3. Independent Info. Technology Research

8/6/2019 3. Independent Info. Technology Research

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Independent Information Technology Research Project

Nichole Knerr

July 5, 2011

1. URL-Stands for Uniform Resource Locator. A URL is a formatted text string

used by Web browsers, email clients and other software to identify a network

resource on the Internet. Network resources are files that can be plain Web

pages, other text documents, graphics, or programs. URL strings consist of

three parts (substrings):1. network protocol2. host name or address3. file or

resource location. These substrings are separated by special characters as

follows: protocol, host, and location. Full URLs featuring all three substrings

are called absolute URLs. In some cases such as within Web pages, URLs

can contain only the one location element. These are called relative URLs.

Relative URLs are used for efficiency by Web servers and a few other

programs when they already know the correct URL protocol and host.

2. HTML-the structure and layout of a Web document by using a variety oftags and

attributes. The correct structure for an HTML document starts with

(enter here what document is about) and ends with

. All the information you'd like to include in your Web page

fits in between the and tags. There are hundreds of other

tags used to format and layout the information in a Web page. Tags are also

used to specify hypertext links. These allow Web developers to direct usersto other Web pages with only a click of the mouse on either an image or

word(s).Short for HyperText Markup Language, the authoring language used

to create documents on the World Wide Web. HTML is similar to SGML,

although it is not a strict subset.


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3. C++-A high-level programming language developed by Bjarne Stroustrup at Bell

Labs. C++ adds object-orientedfeatures to its predecessor, C. C++ is one of

the most popularprogramming language for graphical applications, such as

those that run in Windows and Macintoshenvironments.

4. AVIs-(Audio Video Interleave) A multimedia container format from Microsoft

that has been widely used for video playback in the Windows world. AVI

was the first A/V format for Windows. Based on the RIFF format, AVI is

known as a "container format" because it is used for multiple encoding

methods, not just one. For example, AVI video compression methods

(video codecs) include DivX, Xvid, Cinepak, Indeo, DV and Motion JPEG,

as well as uncompressed RGB and YUV2. AVI audio includes compressed

MP3 and Microsoft's ADPCM (MS ADPCM), as well as uncompressed PCM.

AVI was one of the first digital formats to intermix small chunks of video

and audio one after the other; hence, the name "interleave." See RIFF and

multimedia container.

5. MPG-The distance (in miles) a vehicle can travel on one gallon of fuel. For

vehicles that operate on fuels that cannot be measured in gallons

(electricity, natural gas, hydrogen), the gasoline gallon equivalent is

employed to give a reference point for comparison. Also Known As: mpg,

MPG. Examples: Fuel economy is measured in miles per gallon.

6. TCP/IP-TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol) is the basic

communication language or protocol of the Internet. It can also be used as a


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communications protocol in a private network (either an intranet or

anextranet). When you are set up with direct access to the Internet, your

computer is provided with a copy of the TCP/IP program just as every other

computer that you may send messages to or get information from also has a

copy of TCP/IP. TCP/IP is a two-layer program. The higherlayer, Transmission

Control Protocol, manages the assembling of a message or file into smaller

packets that are transmitted over the Internet and received by a TCP layer

that reassembles the packets into the original message. The lower layer,

Internet Protocol, handles the address part of each packet so that it gets to

the right destination. Each gateway computer on the network checks this

address to see where to forward the message. Even though some packets

from the same message are routed differently than others, they'll be

reassembled at the destination.. It uses the client/servermodel of

communication in which a computer user (a client) requests and is provided

a service (such as sending a Web page) by another computer (a server) in the

network. TCP/IP communication is primarily point-to-point, meaning each

communication is from one point (orhost computer) in the network to

another point or host computer. TCP/IP and the higher-level applications that

use it are collectively said to be "stateless" because each client request is

considered a new request unrelated to any previous one (unlike ordinary

phone conversations that require a dedicated connection for the call

duration). Being stateless frees network paths so that everyone can use

them continuously. (Note that the TCP layer itself is not stateless as far as

any one message is conMany Internet users are familiar with the even higher

layer application protocols that use TCP/IP to get to the Internet. Theseinclude the World Wide Web's Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP), the File

Transfer Protocol (FTP), Telnet (Telnet) which lets you logon to remote

computers, and the Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP). These and other

protocols are often packaged together with TCP/IP as a "suite."Personal

computer users with an analog phone modem connection to the Internet

usually get to the Internet through the Serial Line Internet Protocol (SLIP) or

the Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP). These protocols encapsulate the IP

packets so that they can be sent over the dial-up phone connection to an

access provider's modem. Protocols related to TCP/IP include the User

Datagram Protocol (UDP), which is used instead of TCP for special purposes.Other protocols are used by network host computers for exchanging

routerinformation. These include the Internet Control Message Protocol

(ICMP), the Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP), the Exterior Gateway Protocol

(EGP), and the Border Gateway Protocol (BGP). (pronounced as separate

letters) Short for Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol, the suite

ofcommunications protocols used to connect hosts on the Internet. TCP/IP


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uses several protocols, the two main ones being TCP and IP. TCP/IP is built

into the UNIXoperating system and is used by the Internet, making it the de

facto standard for transmitting data overnetworks. Even network operating

systems that have their own protocols, such as Netware, also support

TCP/IP.cerned. Its connection remains in place until all packets in a message

have been received.).

7. Interactive Web Page-. mutually or reciprocally active; 2. involving the communication or

collaboration of people or things; 3. allowing or involving the exchange of

information or instructions between a person and a machine, such as a

computer or a television. Synonyms: responsive, reciprocal, synergistic,

interactional. Antonyms: one-sided. Tips: Interactive is most often heard

when discussing "interactive media," such as computers or video games.

When technology is interactive, people are able to interact with it. Usage

Examples: The music web site offers some unique interactive

applications that enable visitors to search for music and find background

information on individual artists. (responsive) The Internet is an

interactive medium. (interactional) It was an interactive dialogue, with

both sides contributing to the discussion. (synergistic). A good teacher

creates interactive lessons that requires students to participate.

(involved with input and output).

8. Static Web Page-A generic term for the many different forms of electronic communication

that are made possible through the use of computer technology. The term is

in relation to "old" media forms, such as print newspapers and magazines,

that are static representations of text and graphics. New media includes:

Web sites, streaming audio and video , chat rooms , e-mail , onlinecommunities, Web advertising , DVD and CD-ROM media,

virtual reality environments, integration of digital data with the telephone,

such as Internet telephony ,digital cameras,mobile computing ,Use of the

term new media implies that the data communication is happening between

desktop and laptop computers and handhelds, such as PDAs, and the media

they take data from, such as compact discs and floppy disks..


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9. Browser (IE/Netscape/others)-Short for Web browser, a software application used to locate and

display Web pages. The two most popular browsers are Microsoft Internet

Explorerand Firefox. Both of these are graphical browsers, which means

that they can display graphics as well as text. In addition, most modern

browsers can present multimedia information, including sound and video,

though they require plug-ins for some formats.

10. Object Oriented Programming-A type ofprogramming in which programmers define not only the data

type of a data structure, but also the types of operations (functions) that

can be applied to the data structure. In this way, the data structure

becomes an object that includes both data and functions. In addition,

programmers can create relationships between one object and another.

For example, objects can inherit characteristics from other objects. One

of the principal advantages of object-oriented programming techniques

over procedural programming techniques is that they enable programmers

to create modules that do not need to be changed when a new type of

object is added. A programmer can simply create a new object that

inherits many of its features from existing objects. This makes object-

oriented programs easier to modify.

To perform object-oriented programming, one needs an object-oriented

programming language (OOPL). Java, C++ and Smalltalkare three of the

more popular languages, and there are also object-oriented versions of

Pascal

11. Batch Files-file that contains a sequence, or batch, ofcommands. Batch files are

useful forstoring sets of commands that are always executed together

because you can simply enter the name of the batch file instead of

entering each command individually.


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In DOSsystems, batch files end with a.BAT extension. For example,

the following DOS batch file prints the date and time and sets the

prompt to GO>:

date

time

prompt [GO>]

Whenever you boot a DOS -based computer, the system automatically

executes the batch file named AUTOEXEC.BAT, if it exists.

Many operating systems use the terms command file orshellscript in

place of batch file.

12. Visual Basic-Visual Basic is a programming language and development environment

created by Microsoft. It is an extension of the BASIC programming

language that combines BASIC functions and commands with visual

controls. Visual Basic provides a graphical user interface GUI that

allows the developer to drag and drop objects into the program as well

as manually write program code.Visual Basic, also referred to as "VB,"

is designed to make software development easy and efficient, while

still being powerful enough to create advanced programs. For example,

the Visual Basic language is designed to be "human readable," which

means the source code can be understood without requiring lots of

comments. The Visual Basic program also includes features like

"IntelliSense" and "Code Snippets," which automatically generate code

for visual objects added by the programmer. Another feature, called

"AutoCorrect," can debug the code while the program is

running.Programs created with Visual Basic can be designed to run on

Windows, on the Web, within Office applications, or on mobile devices.

Visual Studio, the most comprehensive VB development environment,

orIDE, can be used to create programs for all these mediums. VisualStudio .NET provides development tools to create programs based on

the .NET framework, such as ASP.NET applications, which are often

deployed on the Web. Finally, Visual Basic is available as a streamlined

application that is used primarily by beginning developers and for

educational purposes.


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13. Virtual Environments-A computer-generated, three-dimensional representation of a setting in

which the user of the technology perceives themselves to be and

within which interaction takes place, also called virtual landscape,

virtual space, virtual world.

14. Streaming Video-Streaming video is content sent in compressed form over the Internet

and displayed by the viewer in real time. With streaming video or

streaming media, a Web user does not have to wait to download a file

to play it. Instead, the media is sent in a continuous stream of data and

is played as it arrives. The user needs a player, which is a special

program that uncompresses and sends video data to the display and

audio data to speakers. A player can be either an integral part of a

browser or downloaded from the software maker's Web site. Major

streaming video and streaming media technologies include RealSystem

G2 from RealNetwork, Microsoft Windows Media Technologies

(including its NetShow Services and Theater Server), and VDO.

Microsoft's approach uses the standard MPEG compressionalgorithm

for video. The other approaches use proprietary algorithms. (The

program that does the compression and decompression is sometimes

called the codec.) Microsoft's technology offers streaming audio at up

to 96 Kbps and streaming video at up to 8 Mbps (for the NetShow

Theater Server). However, for most Web users, the streaming video will

be limited to the data rates of the connection (for example, up to 128

Kbps with an ISDN connection). Microsoft's streaming media files are

in its Advanced Streaming Format (ASF).Streaming video is usually

sent from prerecorded video files, but can be distributed as part of a

live broadcast "feed." In a live broadcast, the video signal is converted

into a compressed digital signal and transmitted from a special Web

server that is able to do multicast, sending the same file to multiple

users at the same time.


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15. ISPs (Internet Service Providers)-An ISP is a company that supplies Internet connectivity to home and

business customers. ISPs support one or more forms of Internet

access, ranging from traditional modem dial-up to DSL and cable

modem broadband service to dedicated T1/T3 lines. More recently,

wireless Internet service providers or WISPs have emerged that offer

Internet access through wireless LAN or wireless broadband networks.

In addition to basic connectivity, many ISPs also offer related Internet

services like email, Web hosting and access to software tools. A few

companies also offer free ISP service to those who need occasional

Internet connectivity. These free offerings feature limited connect time

and are often bundled with some other product or service.

16. WWW Versus Internet-Content vs. transport. Many people use the terms Web and Internet

synonymously. In casual conversation such as "I was on the Internet" or "I

was on the Web," there is no difference. However, in fact, the Web is just one

of the services deployed on the Internet. Just as cargo is transported by a

truck on a highway, a Web page is transported by packets on the Internet.When information is sent over the Internet, it is broken apart and packaged

inside Internet Protocol packets or "IP packets." See packet switching and

TCP/IP. Not Just Web Pages Every form of information travels over the

Internet, including e-mail messages, newsgroup news, instant messages as

well as audio, video and data files of all description. Countless client-to-

server and client-to-client (peer-to-peer) applications have been and will

continue to be developed using the Internet as transport between sending

and receiving stations. See World Wide Web, Internet and IP.Many people use

the terms Internet and World Wide Web (aka. the Web) interchangeably, but

in fact the two terms are not synonymous. The Internet and the Web are two

separate but related things. The Internet is a massive networkof networks,

a networking infrastructure. It connects millions of computers together

globally, forming a network in which any computer can communicate with

any other computer as long as they are both connected to the Internet.

Information that travels over the Internet does so via a variety of languages

known as protocols.. The World Wide Web, or simply Web, is a way of


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accessing information over the medium of the Internet. It is an information-

sharing model that is built on top of the Internet. The Web uses the HTTP

protocol, only one of the languages spoken over the Internet, to transmit

data. Web services, which use HTTP to allow applications to communicate in

order to exchange business logic, use the the Web to share information. The

Web also utilizes browsers, such as Internet ExplorerorFirefox, to access

Web documents called Web pages that are linked to each other via

hyperlinks. Web documents also contain graphics, sounds, text and

video.The Web is just one of the ways that information can be disseminated

over the Internet. The Internet, not the Web, is also used fore-mail, which

relies on SMTP, Usenet news groups, instant messaging and FTP. So the Web

is just a portion of the Internet, albeit a large portion, but the two terms are

not synonymous and should not be confused. In March 1972 Ray Tomlinson

wrote the first basic e-mail program. In 1976 Queen Elizabeth II sent an e-

mail. (Source: Brief Timeline of the Internet)

17. Ethernet/Fast Ethernet-A local-area network (LAN) architecture developed by Xerox

Corporation in cooperation with DEC and Intel in 1976. Ethernet uses a

bus or star topology and supportsdata transfer rates of 10 Mbps. The

Ethernet specification served as the basis for the IEEE 802.3standard,

which specifies the physical and lowersoftware layers. Ethernet uses

the CSMA/CD access method to handle simultaneous demands. It is

one of the most widely implemented LAN standards.

18. Bandwidth and Speed-We use the U.S. English "Kbps" as the abbreviation for "thousands of

bits per second." In international English outside the U.S., the

equivalent usage is "kbits s-1" or "kbits/s". Engineers use data rate

rather than speed, but speed (as in "Why isn't my Web page getting

here faster?") seems more meaningful for the less technically inclined.

Many of us tend to think that the number of bits getting somewhere

over a period of time is their speed of travel. Relative to data

transmission, a related term, bandwidth or "capacity," means how wide

the pipe is and how quickly the bits can be sent down the channels in

the pipe. (The analogy of multiple lanes on a superhighway with cars


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Dedicated 56Kbps

on frame relay 56 Kbps VariousBusiness e-mail with

fairly large file

attachmentsDS0 64 Kbps All

The base signal on a

channel in the set of

Digital Signal levelsGeneral Packet

Radio System

(GPRS)56 to 114 Kbps RF in space

(wireless)Mobile telephone for

business and personal

use

ISDN

BRI: 64 Kbps to

128 Kbps

PRI: 23 (T-1) or

30 (E1)

assignable 64-

Kbps channels

plus control

channel; up to

1.544 Mbps (T-1)

or 2.048 (E1)

BRI: Twisted-

pair

PRI: T-1 or E1

line

BRI: Faster home and

small business access

PRI: Medium and large

enterprise access

IDSL 128 Kbps Twisted-pair Faster home and smallbusiness access

AppleTalk 230.4 Kbps Twisted pair

Local area network for

Apple devices; several

networks can be

bridged; non-Appledevices can also be

connectedEnhanced Data GSM

Environment (EDGE) 384 KbpsRF in space



usesatellite

400 Kbps

(DirecPC and

others)RF in space

(wireless)Faster home and small

enterprise access

frame relay 56 Kbps to 1.544Mbps

Twisted-pairorcoaxial

cable

Large company

backbone for LANs toISP

ISP to Internet

infrastructureDS1/T-1 1.544 Mbps

Twisted-pair,

coaxial cable,

oroptical

Large company to ISP

ISP to Internet

infrastructure


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fiberUniversal Mobile

Telecommunications

Service (UMTS)Up to 2 Mbps RF in space



use (available in 2002

or later)

E-carrier 2.048 MbpsTwisted-pair,

coaxial cable,

oroptical

fiber32-channel European

equivalent of T-1

T-1C (DS1C) 3.152 MbpsTwisted-pair,

coaxial cable,

or optical

fiber


ISP to Internet

infrastructure

IBM TokenRing/802.5 4 Mbps (also 16Mbps)

Twisted-pair,

coaxial cable,or optical

fiber

Second most

commonly-used localarea network after

Ethernet

DS2/T-2 6.312 MbpsTwisted-pair,

coaxial cable,

or optical

fiber


ISP to Internet

infrastructure

Digital Subscriber

Line (DSL)512 Kbps to 8

Mbps

Twisted-pair

(used as a

digital,

broadbandmedium)

Home, small business,

and enterprise access

using existing copper

lines

E-2 8.448 MbpsTwisted-pair,

coaxial cable,

or optical

fiberCarries four multiplexed

E-1 signals

cable modem

512 Kbps to 52

Mbps

(see "Key andexplanation"

below)

Coaxial cable

(usually uses

Ethernet); in

some

systems,telephone

used for

upstream

requests

Home, business, school

access

Ethernet 10 Mbps 10BASE-T(twisted-pair);

Most popular business

local area network


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10BASE-2 or -

5 (coaxial

cable);

10BASE-F

(optical fiber)

(LAN)

IBM Token

Ring/802.516 Mbps (also 4

Mbps)Twisted-pair,

coaxial cable,

or optical

fiber

Second most

commonly-used local

area network after

EthernetE-3 34.368 Mbps

Twisted-pair

or optical

fiberCarries 16 E-l signals

DS3/T-3 44.736 Mbps Coaxial cableISP to Internet

infrastructure

Smaller links within

Internet infrastructure

OC-1 51.84 Mbps Optical fiberISP to Internet

infrastructure



High-Speed Serial

Interface (HSSI)Up to 53 Mbps HSSI cable

Between router

hardware and WAN

lines

Short-range (50 feet)

interconnectionbetween slower LAN

devices and faster WAN

lines

Fast Ethernet 100 Mbps

100BASE-T

(twisted pair);

100BASE-T

(twisted pair);

100BASE-T

(optical fiber)

Workstations with 10

Mbps Ethernet cards

can plug into a Fast

Ethernet LANFiber Distributed-Data Interface

(FDDI)100 Mbps Optical fiber Large, wide-range LANusually in a large

company or a larger ISP

T-3D (DS3D) 135 Mbps Optical fiberISP to Internet

infrastructure




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E-4 139.264 Mbps Optical fiberCarries 4 E3 channels

Up to 1,920

simultaneous voice

conversationsOC-3/SDH 155.52 Mbps Optical fiber

Large company

backbone

Internet backbone

E-5 565.148 Mbps Optical fiberCarries 4 E4 channels

Up to 7,680

simultaneous voice

conversationsOC-12/STM-4 622.08 Mbps Optical fiber Internet backbone

Gigabit Ethernet

1 Gbps

Optical fiber

(and "copper"

up to 100

meters)

Workstations/networks

with 10/100 Mbps

Ethernet plug intoGigabit Ethernet

switchesOC-24 1.244 Gbps Optical fiber Internet backboneSciNet 2.325 Gbps (15

OC-3 lines) Optical fiberPart of the vBNS

backboneOC-48/STM-16 2.488 Gbps Optical fiber Internet backboneOC-192/STM-64 10 Gbps Optical fiber BackboneOC-256 13.271 Gbps Optical fiber Backbone

19. Computer Network-A computerwith minimal memory, disk storage and processorpower

designed to connect to a network, especially the Internet. The idea

behind network computers is that many users who are connected to a

network don't need all the computer power they get from a typical

personal computer. Instead, they can rely on the power of the network

servers. This is really a variation on an old idea -- diskless workstations

-- which are computers that contain memory and a processor but no

disk storage. Instead, they rely on a server to store data. Network

computers take this idea one step further by also minimizing the

amount of memory and processor power required by the workstation.

Network computers designed to connect to the Internet are sometimes

called Internet boxes, Net PCs, and Internet appliances. One of the

strongest arguments behind network computers is that they reduce the


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total cost of ownership (TCO) -- not only because the machines

themselves are less expensive than PCs, but also because network

computers can be administered and updated from a central network

server.

20. Graphic User Interface (GUI)-GUI - Short for Graphical User Interface, a GUI Operating System contains

graphics and icons and is commonly navigated by using a computer mouse.

See the GUI definition for a complete definition. Below are some examples of

GUI Operating Systems. Abbreviated GUI (pronounced GOO-ee). A program

interface that takes advantage of the computer'sgraphics capabilities to

make the program easier to use. Well-designed graphical user interfaces can

free the user from learning complex command languages. On the other hand,

many users find that they work more effectively with a command-driven

interface, especially if they already know the command language.Graphical

user interfaces, such as Microsoft Windows and the one used by the Apple

Macintosh, feature the following basic components: pointer: A symbol that

appears on the display screen and that you move to selectobjects

andcommands. Usually, the pointer appears as a small angled arrow. Text -

processing applications, however, use an I-beam pointerthat is shaped like a

capital I. pointing device : A device, such as a mouse ortrackball, that

enables you to select objects on the display screen. icons : Small pictures

that represent commands, files, orwindows. By moving the pointer to the

icon and pressing a mouse button, you can execute a command orconvert

the icon into a window. You can also move the icons around the display

screen as if they were real objects on your desk. desktop : The area on the

display screen where icons are grouped is often referred to as the desktop

because the icons are intended to represent real objects on a real desktop.

windows: You can divide the screen into different areas. In each window, you

can run a different program or display a different file. You can move windows

around the display screen, and change their shape and size at will. menus :

Most graphical user interfaces let you execute commands by selecting achoice from a menu. he first graphical user interface was designed by Xerox

Corporation's Palo Alto Research Center in the 1970s, but it was not until the

1980s and the emergence of the Apple Macintosh that graphical user

interfaces became popular. One reason for their slow acceptance was the

fact that they require considerable CPU power and a high-quality monitor,

which until recently were prohibitively expensive. In addition to their visual


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components, graphical user interfaces also make it easier to move data from

one application to another. A true GUI includes standard formats for

representing text and graphics. Because the formats are well-defined,

different programs that run under a common GUI can share data. This makes

it possible, for example, to copy a graph created by a spreadsheet program

into a document created by a word processor.Many DOS programs include

some features of GUIs, such as menus, but are not graphics based. Such

interfaces are sometimes called graphical character-based user interfaces to

distinguish them from true GUIs.

21. Operating System-Operating system ABCs

An operating system, or OS, is a software program that enables thecomputer hardware to communicate and operate with the computer

software. Without a computer operating system, a computer would be

useless.

Operating system types

As computers have progressed and developed so have the operating

systems. Below is a basic list of the different operating systems and a few

examples of operating systems that fall into each of the categories. Many

computer operating systems will fall into more than one of the below

categories.

GUI - Short for Graphical User Interface, a GUI Operating System contains

graphics and icons and is commonly navigated by using a computer mouse.

See the GUI definition for a complete definition. Below are some examples of

GUI Operating Systems. System 7.x, Windows 98, Windows CE. Multi-user -

A multi-user operating system allows for multiple users to use the same

computer at the same time and different times. See the multi-userdefinition

for a complete definition for a complete definition. Below are some examples

of multi-user operating systems. Multiprocessing - An operating system

capable of supporting and utilizing more than one computer processor. Below

are some examples of multiprocessing operating systems. Multitasking - Anoperating system that is capable of allowing multiple software processes to

run at the same time. Below are some examples of multitasking operating

systems.

Multithreading - Operating systems that allow different parts of a software

program to run concurrently. Operating systems that would fall into this

category are. An Operating System is a software program or set of programs


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that mediate access between physical devices (such as a keyboard, mouse,

monitor, disk drive or network connection) and application programs (such

as a word processor, World-Wide Web browser or electronic mail client).

Some characteristics of an Operating System are:

Whether multiple programs can run on it simultaneously: multi-tasking Whether it can take advantage of multiple processors: multi-processing Whether multiple users can run programs on it simultaneously: multi-user Whether it can reliably prevent application programs from directly

accessing hardware devices: protected

Whether it has built-in support for graphics. Whether it has built-in support for networks.

Some popular Operating System's are:

Unix: multi-tasking, multi-processing, multi-user, protected, with built-insupport for networking but not graphics.

Windows NT: multi-tasking, multi-processing, single-user, protected, withbuilt-in support for networking and graphics.

Windows 95/98: multi-tasking, multi-processing, single-user, unprotected,with built-in support for networking and graphics.

Windows 3.x: single-tasking, single-processing, single-user, unprotected,with built-in support for graphics but not networking.

DOS: single-tasking, single-processing, single-user, unprotected with nobuilt-in support for graphics or networking.

NetWare: multi-tasking, multi-processing, single-user, unprotected, with built-in support for networking but not graphics.

22. Needs Assessment-a systematic method of identifying the public health,health / social care

needs of a population and making recommendations for changes to\meet

these needs.[1] In this context need is defined as ability to benefit from a

policy or service intervention. The aim of NA is to maximise appropriate

effective care / policy, minimise both theprovision of ineffective care / policy

and the existence of unmet need. NA provides asystematic framework for

undertaking a complex and important task in an evidencebased\way. The

practice of Health Needs Assessment (HNA) first became widespread in the

early1990s, at the time of the introduction of the NHS internal market. HNA


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Personal computer users with an analog phone modem connection to the

Internet usually get to the Internet through the Serial Line Internet

Protocol (SLIP) or the Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP). These protocols

encapsulate the IP packets so that they can be sent over the dial-up

phone connection to an access provider's modem. A family ofoperating

systems forpersonal computers. Windows dominates the personal

computer world, running, by some estimates, on 90% of all personal

computers. The remaining 10% are mostly Macintosh computers. Like the

Macintosh operating environment, Windows provides a graphical user

interface Windows 7 is an operating system for personal computers made

by Microsoft that will be launched in October 2009. Windows 7 replaced

Windows Vista as Microsoft's newest operating system. It was previously

codenamed "Blackcomb" and "Vienna".Also Known As:

WindowsExamples: Windows 7 is better than Windows Vista in terms of

user friendliness, stability and functionality. (GUI), virtual memory

management, multitasking, and support for many peripheral devices. This

is the name of the computers that are made by Apple Computer. The first

Macintosh was introduced in 1984 and was seen as a major innovation in

computing ease-of-use. The Macintosh was the first personal computer to

use a graphical user interface (GUI), which allowed the user to interact

with the operating system by using a mouse to click and drag objects.

Since 1984, Apple has continually revised and upgraded the Macintosh

product line and now makes both laptop and desktop versions of the

Macintosh. The Macintosh product line includes the following models:

Power Mac - a high-performance desktop computer for professionals PowerBook - a high-performance laptop computer for professionals. iMac - a creatively designed consumer desktop computer iBook - a laptop computer for students and home users eMac - an all-in-one desktop computer for educators and entry-level

consumers

Mac mini - a super-small, fully functional computer sold without amonitor, keyboard, or mouse . Apple also makes other equipment such

as displays, MP3 players, and networking hardware, but the Macintosh

is the heart and soul of the company. Macintosh computers run the

Macintosh operating system, creatively named the "Mac OS."


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25. High Level Language Versus Machine Language-

A programming language such as C, FORTRAN, orPascal that enables a

programmerto write programs that are more or less independent of a

particular type ofcomputer. Such languages are considered high-level

because they are closer to human languages and further from machinelanguages. In contrast, assembly languages are considered low-level

because they are very close to machine languages. The main advantage

of high-level languages overlow-level languages is that they are easier to

read, write, and maintain. Ultimately, programs written in a high-level

language must be translated into machine language by a compileror

interpreter. The first high-level programming languages were designed in

the 1950s. Now there are dozens of different languages, including Ada,

Algol, BASIC, COBOL, C, C++, FORTRAN, LISP, Pascal, and Prolog.

machine language

)The lowest-level programming language (except for computers that utilize

programmable microcode) Machine languages are the only languages

understood by computers. While easily understood by computers, machine

languages are almost impossible for humans to use because they consist

entirely of numbers. Programmers, therefore, use either a high-level

programming language or an assembly language. An assembly language

contains the same instructions as a machine language, but the instructions

and variables have names instead of being just numbers. Programs written in

high-level languages are translated into assembly language or machinelanguage by a compiler. Assembly language programs are translated into

machine language by a program called an assembler.

Every CPU has its own unique machine language. Programs must be

rewritten or recompiled, therefore, to run on different types of computers.

graphical user interfaceAbbreviated GUI (pronounced GOO-ee). A program

interface that takes advantage of the computer'sgraphics capabilities to


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make the program easier to use. Well-designed graphical user interfaces can

free the user from learning complex command languages. On the other hand,

many users find that they work more effectively with a command-driven

interface, especially if they already know the command language.Graphical

user interfaces, such as Microsoft Windows and the one used by the Apple

Macintosh, feature the following basic components: pointer: A symbol that

appears on the display screen and that you move to selectobjects and

commands. Usually, the pointer appears as a small angled arrow. Text -

processing applications, however, use an I-beam pointerthat is shaped like a

capital pointing device : A device, such as a mouse ortrackball, that

enables you to select objects on the display screen. icons : Small pictures

that represent commands, files, orwindows. By moving the pointer to the

icon and pressing a mouse button, you can execute a command orconvert

the icon into a window. You can also move the icons around the display

screen as if they were real objects on your desk. desktop : The area on the

display screen where icons are grouped is often referred to as the desktop

because the icons are intended to represent real objects on a real desktop.

windows: You can divide the screen into different areas. In each window, you

can run a different program or display a different file. You can move windows

around the display screen, and change their shape and size at will. menus :

Most graphical user interfaces let you execute commands by selecting a

choice from a menu. The first graphical user interface was designed by

Xerox Corporation's Palo Alto Research Center in the 1970s, but it was not

until the 1980s and the emergence of the Apple Macintosh that graphical

user interfaces became popular. One reason for their slow acceptance wasthe fact that they require considerable CPU power and a high-quality monitor,

which until recently were prohibitively expensive.In addition to their visual

components, graphical user interfaces also make it easier to move data from

one application to another. A true GUI includes standard formats for

representing text and graphics. Because the formats are well-defined,

different programs that run under a common GUI can share data. This makes

it possible, for example, to copy a graph created by a spreadsheet program

into a document created by a word processor.Many DOS programs include

some features of GUIs, such as menus, but are not graphics based. Such

interfaces are sometimes called graphical character-based user interfaces todistinguish them from true GUIs.


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1.www.techterms.com/ The Tech Term ComputerDictionary

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3. Independent Info. Technology Research