mvnivIqv`Æx D`ÅvGb `Lj`vi cvwKÕ¦vwb evwnbxi be»B nvRvi m`mÅ evsjvG`k I fviGZi mwÁÃwjZ evwnbxi KvGQ AvZÄmgcÆY KGi| w`bwU h^vh^ fveMvÁ¿xhÆ I RvZxqZvev`x Dóxcbvmn D`hvwcZ nGq ^vGK| 31 evi •Zvca»wbi gvaÅGg cÉZzÅGl w`emwUi mƒPbv •NvlYv Kiv nq|

nvjLvZv cÉavbZ eÅemvqxG`i ‣KwU Drme| evsjv beeGlÆi w`b eÅemvqxiv bZzb wnmve •LvGj ‣es ZvG`i •ò×ZvG`i Avg¯¨Y RvwbGq wgwÓ¡ weZiY KGi| kni I MÉvg Dfqò nvjLvZvi cÉPjb iGqGQ| Though weddings are social events, the ceremonies and rituals associated with them are in

the nature of folk festivals. Once a marriage is arranged, close relations start visiting the

homes of both parties to attend a variety of rites. Such ceremonies as aiburobhat, GAYE HALUD

and adhibas heighten the joy of marriage.

mvgvwRK I cvwievwiK DrmGei gGaÅ meGPGq ài‚Z½cƒYÆ nGjv weGq| weGq ‣KwU mvgvwRK cÉ v, ZGe Zvi mGã RwoZ AvPvi-AbyÓ¤vbmgƒn •jvKR DrmGei Ask| weGqi cvKv •`Lvi ci •^GKB ÷i‚ nq wbKU AvñxqG`i gGaÅ hvZvqvGZi cvjv| ei-KGbi evwoGZ bvbv aiGbi AbyÓ¤vb nGZ ^vGK| AvBeyGovfvZ, MvGq njy` , Awaevm BZÅvw` AvPvi-AbyÓ¤vb weGqi Avb±`GK evwoGq •`q|

7. Briefly discuss the aim and objectives of foreign policy of Bangladesh.

foreign relations or foreign policy. However, these relations, which are considered important

to a country, are subject to change for the sake of the country's interests. Bangladesh has

pursued its foreign relations or foreign policy since its emergence as an independent state in

1971, although the policy underwent remarkable changes during the last 25 years.

ŠeG`wkK mÁ·KÆ cÉwZGekx •`kmn AbÅvbÅ •`Gki mGã mÁ·GKÆi aib I MwZcÉK‡wZi avivevwnKZvi ․ewkÓ¡ÅGK ‣KwU •`Gki ․eG`wkK mÁ·KÆ wnGmGe weGePbv Kiv nq| ‣GK ciivÓ¡ËbxwZI ejv nq| ‣KwU Õ¼vaxb mveÆGf…g ivGÓ¡Ëi fvegƒwZÆ wbfÆi KGi Zvi ․eG`wkK mÁ·KÆ ev bxwZi Ici| AekÅ •`Gki RbÅ ài‚Z½cƒYÆ ‣ mÁ·KÆ •`Gki Õ¼vG^Æ cwieZÆbGhvMÅ| evsjvG`k 1971 mvGj Õ¼vaxb ivÓ¡Ë wnGmGe AvñcÉKvGki ci ‣KwU ․eG`wkK mÁ·KÆ ev bxwZ AbymiY KGi AvmGQ, hw`I MZ 25 eQGi •mB bxwZGZ jÞYxq cwieZÆb NGUGQ|

The CONSTITUTION provides that the foreign policy of Bangladesh would be guided by a

number of fundamental principles. These principles were stated in the Articles 25(a), (b) and

(c) of the Constitution. These are as follows: The State shall base its international relations on

the principles of respect for national sovereignty and equality, non-interference in the internal

affairs of other countries, peaceful settlement of international disputes, and respect for

international law and the principles enunciated in the United Nations Charter, and on the basis

of those principles shall (a) strive for the renunciation of the use of force in international

relations and for general and complete disarmament; (b) uphold the right of every people freely

to determine and build up its own social, economic and political system by ways and means of

its own free choice; and (c) support oppressed peoples throughout the world waging a just

struggle against imperialism, colonialism or racialism'.

evsjvG`Gki ciivÓ¡ËbxwZ KGqKwU gƒjbxwZi «¼viv cwiPvwjZ nGe eGj msweavGb •NvlYv •`Iqv nGqGQ| msweavGbi 25 (K) (L) (M) AbyGœQG` ‣ bxwZàwj eYÆbv Kiv nGqwQj| ‣-welqK cÉÕ¦vebvq ejv nq, RvZxq mveÆGf…gZ½ I mgZvi cÉwZ kÉ«¬v, AbÅvbÅ ivGÓ¡Ëi Afů¦ixY welGq nÕ¦GÞc bv Kiv, Av¯¦RÆvwZK weGivGai kvw¯¦cƒYÆ mgvavb ‣es Av¯¦RÆvwZK AvBGbi I RvwZmsGNi mbG` ewYÆZ bxwZmgƒGni cÉwZ kÉ«¬v, ‣B mKj bxwZ nBGe ivGÓ¡Ëi Av¯¦RÆvwZK mÁ·GKÆi wfwî ‣es ‣B mKj bxwZi wfwîGZ ivÓ¡Ë (K) Av¯¦RÆvwZK mÁ·GKÆi •ÞGò kwî×cÉGqvM ‣es mvaviY I mÁ·ƒYÆ wbiÕ¨xKiGYi RbÅ •PÓ¡v KwiGeb; (L) cÉGZÅK RvwZi Õ¼vaxb AwfcÉvq Abyhvqx c^ I c¯©vi gvaÅGg AevGa wbRÕ¼ mvgvwRK, A^Æ‥bwZK I ivR‥bwZK eÅeÕ©v wbaÆviY I MVGbi AwaKvi mg^Æb KwiGeb; ‣es (M) mvgËvRÅev`, DcwbGekev` ev eYÆ‥elgÅevG`i wei‚G«¬ weGk¼i meÆò wbcxwoZ RbMGYi bÅvqmãZ msMÉvgGK mg^Æb KwiGeb|

8. Briefly discuss the aim and objectives of SAARC.

South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) regional alliance consisting of seven countries, namely, Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan , Sri Lanka and Afghanistan .

`wÞY ‰kxq AvçwjK mnGhvwMZv msÕ©v `wÞY ‣wkqvi AvUwU •`k evsjvG`k, fviZ, fzUvb, •bcvj, cvwKÕ¦vb, gvj«¼xc , kÉxjâv , Afghanistan wbGq MwVZ ‣KwU AvçwjK mnGhvwMZv •RvU|

The original Charter of SAARC simply recognized the possibility that increased cooperation,

contact and exchanges would contribute to the promotion of friendship and understanding

among the member states and promote the welfare of the people of South Asia. The Charter as

declared at Dhaka Summit included eight broad objectives which are:

mvKÆ-‣i gƒj mbG` •h mÁ¿veÅZv mnGRB Õ¼xK‡Z Zv nGjv m`mÅ •`kàwji gGaÅ mnGhvwMZv, •hvMvGhvM I wewbgGqi gvaÅGg e®¬zZ½ I mgGSvZv e†w«¬ ‣es `wÞY ‣wkqvi RbMGYi KjÅvY mvab| XvKv kxlÆmGÁÃjGb •NvwlZ mvKÆ mbG`i AvUwU DGóGkÅi gGaÅ iGqGQ

(1) to promote the welfare of the peoples of South Asia and improve their quality of life; 1. `wÞY ‣wkqvi RbMGYi KjÅvY ‣es ZvG`i Rxebhvòvi gvb D®²qb;

(2) to accelerate economic growth, social progress and cultural development in the region, and

to provide all individuals opportunity to live in dignity and to realize their full potentials; 2. ‣

AçGji A^Æ‥bwZK cÉe†w«¬ Z½ivw¯¼Z Kiv, mvgvwRK AMÉMwZ mvab, mvsÕwZK D®²qb ‣es cÉwZwU •`Gki Õ¼ Õ¼ ghÆv`v mgy®²Z‡ •iGL mnveÕ©vGbi mKj cÉKvi myGhvM m†wÓ¡GZ mnvqZv Kiv;

(3) to promote and strengthen collective self-reliance among the countries of South Asia; 3. mvKÆfzî× •`kàwji gGaÅ mgwÓ¡MZ AvñwbfÆikxjZv •Rvi`vi Kiv;

(4) to contribute to mutual trust, understanding and appreciation of one another's problems; 4. cviÕcwiK wek¼vm Õ©vcb, mgGSvZv ‣es AGbÅi mgmÅv Dcjwº¬ Kiv;

(5) to promote active collaboration and mutual assistance in the economic, social, cultural,

technical and scientific fields; 5. A^Æ‥bwZK, mvgvwRK, mvsÕwZK, cÉhywî×MZ I ․eævwbK •ÞGò ciÕcGii gGaŇ mwò×q mnGhvwMZv e†w«¬;

(6) to strengthen cooperation with other developing countries; 6. AbÅvbÅ D®²qbkxj •`Gki mGã mnGhvwMZvi cÉmvi NUvGbv;

(7) to strengthen cooperation among themselves in international forums on matters of common

interests; and 7. meÆRbxb welGq wbGRG`i gGaÅ ‣es Av¯¦RÆvwZK •dvivGgi mGã mgGSvZvi wfwîGZ KvR Kiv;

(8) to cooperate with international and regional organisations with similar aims and purposes. 8. AvçwjK I Av¯¦RÆvwZK cÉwZÓ¤vbmgƒGni mGã ‣KB jÞÅ I DGóGkÅi •ÞGò mnGhvwMZv Kiv|

* The South Asian Preferential Trading Arrangement (SAPTA) was established in April 1993.

This is the fist major economic initiative taken by SAARC since its inception. The SAPTA

aims at promoting and sustaining mutual trade and economic cooperation among the member-

countries on the basis of reciprocity. Under SAPTA, product wise tariff concessions have to be

negotiated amongst the member countries on a step-by-step basis. It is envisaged that both tariff

and non-tariff barriers will be removed phase-wise selecting specific group of commodities. It

is believed that the anticipated trade expansion through SAPTA will increase economic

activities leading to enhanced intra-regional trade, which will in turn help the region alleviate

its poverty by generating new employment opportunities for the people at different levels of

production and export services.

1993 mvGji ‣wcÉj gvGm `wÞY ‣kxq AMÉvwaKvi evwYRÅ Pzwî× (SAPTA) Õ¼vÞwiZ nq| mvKÆ cÉwZÓ¤vi ci •^GK A^Æ‥bwZK •ÞGò ‣UvB cÉ g eo aiGbi DG`ÅvM| mvcUv MVGbi jÞÅ wQj m`mÅ •`kàwji gGaÅ cviÕcwiK wewbgGqi wfwîGZ evwYRÅ I A^Æ‥bwZK mnGhvwMZv D®²qb I Zvi Õ©vwqZ½ eRvq ivLv| mvcUvi AvIZvq mvKÆfzî× •`kàwji gGaÅ avGc avGc evwYwRÅK ÷ÍnËvGmi welq wbaÆvwiZ nq| ÷Íhyî× I ÷Íwenxb cYÅmvgMÉx wbaÆviGY weivRgvb evavàwj chÆvqò×Gg `ƒi Kivi Ici àizZ½ AvGivc Kiv nq| Avkv eÅî× Kiv nq •h, mvcUvi gvaÅGg Av¯¦tAvçwjK evwYRÅ mÁcÉmvwiZ nGe, hv cwiYvGg Drcv`b I iµ¦vwb evwYGRÅ mvaviY gvbyGli RbÅ bZzb bZzb KgÆmsÕ©vGbi myGhvM m†wÓ¡ KiGe ‣es Zv ‣ AçGji `vwi`ËÅ weGgvPGb mnvqK nGe|

The SAPTA agreed to offer tariff concessions for a total of 226 products. A total of 100

products were earmarked for the four least developed countries of SAARC (Bangladesh,

Bhutan, Maldives and Nepal). For these 100 products, the four countries could get

special treatment from the relatively more developed members, namely, India, Pakistan

and Sri Lanka with no reciprocity requirement. In the second round of negotiations,

some 2013 products were offered for tariff concessions of which 764 are exclusively in

favour of the least developed countries of the region.

•gvU 226wU cGYÅi •ÞGò mvcUv evwYRÅ ÷ÍnËvm KiGZ mÁÃZ nq| PviwU Õ¼G͸v®²Z •`k •bcvj, evsjvG`k, fzUvb I gvj«¼xGci 100wU cYÅ weGklfvGe wPwn×Z Kiv nq| ‣me cGYÅi •ÞGò ‣B PviwU •`k D®²ZZi •`k fviZ, cvwKÕ¦vb I kÉxjâvi •PGq weGkl myweav •fvM KiGe| w«¼Zxq chÆvGq mgGSvZv nq •h, 2013wU ÷ÍmyweavcÉvµ¦ cGYÅi gGaÅ 764wUi •ÞGò Õ¼G͸v®²Z •`kàwj weGkl Qvo cvGe|

9. Discuss the background and salient features of peace Accord-1997 in Chittagong Hill

Tracts of Bangladesh.

Chittagong Hill Tracts Peace Accord, 1997 an agreement signed on 2 December 1997 between

the government of Bangladesh and the PARBATYA CHATTAGRAM JANA-SAMHATI SAMITI

(PCJSS).

cveÆZÅ PëMÉvg kvw¯¦Pzwî×, 1997 evsjvG`k miKvi ‣es cveÆZÅ PëMÉvg RbmsnwZ mwgwZi gGaÅ Õ¼vÞwiZ ‣KwU AvbyÓ¤vwbK Pzwî×| 1997 mvGji 2 wWGmÁ¼i ‣B Pzwî× Õ¼vÞwiZ nq|

On the eve of the formation of the Constitution of Bangladesh a delegation of hill people headed by MANABENDRA NARAYAN LARMA formally placed before Prime Minister SHEIKH MUJIBUR

RAHMAN some demands for autonomy towards maintaining cultural and linguistic identity of the hill people. But the government refused to accede to their demands. The failure of the government to accommodate the demands of the hill people led Larma to form the Parbatya Chattagram Jana-Samhati Samiti in March 1973. Subsequently an armed wing called the SHANTI

BAHINI (Peace Forces) was added to it.

evsjvG`Gki msweavb cÉYqGbi cÉvØvGj gvbGe±`Ê bvivqY jvigvi •bZ‡GZ½ cvnvwo RbMGYi ‣KwU cÉwZwbwa`j cÉavbg¯¨x •kL gywReyi ingvGbi mGã mvÞvr KGi ZvG`i cƒYÆ Õ¼vqîkvmb ‣es mvsÕwZK I fvlvMZ cwiwPwZi Õ¼xK‡wZ mÁ·wKÆZ KwZcq‡ `vwe AvbyÓ¤vwbKfvGe •ck KGib| wK¯§ miKvi ZvG`i ‣ `vwe •gGb •bq wb| cvnvwo RbMGYi `vwe •gGb wbGZ bZzb miKvGii eÅ ÆZvi dGj 1973 mvGji gvPÆ gvGm jvigvi •bZ‡GZ½ cveÆZÅ PëMÉvg RbmsnwZ mwgwZ bvGg cvnvwo RbMGYi ‣KwU ivR‥bwZK msMVb MGo IGV| cieZÆx mgGq ‣i mGã •hvM nq kvw¯¦evwnbx bvGg ‣KwU mvgwiK kvLv|

Since the 1980s, the PCJSS gave a new identity to the hill people. It was Jumma nationalism. It claimed that the thirteen different ethnic communities in the CHT together constitute the Jumma nation. The nomenclature was adopted to unify the hill people under one banner in order to counter the hegemony of the majority. More importantly, it was an assertion of their equality and an attempt to come out of the negativism associated with tribalism. The PCJSS also demanded that a constitutional guarantee be given to their cultural distinctiveness.

wek kZGKi Avwki `kK •^GK RbmsnwZ mwgwZ RyÁà RvZxqZvev` bvGg cvnvwo RbMGYi ‣KwU bZzb cwiwPwZ ZzGj aGi| ‣GZ `vwe Kiv nq •h, cveÆZÅ ‣jvKvi 13wU c†^K RvwZGMvÓ¤xi mg ¼Gq RyÁà RvwZ MwVZ| msLÅvMwiGÓ¤i KZ‡ÆGZ½i •gvKvGejvq cvnvwo RbMYGK ‣KB cZvKvZGj HKÅe«¬ Kivi jGÞÅ ‣B bvgKiY Kiv nq| ‣ bZzb RvwZ MVGbi jÞÅ wQj cvnvwoG`i gGaÅ HKÅ cÉwZÓ¤v ‣es DcRvwZ aviYvi mGã mÁ·†î× •bwZevPK `†wÓ¡fwã •^GK •ewiGq Avmvi cÉqvm| RbmsnwZ mwgwZ ZvG`i mvsÕ|wZK Õ¼vZ¯¨ÅGK mvsweavwbK wbøqZv `vGbiI `vwe Rvbvq‡

The CHT Peace Accord recognised the special status of the hill people. Under the Accord a Regional Council (RC) has been formed representing the three hill districts local government councils. The following is the composition of the RC: chairman 1, members (tribal) male 12, members (tribal) female 2, members (non-tribal) male 6, member (non-tribal) female 1. Among the total male tribal members, five will be elected from the Chakma, three from the

Marma, two from the Tripura and one each from the Murang and the Tanchangya. In case of female tribal members one from the Chakma and one from another tribe will be elected. As for non-tribal members two would be elected from each district. The members of the RC will be elected by the elected members of the three hill district councils. Chairmen of the three hill district councils will be the ex-officio members of the Council and they will have the right to vote. The elected members of the RC will elect its chairman. The Council will be elected for five years. It will coordinate and supervise the general administration, law and order, and development activities of the three hill districts. Tribal laws and the dispensation of social justice will also come under its purview. It will coordinate disaster management and relief activities with NGOs and issue license for heavy industries. The government will enact laws relating to the CHT in consultation with the Council.

1997 mvGj mÁ·vw`Z Pzwî×GZ 1989 mvGji AvBGbi KGqKwU aviv msGkvab KGi wZb cveÆZÅ •Rjvi Õ©vbxq miKvi cwil` mg¯¼Gq ‣KwU AvçwjK cwil` MVb Kiv nGqGQ| AvçwjK cwilG`i MVb KvVvGgv wbÁ²i…c: •PqvigÅvb 1, m`mÅ (Avw`evmx) cyi‚l 12, (Avw`evmx) gwnjv 2, (A-Avw`evmx) cyi‚l 6, (A-Avw`evmx) gwnjv 1| Avw`evmx cyi‚l m`mÅG`i gGaÅ 5 Rb PvKgv, 3 Rb gvigv, 2 Rb wòcyiv ‣es 1 Rb KGi gyis I ZçãÅvG`i gaÅ •^GK wbeÆvwPZ nGeb| gwnjv m`GmÅi •ÞGò 1 Rb PvKgv ‣es Aci Rb AbÅ Avw`evmx •^GK wbeÆvwPZ nGeb| A-Avw`evmx m`GmÅi •ÞGò cÉwZ •Rjv •^GK 2 Rb KGi wbeÆvwPZ nGeb| wZbwU cveÆZÅ •Rjv cwilG`i wbeÆvwPZ m`mÅG`i •fvGU AvçwjK cwilG`i m`mÅiv wbeÆvwPZ nGeb| wZb cveÆZÅ •Rjv cwilG`i •PqvigÅvbiv c`vwaKvi eGj AvçwjK cwilG`i m`mÅ nGeb ‣es ZvG`i •fvUvwaKvi ^vKGe| AvçwjK cwilG`i wbeÆvwPZ m`mÅiv ‣B cwilG`i •PqvigÅvb wbeÆvPb KiGeb| cwilG`i •gqv` nGe cuvP eQi| ‣B cwil` wZb cveÆZÅ •Rjvi mvaviY cÉkvmb, AvBb k†OLjv ‣es D®²qb KvhÆò×Ggi mg¯¼q mvab I Zî½veavb KiGe| DcRvZxq AvBb ‣es mvgvwRK wePviKvhÆ ‣B cwilG`i AaxGb ^vKGe| cwil` ‣bwRIG`i mGã `yGhÆvM eÅeÕ©vcbv I òvY KvhÆò×Ggi mg¯¼q KiGe ‣es fvix wk͸ cÉwZÓ¤vi AbyGgv`b •`Ge| cwilG`i mGã AvGjvPbvò×Gg miKvi cveÆZÅ PëMÉvg msò×v¯¦ AvBb cÉYqb KiGe|

10. Give a short description of the insurgency inchittogong Hill Tracts.

Parbatya Chattagram Jana-Samhati Samiti a political organisation of the indigenous tribal

peoples of the Chittagong Hill Tracts (CHT). The organisation waged an armed resistance

against the government in the 1970's with the object of safeguarding the rights of the hill

people. The Jana-Samhati Samiti was established in 1973 with the aim of securing the hill

peoples right to autonomy. Soon after its emergence the military wing of the Samiti, SHANTI

BAHINI, started its activities. Since then the Bangladesh Army and Shanti Bahini had been in

confrontation until the peace accord in 1997.

cveÆZÅ PëMÉvg RbmsnwZ mwgwZ cveÆZÅ PëMÉvGgi cvnvwo RbGMvÓ¤xi ivR‥bwZK msMVb| cvnvwoG`i `vwe`vIqv Av`vGqi jGÞÅ msMVbwU wek kZGKi mîGii `kGK miKvGii wei‚G«¬ mkÕ¨ msMÉvg cwiPvjbv KGi| 1973 mvGj cvnvwo RbGMvÓ¤xi Avñwbq¯¨YvwaKvi Av`vGqi jGÞÅ RbmsnwZ mwgwZi cÉwZÓ¤v nq| cÉwZÓ¤vi wKQyKvj ci •^GK RbmsnwZ mwgwZi mvgwiK kvLv kvw¯¦evwnbx ZrciZv ÷i‚ KGi| ZLb •^GK 1997 ‣ kvw¯¦Pzwî× Õ¼vÞGii cƒeÆ chƯ¦ evsjvG`k •mbvevwnbx I kvw¯¦ evwnbx `xNÆKvj iî×Þqx msNGlÆ wjµ¦ wQj|

Shanti Bahini a political organisation of the people of CHITTAGONG HILL TRACTs. Shanti Bahini was declared to have been formed on 7 January 1973. signed a peace accord with the Shanti Bahini on 2 December 1997. The Shanti Bahini was formally abolished by a declaration in the sixth convention of Jana-Samhati Samiti held in 1999.

kvw¯¦evwnbx cveÆZÅ PëMÉvGgi cvnvwo RbGMvÓ¤xi ivR‥bwZK msMVb cveÆZÅ PëMÉvg RbmsnwZ mwgwZ i ‣KwU mkÕ¨ Aã msMVb| 1973 mvGji 7 Rvbyqvwi kvw¯¦evwnbx cÉwZÓ¤vi •NvlYv •`Iqv nq| RbÅ wbaÆvwiZ miKvi 1997

mvGji 2 wWGmÁ¼i kvw¯¦Pzwî× Õ¼vÞi KGi| 1999 mvGj RbmsnwZ mwgwZi lÓ¤ gnvmGÁÃjGb kvw¯¦evwnbxi AvbyÓ¤vwbK wejywµ¦ •NvlYv Kiv nq|