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Page 1: 31 AC Inj Mgmt JPearcecme.uthscsa.edu/Courses/SportsMedicine/2015/Online... · Helps to stabilize and organize the matrix Matrix 80% of the wet weight of ArticularCartilage. This

This presentation is the intellectual property of the author. Contact them for permission to reprint and/or distribute.

No Disclosures

Page 2: 31 AC Inj Mgmt JPearcecme.uthscsa.edu/Courses/SportsMedicine/2015/Online... · Helps to stabilize and organize the matrix Matrix 80% of the wet weight of ArticularCartilage. This

This presentation is the intellectual property of the author. Contact them for permission to reprint and/or distribute.

Introduction: Articular Cartilage injuries 

in the athlete are the most difficult problems we treat

There is yet a good treatment for these injuries that restores the joint to pre‐injury condition

For the most part these injuries are career ending and cause life long disfunction and pain

Articular Cartilage

Composition Chondrocytes

Collagen

Proteoglycans

Non‐collagenousproteins

Matrix ‐water

Page 3: 31 AC Inj Mgmt JPearcecme.uthscsa.edu/Courses/SportsMedicine/2015/Online... · Helps to stabilize and organize the matrix Matrix 80% of the wet weight of ArticularCartilage. This

This presentation is the intellectual property of the author. Contact them for permission to reprint and/or distribute.

Lacks: Nerves

Blood supply

Lymphatic system

Chondrocytes 5% of the volume

Neutrition from the matrix

Collagen Distributed relatively uniformly throughout the depth of 

cartilage

Gives tensile strength

Page 4: 31 AC Inj Mgmt JPearcecme.uthscsa.edu/Courses/SportsMedicine/2015/Online... · Helps to stabilize and organize the matrix Matrix 80% of the wet weight of ArticularCartilage. This

This presentation is the intellectual property of the author. Contact them for permission to reprint and/or distribute.

Proteoglycans Gives stiffness in compression and its resilience

Non Collagenous Proteins Helps to stabilize and organize the matrix

Matrix 80% of the wet weight of Articular Cartilage 

Page 5: 31 AC Inj Mgmt JPearcecme.uthscsa.edu/Courses/SportsMedicine/2015/Online... · Helps to stabilize and organize the matrix Matrix 80% of the wet weight of ArticularCartilage. This

This presentation is the intellectual property of the author. Contact them for permission to reprint and/or distribute.

Articular Cartilage is biphasic  Solid phase

Fluid phase

Injury

Injury Blunt Trauma

Impact loading

Twisting

Direct blow

Penetrating Injuries

Fractures

Page 6: 31 AC Inj Mgmt JPearcecme.uthscsa.edu/Courses/SportsMedicine/2015/Online... · Helps to stabilize and organize the matrix Matrix 80% of the wet weight of ArticularCartilage. This

This presentation is the intellectual property of the author. Contact them for permission to reprint and/or distribute.

Injuries Result in Chondral fissures

Chondral flaps

Condral fractures with or without bone injury

Fractures Influencing Injury and Repair

Few cells

Mostly matrix

No blood supply

No nerves

Alignment

Weight

Genetic

Activity

History and Physical Exam

Page 7: 31 AC Inj Mgmt JPearcecme.uthscsa.edu/Courses/SportsMedicine/2015/Online... · Helps to stabilize and organize the matrix Matrix 80% of the wet weight of ArticularCartilage. This

This presentation is the intellectual property of the author. Contact them for permission to reprint and/or distribute.

History Injury

Sport

Mechanism

Pain

Swelling

Locking

Giving way

Previous problems

Physical Exam Observation

Alignment

Effusion

Range of motion

Point of tenderness

Ligament stability

Radiology Plain Radiographs

4 views

Detects loose bodies

CT Scan

MRI Scan

Page 8: 31 AC Inj Mgmt JPearcecme.uthscsa.edu/Courses/SportsMedicine/2015/Online... · Helps to stabilize and organize the matrix Matrix 80% of the wet weight of ArticularCartilage. This

This presentation is the intellectual property of the author. Contact them for permission to reprint and/or distribute.

Treatment Options Goal

Control pain

Minimize disability

Improve function

Physical 

Emotional

Non‐Operative Treatment Rest

Pharmacological Intervention

Acetaminophen

NSAI

Steroids

VISCO supplementation

Glucosamine/Chondrotin Sulfate

Omega 3/Fish oil

Non‐Operative Treatment Unloading

Crutches

Braces

Orthotics

Control Activity

Unloaded exercise

Eliminate activity that causes pain and swelling

Page 9: 31 AC Inj Mgmt JPearcecme.uthscsa.edu/Courses/SportsMedicine/2015/Online... · Helps to stabilize and organize the matrix Matrix 80% of the wet weight of ArticularCartilage. This

This presentation is the intellectual property of the author. Contact them for permission to reprint and/or distribute.

Operative Treatment Arthroscopic Lavage

Removal of loose bodies

Debridement of loose cartilage flaps

Realignment procedures

Tibial osteotomy

Femoral osteotomy

Microfracture Requires

Neutral axial alignment

Isolated and well contained lesions 

Compliant

Preparation of the defect

Expose subchondralbone

Preserve subchondralplate

Microfracture with awls

Bleeding

Microfracture Rehabilitation

CPM set out 30°‐70° for 6‐8 hours per day for 8 weeks

Strengthening

Restricted weight bearing for 8 weeks

Return to sports 6‐8 months

Page 10: 31 AC Inj Mgmt JPearcecme.uthscsa.edu/Courses/SportsMedicine/2015/Online... · Helps to stabilize and organize the matrix Matrix 80% of the wet weight of ArticularCartilage. This

This presentation is the intellectual property of the author. Contact them for permission to reprint and/or distribute.

Outcomes Low cost

Straight forward

Little effect on future procedures 

Low durability

OsteochondralTransfer (OATS)

Neutral alignment

Well contained lesion

Compliant 

Preparation of the defect

Measure and plan plug placement

Harvest osteochondralplugs

Implant osteochondralplugs 

Page 11: 31 AC Inj Mgmt JPearcecme.uthscsa.edu/Courses/SportsMedicine/2015/Online... · Helps to stabilize and organize the matrix Matrix 80% of the wet weight of ArticularCartilage. This

This presentation is the intellectual property of the author. Contact them for permission to reprint and/or distribute.

Page 12: 31 AC Inj Mgmt JPearcecme.uthscsa.edu/Courses/SportsMedicine/2015/Online... · Helps to stabilize and organize the matrix Matrix 80% of the wet weight of ArticularCartilage. This

This presentation is the intellectual property of the author. Contact them for permission to reprint and/or distribute.

OsteochondralTransfer (OATS) Rehabilitation

CPM

Strengthening

Unloaded exercises 

Non‐weight bearing 4‐8 weeks

Return to sport 4‐6 months

Outcomes Intermediate cost

Technical procedure

Can affect future surgery

Durable cartilage 

Harvest site morbidity

Limited graphs

Autologous ChrondrayteTransplantation (ACI)

Neutral alignment

Well contained lesion

Compliant

Arthroscopic Assessment of Lesion and Cartilage Biopsy 

Autologous ChrondrayteTransplantation (ACI)

Arthrotomy:

Defect preparation

Obtain periosteal patch

Watertight cover of defects

Chondrocyte implantation

Rehabilitation

CPM

No stressful activity

Protected weight bearing for 6‐8 weeks

Return to activities 18 months post op

Page 13: 31 AC Inj Mgmt JPearcecme.uthscsa.edu/Courses/SportsMedicine/2015/Online... · Helps to stabilize and organize the matrix Matrix 80% of the wet weight of ArticularCartilage. This

This presentation is the intellectual property of the author. Contact them for permission to reprint and/or distribute.

Arthroscopic Assessment of Lesion and Cartilage Biopsy 

Outcomes

Expensive

Hypertrophy at the graft

Long recovery

Varying reports on cartilage produced

Future DeNovo natural tissue 

allograft 

Greater potential for cell division and matrix production

Greater levels of mRNA for aggrecan and collage type II and IV

Page 14: 31 AC Inj Mgmt JPearcecme.uthscsa.edu/Courses/SportsMedicine/2015/Online... · Helps to stabilize and organize the matrix Matrix 80% of the wet weight of ArticularCartilage. This

This presentation is the intellectual property of the author. Contact them for permission to reprint and/or distribute.

Future Chondrofix Implant

Preserved osteochondralallograft

Future Plasma Rich Protein (PRP)

Biological stimulus to enhance cell proliferation

Cloning cells

Page 15: 31 AC Inj Mgmt JPearcecme.uthscsa.edu/Courses/SportsMedicine/2015/Online... · Helps to stabilize and organize the matrix Matrix 80% of the wet weight of ArticularCartilage. This

This presentation is the intellectual property of the author. Contact them for permission to reprint and/or distribute.

Conclusion Most difficult problem we face in treating athletes

Only 66% of athletes report good or excellent results

Only 44% are able to maintain high level impact sports