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This presentation is the intellectual property of the author. Contact them for permission to reprint and/or distribute.
No Disclosures
This presentation is the intellectual property of the author. Contact them for permission to reprint and/or distribute.
Introduction: Articular Cartilage injuries
in the athlete are the most difficult problems we treat
There is yet a good treatment for these injuries that restores the joint to pre‐injury condition
For the most part these injuries are career ending and cause life long disfunction and pain
Articular Cartilage
Composition Chondrocytes
Collagen
Proteoglycans
Non‐collagenousproteins
Matrix ‐water
This presentation is the intellectual property of the author. Contact them for permission to reprint and/or distribute.
Lacks: Nerves
Blood supply
Lymphatic system
Chondrocytes 5% of the volume
Neutrition from the matrix
Collagen Distributed relatively uniformly throughout the depth of
cartilage
Gives tensile strength
This presentation is the intellectual property of the author. Contact them for permission to reprint and/or distribute.
Proteoglycans Gives stiffness in compression and its resilience
Non Collagenous Proteins Helps to stabilize and organize the matrix
Matrix 80% of the wet weight of Articular Cartilage
This presentation is the intellectual property of the author. Contact them for permission to reprint and/or distribute.
Articular Cartilage is biphasic Solid phase
Fluid phase
Injury
Injury Blunt Trauma
Impact loading
Twisting
Direct blow
Penetrating Injuries
Fractures
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Injuries Result in Chondral fissures
Chondral flaps
Condral fractures with or without bone injury
Fractures Influencing Injury and Repair
Few cells
Mostly matrix
No blood supply
No nerves
Alignment
Weight
Genetic
Activity
History and Physical Exam
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History Injury
Sport
Mechanism
Pain
Swelling
Locking
Giving way
Previous problems
Physical Exam Observation
Alignment
Effusion
Range of motion
Point of tenderness
Ligament stability
Radiology Plain Radiographs
4 views
Detects loose bodies
CT Scan
MRI Scan
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Treatment Options Goal
Control pain
Minimize disability
Improve function
Physical
Emotional
Non‐Operative Treatment Rest
Pharmacological Intervention
Acetaminophen
NSAI
Steroids
VISCO supplementation
Glucosamine/Chondrotin Sulfate
Omega 3/Fish oil
Non‐Operative Treatment Unloading
Crutches
Braces
Orthotics
Control Activity
Unloaded exercise
Eliminate activity that causes pain and swelling
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Operative Treatment Arthroscopic Lavage
Removal of loose bodies
Debridement of loose cartilage flaps
Realignment procedures
Tibial osteotomy
Femoral osteotomy
Microfracture Requires
Neutral axial alignment
Isolated and well contained lesions
Compliant
Preparation of the defect
Expose subchondralbone
Preserve subchondralplate
Microfracture with awls
Bleeding
Microfracture Rehabilitation
CPM set out 30°‐70° for 6‐8 hours per day for 8 weeks
Strengthening
Restricted weight bearing for 8 weeks
Return to sports 6‐8 months
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Outcomes Low cost
Straight forward
Little effect on future procedures
Low durability
OsteochondralTransfer (OATS)
Neutral alignment
Well contained lesion
Compliant
Preparation of the defect
Measure and plan plug placement
Harvest osteochondralplugs
Implant osteochondralplugs
This presentation is the intellectual property of the author. Contact them for permission to reprint and/or distribute.
This presentation is the intellectual property of the author. Contact them for permission to reprint and/or distribute.
OsteochondralTransfer (OATS) Rehabilitation
CPM
Strengthening
Unloaded exercises
Non‐weight bearing 4‐8 weeks
Return to sport 4‐6 months
Outcomes Intermediate cost
Technical procedure
Can affect future surgery
Durable cartilage
Harvest site morbidity
Limited graphs
Autologous ChrondrayteTransplantation (ACI)
Neutral alignment
Well contained lesion
Compliant
Arthroscopic Assessment of Lesion and Cartilage Biopsy
Autologous ChrondrayteTransplantation (ACI)
Arthrotomy:
Defect preparation
Obtain periosteal patch
Watertight cover of defects
Chondrocyte implantation
Rehabilitation
CPM
No stressful activity
Protected weight bearing for 6‐8 weeks
Return to activities 18 months post op
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Arthroscopic Assessment of Lesion and Cartilage Biopsy
Outcomes
Expensive
Hypertrophy at the graft
Long recovery
Varying reports on cartilage produced
Future DeNovo natural tissue
allograft
Greater potential for cell division and matrix production
Greater levels of mRNA for aggrecan and collage type II and IV
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Future Chondrofix Implant
Preserved osteochondralallograft
Future Plasma Rich Protein (PRP)
Biological stimulus to enhance cell proliferation
Cloning cells
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Conclusion Most difficult problem we face in treating athletes
Only 66% of athletes report good or excellent results
Only 44% are able to maintain high level impact sports