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8/13/2019 3-1 Chapter 4 Learning
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Topics to Explore
1. Classical Conditioning
2. Operant Conditioning
3. Motivation
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Part 1Classical Conditioning
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Learning: Relatively permanent change in behavior due to
experience
Does NOT include temporary changes due to disease,
injury, maturation, injury, or drugs, since these do NOT
qualify as learning
Reinforcement: Any event that changes the probability that a
response will recur
Response: Any identifiable behavior
- Internal: Faster heartbeat
- Observable: Eating, scratching
Learning: Some Terms
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Classical conditioning: acquiring a new response (the
conditioned response) to a previously neutral stimulus (the
conditioned stimulus) that reliably signals the arrival of anunconditioned stimulus.
Ivan Pavlov: Russian physiologist who initially was studying
digestion; first identified mechanisms of classical conditioning
Also known as Pavlovian or Respondent Conditioning
Classical Conditioning
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Pavlovs Experimental Setup
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Some Terms
Reflex: a stimulus-response pair in which the stimulus
automatically elicits the response
Unconditioned stimulus (UCS):the stimulus in a reflex that
automatically elicits a response
Unconditioned response (UCR):the response in a reflex that
occurs automatically after the occurrence of the unconditioned
stimulus
Example: physician strikes below knee with little hammer
(unconditioned stimulus)knee jerk (unconditioned response)
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Process of Classical Conditioning
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Unconditioned stimulus: a stimulus that elicits a response
without training
Conditioned stimulus: A stimulus that elicits a response
because it has been repeatedly paired with an unconditionedstimulus
Unconditioned response: An innate response elicited by an
unconditioned stimulus; usually either a reflex or an emotional
response
Conditioned response: Term used to refer to a reflex response
after learning has occurred to elicit the response by a
conditioned stimulus
Components ofClassical Conditioning
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There are two dif ferent s t imu l i:
the unconditioned stimulus, which elicits the response
reflexively, without an training [the smell of food]
the conditioned stimulus, which can only elicit the responseafter training [the sound of the bell]
There is only one respons e[salivation]. What the response is
called depends on which stimulus elicited it:
It is the unconditioned response when elicited by theunconditioned stimulus [the smell of food]
It is the conditioned responsewhen elicited by the conditioned
stimulus [the sound of the bell]
More on Stimuli & Responses
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Acquisition: acquiring a new response to the conditioned
stimulus
Extinction: the diminishing of the conditioned response when
the unconditioned stimulus no longer follows the conditioned
stimulus
Spontaneous Recovery: a partial recovery in strength of the
conditioned response following a break during extinctiontraining
Principles of Classical Conditioning
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Graphic: Acquisition & Extinction
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Phobia: Intense, unrealistic, irrational fear of a specific situation
or object (e.g., arachnophobia (fear of spiders; see the movie!))
Conditioned Emotional Response(CER): Learned emotional
reaction to a previously neutral stimulus
Desensitization: Exposing phobic people gradually to feared
stimuli while they stay calm and relaxed
Classical Conditioning in Humans
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A Little Demonstration
See in class!
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Part 2Operant Conditioning
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Operant Conditioning: Learning based on the consequences of
responding; we associate responses with their consequences
Operant Reinforcer: Any event that follows a response and
changes its likelihood of recurring
Operant Conditioning(Instrumental Learning)
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Example of Operant Conditioning
Child says doll,
duh, dat to get
doll.
On Day 1, parents
give doll only when
child says doll
By Day 20, child
only says doll to
get doll
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Graphic: Acquisition of Learning
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Skinner Box(conditioning chamber)
Apparatus
designed to study
operantconditioning in
animals
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Operant reinforcement most effectivewhen given immediately
after a correct response
Effectiveness of reinforcement is inversely relatedto timeelapsed after correct response occurs
Timing of Reinforcement
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Graphic: Effect of Delay ofReinforcement
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Reinforcer: a stimulus that increases the probability of a prior
response.
Reinforcement: process by which the probability of a
response is increased by the occurrence of a reinforcer.
Punisher:a stimulus that decreases the probability of a prior
response.
Punishment:the process by which the probability of aresponse is decreased by the occurrence of a punisher.
Types of Reinforcement
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Types of Stimuli
Appetitive stimulus: a stimulus that is pleasant
Aversive stimulus:a stimulus that is unpleasant
Positive reinforcement:reinforcement in which an appetitive
stimulus is presented.
Positive punishment: punishment in which an aversive
stimulus is presented
Negative reinforcement:reinforcement in which an aversive
stimulus is removed
Negative punishment: reinforcement in which an appetitive
stimulus is removed
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Types of Conditioning
consequence:desirable
(appetitive)
undesirable
(aversive)
given positive reinforcement positive punishment
taken away negative punishment negative reinforcement
yellow increases behavior; blue decreases behavior
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Comparison: Classical & OperantConditioning
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Comparison: Classical & OperantConditioning, 2
classical operant
behavior involuntary (reflexive) voluntary (nonreflexive)
association of events (CS & UCS) of response & reinforcer
expectationthat CS signals arrival of
UCS
that behavior will be
reinforced
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Primary Reinforcer: Unlearned and natural; satisfies
biological needs (e.g., food, water, sex)
Secondary Reinforcer: Learned reinforcer (e.g., money,grades, approval, praise)
Token Reinforcer: Tangible secondary reinforcer (e.g.,
money, gold stars, poker chips)
Social Reinforcer: Provided by other people (e.g.,
learned desires for attention and approval)
Types of Reinforcers
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Effectiveness of Token Economy
Tokens used to reward
socially desirable
behavior in a mental
hospital ward. Tokenscould be used for
snacks, coffee, game-
room privileges,
weekend passes.
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Continuous Reinforcement: A reinforcer follows every correct
response
Partial Reinforcement: Reinforcers do NOT follow everyresponse
Partial Reinforcement Effect: Responses acquired with
partial reinforcement are very resistant to extinction
Continuous & PartialReinforcement
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Review: Types of Reinforcers
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Part 3Motivation
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Drive Reduction Theory
Motivation:the set of internal and external factors that
energize our behavior and direct it toward goals
Drive reduction theory: a theory of motivation that proposes
that our behavior is motivated to reduce drives (bodily tension
states) created by unsatisfied bodily needs to return the bodyto a balanced state
Need vs. Drive:
You begin a fast: after 1 day after 1 week
need for food some need need increases
drive for food (hunger) some hunger hunger decreases
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Incentive & Arousal Theories
Incentive theory:a theory of motivation that proposes that
our behavior is motivated by incentives, external stimuli that
we have learned to associate with reinforcement.
Arousal theory: a theory of motivation that proposes that
our behavior is motivated to maintain an optimal level ofphysiological arousal.
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Yerkes-Dodson Law
Yerkes-Dodson law: a law describing the relationship
between the amount of arousal and the performance quality on
a task
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Intrinsic & Extrinsic Motivation
Extrinsic motivation: the desire to perform a behavior for
external reinforcement
Intrinsic motivation: the desire to perform a behavior for its
own sake
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A Little Demonstration:Sensation Seeking Scale
See in class!
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THE END!