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GVHD: GS.TS. on Th Hng Vn
1
MC LC
PHN M U ............................................................................................................... 3
1. Tnh cp thit ca ti .................................................................................................. 3
2. Mc tiu nghin cu ....................................................................................................... 4
3. i tng v phm vi nghin cu .................................................................................. 4
3.1 i tng nghin cu ................................................................................................... 4
3.2 Phm vi nghin cu ...................................................................................................... 5
4. Phng php nghin cu ................................................................................................ 5
5. Kt cu ca ti ............................................................................................................ 5
PHN 1: NHNG VN C BN CA CNG NG KINH T ASEAN ........ 7
1.1 Cng ng Asean (AC) ................................................................................................ 7
1.2 Cng ng kinh t Asean (AEC) .................................................................................. 7
1.2.1 Ni dung v hnh thc ca Cng ng kinh t ASEAN ............................................ 7
1.2.2 Tip cn s hnh thnh Cng ng kinh t ASEAN (AEC) di gc ca Ch
ngha kin to [2] ................................................................................................................ 9
1.2.3 Trin vng ca Cng ng kinh t ASEAN ............................................................ 10
1.3 Tm nhn sau nm 2015 ca AC v AEC ................................................................... 11
1.3.1 Tm nhn sau nm 2015 ca AC.............................................................................. 12
1.3.2 Tm nhn sau nm 2015 ca AEC ........................................................................... 12
1.4 C hi v thch thc khi tham gia AC v AEC [10] .................................................. 12
1.4.1 C hi ...................................................................................................................... 12
1.4.2 Thch thc ............................................................................................................... 13
PHN 2: PHT TRIN CHUI CUNG NG CNG C QUAN TRNG
TN DNG C HI KHI THAM GIA AEC ............................................................. 14
2.1 Chui cung ng ........................................................................................................... 14
2.1.1 Khi nim chui cung ng [5] ................................................................................. 14
2.1.2 Vai tr ca chui cung ng [5] ................................................................................ 15
2.1.3 Cc i tng tham gia trong chui cung ng. [11] ................................................ 15
2.1.4 Cc yu t tc ng trc tip n cng sut v hiu qu chui cung ng [5] ......... 18
2.2 Qun tr chui cung ng ............................................................................................. 20
2.2.1 Khi nim qun tr chui cung ng (SCM) [5] ........................................................ 20
2.2.2 Lch s pht trin ca qun tr chui cung ng [5] .................................................. 20
GVHD: GS.TS. on Th Hng Vn
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2.2.3 Mc tiu ca qun tr chui cung ng [5] ................................................................ 22
2.2.4 M hnh ca qun tr chui cung ng [5] ................................................................ 23
2.2.5 Tm quan trng ca qun tr chui cung ng (SCM) [5] ........................................ 24
2.2.6 Nhng thch thc trong vic qun tr chui cung ng [5] ....................................... 24
PHN 3: NH GI CHUI CUNG NG GO CA DOANH NGHIP VIT
NAM ................................................................................................................................. 26
3.1 Gii thiu doanh nghip la go Vit Nam ....................................................... 26
3.1.1 Tng cng ty lng thc min Bc ( VINAFOOD 1) ............................................. 26
3.1.2 Tng cng ty lng thc min Nam ( VINAFOOD 2 ) .......................................... 27
3.2 Thc trng cc chui cung ng go ca cc doanh nghip Vit Nam ........................ 27
3.2.1 Cc m hnh kinh doanh xut khu go ca Vit Nam ........................................... 27
3.2.2 Hnh thc chui cung ng xut khu go ca Vit Nam ......................................... 29
3.2.3 Nhng c im ca chui cung ng go xut khu ............................................... 33
3.2.4 iu kin vn chuyn v ti tr ............................................................................... 34
3.3 Kh nng tn dng c hi khi Vit Nam tham gia vo AEC ca cc doanh nghip
Vit Nam ........................................................................................................................... 36
3.4 Cc nhn t tc ng n chui cung ng go ca cc doanh nghip Vit Nam ..
37
PHN 4: NHNG GII PHP XY DNG, NNG CP V PHT TRIN CC
CHUI CUNG NG GO NHM TN DNG C HI KHI THAM GIA AEC 38
4.1 Gii php xy dng cc chui cung ng go ni a .................................................. 38
4.1.1 Ci tin ng b ha dch v logistics ..................................................................... 38
4.1.2 Xy dng h thng cng ngh thng tin phi hp hot ng trong chui cung
ng .................................................................................................................................... 39
4.1.3 Gim vai tr ca hng so ....................................................................................... 40
4.1.4 n gin ha th tc hnh chnh ............................................................................. 40
4.2 Gii php nng cao v pht trin cc chui cung ng go c th sn sng tham gia
vo th trng ton cu. .................................................................................................... 41
4.2.1 i vi ring ngnh xut khu go .......................................................................... 41
4.2.2 Dch v hu cn (Logistics) ..................................................................................... 43
4.2.3 H tr ca chnh ph ............................................................................................... 45
4.2.4 Xy dng thng hiu cho go Vit Nam. .............................................................. 46
TI LIU THAM KHO .............................................................................................. 48
GVHD: GS.TS. on Th Hng Vn
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PHN M U
1. Tnh cp thit ca ti
T u thp nin 1990s n nay, Vit Nam tr thnh mt trong ba quc gia xut khu
go hng u th gii. Song, v th cnh tranh ca go Vit Nam trn th trng th gii
vn thng xuyn ng sau Thi Lan vi mt khong cch kh xa. Mt khc, go cng
l mt trong 10 mt hng c gi tr kim ngch xut khu ln nht ca Vit Nam, nhng
xt v hiu qu ng gp ca ngnh hng ny cho nn kinh t th vn cn nhiu hn ch.
[3]
Trong iu kin hi nhp kinh t quc t ca Vit Nam ngy cng su v rng, AEC sp
sa ra i l mt bc ngot nh du s hi nhp khu vc mt cch ton din ca cc
nn kinh t ng Nam , ngnh xut khu go ca Vit Nam ang ng trc c hi
pht trin th trng ln nhng cng phi i u vi nhng thch thc khng nh.
Hin nay cc doanh nghip la go ca ba nc Thi Lan, Myanmar, Philippines
thnh lp hip hi la go pht trin chui cung ng go trong khu vc ng Nam ,
hng n cc th trng ln nh Indonesia, Trung Quc vi nhng li th so snh trong
u t: Thi Lan cung cp dch v tip th ton cu, Philippines cung cp cng ngh v
ging la, Myanmar c vai tr cung cp t v ti nguyn. iu ny s to nn mt
OPEC la go thc s, c kh nng chi phi gi go v nh hng an ninh lng thc
trong khu vc v c th gii. [6]
Trc thi im thu hoch r v la H Thu, tnh hnh kinh doanh xut khu go ca cc
doanh nghip Vit Nam ang kh m m vi p lc tn kho khong 2,5 triu tn, cng
vi s bp bnh t cc hp ng tiu ngch qua bin gii pha Bc. Hp ng xut khu
800 ngn tn go i Philippines th c n 25% ch tiu b cc doanh nghip tr li v lo
ngi cc iu khon giao hng.
Chui cung ng go cho xut khu ca Vit Nam hin nay nhn chung cn hn ch v
vn v quy m giao dch, tnh trng "u trn" go vi cc cht lng khc nhau cn ph
bin; ngi nng dn sn xut khng c nhiu ng lc ci thin cht lng la go
do li nhun thp v c bit l cha c c s kt ni vi thng tin th trng v yu
cu ca th trng nc ngoi.
Nhm tn dng hiu qu nht cc c hi m AEC mang li, nhm nghin cu chn ti:
Pht trin chui cung ng go tn dng c hi khi Vit Nam tham gia vo AEC,
GVHD: GS.TS. on Th Hng Vn
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vi mong mun c th gp cht kin tham kho ci thin v pht trin chui cung
ng la go ca Vit Nam, t c hng i ng n tng kh nng cnh tranh kinh
doanh la go ca Vit Nam trn th trng trong nc v trn th gii.
2. Mc tiu nghin cu
Mc tiu nghin cu ct li ca ti l tp trung nghin cu pht trin chui cung ng
go tn dng c hi khi Vit Nam tham gia vo AEC. Do , nhim v nghin cu
ca ti tp trung vo:
1/ H thng ha c s l lun v cng ng kinh t Asean v chui cung ng.
2/ Phn tch thc trng chui cung ng go ca cc doanh nghip Vit Nam hin nay v
kh nng tn dng c hi ca cc doanh nghip khi Vit Nam tham gia vo AEC.
3/ Xc nh cc nhn t nh hng v mc tc ng ca chng n chui cung ng
go ca cc doanh nghip Vit Nam.
4/ Lp lun v a ra cc gii php ph hp vi thc tin tnh hnh nghin cu trong giai
on tip theo t nm 2015 2020 nhm gip cc doanh nghip trong ngnh, tham kho
v ng dng trong vic xy dng, nng cp v pht trin cc chui cung ng go nhm
tn dng c hi khi tham gia AEC.
nghin cu ny gii quyt tt mc tiu nghin cu, cn phi lm r cc cu hi
nghin cu sau: (i) Cng ng kinh t Asean l g? Chui cung ng l g? Cc nhn t
no c mc tc ng ln n chui cung ng go Vit Nam? (ii) Thc trng chui
cung ng go ca cc doanh nghip Vit Nam hin nay nh th no v kh nng nhng
doanh nghip ny tn dng c nhng c hi m ra khi Vit Nam gia nhp AEC? (iii)
Nhng hng tc ng c th gip xy dng, nng cp v pht trin chui cung ng go
Vit Nam trong giai on 2015 2020.
3. i tng v phm vi nghin cu
3.1 i tng nghin cu
- Chui cung ng go ca cc doanh nghip Vit Nam.
- Cng ng kinh t Asean.
- Cc nhn t nh hng n hnh vi ca cc h nng dn, thng li, i l ch bin,
doanh nghip cung ng go Vit Nam t trong mi quan h vi cc nh sn xut, thu
mua, ch bin v phn phi/khch hng trong ngnh go.
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- Kinh nghim xy dng v trin khai thnh cng chui cung ng ca mt s tp on,
quc gia trn th gii nhn t gc tng cng s hp tc trong chui cung ng.
3.2 Phm vi nghin cu
- V khng gian:
Nghin cu cc h nng dn, thng li, i l ch bin, doanh nghip cung ng go
Vit Nam.
- V thi gian:
D liu dng thc hin ti c thu thp trong khong thi gian ch yu t nm
2005-2014, c sn t cc bo co ca Vietrade, VFA, Tng cc hi quan, tng cc
thng k, Trung tm thng mi quc t
4. Phng php nghin cu
ti ngy c thc hin bng phng php nghin cu nh tnh
- Nghin cu s dng cc s liu thng k thng qua thu thp d liu c sn, tin
hnh lp bng biu, v cc th, biu d dng so snh v nh gi ni dung cn
tp trung nghin cu.
- Bn cnh , s dng phng php suy din lp lun v gii thch c im chui
cung ng go ti a bn nghin cu thng qua cc s minh ha.
- Ngoi ra, trong nghin cu ny cn dng phng php chuyn gia thng qua vic
phng vn su cc nh qun l trong ngnh nhm iu chnh mt s khi nim cho ph
hp vi iu kin kinh doanh ti Vit Nam, gm tn nhim gia cc i tc, quyn lc
ca cc i tc, mc thun thc trong giao dch gia cc i tc, tn sut giao dch
gia cc i tc, khong cch gia cc i tc, vn ha v chin lc hp tc gia cc
i tc.
5. Kt cu ca ti
Ngoi phn m u, kt lun, mc lc, danh mc cc ch vit tt, danh mc cc hnh v
bng, ph lc v ti liu tham kho; lun n c b cc theo 4 phn nh sau:
- Phn 1: Nhng vn c bn ca cng ng kinh t Asean.
- Phn 2: Pht trin chui cung ng Cng c quan trng tn dng c hi khi tham
gia AEC.
- Phn 3: nh gi chui cung ng go ca doanh nghip Vit Nam.
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- Phn 4: Nhng gii php xy dng, nng cp v pht trin cc chui cung ng go
nhm tn dng c hi khi tham gia AEC.
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PHN 1: NHNG VN C BN CA
CNG NG KINH T ASEAN
1.1 Cng ng Asean (AC)
Hip hi cc quc gia ng Nam (ASEAN) c thnh lp ngy 8 thng 8 nm 1967
trn c s Tuyn b Bng-cc, vi 5 nc thnh vin ban u l In--n-xi-a, Ma-lay-
xi-a, Phi-lp-pin, Xin-ga-po v Thi Lan. Sau 47 nm tn ti v pht trin vi nhiu
thng trm, ASEAN ngy nay tr thnh mt t chc hp tc khu vc lin Chnh ph
bao gm c 10 quc gia ng Nam (thm 5 nc l Brunei, Cmpuchia, Lo, Mianma
v Vit Nam), l mt thc th chnh tr-kinh t quan trng Chu -Thi Bnh Dng
v l i tc khng th thiu trong chnh sch khu vc ca cc nc ln v cc trung tm
quan trng trn th gii. Hin nay, ASEAN ang chuyn sang giai on pht trin mi
vi mc tiu bao trm l hnh thnh Cng ng ASEAN vo nm 2015 v hot ng da
trn c s php l l Hin chng ASEAN.
1.2 Cng ng kinh t Asean (AEC)
Cng ng kinh t ASEAN (ting Anh: ASEAN Economic Community, vit tt: AEC)
l mt khi kinh t khu vc ca cc quc gia thnh vin ASEAN d nh s c thnh
lp vo nm 2015. AEC l mt trong ba tr ct quan trng ca Cng ng ASEAN nhm
thc hin cc mc tiu ra trong Tm nhn ASEAN 2020. Hai tr ct cn li l: Cng
ng An ninh ASEAN v Cng ng Vn ha-X hi ASEAN.
1.2.1 Ni dung v hnh thc ca Cng ng kinh t ASEAN
Vi mc tiu tr thnh mt th trng v c s sn xut duy nht c t do thng mi
v t do chuyn cc yu t sn xut, AEC ch c th c xem l mt Th trng chung
tr (tr i hai ni dung gm thu quan chung v hi ha chnh sch kinh t) hoc mt
FTA cng (cng thm ni dung di chuyn t do cc yu t sn xut). Trong khi , mc
tiu th trng (v c s sn xut) duy nht ca AEC ch da trn bn t do (4F)
mc yu l t do di chuyn hng ho v dch v, t do di chuyn vn hn v lao ng c
tay ngh.
AEC c c im khc na l mt cng ng kinh t m. Tm nhn ASEAN 2020 khng
nh ASEAN s l mt t chc hng ra bn ngoi (outward looking). Tip , tuyn b
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Bali cng nu r ASEAN tip tc nh gi cao tm quan trng ca cc lut l ca h
thng thng mi a phng, tng cng m rng kt ni vi nn kinh t th gii v
tr thnh mt mt xch nng ng v mnh m hn trong dy chuyn cung ng ton
cu. Trong , ASEAN c bit coi trng thc y cc mi quan h hp tc trong tin
trnh ASEAN+3. Bin php v L trnh ca Cng ng kinh t ASEAN.
L trnh hi nhp kinh t tng th ASEAN
Ngun: Da trn Krishnam, Gary. 2007. Initiative for ASEAN Integration: Narrowing
the Development Gap. IAI Unit. ASEAN Secretariat.
Theo Tuyn b Bali II v khuyn ngh ca HLTF, v c bn cc bin php nhm thc
hin AEC gm c:
+ y nhanh hon thnh cc chng trnh hi nhp kinh t hin thi
+ y mnh hi nhp mt s ngnh u tin
+ Tng cng trin khai sng kin hi nhp ASEAN v thu hp khong cch pht trin
+ Tng cng hon thin th ch
L trnh hi nhp kinh t ca ASEAN
ASEAN-6 v ASEAN-4
Thu hp khong cch pht trin
Ton b ASEAN
Hp tc kinh t su Ton b ASEAN
Hi nhp su hn
K hoch thc hin IAI 4 lnh vc u tin: - C s h tng - Pht trin ngun nhn lc - ICT
- Hi nhp kinh t khu
vc
Lnh vc: Giao thng, nng lng, du lch, vin thng. D n: Tuyn ng st xuyn , Tuyn ng cao tc ASEAN, mng li truyn ti in ton ASEAN
Hi nhp th trng:
AFTA
AIA
AFAS
e-ASEAN
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1.2.2. Tip cn s hnh thnh Cng ng kinh t ASEAN (AEC) di gc ca
Ch ngha kin to [2]
Ch ngha kin to x hi cho rng Cng ng kinh t ASEAN l mt s kin to mang
tnh cht x hi (socially constructed) trong quan h quc t khu vc ng Nam .
Gi thit a ra l: Mc d AEC l bc pht trin tip theo ca cc chng trnh hp
tc kinh t v ang c thc hin trong ASEAN song AEC hnh thnh khng phi l
kt qu tt yu khch quan m l do s thay i v nhn thc i vi hp tc kinh t
khu vc ng Nam .S tin trin nhn thc v nguyn tc, c cu t chc v th ch
cng vi s ra i ca Hin chng ASEAN l nhng tin trin r rt v c cu t chc
ca ASEAN hng ti mt cng ng. Trong nhng nm u, c quan cao nht ca
ASEAN l Hi ngh Ngoi trng, v s lng cc t chc ca ASEAN cn rt hn ch,
thm ch l khng c Ban th k. Theo Hin chng ASEAN, hi ngh Thng nh,
c t chc hai ln mt nm, l c quan hoch nh chnh sch cao nht ca ASEAN.
Ngoi hi ngh Thng nh ra, ASEAN cn c cc Hi ngh cp B khc v cc Hi
ngh ny c tng dn theo thi gian. Bn cnh cc Hi ngh, ASEAN cn c cc Hi
ng v cc U ban. Cng theo Hin chng ASEAN, c cu t chc ca ASEAN s
cn pht trin hn vi cc c quan hon ton mi nh cc Hi ng Cng ng ASEAN:
Chnh tr - An ninh, Kinh t v Vn ho X hi. Mi Hi ng ny chu trch nhim
qun l cc c quan cp b c lin quan. iu ny c th coi l mt s pht trin t bin
trong c cu t chc ca ASEAN v n lm cho c cu t chc ca ASEAN ngy cng
hon thin hn. S tin trin nhn thc v l trnh tin ti cng ng. Nu ban u
ASEAN phi mt n 30 nm (1967-1997) xc nh chuyn t Hip hi sang Cng
ng th ch cn thm 10 nm (1997-2007), ASEAN xc nh c m hnh v cch
thc hot ng ca Cng ng ASEAN. Nu trong 6 nm t 1997 n 2003, ASEAN
xc nh s xy dng Cng ng ASEAN vo nm 2020 th ch trong hai nm t 2005
n 2007 ASEAN li quyt nh hon thnh Cng ng ASEAN vo nm 2015. Chnh
tr tc th hin quyt tm mnh m hn bao gi ht v quan trng l khng th
o ngc c ca cc nh lnh o ASEAN i vi vic y mnh hi nhp khu vc
v xy dng mt cng ng cc quc gia v dn tc ng Nam . Nh Tng th k
ASEAN Ong Keng Yong (Vietnamnet, 23/10/2006) ni Nm 2020 cn lu mi n.
Trong qu trnh ch i s c nhng bt li xy ra v ny sinh nh tr hon...Chng ti
chuyn thi hn t nm 2020 xung cn 2015 v by gi th cc nc ASEAN bit rng
khng th tr hon na.
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1.2.3. Trin vng ca Cng ng kinh t ASEAN
1.2.3.1. C hi
C hi ln nht cho ASEAN l hn bao gi ht hin ASEAN t c quyt tm
chnh tr rt cao, ca c cc nh lnh o, gii tinh hoa v ngi dn, i vi vic xy
dng cng ng. iu ny th hin qua ch y nhanh tin trnh hi nhp ASEAN v
rt ngn thi hn hon thnh cng ng trc thi hn, s ng h ca mi nc thnh
vin i vi cc k hoch chung, coi vic thc y hi nhp khu vc l mt trong nhng
hng u tin camnh v n lc ht sc trin khai cc Chng trnh hnh ng ca
AEC thun li v sun s.
1.2.3.2. Thch thc
Thch thc ln nht ca ASEAN l s ly tm v chia r ni khi.
Tnh a dng v ch chnh tr v chnh lch v pht trin kinh t trong ASEAN trong
khong 5-10 nm na v c bn cha c g thay i.
Ngoi s a dng v th ch v trnh pht trin, ASEAN hin ti v trong tng lai
gn vn cn lng tng trong vic xc nh m hnh pht trin vi nhng nguyn tc ch
o c tnh chin lc cho mnh.
Nhng nm gn y, s ni ln nhanh chng ca Trung Quc v s gia tng cnh tranh
chin lc M-Trung trc ht l ng Nam cng nh s tr li ca nc Nga,
cuc khng hong ti chnh th gii ang lan rng v s suy gim tng i v th ca
siu cng M cng ang to ra nhng c hi v thch thc mi, mt mt, thc y hp
tc khu vc, b sung "phng tin mc c" cho vic theo ui chnh sch "cn bng
nc ln" ca ASEAN, mt khc cng lm kh d trong vic la chn v u tin i tc
v quan h bnhng vi tng nc ln; c th gy tn thng n tnh on kt v thng
nht lp trng chung ca ASEAN, lm tng xu hng ly tm, i ring l trn mt
s vn , k c chnhtr v an ninh. Hn na, s ni ln ca Trung Quc v n , s
gia tng Hp tc ng theo c ch ASEAN +1, ASEAN +3, v.v. c th lm gim i
sc hp dn ca ASEAN vi t cch l mt khu vc kinh t nng ng v gi vai tr ch
o trong cc n lc hp tc khu vc. Ngoi ra, Ngoi cc tc ng trn, s ti chy ua
v trang v cao sc mnh qun s cng vi s gia tng tranh chp ch quyn lnh hi,
ti nguyn thin nhin, khng b bo lc v ly khai dn tc trn quy m ton cu cng
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nh hng tiu cc n n lc hp tc a phng trong ASEAN, nht l i vi cc
nc thnh vin mi.
im yu kh vt qua nht ca ASEAN l tnh cht hp tc lng lo, thiu s rng
buc v mt php l vn tip tc duy tr cc nguyn tc c bn ca Hip hi nh khng
can thip, ng thun, cha nhn thc v hnh ng ng mc v s cn thit phi thc
y lin kt khu vc.
Tip n, cc nc ASEAN ch yu cn l nhng nc ngho, thiu lc hng tm,
cha ngun ti chnh gip cc thnh vin mi km pht trin hn.
1.2.3.3. Cc kch bn ca Cng ng kinh t ASEAN
Kh nng th nht l hi nhp nh k hoch nh ra hin nay. Tc l AEC s ch dng
li mc FTA cng s c hon thnh vo nm 2015.
Kh nng th hai l hi nhp su hn. iu ny c ngha l AEC s pht trin ln ccnc
cao hn ca lin kt kinh t khu vc ch khng ch dng li FTA
Kh nng th ba l AEC s b ho tan vo lin kt kinh t ng hoc chu -Thi
Bnh Dng.
Kh nng th nht hon ton c th xy ra. AEC vi bn tnh cht l t do di chuyn
hng ho, dch v, v lao ng c tay ngh v t do di chuyn vn hn s c hon
thnh vo nm 2015. Nh phn tch trn, vi tin hin nay, kh nng hon thnh
AFTA, AFAS v AIA vo nm 2015 gn nh chc chn. AEC t ra mc tiu t do
dichuyn lao ng c tay ngh ch trong lnh vc dch v v mc tiu t do di chuyn
vn hn cn rt s si nn c hai mc tiu ny cng c th t c vo nm 2015. Sau
nm 2015, ASEAN s tip tc hon thin AEC theo hng tin ti bn t do ho hon
ton. Th d,trong lnh vc thng mi hng ho v dch v, ASEAN s phi hon thin
cc tiu chun cng nhn ln nhau v hi ho ho h thng hi quan t c mt s
i x bnh nghon ton v t do ho hon ton i vi hng ho v dch v lu thng
trong khu vc.ASEAN cng s tip tc ni lng cc gii hn i vi t do di chuyn lao
ng v t do di chuyn vn. Tuy nhin, vi xu th hp tc kinh t ng ang din ra
mnh m nh hin nay, mt Khu vc t do thng mi ton ng hoc hn na l
mt Cng ng kinh t ng (c th cng di dng cng ng kinh t c bit nh
AEC) c kh nng c hnh thnh trong nay mai. V th, AEC s buc phi pht trin
thnh lin minh thu quan v th trng chung khng b ho tan
1.3 Tm nhn sau nm 2015 ca AC v AEC
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1.3.1 Tm nhn sau nm 2015 ca AC
Tm nhn ASEAN 2020, vi mc tiu tng qut l a Hip hi tr thnh mt nhm hi
ho cc dn tc ng Nam , gn b trong mt cng ng cc x hi m bc ln nhau.
[8]
Tm nhn sau nm 2015 l bc tip ni ca L trnh xy dng Cng ng ASEAN. V
vy, v ngn hn, tm nhn cn phi u tin t v hon thin Cng ng ASEAN vo
nm 2015 vi nhng mc tiu c tnh thc tin v kh thi. Mc tiu di hn bao gm
nhng mc tiu l tng ln m ASEAN nn phn u hng ti trong nhng thp k
tip theo nm 2015. Nhng mc tiu ny ng vai tr nh hng, lm ng lc pht
trin ASEAN.
1.3.2 Tm nhn sau nm 2015 ca AEC
Tm nhn 2020 ca AEC khng nh to ra mt Khu vc kinh t ASEAN n nh, thnh
vng v cnh tranh cao c s t do lu chuyn hng ho, dch v v u t, t do di
chuyn vn hn, pht trin kinh t bnh ng, gim i ngho v khc bit v kinh t-x
hi[2]
1.4 C hi v thch thc khi tham gia AC v AEC [10]
1.4.1 C hi
Cng ng kinh t ASEAN d kin s c thnh lp vo cui nm 2015, ang c coi
l mt bc ngot nh du s ha nhp ton din cc nn kinh t ng Nam . AEC s
ha trn nn kinh t ca 10 quc gia thnh vin thnh mt khi sn xut thng mi v
u t, to ra th trng chung ca mt khu vc c dn s 600 triu ngi v GDP hng
nm khong 2.000 t USD.
Theo nhn nh ca ng Phm Ngc Hng, Ph Ch tch Hip hi Doanh nghip
TP.HCM, AEC ra i mang li nhiu li ch cho doanh nghip cc nc ASEAN ni
ring v doanh nghip Vit Nam ni chung thng qua vic m ra mt th trng rng ln,
bnh ng cho cc doanh nghip. Cc doanh nghip s c c hi m rng trao i thng
mi, thu ht u t da trn li th ca mt khng gian th trng m. Cc ro cn thu
quan, phi thu quan c tho g s gip cc doanh nghip y mnh xut khu, ct
gim chi ph nhp khu, h gi thnh sn phm.
Ngoi ra, cc doanh nghip cn c c hi tip cn th trng rng ln hn vi cc i tc
nh Trung Quc, Nht Bn, Hn Quc, n , Australia, New Zealand thng qua cc
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hip nh thng mi t do ring r gia ASEAN vi cc i tc kinh t ln cng nh n
lc xy dng Hip nh i tc kinh t ton din khu vc (RCEP), t doanh nghip
Vit Nam c th tham gia su hn vo chui sn xut v cung ng khu vc.
in hnh t sau 31-12-2015, hu ht cc mt hng nhp khu trong ni khi ASEAN s
c hng u i thu quan 0% thng qua cc FTA+1 gia ASEAN vi cc i tc.
Cc mt hng xut khu ca Vit Nam cng c hng u i thu quan 0% khi xut
khu sang cc th trng Trung Quc, Nht Bn, Hn Quc, n , Australia v New
Zealand. Mi trng u t thun li s y mnh dng FDI t cc i tc vo ASEAN
trong c Vit Nam.
1.4.2 Thch thc
Doanh nghip cng s phi i mt vi thch thc khng nh khi AEC c hiu lc.
Trong ng ch l sc p t hng ha nhp khu, cnh tranh v dch v u t ca
cc nc ASEAN dn n mt s ngnh, mt s sn phm phi thu hp sn xut, thm
ch rt khi th trng.
Cng quan im nh trn ng Trn Thanh Hi, Ph Cc trng Cc Xut nhp khu B
Cng Thng cng cho rng, khi AEC c thnh lp, cc doanh nghip Vit Nam s c
th trng rng hn, c trong khu vc v cc th trng v ASEAN c FTA. Tuy
nhin cc doanh nghip cng s phi chu sc p cnh tranh t hng ha nhp khu, sn
phm dch v, u t ca cc doanh nghip ln trong cc nc ASEAN khc.
Ngoi ra, cc cam kt ngy cng cao v thc hin l trnh AEC, c bit trong giai on
t nay n nm 2015 v nhng yu cu ngy cng cao i vi hng xut khu s l thch
thc khng nh vi cc doanh nghip, c bit trong bi cnh cc bin php v phng v
thng mi ang c xu hng gia tng.
Theo ng Trn Thanh Hi, cc hng ro thng mi sau FTA v cc bin php t v
hng ro ln nht i vi cc doanh nghip sau khi gia nhp cc FTA. Trong , quy tc
xut x c vai tr c bit quan trng, trong mt s trng hp quy tc xut x tr thnh
mt bin php k thut thay cho thu quan. Do vy, tn dng u i trong FTA chnh l
bit p ng cc yu cu v quy tc xut x trong FTA i vi cc dng hng c th.
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PHN 2: PHT TRIN CHUI CUNG NG
CNG C QUAN TRNG TN DNG C
HI KHI THAM GIA AEC
2.1 Chui cung ng
2.1.1 Khi nim chui cung ng [5]
Chui cung ng l g? C rt nhiu nh ngha v qun tr chui cung ng, nhng chng
ta bt u s tho lun vi khi nim: Chui cung ng bao gm tt c cc doanh nghip
tham gia, mt cch trc tip hay gin tip, trong vic p ng nhu cu khch hng, th
hin s dch chuyn nguyn vt liu xuyn sut qu trnh t nh cung cp ban u n
khch hng cui cng.
Chui cung ng khng ch bao gm nh sn xut v nh cung cp, m cn cng ty vn
ti, nh kho, nh bn l v khch hng ca n. V d mt chui cung ng bt u vi cc
doanh nghip khai thc nguyn liu t t - chng hn nh qung st, du m, g v
lng thc v bn chng cho cc doanh nghip sn xut vt liu. Cc doanh nghip
ny, ng vai tr nh ngi t hng v sau khi nhn cc yu cu v chi tit k thut t
cc nh sn xut linh kin, h s tip tc ch bin vt liu ny thnh cc vt liu thch
hp (nh tm thp, nhm, ng , g x v thc phm kim tra). n lt mnh, cc
nh sn xut linh kin phi p ng n hng v yu cu t khch hng ca h - nh sn
xut sn phm cui cng. u ra ca qu trnh ny l cc linh kin hay cc chi tit trung
gian (nh dy in, vi, mch in, nhng chi tit cn thit ). Nh sn xut sn phm cui
cng (cc cng ty nh IBM, General Motors, Coca-Cola) lp rp sn phm hon thnh,
bn chng cho ngi bn s hoc nh phn phi, ri nhng thnh vin ny s bn
chng li cho nh bn l, nhng ngi thc hin s mnh a sn phm n ngi tiu
dng cui cng. Chng ta mua sn phm trn c s gi, cht lng, tnh sn sng, s bo
tr v danh ting vi hy vng rng chng tha mn yu cu m chng ta mong i. i
khi v nhng l do no chng ta cn tr sn phm hoc cc chi tit do khng p ng
yu cu hoc i khi cn sa cha hoc ti ch chng, mt qui trnh ngc cng rt cn
thit. Cc hot ng hu cn ngc ny cng bao gm trong chui cung ng.
Bn trong mi t chc, chng hn nh sn xut, chui cung ng bao gm tt c cc chc
nng lin quan n vic nhn v p ng nhu cu khch hng. Nhng chc nng ny bao
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hm v khng b hn ch trong vic pht trin sn phm mi, marketing, sn xut, phn
phi, ti chnh v dch v khch hng.
2.1.2 Vai tr ca chui cung ng [5]
Kha lp mt cch hu hiu khong trng gia ngun cung vi nhu cu cui cng.
Nh sn xut b tr c s sn xut ti v tr tt nht, bt k n v tr ca khch hng.
Thng qua vic tp trung hot ng sn xut mt c s ln, nh sn xut hng li t
tnh kinh t nh quy m.
Nh sn xut khng cn lu tr s lng ln sn phm hon thnh, cc thnh t
gn khch hng s thc hin vic lu tr ny.
Nh bn s t cc n hng ln, v nh sn xut chit khu gi cho nh bn s lm
cho chi phi n v gim.
Nh bn s gi nhiu loi sn phm tn kho t nhiu nh sn xut, cung cp a dng s
la chn cho khch hng bn l.
Nh bn s gn nh bn l v th thi gian giao hng ngn.
Nh bn l lu tr tn kho thp khi nh bn s cung cp hng mt cch tin cy.
Nh bn l kinh doanh t hng ha vi quy m hot ng nh nn phc v khch hng
mt cch nhanh chng hn.
T chc c th pht trin chuyn mn trong mt loi hot ng hoc chc nng kinh
doanh c th.
2.1.3 Cc i tng tham gia trong chui cung ng. [11]
Vi hnh thc n gin nht, mt chui cung ng bao gm cng ty, cc nh cung cp v
khch hng ca cng ty . y l tp hp nhng i tng tham gia c bn to ra
mt chui cung ng c bn. Nhng chui cung ng m rng c ba loi i tng tham
gia truyn thng:
Loi th nht l nh cung cp ca cc nh cung cp hay nh cung cp cui cng v tr
bt u ca chui cung ng m rng.
Loi th hai l khch hng ca cc khch hng hay khch hng cui cng v tr kt thc
ca chui cung ng.
Loi th ba l tng th cc cng ty cung cp dch v cho nhng cng ty khc trong chui
cung ng. y l cc cng ty cung cp dch v v hu cn, ti chnh, tip th v cng
ngh thng tin.
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Trong chui cung ng cng c s kt hp ca mt s cng ty thc hin nhng chc nng
khc nhau. Nhng cng ty l nh sn xut, nh phn phi, nh bn s, nh bn l v
khch hng c nhn hay khch hng l t chc. Nhng cng ty th cp ny s c nhiu
cng ty khc nhau cung cp hng lot nhng dch v cn thit.
Nh sn xut
Nh sn xut l cc t chc sn xut ra sn phm. Nh sn xut bao gm nhng cng ty
sn xut nguyn vt liu v cng ty sn xut thnh phm. Cc nh sn xut nguyn vt
liu nh khai thc khong sn, khoan tm du kh, ca g. . . v cng bao gm nhng t
chc trng trt, chn nui hay nh bt thu hi sn. Cc nh sn xut thnh phm s
dng nguyn vt liu v cc b phn lp rp c sn xut ra t cc cng ty khc.
Nh phn phi
Nh phn phi l nhng cng ty tn tr hng vi s lng ln t nh sn xut v phn
phi sn phm n khch hng. Nh phn phi cng c xem l nh bn s. Nh phn
phi bn sn phm cho nhng nh kinh doanh khc vi s lng ln hn so vi khch
hng mua l. Do s bin ng nhu cu v sn phm, nh phn phi tn tr hng ha,
thc hin bn hng v phc v khch hng.
Mt nh phn phi in hnh l mt t chc s hu nhiu sn phm tn kho mua t nh
sn xut v bn li cho ngi tiu dng. Ngoi khuyn mi sn phm v bn hng, c
nhng chc nng khc m nh phn phi phi thc hin l qun l tn kho, vn hnh ca
hng, vn chuyn sn phm cng nh chm sc khch hng.
Nh phn phi cng l mt t chc ch i din bn hng gia nh sn xut v khch
hng, khng bao gi s hu sn phm . Loi nh phn phi ny thc hin chc nng
chnh yu l khuyn mi v bn sn phm.
Vi c hai trng hp ny, nh phn phi l i l nm bt lin tc nhu cu ca khch
hng, lm cho khch hng mua sn phm t cc cng ty sn xut.
Nh bn l
Nh bn l tn tr sn phm v bn cho khch hng vi s lng nh hn. Nh bn l
trong khi bn hng cng nm bt kin v nhu cu ca khch hng rt chi tit. Do n lc
chnh l thu ht khch hng i vi nhng sn phm mnh bn, nh bn l thng qung
co v s dng mt s k thut kt hp v gi c, s la chn v s tin dng ca sn
phm.
Khch hng
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Khch hng hay ngi tiu dng l bt k c nhn, t chc no mua v s dng sn
phm. Khch hng l t chc c th mua mt sn phm kt hp vi sn phm khc ri
bn chng cho khch hng khc l ngi s dng sn phm sau/ mua sn phm v tiu
dng.
Nh cung cp dch v
l nhng t chc cung cp dch v cho nh sn xut, nh phn phi, nh bn l v
khch hng. Nh cung cp dch v c nhng chuyn mn v k nng c bit mt hot
ng ring bit trong chui cung ng. Chnh v th, h c th thc hin nhng dch v
ny hiu qu hn v vi mc gi tt hn so vi chnh cc nh sn xut, nh phn phi,
nh bn l hay ngi tiu dng lm iu ny.
Trong bt k chui cung ng no, nh cung cp ph bin nht l cung cp dch v vn ti
v dch v nh kho. y l cc cng ty xe ti v cng ty kho hng v thng c bit
n l nh cung cp hu cn.
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Cu trc chui cung ng
Nh cung cp dch v ti chnh cung cp cc dch v nh cho vay, phn tch tnh dng v
thu cc khon n o hn. chnh l ngn hng, cng ty nh gi tn dng v cng ty
thu n.
Mt s nh cung cp thc hin nghin cu th trng, qung co, thit k sn phm, dch
v k thut, dch v php l v t vn qun l. . .
Chui cung ng bao gm nhiu i tng tham gia v nhng i tng ny c chia ra
thnh mt hay nhiu loi. iu cn thit ca chui cung ng l duy tr tnh n nh theo
thi gian. Nhng g thay i chnh l s tc ng v vai tr ca cc i tng tham gia
trong chui cung ng nm gi.
2.1.4 Cc yu t tc ng trc tip n cng sut v hiu qu chui cung ng [5]
2.1.4.1 Sn xut
L ni n nng lc ca chui cung ng sn xut v tn tr sn phm. Hot ng ny
bao gm vic lp k hoch sn xut chnh theo cng xut nh my, cn i cng vic,
qun l cht lng v bo tr thit b.
Cc nh my sn xut c xy dng nhm hai mc ch chnh:
Tp trung vo sn phm: to ra mt dy chuyn sn phm t cng on sn xut cc chi
tit ri rc ca sn phm n khi hon thnh.
Tp trung vo chc nng: tp trung vo mt s t cng tc sn xut nh vic to ra mt
nhm hoc nhng phn nht nh cho cng on lp rp.
Vn c bn m cc nh qun l chui cung ng phi i mt khi a ra quyt nh
sn xut l lm cch no cn bng ti a gia kh nng phn ng linh hot v hiu
qu sn xut. Nu s hu nh my, kho bi cng sut, quy m ln, doanh nghip c iu
kin p ng lng ln nhu cu ca khch hng, trnh th ng trc nhng bin ng
ca th trng. tuy nhin vic m bo cng sut li tng chi ph, khng tn dng ht
cng sut nhn ri.
2.1.4.2 Thu mua
Trn c s nhu cu cc nguyn vt liu, my mc, thit b, dch v, c xc nh,
doanh nghip s phi t chc la chn nh cung cp vi cht lng v dch v
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tt, gi c cnh tranh; thc hin k kthp ng; nhp kho, bo qun v cung cp cho cc
b phn c yu cu.
2.1.4.3 D tr
C ba cch tip cn chnh dng cho lu kho hng ha:
D tr theo n v phn loi hng tn kho l cch tn kho truyn thng, trong tt c
cc sn phm cng loi c xp chung vi nhau (n gin, hiu qu).
D tr phn l theo tnh cht cng vic (gom hng nhanh ti kho): Tt c nhng sn
phm khc nhau c lin quan ti nhu cu ca mt nhm khch hng no hoc mt
cng vic c th no c xp chung vi nhau. Thun tin cho vic la chn, ng
gi, nhng chim nhiu khng gian hn cch truyn thng.
Crossdocking Wal-Mart (khng thc s d tr hng trong kho): Cc kho hng c
dng lm ni chuyn tip hng ha nhn c t nh cung cp, d xung theo khi
lng ln nhiu chng loi sn phm sau chia thnh nhng l nh hn. Cc l nh
gm nhiu loi sn phm ny li c tp trung ty theo nhu cu trong ngy, nhanh
chng bc ln xe ti, vn chuyn ra cng v c giao hng n ni cui cng.
2.1.4.4 Lu kho
Gm mi th c nh sn xut, ngi phn phi v ngi bn l tham gia vo y nm
gi t nguyn liu th, bn thnh phm, thnh phm. Vic nm gi mt khi lng hng
lu kho ln gip cho doanh nghip c th phn ng linh hot vi nhng bin ng th
trng, tuy nhin vic sn xut v lu kho li tiu tn nhiu chi ph, hiu qu thp.
2.1.4.5 a im
L khu vc c chn t cc nh my ca chui cung ng. Bao gm c quyt nh
lin quan n cc hot ng cn phi c tin hnh trong tng nh my. S kt hp ti
u gia linh hot v tnh hiu qu l quyt nh nn tp trung hot ng ti mt s t
a im t hiu qu kinh t hay ct gim cc hot ng cc a im quen thuc
vi khch hng v nh cung cp nhm vn hnh linh hot hn. Cc yu t nh hng n
quyt nh a im gm chi ph nh xng, nhn cng, k nng sn c ca lc lng lao
ng, iu kin c s h tng, thu v biu thu cng nh nhng li th gn nh cung
cp, khch hng. T , xc nh tuyn ng p ng vic vn chuyn sn phm n
ngi tiu dng.
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2.1.4.6 Vn ti
Vn ti ch vic vn chuyn mi th t nguyn liu th cho n thnh phm gia nhng
nh xng khc nhau trong mt chui cung ng. Trong vn ti, tnh linh hot v nng
sut ph thuc rt nhiu vo phng tin la chn. Nhng phng tin c tc nhanh,
linh hot th chi ph s cao, cn i vi nhng phng tin va ti tin th li km linh
hot.
2.1.4.7 Thng tin
Thng tin l nn tng a ra quyt nh chi phi nhng khu trn ca chui cung ng,
lin kt tt c nhng hot ng v cng on trong mt chui cung ng. Trong bt k
mt chui cung ng no, thng tin c dng vo 2 mc ch sau:
Phi hp cc hot ng thng ngy: lin quan n vic vn hnh bn yu t chi phi
chui cung ng l sn xut, lu kho, a im, phn phi v vn ti.
D on v ln k hoch: o lng v p ng cc nhu cu trong tng lai.
Trong mt chui cung ng, s cn bng ti u gia linh hot v hiu qu ca mt
cng ty l vic quyt nh xem cn chia s bao nhiu thng tin cho i tc v gi li cho
mnh nhng thng tin no. Cc cng ty trong mt chui chia s vi nhau cng nhiu
thng tin v ngun cung sn phm, nhu cu th trng v d on th trng cng vi k
hoch sn xut th hot ng kinh doanh ca h cng hiu qu hn.
2.2 Qun tr chui cung ng
2.2.1 Khi nim qun tr chui cung ng (SCM) [5]
Qun tr chui cung ng (SCM) l qu trnh ln k hoch, thc hin v kim sot cc
hot ng ca chui cung ng nhm mc ch p ng cc yu cu ca khch hng mt
cch hiu qu nht. Qun tr chui cung ng din ra trong ton b qu trnh vn chuyn
v lu tr nguyn liu, kim k cng vic ang thc hin v cc thnh phm t im gc
n im tiu th.
2.2.2 Lch s pht trin ca qun tr chui cung ng [5]
Vo nhng nm u ca th k 20 th vic thit k v pht trin sn phm mi din ra
chm chp v l thuc ch yu vo ngun lc ni b, cng ngh v cng sut.
Chia s cng ngh v chuyn mn thng qua s cng tc chin lc gia ngi mua v
ngi bn l mt thut ng him khi nghe giai on by gi. Cc quy trnh sn xut c
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m bi tn kho nhm lm cho my mc vn hnh thng sut v duy tr cn i dng
nguyn vt liu, iu ny dn n tn kho trong sn xut tng cao.
Cho n thp nin 60 ca th k 20, cc cng ty ln trn th gii tch cc p dng cng
ngh sn xut hng lot ct gim chi ph v ci tin nng sut, song h li t ch n
vic to ra mi quan h vi nh cung cp, ci thin vic thit k quy trnh v tnh linh
hot, hoc ci thin cht lng sn phm.
Trong thp nin 70, h thng hoch nh nhu cu nguyn vt liu (MRP) v h thng
hoch nh ngun lc sn xut (MRPII) c pht trin v tm quan trng ca qun tr
hiu qu vt liu ngy cng c nhn mnh, cc nh sn xut nhn thc tc ng ca
mc tn kho cao n chi ph sn xut v chi ph lu gi tn kho. Cng vi s pht
trin ca cng ngh thng tin, c bit l my tnh lm gia tng tnh tinh vi ca cc phn
mm kim sot tn kho lm gim ng k chi ph tn kho trong khi vn ci thin
truyn thng ni b v nhu cu ca cc chi tit cn mua cng nh ngun cung.
Thp nin 1980 c xem nh l thi k bn l ca qun tr chui cung ng. Thut ng
qun tr chui cung ng ln u tin s dng mt cch rng ri trn nhiu t bo, tp
ch, c th l vo nm 1982. Cnh tranh trn th trng ton cu ngy cng tr nn khc
lit gy p lc n cc nh sn xut, buc h phi ct gim chi ph, nng cao cht lng
sn phm, cng vi vic gia tng mc phc v khch hng. Cc hng sn xut vn
dng k thut sn xut ng thi hn (JIT), qun tr cht lng ton din (TQM) nhm
ci tin cht lng, nng cao hiu qu sn xut, rt ngn thi gian giao hng. Trong mi
trng sn xut JIT vi vic s dng t tn kho m cho lch trnh sn xut, cc doanh
nghip bt u nhn thy li ch tim tng v tm quan trng ca mi quan h chin lc
v hp tc ca nh cung cp- ngi mua- khch hng. Khi nim v s cng tc hoc
lin minh cng ni bt khi cc doanh nghip thc hin JIT v TQM. T thp nin 1990,
cnh tranh khc lit, cng vi vic gia tng chi ph hu cn v tn kho, cng nh khuynh
hng ton cu ha nn kinh t to ra thch thc phi ci thin cht lng, hiu qu sn
xut, dch v khch hng, thit k v pht trin sn phm mi lin tc. gii quyt
nhng thch thc ny, cc nh sn xut bt u mua sn phm t cc nh cung cp cht
lng cao, c danh ting v c chng thc. Hn na cc doanh nghip sn xut ku
gi cc nh cung cp tham gia vo vic thit k v pht trin sn phm mi cng nh
ng gp kin vo vic ci thin dch v, cht lng v gim chi ph chung. Mt khc,
cc cng ty nhn thy rng nu h cam kt mua hng t nhng nh cung cp tt nht cho
hat ng kinh doanh ca mnh th i li h s hng li t vic gia tng doanh s
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thng qua s ci tin cht lng, phn phi v thit k sn phm cng nh ct gim chi
ph nh vo vic quan tm nhiu n tin trnh, nguyn vt liu v cc linh kin c s
dng trong hot ng sn xut. Nhiu lin minh gia nh cung cp v ngi mua
chng t s thnh cng ca mnh.
2.2.3 Mc tiu ca qun tr chui cung ng [5]
nh ngha v qun tr chui cung ng m ra mt s im then cht. Trc ht, qun tr
chui cung ng phi cn nhc n tt c cc thnh t ca chui cung ng; t nh cung
ng v cc c s sn xut thng qua cc nh kho v trung tm phn phi n nh bn l
v cc ca hng; tc ng ca cc thnh t ny n chi ph v vai tr chng trong vic
sn xut sn phm ph hp vi nhu cu khch hng.
Thc ra, trong cc phn tch chui cung ng, iu cn thit l nh phn tch phi xt n
ngi cung cp ca cc nh cung ng v ca khch hng bi v h c tc ng n kt
qu v hiu qu ca chui cung ng.
Th hai, mc tiu ca qun tr chui cung ng l hiu lc v hiu qu trn ton h thng;
tng chi ph ca ton h thng t khu vn chuyn, phn phi n tn kho nguyn vt
liu, tn kho trong sn xut v thnh phm, cn phi c ti thiu ha. Ni cch khc,
mc tiu ca mi chui cung ng l ti a ha gi tr to ra cho ton h thng.
Gi tr to ra ca chui cung ng l s khc bit gia gi tr ca sn phm cui cng i
vi khch hng v n lc m chui cung cp dng vo vic p ng nhu cu ca khch
hng. i vi a s cc chui cung ng thng mi, gi tr lin quan mt thit n li ch
ca chui cung ng l s khc bit gia doanh thu m khch hng phi tr cho cng ty
i vi vic s dng sn phm v tng chi ph ca c chui cung ng. Li nhun ca
chui cung ng l tng li nhun c chia s trong ton chui. Li nhun ca chui
cung ng cng cao chng t s thnh cng ca chui cung ng cng ln. Thnh cng ca
chui cung ng nn c o lng di gc li nhun ca chui ch khng phi o
lng li nhun mi giai on ring l. V vy, trng tm khng ch n gin l vic
gim thiu n mc thp nht chi ph vn chuyn hoc ct gim tn kho m hn th na
chnh l vn dng cch tip cn h thng vo qun tr chui cung ng.
Mt khi chng ta thng nht v cch thc nh gi s thnh cng ca chui cung cp
di gc li nhun ca ton chui, bc k tip l tm hiu xem ngun gc ca doanh
thu v chi ph. i vi bt k chui cung ng no, ch c mt ngun doanh thu: khch
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hng. Qun tr chui cung ng lin quan n vic qun l cc dng dch chuyn gia v
trong sut cc giai on ca chui nhm ti a ha li nhun ca ton chui.
Qun tr chui cung ng nhm h tr doanh nghip trong cc mt sau:
- Nng cao tnh linh hot trong cng tc phc v khch hng, nhanh chng p ng s
thay i ca th trng, gim lng hng tn kho.
- Thit lp chui cung ng gia cc cng ty, m bo tin hnh sn xut nhp nhng.
- To iu kin nng cao trnh k thut ca sn xut, kch thch p dng cc k thut
mi, to ra nng lc sn xut mi qua nng cao sc cnh tranh.
- To iu kin nng cao cht lng, h gi thnh sn phm.
- To iu kin nng cao hiu qu hot ng sn xut kinh doanh ca doanh nghip,
gim chi ph lu kho sn phm ca doanh nghip, chi ph gi thnh mi sn phm v
nng cao li nhun n mc ti u, chi ph khng cn thit cho doanh nghip.
2.2.4 M hnh ca qun tr chui cung ng [5]
Bc tranh n gin nht ca chui cung ng l khi ch c mt sn phm dch chuyn qua
mt lot cc t chc, v mi t chc to thm mt phn gi tr cho sn phm.
Ly mt t chc no trong chui lm qui chiu, nu xt n cc hot ng trc n -
dch chuyn nguyn vt liu n - c gi l ngc dng; nhng t chc pha sau
doanh nghip dch chuyn vt liu ra ngoi - c gi l xui dng.
Cc hot ng ngc dng c dnh cho cc cc nh cung cp. Mt nh cung cp dch
chuyn nguyn vt liu trc tip n nh sn xut l nh cung cp cp mt; nh cung cp
m nhim vic dch chuyn nguyn vt liu cho nh cung cp cp mt c gi l nh
cung ng cp hai, c ngc dng nh vy s n nh cung cp cp ba ri n tn cng s
l nh cung cp gc.
Khch hng cng c phn chia thnh tng cp.nXt qu trnh cung cp xui dng,
khch hng nhn sn phm mt cch trc tip t nh sn xut l khch hng cp mt,
khch hng nhn sn phm t khch hng cp mt chnh l khch hng cp hai, tng t
chng ta s c khch hng cp ba v tn cng ca dng dch chuyn ny s n khch
hng cui cng.
Trong thc t, a s cc t chc mua nguyn, vt liu t nhiu nh cung cp khc nhau
v bn sn phm n nhiu khch hng, v vy chng ta c khi nim chui hi t v
chui phn k. Chui cung cp hi t khi nguyn vt liu dch chuyn gia cc nh cung
cp. Chui cung cp phn k khi sn phm dch chuyn xuyn sut cc khch hng. Mt
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cng ty sn xut sn phm cui cng c th xem cc nh cung cp lp rp b phn, cm
chi tit l nh cung cp cp 1, cng ty sn xut linh kin l nh cung cp cp 2, nh cung
cp vt liu l nh cung cp cp 3Chng ta c th xem trung gian bn s nh khch
hng cp 1, nh bn l nh khch hng cp 2 v khch hng cui cng nh khch hng
cp 3.
2.2.5 Tm quan trng ca qun tr chui cung ng (SCM) [5]
i vi cc cng ty, SCM c vai tr rt to ln. C th:
- SCM gii quyt u ra ln u vo ca doanh nghip mt cch c hiu qu.
- Gip tit kim chi ph, tng kh nng cnh tranh ca doanh nghip nh SCM c th
thay i ngun nguyn vt liu u vo hay ti u ha qu trnh lun chuyn nguyn vt
liu, hng ha, dch v.
- H tr cho hot ng tip th: tip th hn hp (4P: product, price, promotion, place).
- ng vai tr then cht trong vic a sn phm n ng ni cn n, vo ng thi
im thch hp.
- Mc tiu ln nht ca SCM l cung cp hng ha/ dch v cho khch hng vi tng chi
ph nh nht.
- Tng bc nng cao hiu qu hot ng sn xut ca cng ty v to iu kin cho
chin lc thng mi in t pht trin.
- iu phi kh nng sn xut c gii hn v thc hin vic ln k hoch sn xut nhm
lm cho k hoch sn xut t hiu qu cao nht.
- Cung cp kh nng trc quan ha i vi cc d liu lin quan n sn xut v khp
kn dy chuyn cung cp, to iu kin cho vic ti u ha sn xut ng lc bng cc h
thng sp xp v ln k hoch.
- Phn tch d liu thu thp c v lu tr h s vi chi ph thp.
2.2.6 Nhng thch thc trong vic qun tr chui cung ng [5]
Ti u ha ton b l rt kh thc hin bi v chui cung ng cn uc thit k, v vn
hnh trong mi trng khng chc chn. C rt nhiu nhn t tc ng n iu ny.
- Thch thc ca cn bng cung v cu
Thch thc ny xut pht t thc t l ngi ta thng s dng d liu nhu cu cc thng
trc bit xc nh mc sn xut c th. iu ny hm cha nhng ri ro cao v
cung ng v ti chnh. Hn na, d bo lun cha ng cc yu t khng chc chn v
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vy s rt kh khn cho vic cn i gia nhu cu thc t v ngun cung ca doanh
nghip. Doanh nghip c gng tha mn nhu cu ti a ca khch hng, tuy nhin nu
sn xut qu lng nhu cu cn thit s lm tng chi ph do phi bo qun tn kho v chi
ph ny cng cao i vi nhng sn phm mang tnh thi v. Mt khc, nu doanh
nghip sn xut thp hn so vi nhu cu c th lm gim ng k doanh thu do mt
lng nhu cu khng c p ng v iu ny c th h thp uy tn ca doanh nghip
trn thng trng.
- Thch thc v s thay i mc tn kho v t hng
Mc tn kho v t hng li thay i xuyn sut chui cung ng, thm ch ngay khi nhu
cu khch hng v mt sn phm c th l khng khc bit ng k. Bi v, mi thc th
trong chui cung ng hot ng theo nh hng mc tiu ca ring mnh nn c s
chnh lch v nhu cu ca n. Hn na, mi i tng s tip cn ngun thng tin theo
nhng cch khc nhau.
Nhng nguyn nhn ch quan ln khch quan lm cho ngun thng tin ny sai lch v
to ra hiu ng Bullwhip.
- Thch thc v kh nng ca d bo chnh xc
Thc ra, d bo th lun lun sai. Chng ta khng th d bo chnh xc nhu cu v
mt chi tit c th, ngay c vi nhng k thut d bo tn tin nht. Hn na, bt k mt
k thut d bo no cng da trn nhng s liu qu kh v gi nh rng nhng s kin
tng lai s tun theo mt quy lut no . Tuy nhin iu ny khng phi bao gi cng
ng c bit trong mi trng lun thay i nh hin nay. V th, chng ta d dng
nhn thy rng i km vi bt k cng c hoc k thut d bo no cng vi tin cy.
Kh nng d bo cng lm tng thm thch thc cho cng tc qun tr chui cung ng.
- Thch thc ca s khng chc chn
S khng chc chn khng ch xut pht t nhu cu tng lai m cn do nhiu yu t
khc nh thi gian giao hng, sn lng sn xut, thi gian vn chuyn v s sn sng
ca cc b phn. Khi chui cung ng cng ln v phn b trn phm vi rng ln n
cng chu nh hng nhiu ca nhng bt trc t thin nhin v chnh con ngi c tc
ng to ln.
Khng th loi b s khng chc chn, iu quan trng l chng ta phi tm nhiu cch
tip cn hp l ti thiu ha tc ng ca tnh khng chc chn trong chui cung ng.
Chng ta s xc nh cc chin lc m nhng i tc trong chui cung ng c th p
dng duy tr, hoc gia tng mc phc v ngay trong iu kin khng chc chn
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PHN 3: NH GI CHUI CUNG NG GO
CA DOANH NGHIP VIT NAM
3.1 Gii thiu doanh nghip la go Vit Nam
T mt quc gia thiu lng thc, n nay Vit Nam tr thnh nc ng th 2 th
gii xut khu go.
Mt s doanh nghip sn xut la go chnh nh: Tng cng ty lng thc min Bc,
tng cng ty lng thc min Nam
3.1.1 Tng cng ty lng thc min Bc ( VINAFOOD 1)
Tng cng ty Lng thc Min Bc l doanh nghip nh nc hng c bit c thnh
lp theo Quyt nh s 312/TTg ngy 24/5/1995 ca Th tng Chnh ph trn c s t
chc li cc doanh nghip thuc Tng Cng ty Lng thc Trung ng I v cc doanh
nghip Lng thc thuc cc tnh t Tha Thin-Hu tr ra.
Hin nay, Tng cng ty c 27 n v thnh vin hch ton c lp c c phn ha
l cc cng ty con; 05 n v l cng ty lin kt, 03 lin doanh vi nc ngoi. Phn ln
cc n v thnh vin ca Tng cng ty c tr s chnh ti cc tnh pha Bc, tuy nhin,
m bo ngun hng cung ng cho xut khu v tiu th trong nc, Tng cng ty c
14 n v, chi nhnh ca n v thnh vin ng ti thnh ph H Ch Minh v cc tnh
ng bng sng Cu Long.
Cng ty m - Tng cng ty lng thc min Bc v cc cng ty con c h thng kho,
mng li cung ng lng thc, nng sn ri khp cc tnh min Bc v mt s tnh
min Nam gm 548 im kinh doanh phn b ti trung tm cc tnh, thnh ph ti cc
huyn, th x v mt s x, phng th trn, vi din tch trn 1,2 triu m2.
Tng cng ty hin c trn 50 c s ch bin lng thc, thc phm, nng sn ch yu
ti cc tnh ng bng sng Cu Long v ng bng sng Hng. Cng sut ch bin go
trn 1 triu tn/nm, 03 Nh my ch bin bt m c cng sut 1.000 tn nguyn
liu/ngy.
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3.1.2 Tng cng ty lng thc min Nam ( VINAFOOD 2 )
Cng ty TNHH MTV Tng cng ty Lng thc min Nam VINAFOOD II c
thnh lp theo Quyt nh s 979/Q-TTg ngy 25/6/2010 ca Th tng Chnh ph.
VINAFOOD II l doanh nghip ln nht Vit Nam trong lnh vc xut khu go.
VINAFOOD II s hu mt h thng cc nh my, kho tng tri di t Nng n C
Mau, trong tp trung ch yu cc tnh BSCL phc v cho vic tn tr, ch bin
nng sn xut khu. H thng ny c tng cc nng lc chnh nh sau:
- Tng tch lng kho cha l 1,15 triu tn.
- Tng cng sut h thng x l, xt trng, nh bng go l 740 tn/ gi, tng ng 3
triu tn/nm.
Hu ht nh my ca VINAFOOD II hin s dng cng ngh v thit b hin i ca cc
nc Nht Bn, c, , Php, an Mch... tn tr v ch bin tt c cc loi go p
ng mi yu cu ca th trng.
VINAFOOD II hng nm thu mua, ch bin v xut khu bnh qun 3 triu tn go/nm,
n hu ht cc th trng tiu th trn th gii nh Chu , cc nc vng Trung ng,
Chu Phi, Chu M, cc nc ng u v mt s nc thuc lin minh Chu u (EU).
Ngoi mt hng chnh l go, VINAFOOD II cn ch bin, xut khu cc loi nng sn
khc nh sn lt, bp, cc loi u, ht iu, c ph...
VINAFOOD II c nhng n v thnh vin nh: Cng ty lng thc thc phm An
Giang, Cng ty Nng sn thc phm Tin Giang, Cng ty Lng thc ng Thp, Cng
Ty Lng Thc Long An, Cng ty Lng thc Sc Trng, Cng Ty Lng Thc Sng
Hu, Cng ty Lng thc Tin Giang, Cng ty Lng thc Tr Vinh, Cng ty Lng
thc Bc Liu
3.2 Thc trng cc chui cung ng go ca cc doanh nghip Vit Nam
3.2.1 Cc m hnh kinh doanh xut khu go ca Vit Nam
Kho st v chui cung ng xut khu go ca Vit Nam (nghin cu in hnh cc
doanh nghip ti khu vc pha Nam) c th thy 2 m hnh xut khu go c bn nh sau:
S 1: M hnh A ( Thu mua go Xut khu )
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Doanh nghip thu mua go nguyn liu (go x) t thng li ti ch ra go thnh
phm xut khu. Theo m hnh ny, phn ln l cung ng go cho cc hp ng G2G v
cc th trng c nhu cu go phm cp trung bnh nh Philippines, Indonesia, Cuba,
Chu Phi Qui cch go thng kh m bo thun chng nn gi khng cao.
c im kinh doanh ca m hnh:
- Go nguyn liu chuyn n doanh nghip xut khu qua nhiu cp hng so.
- Khng truy xut c ngun gc go nguyn liu. Cht lng go khng n nh.
- Qui trnh ch bin go qua 2 giai on (two process system).
- Vn chuyn xut khu theo x lan ng sng ti trng t 100 1.000 tn n cng
Si Gn. Go c ng bao 25 50 kg ty theo yu cu ca khch hng.
S 2: M hnh B ( u t vng la chuyn canh xut khu )
Doanh nghip xy dng vng la nguyn liu c chng xut khu. Theo m hnh ny,
go c cung ng cho cc th trng c nhu cu go cao cp nh Hongkong, c, Nht
Bn, Hn Quc v gi go xut khu (5% tm) thng cao hn gi go cng phm cp
ca m hnh A khong 40 USD (ti thi im kho st thng 9/2011). y l xu hng
chuyn dch c bn ca cc doanh nghip xut khu go cc tnh pha Nam hin nay.
c im kinh doanh ca m hnh:
Vng nguyn liu gieo trng ging la cho go thm p ng yu cu ca th
trng cao cp.
Kim sot c cht lng v ging go ti ngun cung cp, go ng nht
C gii ha cc khu thu hoch, vn chuyn, d tr, xay xt theo qui trnh khp
kn (one
process system), t l hao ht thp.
Thc hin chui cung ng u vo v u ra cng thun li, hiu qu hn
Tuy nhin, chi ph u t s cao hn nhiu v qui m din tch t canh tc phi
ln. y l mt trong nhng tr ngi ln i vi qu trnh c gii ha nng nghip ca
Vit Nam hin nay.
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3.2.2 Hnh thc chui cung ng xut khu go ca Vit Nam
Kt qu phn tch tnh hnh xut khu go ca Vit Nam trong thi gian qua bc l
nhng nhc im lin quan n vn lin kt chui cung ng u vo v u ra ca
hot ng xut khu go. Trong , hu ht cc doanh nghip u xut khu go trng
cc loi (t 5 25% tm), ch c mt doanh nghip xut khu go (parboiled rice) t
nm 2009 n nay.
Phn tch chui cung ng go xut khu
Theo m hnh A (s 1):
Hng so mua la trc tip ca nng dn t cc vng khc nhau vi qui m dao ng rt
linh hot t 100 kg 50 tn/lt. im mua ngay ti ng rung hoc ti kho d tr ca
nng dn, thanh ton hon ton bng tin mt. Hng so s sy la, xay xt v d tr go
ti cc nh my xay xt nh ven sng. Khi cc nh xut khu t hng hoc cho gi
mua hp l th hng so s giao go nguyn liu ti nh my ca nh xut khu hoc
giao go thnh phm ti cng giao hng do nh xut khu ch nh. Phng tin vn
chuyn ch yu l x lan ng sng. Thi gian vn chuyn t Tht Nt, Cn Th ln
cng Si Gn bnh qun 24 36 gi. Ma cao im vo dp tt Nguyn n hng nm c
th mt nhiu thi gian hn do lng vn chuyn ln qua knh Ch Go, thuc tnh Tin
Giang. Hng s c giao ln tu ti phao ch nh cng Si Gn, thi gian ch giao
hng t 2 3 ngy. Xut khu theo m hnh ny ph bin l go trng 15 25% tm
theo iu kin FOB cng Si Gn, p ng cho cc n hng theo hp ng G2G, B2G
i cc nc ng Nam , Chu Phi v Cuba. Theo cc doanh nghip, mc li i vi
nhng n hng ny kh thp (thng ch t 5 10 USD/tn), thm ch c nhng lc b
l (nh nm 2008)
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S 1: Dng chu chuyn go xut khu theo M hnh A
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Theo m hnh B (s 2)
Hng so mua la trc tip ca nng dn t cc vng la chuyn canh cung ng cho
n hng ca cc nh xut khu theo mc gi tha thun vo thi im mua. Hoc nh
xut khu mua la trc tip t nng dn. La/go nguyn liu c giao n cc nh
my ca nh xut khu, thanh ton bng tin mt. Go nguyn liu c lau bng, tch
ht khc mu (sortex), phi trn v ng gi theo yu cu ca nh nhp khu. Go xut
khu ch yu l go thm (jasmine, fragrance) 5% tm, ng gi t 1 10kg/bao (PP,
PE), ng trong container 20 v bn theo iu kin CNF, CIF hoc FOB. Phng tin
vn chuyn ch yu l x lan ng sng v ng container ti ICD ca cng Si Gn
i vi cc tnh ven Sng Hu; hoc vn chuyn bng xe container theo quc l 1A v
cng Si Gn, thi gian vn chuyn trung bnh 4 5 gi i vi hng ha t Tin Giang
v Long An. Go xut khu theo m hnh ny ch yu p ng cho cc n hng theo
hp ng i nhng th trng go cao cp nh Hongkong, rp Xeut, c, Hn Quc...
Theo cc doanh nghip, mc li i vi nhng n hng ny thng cao hn m hnh A,
t trung bnh t 40 50 USD/tn.
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S 2: Dng chu chuyn go xut khu theo M hnh B
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3.2.3 Nhng c im ca chui cung ng go xut khu
Khch hng nhp khu: go Vit Nam cha tip cn trc tip vi ngi tiu dng ti th
trng nhp khu, doanh nghip Vit Nam phn ln bn go qua nh kinh doanh quc t
(Olam, Luis Dreyfus, Swiss Agri, Novel) cho th trng Chu Phi, hay qua nh bun
s (trading company) i vi cc th trng Hongkong, c, EU Theo kt qu kho st
th c cu khch hng ca cc doanh nghip xut khu go Vit Nam nh sau: Hp ng
chnh ph G2G: 40 60%; hp ng vi nh nhp khu nc ngoi: 20 55%; hp
ng vi nh kinh doanh quc t: 20 40%. Do , go Vit nam cng cha xc lp
c knh phn phi ti th trng nhp khu.
Thi gian thc hin n hng: kho st ti cc doanh nghip xut khu go cho thy thi
gian trung bnh t khi nhn n hng n khi giao hng ph bin l 20 40 ngy, c
trng hp n 70 ngy. Thi gian nhn tin thanh ton ca nh nhp khu k t ngy
giao hng ln tu thng thng l 21 ngy theo L/C at sight. i vi nhng n hng
go thm qui m nh (20 30 container 20) i th trng go cao cp thng p dng
hnh thc T/T v c ng trc 30% gi tr n hng.
Cc doanh nghip trong i tng kho st ch s dng phn mm ERP software v qun
l kho (warehouse management software) qun l thng tin v d tr hng ha, cha
s dng cc phn mm qun l ton b kim sot cht lng sn phm, gim st hng
vn chuyn, d tr, giao hng mt cch chnh xc.
D tr sn phm: mc d tr go ti cc doanh nghip ph bin t 5.000 30.000 tn
ty vo ma v thu hoch la trong nm. Tuy nhin, do thiu vn lu ng v gi go
bin ng mnh thi gian qua nn cc doanh nghip xut khu thng khng d tr
nhiu. Thi gian d tr trung bnh 1 3 thng, v ch d tr mc cao i vi v ng
Xun v cht lng go tt. Thc t trn th trng c 3 trng hp sau y:
- Trng hp 1: Doanh nghip c go d tr trong kho mi k hp ng xut khu
(i vi cc doanh nghip xut khu ln c nh my ch bin).
- Trng hp 2: Doanh nghip k hp ng xut khu khi c 50% chn hng, sau
tin hnh mua thm cho 1 chuyn hng.
- Trng hp 3: Khi k hp ng xong doanh nghip mi thu mua go ch bin
xut khu.
Trc thi im Ngh nh 109/2010 ca Chnh ph c hiu lc vo ngy 01/10/2011, ti
Vit Nam c 262 doanh nghip tham gia xut khu. Phn ln trong s ny l nhng cng
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ty thng mi thun ty khng c c s ch bin, khng c kho d tr go nguyn
liu nn thng p dng trng hp 3 thc hin n hng. y l mt trong nhng
yu t chnh to nn s bt n gi go nguyn liu trong thi gian qua. V vy, Chnh
ph ban hnh Ngh nh 109 chun ha doanh nghip tham gia xut khu go. Tnh
n ht thng 10/2011, ch cn 107 doanh nghip (trong 69 doanh nghip l thnh
vin ca Hip hi Lng thc Vit Nam) c php xut khu go.
Cung ng nguyn liu: Hot ng cung ng go nguyn liu chu nh hng bi ma v
thu hoch. n hng trung bnh mua ca hng so t 100 500 tn, c trng hp giao
hng nhiu ln. Thi gian giao hng trung bnh t 1 5 ngy. Mt n hng xut khu
trung bnh t 1.000 5.000 tn i vi hng x (bulk) v 200 500 tn i vi container.
ng thi, cng c nhng n hng ln 30.000 tn i Chu Phi. Ma cao im giao
hng trong nm t thng 3 n thng 5 vi tn sut v khi lng cao hn 50% so vi
nhng thng cn li trong nm. n gi xut khu trung bnh 500 USD/tn v gi tr kim
ngch trung bnh1 2triu USD/n hng.
Chi ph cho mt tn nguyn liu mua vo khong 440 USD/tn (i vi go x) v 330
USD/tn (i vi la). Gi la c xc nh theo gi th trng thi im mua vo.
Go nguyn liu cho mua c thng lng trc tip theo tng chuyn hng. Phng
thc thanh ton bng tin mt hoc chuyn khon, nhng ph bin l thanh ton bng
tin mt.
Xay xt ch bin go xut khu: Hin nay, qui trnh ch bin go ca Vit Nam ph
bin l xay xt qua 2 bc (the two-step milling process). Trong , giai on u tin
c thc hin bi cc nh my nh, vi cng ngh lc hu, do vy cht lng go
khng cao.
3.2.4 iu kin vn chuyn v ti tr
Vn chuyn sn phm: Chui cung ng go xut khu lin quan n cc dng chu
chuyn sau:
i vi go ch bin v ng bao ti ng bng Sng Cu Long (Cn Th, An Giang,
Kin Giang, ng Thp) c vn chuyn ln cng Si Gn bng x lan mt 24 36
gi. i vi go ch bin v ng container ti cc nh my ca doanh nghip ( Long
An, Tin Giang) c vn chuyn bng xe container n cng Sign/Ct Li trong
vng 4 5 gi cho qung ng trn di 70km.
Cc ph vn chuyn go t ng bng Sng Cu Long v Cng Si Gn gim mnh
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trong my nm va qua v hin c tnh cnh tranh rt cao. C th, ti thi im kho st
vo thng 8/2011, cc ph vn chuyn bng x lan mc trn 80.000 VN/tn, qui ra
t 4 5 USD/tn; cc ph vn chuyn bng container theo ng b trn di
140.000VN/tn, cao hn t 50 70% so vi vn chuyn bng x lan.
Dch v vn chuyn ni a ch yu thu ngoi v thng khng c cng ngh cung cp
dch v theo di trong qu trnh vn chuyn. Cn vn chuyn quc t phn ln do cc
hng tu nc ngoi m nhim theo ch nh ca nh nhp khu theo iu kin FOB.
Thi gian vn chuyn ng bin quc t trung bnh 2 3 ngy i vi cc th trng
Hong Kong, Philippines, nhng s mt 45 ngy i vi im n Senegal, Chu Phi
trong trng hp khng c chuyn ti.
Thi gian thc hin hon tt mt n hng t lc nhn n t hng cho n khi nhn
thanh ton cui cng mt t 4 12 tun l. Chi ph bo him t 0,1 0,4% gi tr chuyn
hng.
Cc chng t cn thit km theo khi giao hng, nh: C/O (certificate of origin); chng
ch kim dch, phun trng v v sinh thc phm (the certificates related to inspection,
fumigation and phytosanitary) thng c cp trong vng 1 2 ngy; nhng giy
chng nhn an ton sc khe (health certification) phi cn ti 7 10 ngy.
Ngoi ra, c mt s bin ng tr thnh nguyn nhn chnh lm cho chui cung ng xut
khu go ca Vit Nam thiu tnh n nh, l: thi gian xc nhn n hng (the time
to confirm orders); bin ng gi go nguyn liu (the availability of inputs); v thi hn
giao hng ln tu. T l xy ra chm tr giao hng thng chim 5% s chuyn hng.
Tuy nhin, do c im phc tp trong cng tc giao nhn ca mt hng go nn cc
doanh nghip Vit Nam khng b pht khi chm tr giao hng. Ring vn khc phc
tnh trng bin ng gi m bo cung ng nguyn liu n nh phc v xut khu
go cho thy cn thit xy dng trung tm la go ln (large central markets) nh Thi
Lan v tin hnh giao dch quyn chn cho mt hng ny (commodity-trading options).
Ti tr
Thi gian nhn tin thanh ton cho hng xut khu (nh cp mc 5) l kh chm,
nn doanh nghip thng gp kh khn v dng tin v b ph thuc rt ln vo ngn
hng thng mi. Trong thc t, mc vn vay (tn dng ngn hn) thng chim n
90% tng mc vn lu ng ca cc doanh nghip xut khu go. C ch vay vn kh
linh hot, thi hn vay t 3 thng n 1 nm vi li sut th trng, cho php doanh
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nghip xut khu c th thc hin c nhng n hng ln n 30.000 tn go. c
bit, cc cng ty thnh vin ca Vinafood nu c cng ty m bo lnh th c th vay
khng hn ch hn mc tn dng mua go tm tr phc v chng trnh bnh n gi.
Tuy nhin, c mt s hn ch ln l khi hp ng xut khu go c k v nh nhp
khu m tn dng th ri th doanh nghip vay vn mi c gii ngn. Khi ,
thng xy ra hin tng tranh mua nguyn liu gia cc nh xut khu khin cho gi
go nguyn liu b bin ng mnh, nht l khi cc doanh nghip nhn nhiu n hng
ln trong ma cao im xut khu go. Ngoi ra, do s hn ch ca th trng ti chnh
phi sinh ti Vit Nam m cc doanh nghip xut khu go khng thc hin bt k chin
lc bo h gi no (hedging strategies) trong qu trnh kinh doanh.
3.3 Kh nng tn dng c hi khi Vit Nam tham gia vo AEC ca cc doanh
nghip Vit Nam
Hin ti D bo trc thm AEC, xut khu ca Vit Nam sang ASEAN s tip tc tng
trng n nh nh c hng u i thu quan vi tng s trn 99% dng thu ca
ASEAN 6 l 0% theo ATIGA. Chu l th trng nhp khu go ln nht ca Vit
Nam, chim 77,7% tng lng go xut khu ca c nc (tng ng 6 triu tn),
trong Asian, c th l Indonesia, Phillipines v Malaysia vn tip tc l ba th trng
nhp khu truyn thng ca Vit Nam. Khi tham gia AEC, gi xut khu vo th trng
ny s rt tt cnh tranh vi cc nc khc nh n , Pakistan.
Xut khu go ca Vit Nam ma v 2011/2012
5% 10% 15% 25% 100% Glutinous Jasmine Cc loi
khc
Tng
Chu 2.684.815 - 1.505.767 793.317 15.925 309.434 433.707 5.832 5.748.797
Chu Phi 821.826 - 75.947 98.407 365.610 - 104.162 52.356 1.518.308
Chu u
v cc
nc CIS
39.828 24.699 756 - - - 24.564 - 89.847
Chu M 32.014 - 213.090 2.901 55.883 - 25.445 - 329.333
Chu c 19.235 - - - - - 11.036 - 30.271
Tng 3.597.718 24.699 1.795.560 894.625 437.418 309.434 598.914 58.188 7.716.556
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Ngun: Thng tin thng mi/ Tng cc Hi quan Vit Nam/ Hip hi Lng thc Vit
Nam
Bn hng sang cc nc ASEAN s gn nh bn hng trong nc; minh bch, gim bt
thi gian cho th tc xut nhp khu; thun li trong vic hng u i thng qua ci
cch th tc xut x, tin ti cho php t chng nhn xut x.
Ngoi ra, cc doanh nghip Vit Nam cng c c hi thu ht FDI t cc nc ASEAN
v cc nc i tc ca ASEAN; Tham gia qu trnh phn cng lao ng, hp tc lin
kt sn xut vi cc doanh nghip thuc cc nc ASEAN
3.4 Cc nhn t tc ng n chui cung ng go ca cc doanh nghip Vit
Nam
C 4 nhn t chnh tc ng n chui cung ng go l: ng li, chnh sch ca
ng; c s h tng; nng lc ca mi doanh nghip; chnh sch u t.
Ti hi tho Kinh nghim qun l chui cung ng i vi mt s mt hng thit yu
do B Cng Thng t chc mi y ti TP H Ch Minh, TS V Vn Quyn, V
trng V Th trng trong nc thuc B Cng Thng, cho rng ni ti chui cung
ng ca nhiu mt hng thit yu, trong c la go cn tn ti nhiu yu im, c
bit l s lin kt gia cc mt xch trong chui lng lo dn n nhng bt n v
cung cu v gi hng ha cng nh kh nng kim sot. Thm vo , cc bt n ca gi
la go ang khin ngi trng la khng yn tm sn xut, gy ra nh hng ln n
chin lc XK go lu di v an ninh lng thc quc gia. Thc t cho thy nu nh
trong chui cung ng la go c s lin kt cht ch t cung ng vt t, sn xut, thu
gom, phn phi, XK th vi nng lc sn xut la ca ngi dn nh hin nay h s c
cuc sng khm kh hn, ng Quyn nhn mnh.
Tr ngi ln nht nh hng n s bn vng ca chui theo kin ca nhiu ngi
trong cuc l khng c quyt tm mnh ca 3 thnh phn nng ct bao gm: nh
nng, doanh nghip v Nh nc. Theo , cn phi c mt chng trnh ng b, di
hi, trong doanh nghip phi c th trng n nh, Nh nc mnh dn ban hnh
chnh sch khuyn khch v nng dn phi khc phc tp qun canh tc c, hc tp tr
thnh nng dn i mi, tun th theo qui trnh k thut Mt chui cung v c bn
bao gm cc khu: sn xut, ch bin v phn phi phi kt ni cht ch v c tnh cht
tng h vi nhau. C th ni y l con ng tt yu a n sn xut v tiu th n
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nh, tng bc nng cao cht lng v uy tn ca mt hng la go trn th trng ni
a ln XK. Tuy nhin, cc chui lin kt i vo hot ng n nh v bn vng, cc
ngnh chc nng cn sm c nhng gii php mang tnh chin lc cng nh gii php
m bo hi ha li ch gia cc bn tham gia, ng Vn Nam Cc trng Cc Ch
bin nng lm thy sn v ngh mui - B Nng nghip v Pht trin nng thn kt lun.
PHN 4: NHNG GII PHP XY DNG,
NNG CP V PHT TRIN CC CHUI
CUNG NG GO NHM TN DNG C HI
KHI THAM GIA AEC
4.1 Gii php xy dng cc chui cung ng go ni a
4.1.1 Ci tin ng b ha dch v logistics
Tnh chuyn nghip trong hot ng cung ng go xut khu ca doanh nghip Vit nam
vn cha cao do c bin dao ng ln v thi gian thc hin cc n hng, d tr
trung bnh, thi gian vn chuyn... dn n xc sut ri ro giao hng chm rt ln, nht l
vo ma cao im xut khu go t thng 2 n thng 5. Doanh nghip Vit Nam c t
l chm thc hin n hng n 5%, so vi cc doanh nghip nc ngoi, nh Olam
chng hn, c t l hon thnh n hng ti 99,8%. Nguyn nhn c bn l do ngun
cung ng nguyn liu u vo khng n nh, khng c n hng xut khu n nh.
Theo , doanh nghip cng khng th c k hoch d tr c th trong nm. khc
phc tnh trng , doanh nghip Vit Nam cn ch trng thc hin cc gii php sau:
Ch ng c n hng di hn n nh: Doanh nghip tng bc chun ha tng khu
trong chui cung ng, xy dng thng hiu v uy tn ca mnh c n hng n nh
di hn. Trong tm trung v di hn, phi y mnh c phn ha cc doanh nghip Nh
nc, cho php cc nh u t nc ngoi c mua c phn v u t vo vng nguyn
liu, cng ngh xay xt... tn dng li th vn c ca h thm nhp trc tip vo h
thng phn phi th trng mc tiu.
Xy dng h thng d tr la go p ng yu cu xut khu: Vic d tr v bo qun
la go trong kho ca cc doanh nghip xut khu v cc nh cung ng ng bng
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sng Cu Long hin nay cn mang tnh cht tm b. a s doanh nghip cha c kho
c xy dng ng yu cu k thut bo qun la go; thi gian bo qun la go ngn
(1 3 thng); khu v sinh trong v ngoi kho km to iu kin cho su mt d dng
xm nhp, pht trin v gy hi. Bo qun la go bng silo hin i lun c cht lng
rt tt, nhng gi thnh cao. Do vy, h thng silo Tr Nc (10.000 tn), Cao Lnh
(48.000 tn) v Tn Tc, Bnh Chnh (12.000 tn) tng c xy dng nhng tht bi
trong giai on 2000 2005. Tuy nhin, cht lng sn phm cho nhng th trng go
cao cp i hi phi kim sot cht lng khng ch t khu sn xut m cn i hi h
thng kho d tr go hin i cung ng go cht lng ng nht (quality consistency,
pure variety and safety). Do , cn phi xy dng h thng kho d tr la go ti vng
nguyn liu p ng tiu chun ca th trng cao cp v ch ng hn v ngun hng
cung ng cho xut khu.
S dng dch v forwarding chuyn nghip: Hin nay, cc doanh nghip xut khu go
u c b phn giao nhn ring nhng c t chc kh n gin v ch n thun giao
nhn trong nc (inbound supply chain); phn giao nhn quc t do n v nc ngoi
m nhim. Trong tng lai, cc doanh nghip Vit Nam phi hi nhp su hn vo
chui cung ng la go ton cu, yu cu t chc mang tnh chuyn nghip cao khng
ch i vi dch v cung ng ni a m cn i vi dch
v nc ngoi. Do vy, doanh nghip xut khu go nn s dng dch v forwarding
chuyn nghip m bo giao hng ng hn v gim st cht lng theo yu cu.
4.1.2 Xy dng h thng cng ngh thng tin phi hp hot ng trong chui
cung ng
Vic xy dng h thng thng tin t ng v tnh hnh xut nhp khu la go ca th
trng Vit Nam v th gii kt ni vi Hip hi lng thc Vit Nam, B Nng nghip
& Pht trin nng thn v B Cng thng s gip cc doanh nghip xut khu nm bt
c tn hiu, thng tin th trng iu hnh sn xut kinh doanh nhanh chng, hiu
qu hn. Hin nay, doanh nghip lu chuyn thng tin gia cc b phn chc nng cng
nh vi cc i tc trong chui cung ng trn cn bn chng t (paper based). V vy,
vic giao dch cng nh truyn t thng tin kh chm, khng a ra c cc d bo
c chnh xc v kp thi. Mun nng cao hiu qu hot ng ca chui cung ng, vic
u t c s h tng thng tin c coi l mt yu cu tt yu khch quan phi hp
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cc hot ng lin hon tt hn, t ng ha khu x l thng tin s gip ci thin c
v th cnh tranh trong kinh doanh do gim chi ph giao dch; gim tn kho; gim thi
gian vn chuyn; giao hng ng hn, p ng chnh xc cc n hng; phi hp tt hn
trong xy dng k hoch v d bo; dch v khch hng hiu qu hn Bn cnh ,
cng phi gii quyt tt yu cu o to nhn lc hng n s dng trao i d liu
in t EDI cho tt c cc dch v trn chui cung ng, bao gm c dch v ngn hng v
khai bo hi quan, khai bo thu Nhng kh khn hin nay l cc doanh nghip, mc
d nhn bit r li ch ca cng ngh thng tin trong chui cung ng, nhng chi ph u
t qu cao nn chm u t cho lnh vc ny.
4.1.3 Gim vai tr ca hng so
Thc tin cho thy vai tr ca hng so rt cn cho hot ng xut khu go trong thi
gian qua do c im ca ng bng sng Cu Long. Tuy nhin, hot ng ny qua
nhiu tng lp lm cho cht lng go xut khu khng ng nht. V vy trong
tng lai, khuyn khch hot ng u t ca t nhn cho cng ngh xay xt hin i,
ng b (one process system) gn lin vi vng la chuyn canh tng gi tr ca go
xut khu ca Vit Nam trong chui gi tr go ton cu.
4.1.4 n gin ha th tc hnh chnh
C ch iu hnh xut khu go hin nay qui nh cc doanh nghip khi k hp ng
xut khu go phi ng k ti Hip Hi lng thc Vit Nam (VFA). i tng iu
chnh khng ch l thnh vin ca VFA m bao gm tt c cc thng nhn tham gia
xut khu go. V c bn, cc doanh nghip cho rng khng mt nhiu thi gian cho vic
ng k (1 ngy) nhng u cho rng iu ny khng cn thit. V vy, th tc ng k
ny nn c thay bng thng bo khi lng go xut khu hng tun thng qua trao
i d liu in t EDI.
Theo Ngh nh 109/2010 ca Chnh Ph, k t ngy 01/10/2011 cc doanh nghip tham
gia xut khu go phi p ng cc iu kin sau: (1) C kho d tr dung lng 5.000
tn; (2) C nh my xay xt cng sut 10 tn/gi (iu khon 4.1). Kho hng v nh my
phi p ng tiu chun k thut ca B Nng nghip v pht trin nng thn qui nh.
Doanh nghip phi duy tr thng xuyn mc d tr lu thng bng 10% s lng go
xut khu trong 06 (su) thng trc (iu 12). ng thi, iu 18 ca Ngh nh
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109/2010 qui nh doanh nghip xut khu c ng k hp ng xut khu go khi
p ng cc tiu ch sau: (a) n gi xut khu khng thp hn gi sn go xut khu
c cng b theo quy nh; v (b) Doanh nghip c lng go t nht bng 50% (nm
mi phn trm) lng go trong hp ng xut khu ng k, khng bao gm lng
go thng xuyn phi c duy tr mc d tr lu thng theo quy nh ti iu 12 ngh
nh ny. Ngh nh 109 nhm lp li trt t trong kinh doanh xut khu go ca Vit
Nam, hn ch s tham gia ca cc doanh nghip khng c kho tng, khng c c s ch
bin, khng d tr lng go cn thit cho xut khu, theo tnh trng bt n s
gim trong thi gian ti. Nhng i hi phi c trin khai hp l, n gin ha cc th
tc hnh chnh c lin quan.
Thng bo gi xut khu go ti thiu: Theo iu l c ph duyt, Hip hi lng thc
Vit Nam c nhim v hng dn gi cc loi go xut khu; t chc thc hin vic
ng k hp ng xut khu go. Vic cng b gi sn hng dn l nhm gip cc
doanh nghip c c s gi m phn khng b thng nhn nc ngoi p gi. Doanh
nghip no mun xut khu go phi m bo khng bn di gi sn v c s ng
ca VFA. Theo , VFA ban hnh Quy ch thc hin Hp ng xut khu go tp
trung (G2G), giao cho Thng trc Hi ng qun tr Hip hi quyn phn b s lng
go xut khu theo hp ng G2G cho cc hi vin ca Hip hi. Thi gian qua, VFA
b ch trch kh nhiu v cch iu hnh theo c ch xin cho ny. Cc doanh nghip
khng phi thnh vin Vinafood II cho rng cn ci tin c ch ny cho hp l hn, v
ngi iu hnh VFA cng chnh l lnh o ca Vinafood II, c th dn n s i x
khng cng bng i vi cc thnh vin khng trc thuc Vinafood II.
4.2 Gii php nng cao v pht trin cc chui cung ng go c th sn sng
tham gia vo th trng ton cu.
4.2.1 i vi ring ngnh xut khu go
a dng ha v tng gi tr sn phm: Kt qu nghin cu v khuynh hng th trng
go th gii, cng nh nh hng ca bin i khi hu v tc th ha Vit Nam,
cho thy kh c th duy tr nhp iu tng khi lng xut khu nh 10 nm trc y.
V vy, gia tng kim ngch xut khu go, Vit Nam cn phi thay i c cu go
xut khu theo hng tng t trng go cht lng cao: go (parboiled rice), go
thm (aromatic rice, fragrance rice); m bo cht lng ng nht v an ton v sinh
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thc phm nng cao gi tr gia tng cho go xut khu Vit Nam.
Go (parboiled rice) l loi go c ch bin t la ngm nc nng hoc hp
bng hi nc nng ri sy kh trc khi xay, xt, nh bng. Ti mt s quc gia, xu
hng s dng go thay cho go trng ang tng ln, nht l cc vng dn c c thu
nhp cao. c bit, ch bin go phi dng la ti, s gii quyt c vn nn la
t trong v h thu m li nng cao c gi tr ht go, v gi go xut khu
thng cao hn loi go trng thng 5% tm t 50 60 USD/tn. Theo Cng ty C
phn u t Vinh Pht (n v duy nht ang xut khu go ti Vit Nam), k t nm
2009 cng ty xut khu khong 20 30 nghn tn go mi nm, ring nm 2011
xut c 42.000 tn. Gi xut khu bnh qun 570 USD/tn. Th trng chnh l Nigeria,
Trung ng, Nga v cc nc Chu Phi. Cng sut thit k ca nh my 90.000 tn/nm,
nhng hin cng ty ch mi khai thc c 1/2 cng sut ch bin ca nh my. Cn c
chnh sch thc y pht trin loi hnh ny mnh hn trong thi gian ti.
Pht trin dch v gia tng gi tr: y mnh hot ng marketing cho sn phm go Vit
Nam th trng nc ngoi. ng thi, xy dng thng hiu go Vit Nam bt u t
vic xy dng v pht trin thng hiu ca cc doanh nghip kinh doanh xut khu go
trn cn bn nng cao cht lng, gi c cnh tranh, nng cao uy tn v qun tr tt chui
cung ng.
M rng s tham gia vo chui cung ng go ton cu: Doanh nghip Vit Nam khng
c nhiu vn u t xy dng kho ngoi quan cho sn phm go ti th trng nhp khu
ch lc nn c th bt li trong u thu ginh hp ng G2G v thit lp quan h cht
ch vi nhng khch hng c tim nng ln. V vy, chnh ph c th h tr xy dng
kho ngoi quan th trng ch lc nh Philippines v Chu Phi (trong khun kh c
php, khng b kin chng ti tr), gip cho nh xut khu c th ng gi li sn phm
vi trng lng nh hn p ng cho ngi tiu dng ngay ti kho ngoi quan th
trng nhp khu.
u t vng nguyn liu xut khu: m rng qui m sn xut, ci thin cht lng
ging la v nng cao li th cnh tranh trn th trng th gii, cn xy dng cc vng
nguyn liu theo qui m sn xut ln (nng tri t 1.000 ha 5.000 ha), to thun li cho
c gii ha vic canh tc, thu hoch, x l sau thu hoch khng ch gim tn tht v
s lng, nng cao cht lng go, m cn m bo p ng c yu cu truy xut
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ngun gc nguyn liu ca cc nh nhp khu. ng thi, cn phi y mnh cng tc
nghin cu lai to ging la m bo cho cc vng chuyn canh la xut khu s dng
y ging la qua xc nhn, la hng ha c thun chng cao p ng nhu
cu cao ca khch hng theo tng th trng ring bit.
Gim tn tht sau thu hoch: im nhn quan trng nht l gim t l tn tht sau thu
hoch ca vng la ng bng sng Cu Long t 13,7% hin nay xung ngang mc ca
n v Nht Bn (5 6%). Trong , cn tp trung mnh vo hai khu c mc tn
tht ln hin nay l sy (4,2%) v d tr (2,6%). Vic t chc li chui cung ng sau thu
hoch theo hng tinh gn v hiu qu khng ch ch trng trong phm vi cc doanh
nghip, m cn phi u t v hun luyn cho c nng dn v hng so m bo s
phi hp tt trn ton chui cung ng.
Cho php doanh nghip nc ngoi u t trc tip vo vng nguyn liu v xut khu
go: Hin nay, nhiu cng ty kinh doanh nng sn quc t nh Olam, Luis Defrey,
Agri u c vn phng i din ti Vit Nam v c quyn trc tip k hp ng vi
cc doanh nghip Vit Nam tin hnh mua v xut khu go vi khi lng ln. Vi
li th c sn khch hng mc tiu m bo u ra, ngun vn ln v c thng tin th
trng th gii chnh xc, cc nh kinh doanh quc t ny thng xuyn mua c sn
phm vo nhng lc gi c li nht. Tnh chuyn nghip ca nh u t FDI v qun tr
chui cung ng s cung cp cho khch hng v nh cung ng nhng gii php vn
chuyn tch hp vi mc gi cnh tranh. Cng ty nc ngoi s dng container, xe ti,
x lan, vn ti ng sng, vn ti bin quc t mt cch hp l nht v qua , c th
ti u ha chu trnh vn chuyn bng cch phi hp qun l hi trnh ca tu, dch v
logistics v cung cp chng nhn cht lng mi im d hng gim mnh cc
ph vn ti, giao nhn hng ha. iu nht nh gy ra p lc cnh tranh cho cc
doanh nghip Vit Nam trong ngn hn. Nhng chc chn l n cng s to ng lc
tng bc thc y s chun ha hot ng kinh doanh theo yu cu ca chui cung ng
ton cu, gp phn nng cao gi tr sn phm go Vit Nam.
4.2.2 Dch v hu cn (Logistics)
Tng u t c s h tng giao thng kt ni n cng Si Gn: Vo ma cao im
xut khu go nhng tuyn ng b kt ni vo cc cng ti Tp.H Ch Minh (c bit
l cng Ct Li) thng xuyn b tc nghn. Buc cc doanh nghip xut khu phi d
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phng thi gian vn chuyn di hn 1,5 ln so vi thng ngy m bo giao hng
ng hn. Chin lc gia tng gi tr go xut khu s b gii hn nu tnh trng giao
hng chm xy ra thng xuyn nh thi gian qua.
Ci thin cht lng dch v vn chuyn ng sng ni a: Vn chuyn go bng
ng thy t ng bng sng Cu Long n cng Si Gn bt buc phi i qua knh
Ch Go, Tin Giang. Cng tng t nh vn chuyn bng ng b, vo ma cao im
xut khu go vic vn chuyn thng xuyn b tc nghn ti knh Ch Go, c lc mt
c ngy mi thng tuyn. Cn u t tha ng hn cho c s h tng ng thy ci
thin dch v vn chuyn ng sng thi gian ti.
Pht trin lin kt nhm trong kinh doanh xut khu go: M hnh lin kt gia nng dn
nh kinh doanh chng minh s thnh cng trn th gii nh Ghana, n
Vit Nam, thi gian qua, lin kt ny khng kh thi do tnh cht khng vng chc trong
mi quan h gia cc i tc (c bit l t pha nng dn) do khng c rng buc v
php l v ti chnh, cng nh nh hng ca tp qun sn xut nh t lu i. Vic cam
kt tham gia trn chui cung ng cn phi c m bo bng li ch c chia t phn
gi tr tng thm trong chui rng buc s gn b cht ch lu di ca tng thnh vin.
Thnh lp Trung tm giao dch go ti ng bng Sng Cu Long: Trung tm/sn giao
dch go (Rice exchange) thc hin u thu mua bn go ca ng Bng Sng Cu
Long. Sn giao dch qui nh tiu chun go, khi lng giao dch ti thiu ca l hng,
bin dao ng gi, thi hn giao hng (k hn ca hp ng) ng thi, xy dng
kho ngoi quan cho mt hng go ti Tp.H Ch Minh (tham kho s 5 v chu chuyn
la go ca Thi Lan)
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S 3: Knh chu chuyn cho go vng ng Bc Thi Lan
Ngun: www.agrifoodconsulting.com, thng 2, 2005
S dng cc phng tin ti chnh gim ri ro bin ng gi: Pht trin hp ng mua
k hn la/phn bn gia doanh nghip vi nng dn m bo gi bn/li nhun k
vng ca cc bn. Theo , ngn hng/doanh nghip cung cp tn dng thng mi c
m bo ca Hi nng dn, nng dn c vn canh tc v la chn phng thc
canh tc hiu qu nht. Tuy nhin, cn xy dng y c s php l rng buc trch
nhim ca nng dn vi hp ng k.
4.2.3 H tr ca chnh ph
Cc gii php nu trn s cng pht huy tc dng tt nu c c s h tr tch cc t
pha chnh ph. Tuy nhin, nh trn c ni, cn phi lu n vn m bo cho
nhng hnh vi h tr vn nm trong khun kh khng vi phm Hip nh v ti tr v
cc bin php chng ti tr ca
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WTO ht go Vit Nam khng b kin chng ti tr khi xut khu ra th trng th
gii. y cc ni dung h tr ca chnh ph s ch c nu ln nh nhng kin ngh
ch khng i su vo ni dung chi tit nh cc gii php. Cc kin ngh c th nh sau:
u t cho cc vin nghin cu nng hc to ra ging la tt v nhn ging la
xc nhn cung cp y cho cc vng chuyn canh la xut khu.
Bng tiu chun go Vit Nam c ban hnh t nm 1999, cn c ci tin
tip cn vi tiu chun go Thi Lan v ban hnh sm phc v cho hot ng xut
khu go.
y mnh cng tc khuyn nng theo hng h tr tch cc hn cho vic ph
bin k thut canh tc la hin i.
Ci tin c ch tn dng nng thn to iu kin cho cc h nng dn tip cn vi
ngun vn ti tr sn xut ca ngn hng thng mi d dng hn.
Qui hoch v u t tha ng cho vic pht trin vng la chuyn canh xut
khu qui m ln ti ng bng sng Cu Long.
H tr xy dng h thng trao i d liu in t cho Hi nng dn gn kt vi
cc i tc tham gia chui cung ng la go.
C c ch cho php Qu d tr quc gia thc hin chc nng ca Sn giao dch
la go: m thu nh k cho d tr an ninh lng thc quc gia; k gi la go v bn
go bnh n gi trn th trng ni a m bo mc li mong i cho nng dn.
C chnh sch u i u t thit b xay xt hin i thc y qu trnh ci tin
nng cao qui m li sut kinh t ca cc doanh nghip xut khu go
4.2.4 Xy dng thng hiu cho go Vit Nam.
Hin ti cc doanh nghip VN vn loay hoay trn hnh trnh xy dng thng hiu go
Vit Nam. Do , mc d c s lng xut khu go ln nht, nh th gii nhng go
Vit Nam vn cha c ch ng vng chc trn th trng. ng ch , mi y, d lun
li ang xn xao v hin tng go Vit Nam nhng li mang nhng tn go nc ngoi
nh: Go thm Thi, go M, go i Loan..Theo phn tch ca cc chuyn gia, nhc
im ln ca go xut khu Vit Nam l thng b ln ln nhiu ging, tp ht c mu
v thi gian giao hng cho khch thng chm tr, nn thng hiu go Vit Nam
kh to du n lu trong lng ngi tiu dng. Vic xy dng thng hiu go chnh l
cch nng cao gi tr xut khu cho ht go Vit Nam. Vi vic lm ny, c th tham
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kho kinh nghim ca Thi Lan. Khi bt tay xy dng thng hiu go th vic lm trc
tin l t khu ging la. pht trin ging la c phm cht go ngon, tng cng kh
nng cnh tranh cho go Vit Nam, phi thc hin ng b 3 gii php: S dng ging
la c sn c mi thm, ging la c hm lng cao v protein; pht trin cng ngh
ht ging v pht trin cng ngh sau thu hoch.
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KT LUN
Vit Nam c nhng thnh tu ni bt v xut khu go trong hn 2 thp nin gn y,
th hin qua khi lng xut khu ng th 2 th gii. Nhng s tng trng ca ngnh
hng ny cha bn vng, th hin qua qui m sn xut ch bin cn nh, tn tht sau thu
hoch ln, thng hiu go Vit Nam ang nh hnh go gi r, phm cp trung bnh,
t l chm giao hng cao, cha tham gia tch cc vo chui cung ng go ton cu
Tnh hnh cnh tranh trn th trng quc t i vi mt hng go ngy cng gay gt.
Vit Nam khng ch cnh tranh vi Thi Lan quc gia c thng hiu go cao cp
m cn phi cnh tranh vi cc quc gia xut khu go gi r nh n , Pakistan,
Trung Quc... Do , mun duy tr v th cnh tranh v pht trin bn vng trong tng
lai, Vit Nam cn phi hon thin v ng b ha gia cc khu trong chui cung ng
go xut khu; ng thi phi tham gia tch cc hn vo chui cung ng go ton cu
nng cao gi tr gia tng cho sn phm go Vit Nam. Cc gii php nu trn i hi phi
c s n lc phi hp cht ch gia tt c thnh vin trong chui cung ng cng nh s
h tr ca tch cc t pha chnh ph.
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DANH MC K HIU CC CH VIT TT
ASEAN Hip hi cc quc gia ng Nam
AEC Cng ng kinh t ASEAN
OPEC T chc cc nc xut khu du la
VFA Hip hi Lng thc Vit Nam
Vinafood 1 Tng cng ty Lng thc min Bc
Vinafood 2 Tng cng ty Lng thc min Nam
Vietrade Cc xc tin thng mi Vit Nam
FTA Hip nh thng mi t do
ASEAN+1 Hip hi cc quc gia ng Nam vi
Trung Quc
ASEAN+3 Hip hi cc quc gia ng Nam vi
Nht Bn, Hn Quc v Trung Quc
AIA Khu vc u t ASEAN
AFAS Hip nh khung v thng mi dch v
ASEAN
e-ASEAN Thng mi in t ASEAN
HLTF Nhm c trch cao cp
RCEP Hip nh i tc ton din khu vc
SCM Qun tr chui cung ng
MRP Qun tr sn xut
MRPII Hoch nh ngun lc sn xut
JIT Sn xut ng thi hn
TQM Qun tr cht lng ton din
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TI LIU THAM KHO
1. Hunh Th Thu Sng, 2012. Nghin cu cc nhn t nh hng n s hp tc trong
chui cung ng g, trng hp nghin cu:Vng ng Nam B. Lun vn tin s.
Trng i hc Kinh t thnh ph H Ch Minh.
2. Vnh Bo Ngc, 2012. Cng ng kinh t ASEAN nhn t gc ca ch ngha kin
to v mt s hm chnh sch cho Vit Nam. Lun vn thc s. Trng i hc Kinh t
thnh ph H Ch Minh.
3. H Vn Hi, 2013. Tham gia cng ng kinh t Asean v nhng tc ng n thng
mi quc t ca Vit Nam. Tp ch khoa hc i hc quc gia H Ni, Kinh t v Kinh
doanh, tp 29, s 4, trang 44-53.
4. Nguyn Vn Sn, 2013. Bn v vic hon thin chui cung ng go xut khu ca
Vit Nam. Tham lun ti Hi tho v trin lm quc t v Hu cn vn ti hng hi Vit
Nam nm 2013.
5. Hong Th Thy v cng s, 2014. Nghin cu chui cung ng sn phm go ca
Thi Lan v bi hc kinh nghim cho Vit Nam. ti nghin cu khoa hc ca sinh
vin. Trng i hc Giao thng vn ti C s II.
6. Thin, 2012. Hip hi La go ASEAN: V u Vit Nam ra ra?. Bo Php lut
thnh ph H Ch Minh [Ngy truy cp: 11 thng 07 nm 2014].
7. Phan Thu, 2013, Ti c cu chui cung ng hng ha. Bo Hi quan online
[Ngy
truy cp: 11 thng 07 nm 2014].
8. B Ngoi Giao, n.d. Hip hi cc quc gia ng Nam (ASEAN). Cng thng tin
in t Chnh ph nc Cng ha x hi ch ngha Vit Nam.
[Ngy truy cp: 11 thng 07 nm 2014].
9.Wikipedia Bch khoa ton th m Vit Nam, Cng ng Kinh t ASEAN,
[Ngy truy cp: 11 thng 07 nm 2014].
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10. Nguyn Hu, 2014. Cng ng kinh t ASEAN: C hi v thch thc cho DN. Bo
Hi quan online < http://www.baohaiquan.vn/pages/cong-dong-kinh-te-asean-co-hoi-
thach-thuc-va-giai-phap-cho-cac-dn.aspx> [Ngy truy cp: 11 thng 07 nm 20