2nd International Conference on Animal Dairy Sciences

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Volume 5, Issue 3J Veterinar Sci Technolo 2014

ISSN: 2157-7579, JVST an open access journalAnimal Science-2014

September 15-17, 2014

September 15-17, 2014 Hyderabad International Convention Centre, India

2nd International Conference on

Animal & Dairy SciencesConstraints faced by livestock farmers in rearing Kherigarh, an indigenous cattle breed of UP Adesh Kumar Verma, Niranjan Lal, Jyoti Manjusha, Ranjana Sachan and Sharad AvhadIndian Veterinary Research Institute, India

Draught animal power has to play a significant role in Indian agriculture due to small land holding among the farmers. In that view the present investigation was carried out to analyze the constraints faced by livestock farmers in rearing

Kherigarh, an indigenous draught breed of cattle. A total of 120 livestock farmers having at least two animals of this breed with minimum one year of rearing experience were studied. A three-point frequency continuum was used for the measurement of response of livestock farmers on technological, economic and managmental constraints faced by them. The responses of the individual farmer on each constraint were taken as ‘Very serious, ‘Serious’ and ‘Not serious’. The technological constraints faced by livestock farmers indicates that lack of modern bullock driven agricultural implements was a very serious constraint perceived by the livestock farmers followed by lack of training facility by government and lack of knowledge of disease prevention and control. Economic constraints faced by farmers were as the high wages of worker was the very serious constraint followed by, no access to credit facility, high cost of treatment, poor economic condition and high cost of feeding. In managmental constraints faced by livestock farmers, lack of man power was a very serious constraint followed by limited use throughout the year and lack of adequate feed for proper feeding of animals. It is recommended that government should make an effort to overcome that constraints by provide facilities to livestock farmers rearing Kherigarh breed and make the availability of quality breeding bull and semen of this breed in their home tract for enhancing the conservation of this valuable breed.

BiographyAdesh Kumar Verma has completed his PG in Veterinary Extension Education in 2013 from IVRI, Izatnagar. Now he is pursuing PhD as ICMR fellow from IVRI, Bareilly. He has qualified ICAR NET in Extension Education and UGC NET in Adult Education. He has published more than 5 chapters in training manuals, 1 book chapter and one review paper.

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Adesh Kumar Verma et al., J Veterinar Sci Technolo 2014, 5:3http://dx.doi.org/10.4172/2157-7579.S1.007

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Animal & Dairy SciencesQuality analysis of household drinking water in Mathura cityBarkha Sharma, Waquar Ahmed ,Basanti Bist, Udit Jain, Amit Kumar Verma and ParulUttar Pradesh Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Pashu Chikitsa Vigyan Vishwavidyalaya Evam Go Anusandhan Sansthan, India

Access to an improved drinking water supply is not only a basic need and precondition for a healthy life; it is also a human right. The provision of water, sanitation and good hygiene services is vital for the protection and development of human

resources. A study was conducted to assess the physicochemical (colour, taste, odour, Total dissolved solids (TDS) and pH) and microbiological parameter by Standard Plate Count (SPC) and MPN of the household drinking water (tap water and RO water) available in Mathura City. All the samples had unobjectionable odour and agreeable taste and pH values within recommended range of 6.5-8.5. The TDS values of the water samples ranged from 40-980 ppm, of which 40% samples had TDS values more than the recommended BIS limit of 500 ppm. Drinking water with TDS levels greater than 500 ppm is unpalatable to most consumers and less thirst quenching. On microbiological analysis, 40% samples had SPC higher than the BIS recommendations. This indicated that the water was contaminated and might be a potential health hazard. Similar trends were observed on performing the MPN of these samples which revealed that 40% samples had coliforms higher than the limit prescribed by BIS for water used for drinking purpose. None of the RO samples were found to be contaminated. The study revealed that the drinking water available in most households is not fit for drinking directly and require some kind of further treatment or use of RO water purifiers.

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Barkha Sharma et al., J Veterinar Sci Technolo 2014, 5:3http://dx.doi.org/10.4172/2157-7579.S1.007

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Animal & Dairy SciencesPrevalance of Shigella spp. and their antimicrobial resistance patterns in Gulbarga district, Hyderabad-Karnataka regionPrabhurajeshwar C and Kelmani Chandrakanth RGulbarga University, India

Shigella is an infectious food- borne pathogen that can cause a several diarrheal illness called shigellosis. This shigellosis is a common infection among the children of Gulbarga district, Hyderabad-Karnataka region. The emergence of antibiotic

resistance in shigella isolates has profound clinical implications on the diarrhoeal disease. This study is a matched case-control and aims to determine the incidence of Shigella isolates, emerging antibiotic resistance and associated-risk factors in diarrheal infants in Gulbarga district.

A total of 334 stool samples were collected from the infants of various local diagnostic centres like Shaha and other children’s hospital. Average infants age participated in this study were below 0-5 years between the periods of July 2013 to April 2014. Standard microbiological procedures were used for isolation and identification of Shigella species while the disc diffusion test was used to determine the antimicrobial resistance patterns of the recovered isolates.

A total of 43 (12.84%) isolates were identified as Shigella species. Shigella dysenteriae, Shigella flexneri, Shigella sonnei and Shigella boydii were accounted respectively for 48.83%, 32.55%, 18.60% and no S. boydi (0%) of the total number of Shigella isolated. Antimicrobial susceptibility test was done by disk diffusion method according to the CLSI guidelines (2012). Multidrug resistance was commonly observed among Shigella isolates (31/43) with special reference to fluoroquinolone and third generation cephalosporins resistance antibiotics and further the minimal inhibitory concentration (MICs) will be carried out for reported resistance shigella isolates.

BiographyPrabhurajeshwar C has completed MSc Biotechnology from Dept of Biotechnology Gulbarga University, Gulbarga, at present pursuing PhD degree under the guidance of Prof. Kelmani Chandrakanth R from Dept. of Biotechnology Gulbarga University, Gulbarga and working as a DBT-JRF under the major project of DBT, Govt. of India, New Delhi.

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Prabhurajeshwar C et al., J Veterinar Sci Technolo 2014, 5:3http://dx.doi.org/10.4172/2157-7579.S1.007

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Animal & Dairy SciencesAlloxan induced diabetic rabbits as animal model for diabetesAjit Kumar Singh, B Om Preethi, Sonu Jaiswal, A K Gangwar and H N SinghNarendra Deva University of Agriculture and Technology, India

Diabetes mellitus can be chemically or surgically induced in different animal species. Alloxan monohydrate is a common drug used for developing experimental diabetes in animals, as streptozotocin, though less toxic than alloxan is considerably

costlier. This study aimed to create diabetic animal models and to provide an exact and detailed account of alloxan induced diabetes in rabbits. Twenty eight New Zealand white rabbits weighing1 kg to 1.8 kg were obtained and kept at the animal house of the department. They were administered with varying doses of sterile solution of 5 % alloxan monohydrate in normal saline at the dose rate of 80-120 mg/kg body weight intraperitoneally, in order to induce diabetes. The blood glucose levels were estimated on seventh, fifteenth, twentieth, twenty fifth and thirtieth day after alloxan administration by using blood glucose determination kit. Rabbits having blood glucose levels 300 mg/dl or more were considered as diabetic. The dose rate of 100 mg/kg body weight was found to lower the rabbit mortality and more suitable as compared with a single standardized dose of 160mg/kg body weight suggested by Akhtar et al., (1982) and 80mg/kg body weight (Puri and Prabhu, 2002). It was therefore concluded that our proposed regime may be beneficial for future researchers aiming to develop similar diabetic animal models for various research purposes.

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Ajit Kumar Singh et al., J Veterinar Sci Technolo 2014, 5:3http://dx.doi.org/10.4172/2157-7579.S1.007

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Animal & Dairy SciencesEffect of different levels of sweet potato paste on physico: Chemical properties of kheerA V Dadge, B N Thorat, G K Londhe and H B AwazVasantrao Naik Marathawada Krishi Vidhyapeeth, India

Kheer is sweetened dish of rice cooked in milk first finds mention as ‘Payas’. For the preparation of kheer sweet potato is used which are rich sources of phytochemicals such as carotenoids, polyphenolic compounds. Studies have shown that

these phytochemicals, especially the polyphenols, high free- radicals scavenging activities which play key role in reducing the risk of cardiovascular and cancer diseases that’s why sweet potato is used instead of rice and it is become popular throughout the country. Sweet potato kheer was prepared from different levels of sweet potato paste viz. 2.5, 5.0 and 7.5 per cent on the basis of buffalo milk. Control kheer was prepared using 2.5 per cent rice in buffalo milk. The parameters considered for the present study were pH, Viscosity, Moisture, fat, protein, total solids and ash. The result shows that kheer prepared from rice is significantly superior over kheer prepared from 2.5% sweet potato. PH was decreasing as the level of sweet potato paste increases. On the contrary as the level of sweet potato increases the viscosity also increases significantly. The moisture content of sweet potato kheer decreases as the level of sweet potato increases. As fat is concern as the level of sweet potato increases the fat decreases with non significant effect. Similarly little protein was also increased. But the carbohydrate, total solids and ash content of kheer increases as the level of sweet potato increases with non-significant effect. The total solid, carbohydrate and ash content of sweet potato kheer increases and moisture and fat decreases as the level sweet potato increases. This might be due to higher Carbohydrate and lower moisture content in sweet potato as compare to milk.

BiographyA V Dadge has completed his MSc (Agri) from Vasantrao Naik Marathawada Krishi Vidhyapeeth, India.

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A V Dadge et al., J Veterinar Sci Technolo 2014, 5:3http://dx.doi.org/10.4172/2157-7579.S1.007

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Animal & Dairy SciencesStudies on effect of climatic parameters on milk yield in Deoni cattle in MaharashtraB N Thorat, B M Thombre, A T Shinde and S S BhutkarVasantrao Naik Marathwada Krishi Vidyapeeth, India

Improvement in production performance traits of indigenous breeds becomes essential to make them economically viable. Due to increased environmental temperature animal undergo heat stress. Milk production is also affected as animal bodies

undergo heat stress and production of animal also drops. In the present study systematic record in respect to birth, date of calving and monthly milk yield is maintained at Cattle Cross Breeding Project. Milk yield data of cattle for the period of 1995-2010 is utilized for study. The data in respect to climatic parameters like minimum and maximum temperature, relative humidity (RH), wind velocity and sunshine hours were recorded. The sixteen years data on lactation milk yield of cows calved during cold, hot, south-west monsoon and post monsoon season each for twelve month in year was considered correlation and multiple regression analysis were used to investigate various sources of variation for monthly milk yield. Monthly milk yield data were analyzed statistically to see the effect of climatic attributes and to know their association with lactation milk yield. The higher milk production during post monsoon season was consideration of cows calved during that season whose milk production for favored by post monsoon season climate. Seasonal climate be the factor to influence the production level in animal. The average milk production (359.18 ± 25.85) kg was more during post monsoon season. Sunshine hours and wind velocity shows positive significant association with lactation milk yield. The maximum temperature, minimum temperature, maximum humidity, minimum humidity and Temperature Humidity Index shows negative non-significant association with lactation milk yield. This trend does support the necessity of cold climate for more production from the Deoni cattle. It is concluded that in the Deoni cattle, the October-November calves had higher lactation milk yield as compared to another seasons.

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B N Thorat et al., J Veterinar Sci Technolo 2014, 5:3http://dx.doi.org/10.4172/2157-7579.S1.007

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Animal & Dairy Sciences

D Cauveri et al., J Veterinar Sci Technolo 2014, 5:3http://dx.doi.org/10.4172/2157-7579.S1.007

Nucleotide variations in exon 2 of leptin gene (LEP) in sheep breeds of Tamil NaduD Cauveri, S N Sivaselvam, S M K Karthickeyan, K G Tirumurugaan and K KumananTamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, India

Tamil Nadu is one of the richest states in sheep genetic resources and shares nine per cent of the total sheep population of India. Leptin secreted by the adipose tissue regulates feed intake, energy metabolism and body composition and plays a

critical role in regulating body weight and growth in mammals. Identification and validation of genetic markers of growth traits is the initial and crucial step to establish a Marker Assisted Selection system. Hence a study was undertaken to characterise the LEP gene in sheep breeds of Tamil Nadu. LEP gene consists of three exons separated by two introns. The Exon 2 is 172 bp in length (coding region covers partial Exon 2) and a primer pair was designed which amplified 500 bp region including the entire Exon 2 with Intron 1 and Intron 2 upstream and downstream respectively. After isolation of DNA, the fragment was amplified and sequenced in all the eight breeds of Tamil Nadu viz., Coimbatore, Kilakarsal, Madras Red, Mecheri, Nilagiri, Ramnad White, Tiruchy Black and Vembur. After sequencing, comparison with the available sequence from the GenBank (Gene ID 443534) was made and the following variations were identified. In Intron 1 at 13774 bp a ‘GTT’ segment which was present in two copies in the reference sequence was found as a single copy in all Tamil Nadu breeds. SNP 13893 T>C in Intron 1 was identified in all eight sheep breeds and 14013 C>T SNP, a non-synonymous mutation (Threonine to Methionine) was identified in Exon 2 specific to Tiruchy Black sheep.

BiographyD Cauveri is working as Assistant Professor in the Department of Animal Genetics and Breeding, Madras Veterinary College, TANUVAS for the past eight years. She has submitted her PhD thesis on genetic variability of growth hormone (GH) and Leptin (LEP) genes in sheep breeds of Tamil Nadu. The abstract is part of the thesis of the first author and she has 10 research publications and 20 research abstracts to her credit. She has served in various Committees in organising Seminar/Symposium/Workshops conducted in TANUVAS.

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Animal & Dairy SciencesArtemisia nilagirica (Clarke) Pamp. and Clerodendrum philippinum Schauer promising low cost remedy as veterinary anti inflammatory drugsDarsana U, Nair S N, Sreelekha K P, Sathish N, Juliet S and Raveendran RKerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, India

Artemisia nilagirica (Clarke) Pamp. (Asteraceae) and Clerodendrum philippinum Schauer (Verbenaceae) are the aromatic perennial shrubs present in various parts of India. The present study was conducted to assess the phytochemical

constituents and anti inflammatory activities of ethanolic extracts of Artemisia nilagirica and Clerodendrum philippinum in Wistar albino rats along with its possible toxicities. Acute oral toxicity 2000mg/kg and acute dermal toxicity using 100% extract was ascertained as per relevant OECD guidelines and found to be safe to use by both routes even at very high doses. Anti inflammatory activity was measured using carrageenan (0.1 ml of 1% w/v carrageenan suspended in 0.9% normal saline, sub plantar injection) induced paw oedema in rats comparing it to the standard drug aspirin (300mg/kg, orally). It has been found that both the plants extracts (500 mg/kg, orally) possess anti inflammatory activity comparable to that of aspirin and the activity of A. nilagirica is little bit higher than that of C. philippinum. Phytochemical analysis as per the standard methods revealed the presence of flavonoids, saponins, terpenoids, fixed oils and fats, steroid, glycosides, phenolic compounds & tannins in ethanolic extract of Artemisia nilagirica and flavonoids, fixed oils and fats, steroid, glycosides, alkaloid, saponins, carbohydrates, phenolic compounds and tannins in Clerodendrum philippinum. These plants have already established wound healing activity and are abundantly available in many places in India as a weed plant. Hence both the plants can be used as a cheap, safe and effective remedy in the treatment of inflammatory ailments in veterinary practice.

BiographyDarsana U, has completed her BVSc & AH at the age of 24 years from Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences University. Now, she is a second year MVSc Scholar in the Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Pookode. She has published one paper in International Journal of Comprehensive Pharmacy.

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Darsana U et al., J Veterinar Sci Technolo 2014, 5:3http://dx.doi.org/10.4172/2157-7579.S1.007

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Animal & Dairy SciencesHealing potential of homologous cell loaded cholecyst derived scaffold for treating full thickness cutaneous burn wound in rabbit model Deepa Revi, Jaseer Muhamed, Geetha Surendren, Akhila Rajan and T V AnilkumarSree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Science and Technology, India

Graft-assisted healing is often proposed for clinical management of large sized third degree cutaneous burn wounds. Cholecyst-derived scaffold prepared by a non-detergent/enzymatic activity has been shown to have wound healing

potential in animal models. We used porcine cholecyst-derived scaffold for preparing bio-artificial grafts by loading homologous (lapine) fibroblasts and then evaluated its healing potential in a rabbit model of full thickness skin-burn wound. Uniform full thickness burn wound were made on rabbit dorsum using in-house custom made burn making device. The wound healing potential between homologous fibroblast loaded cholecyst derived scaffold and non cell loaded cholecyst scaffold was compared in vivo. Wound healing parameters such as the extent of re-epithelialisation, collagen deposition and neo-vascularisation were histomorphomometrically examined in the post-graft skin-wound samples during 7, 14 and 28 days using procedures followed in the laboratory. Immunohistochemistry was also performed to quantify the number of proliferating cells and alpha smooth muscle actin (myofibroblast) around the graft site. It was demonstrated, using the rabbit burn wound model, that fibroblast loaded cholecyst derived extracellular matrix showed faster wound healing compared to the bare cholecyst derived extracellular scaffold.

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Deepa Revi et al., J Veterinar Sci Technolo 2014, 5:3http://dx.doi.org/10.4172/2157-7579.S1.007

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Animal & Dairy SciencesBiotechnological intervention for improvement of livestockG C Gahlot and Kritika GahlotRajasthan University of Veterinary & Animal Science, India

Biotechnology becomes an integral part of the arsenal of tools that can be used to improve animal production in order to meet the demands of the consumer within economic, environmental and ethical constraints imposed by society. It contributes to

animal production by improving the environmental component of the production systems as well as by improving the genetic make-up of livestock. Recent advances in animal breeding, molecular biology, reproductive technologies and information and communication technologies, present unprecedented opportunities for livestock improvement in the developing countries. After giving a general overview of biotechnology and animal production, this technical theme focuses on the three areas of biotechnology contributing to genetic improvement of livestock, i.e. reproductive biotechnology, livestock genomics and marker assisted selection (MAS), and transgenics. Animal biotechnology has many potential uses. The transgenic animals have been created with increased growth rates, enhanced lean muscle mass, enhanced resistance to disease or improved use of dietary phosphorous to lessen the environmental impacts of animal manure. Transgenic poultry, swine, goats and cattle that generate large quantities of human proteins in eggs, milk, blood or urine also have been produced, with the goal of using these products as human pharmaceuticals. A specific example of these particular applications of animal biotechnology is the transfer of the growth hormone gene of rainbow trout directly into carp eggs. The resulting transgenic carp produce both carp and rainbow trout growth hormones and grow to be one-third larger than normal carp. Another example is the use of transgenic animals to clone large quantities of the gene responsible for a cattle growth hormone. The hormone is extracted from the bacterium, is purified and is injected into dairy cows, increasing their milk production by 10 to 15 percent. That growth hormone is called bovine somatotropin or BST. Another major application of animal biotechnology is the use of animal organs in humans. Pigs currently are used to supply heart valves for insertion into humans, but they also are being considered as a potential solution to the severe shortage in human organs available for transplant procedures.

BiographyG C Gahlot is currently Professor (ABG) and Incharge of Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Department of Animal Breeding & Genetics, Principal Investigator of All India Coordinated Research Project on Goat Improvement and Nodal Officer, RAJUVAS, Bikaner (Rajasthan), India. He has completed his BVSc & AH (1984) from University of Udaipur, India and PhD (2001) from Rajasthan Agricultural University, Bikaner (Rajasthan) India. He has more than 25 years teaching/research experience. He guided 7 MVSc students out of which 5 students worked in the field of Molecular Genetics. To his credit he has 38 research publications, 46 Research articles presented/published in symposium/conferences, 9 Technical reports published, 10 T.V. and Radio broadcast, 10 popular hindi leaflets/article, life member of 5 professional associations. He also worked as Principal Investigator of ICAR Research Schemes and DBT projects.

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G C Gahlot et al., J Veterinar Sci Technolo 2014, 5:3http://dx.doi.org/10.4172/2157-7579.S1.007

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Animal & Dairy SciencesConstraints experienced by dairy farmers in adoption of recommended dairy farming practices in Karnal district of HaryanaJyoti Manjusha, Jancy Gupta , Vijay Kumar, A K Verma, Ranjana Sachan and Sharad AvhadIndian Veterinary Research Institute, India

Constraints in adoption of recommended dairy farming practices means the problems faced by the respondents in adopting recommended dairy farming practices. The study was carried out drawing a sample of 120 dairy farmers using random

sampling from the six blocks of Karnal district of Haryana and from each block two villages were selected purposively. Ten respondents were randomly selected from each village which was having at least one milch cattle and buffalo. Garret ranking method was used for ranking of the constraints. The study explores the various constraints experienced by the farmers which were responsible for low adoption of recommended dairy farming practices. The most important constraint perceived by farmers was relevancy of training to the felt needs of farmers on improved dairy farming practices. The other serious constraints were Inadequate knowledge about the pedigree enquiry, complexity involved in silage making practices in relation with number of animal possessed by the farmers, lack of farmer’s interest in record keeping, ignorance of the farmers about the contagious disease to see the quarantine period, high cost involved in burying the dead animal, complication involved in getting the loan for purchasing animal, non availability of veterinary aid etc. The constraints identification will help the planners and administrators in identifying the problems so that the loopholes, if any can be plugged.

BiographyJyoti Manjusha has completed her PG in Extension Education in 2013 from NDRI, Karnal. She is now pursuing PhD from IVRI, Bareilly. She is having one year job experience as Veterinary Officer in Vaishali district of Bihar (2010-11).

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Jyoti Manjusha et al., J Veterinar Sci Technolo 2014, 5:3http://dx.doi.org/10.4172/2157-7579.S1.007

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Animal & Dairy SciencesExpression kinetics of different classes of proteases in milk derived somatic cells during lactation cycle of Sahiwal cows and Murrah buffaloesManjula Miglani, Monika Sodhi, Ankita Sharma, Umesh Shandilaya and M MukeshNational Bureau of Animal Genetic Resources, India

Proteases are important class of enzymes that play physiologically significant roles and affect flavour, texture and longevity of milk and its products. The expression of these endogenous proteases varies from species to species as well as across

different stages of lactation. However, the expression kinetics associated with proteases are poorly understood in Indian native cattle as well riverine buffalo-the major dairy species of India. The present study was conducted to understand the transcriptional profiling of different classes of proteases in riverine buffalo and indicine cattle across various lactation stages. To study the expression profile of protease-pathways associated genes, a total of 40 animals including 20 Sahiwal cows and 20 Murrah buffaloes, were selected from cattle yard of National Dairy Research Institute (NDRI), Karnal based on the data of their previous parities. Milk samples were collected from these animals covering different stages of lactation viz. early (5-25 days), peak (30-60), mid (90-120 days) and late (>240) lactation to delineate the expression pattern of protease-pathways associated genes in milk-derived somatic cells across various lactation stages. RNA isolation was performed from milk derived somatic cells using Trizol method and cDNA was synthesized using Invitrogen cDNA Synthesis Kit. Before expression analysis of target gene, most suitable internal control genes (ICGs) from a panel of 10 known reference genes from different functional categories were evaluated to select most stable ICGs so as to normalize qPCR expression data. The data analyzed using three softwares: GeNorm, Normfinder and Bestkeeper, identified RPL4, RPS23 and GAPDH gene to be the most appropriate ICGs. Further, qPCR was performed on all the target genes i.e Cathepsins, Plasminogens and ubiquitous-proteosomes and data was normalised using identified ICGs. The analysis revealed that expression of proteases is low during early and peak lactation stages while it increases during mid and late lactation stages indicating that expression of proteases increases as lactation stage advances. The observed trend of proteolytic activity was similar in both cattle and buffalo however, the expression levels were comparatively higher in buffalo. The findings of this study have implications in the dairy sector involved in processing of milk especially companies making infant milk formulas.

BiographyManjula Miglani has completed her BTech in Biotechnology in 2012 from Kurukshetra University and MTech in Biotechnology in 2014 from SRM University, Chennai. She has recently started her PhD in Biotechnology from Jaypee institute of Information Technology.

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Manjula Miglani et al., J Veterinar Sci Technolo 2014, 5:3http://dx.doi.org/10.4172/2157-7579.S1.007

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Animal & Dairy SciencesThe sperm cell as a tool for rapid detection of cereulide producing Bacillus cereusMeenakshi Bamnia and Gautam KaulNational Dairy Research Institute, India

Many physiological processes in spermatozoa are controlled by membrane potential and ion fluxes. Mammalian cell based bioassays helps in detection of physiological changes induced by analyte e.g. pathogen, toxins etc. Sperm cell in vitro

bioassay was found to be useful in detecting cereulide producing B. cereus from non- producing bacteria. Use of the ejaculated sperm cell for studying the toxic effects of mitochondrial toxins provide several advantages over other in vitro systems due to their highly active, sensitive and sturdy mitochondria. Different B. cereus cultures were purchased from various National and International culture repositories. These were then plated on a tryptic soy agar medium and incubated for 24h at 30ºC. It can be executed with single colonies picked directly from the primary culture plates without the need for a pure culture. Colonies which inhibit the motility of 50% of sperm cells were of cereulide producing B. cereus and which did not inhibit to an appreciable level was found to be the cereulide producing B. cereus. This potential bioassay is extremely non-laborious and can be executed with basic equipments present in most of the laboratories. Cereulide has a potassium ionophoric action which inhibits trans membrane potential and mitochondrial activity and further can be easily detected through the sperm cell. This bioassay is much better than chemical and molecular assay which are costly and time consuming.

BiographyMeenakshi Bamnia is a PhD scholar, enrolled from Aug 2011 in the Department of Animal Biochemistry, National Dairy Research Institute under the guidance of Dr. Gautam Kaul and has done MSc (Biotechnology) in 2011, from Thapar University under the supervision of Dr. Abhijit Ganguli, Assistant Professor. She has published two research papers and one abstract from her Master’s research work on the topic “Evaluation of γ aminobutyric acid production by indigenously isolated lactic acid bacteria”.

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Meenakshi Bamnia et al., J Veterinar Sci Technolo 2014, 5:3http://dx.doi.org/10.4172/2157-7579.S1.007

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Animal & Dairy SciencesHepatitis B virus precore and basal core promoter mutations in HBeAG negative inactive and chronic viral hepatitisNeha Gupta, V K Dixit and A K JainBanaras Hindu University, India

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection can lead to a broad spectrum of clinical manifestations ranging from asymptomatic and self limiting infection to chronic liver disease, acute hepatitis, fulminant hepatitis, cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma

(HCC). Chronic HBV infection has high prevalence in our country accounting for almost 50 million subjects. Mostly chronic hepatitis B (CHB) infected subjects are asymptomatic inactive carriers (IC). Total 105 (37 IC and 68 CHB) subjects were enrolled in this study. The determination and confirmation of precore and basal core promoter sequence and mutation of HBV was done by using PCR followed by RFLP with restriction enzyme RsaI and Sau3AI and sequencing. In this study we observed the frequency of HBeAg negative and HBeAg positive in inactive carriers were 34(91.9%) and 3(8.1%) and in CHB subjects were 35 (51.5%) and 33 (48.5%) respectively. The prevalence of mutation in HBeAg negative IC was PC 3(8.8%), BCP 8(23.5%) and PC+BCP 12(35.3%) where as in HBeAg negative CHB subjects was PC 11(31.4%), BCP 8(22.8%) and PC+BCP 6(17.1%). Biochemical profile like ALT(IU/L), serum albumin(mg/dl), prothrombin time(INR) and HBV DNA(log10 copies/ml) in PC/BCP mutated HBeAg negative IC and CHB subjects was 31.00±9.62, 4.59±0.59, 1.11±0.15, 1.88±1.10 and 82.98±81.06, 3.56±0.92, 1.75±0.32, 5.66±1.64 respectively. In conclusion PC/BCP mutations were noted higher in both HBeAg negative IC and CHB subjects. Clinical and biochemical profile was similar irrespective of presence or absence of mutant strains.

BiographyNeha Gupta have completed her MSc from Dolphin Institute of Biomedical & Natural Sciences, Garhwal University, Dehradun in 2009 and pursuing PhD from Institute of Medical Sciences, IMS, BHU, Varanasi. She has published more than 6 abstracts in reputed journals.

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Neha Gupta et al., J Veterinar Sci Technolo 2014, 5:3http://dx.doi.org/10.4172/2157-7579.S1.007

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Animal & Dairy SciencesPaneer whey based jelly and confectionery: A delicious product from milk and dairy technology Prachee Wasnik, S P Changade and N N ZadeMaharashtra Animal and Fishery Sciences University, India

Five different levels of paneer whey (control (0%), 25%, 50%, 75% and 100%) was utilized along with the corresponding levels of water for the preparation of jelly based confectionery product. Paneer whey testing 6.36% total solids was utilized

and added with colour (1-2%), flavor (1-2%), citric acid (1-2%), finely ground sugar (10-15%) and pectin mixture (0.5-2%). The mixture was uniformly blended using a sheer stirrer or food processor for two to three minutes and heated for 10 minutes for complete dissolution of pectin. The uniformly blended mixture was then added with finely ground sugar (35-45%) and concentrated till reaches to a minimum 65 Brix total soluble solids content over a continuous undisturbed hot flame. The mixture was not stirred in the process so as to avoid the formation of bubbles and foam. Foam, if any, was gently removed. The clear concentrated hot mixture was then poured slowly and gently in to the sterilized stainless steel moulds of desirable size and shapes, kept in clean, dry and hygienic place. The jelly mass was then allowed to cool and set at the room temperature for 15-25 minutes. The set jelly mass was then kept on sterilized stainless steel plates. Preferably rectangular pieces of desirable size were cut with the stainless steel sterilized knife and were twist wrapped using transparent polyethylene rectangular wrappers. The results show scope for the utilization and addition of paneer whey to enhance the nutritive value of jelly based confectionery and jelly-like products, economically beneficial for dairy plants handling huge amount of paneer whey by-product and also in mitigating the problems of whey disposal and pollution.

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Prachee Wasnik et al., J Veterinar Sci Technolo 2014, 5:3http://dx.doi.org/10.4172/2157-7579.S1.007

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Animal & Dairy SciencesMolecular characterization of candidate genes affecting milk production traits in Leh cattle adapted to high altitude Preeti Verma1, M Mukesh1, Sandeep Mann1, Prabhat Kumar2, Vijay Bharti2, Parvesh Kumari1 and Monika Sodhi11National Bureau of Animal Genetic Resources, India2Defense Institute of High Altitude Research, India

The characterization of candidate genes influencing traits of economic importance are of paramount importance for understanding the molecular basis of performance traits in different livestock breeds. To date, several class I polymorphisms

have also been reported in different Indian native as well as exotic cattle breeds, but their status (gene frequencies, gene diversity, differences between breeds) is still unknown in Leh cattle- one of the important Indian native cattle adapted to high altitude conditions. This local breed might possess unique alleles or combinations of alleles that are different from other indigenous and exotic cattle breeds. Analysis of candidate genes thus becomes an important step in strategies for trait specific gene characterization. The present study was therefore, undertaken to delineate the genetic polymorphism in several candidate loci affecting milk production and composition including beta-casein (β-CN), kappa-casein (κ-CN), alpha-lactoglobulin (α-LA), beta-lactoglobulin (β-LG), bovine growth hormone (bGH), Pituitary transcription factor (Pit-1), prolactin (PRL), diacylglycerol acyltransferase (DGAT 1) and butyrophilin 1,3 (BTN1, 3) for functional traits across 72 animals of Leh cattle using PCR-RFLP (PCR-Restriction fragment length polymorphism) technique. The observed allelic profile indicated that allelic frequency pattern in Leh cattle was similar to other studied Indian native cattle breeds as compared to taurine cattle breeds. Hence Leh cattle maintain the indicine characteristics at most of the studied loci (e.g., A allele at Kappa-Casein; MspI- allele at Bovine growth hormone, K allele at DGAT I, A2 allele at Beta-Casein, A allele at Butyrophilin,1, 3). In addition, new allelic variants were also observed at Kappa-Casein and Butyrophilin-3 loci which are novel to Leh cattle and have not been observed in Indian native or exotic cattle. Further, the predominance of A2 allele at beta casein loci strongly suggested that milk from Leh cattle is A2 milk that is considered safe for safe for human consumption. The acrocentric position of Y chromosome analyzed in 3 male animals indicated Leh local cattle to be of indicine origin. Overall, the data revealed that Leh cattle is of Zebu type and the allelic profile of Leh cattle at most of the studies loci is similar to other Indian cattle breeds along with new/novel alleles specific to Leh cattle.

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Preeti Verma et al., J Veterinar Sci Technolo 2014, 5:3http://dx.doi.org/10.4172/2157-7579.S1.007

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Animal & Dairy SciencesPhysio-chemical & bacteriological analysis of Osmanabadi goat milkRajesh Sahu, Kodamelwar N K, C D Bhong, V V Desmukh, A M Chappalwar and K SatputeMaharashtra Animal & Fishery Sciences University, India

The Osmanabadi goat is native breed of Marathawada region of Maharastra. It has high yielding capacity of milk (1.5ltr/day).This study was conducted to evaluate the physio-chemical and bacteriological analysis of raw Osmanabadi goat milk.

Total 50 milk samples were collected and processed in the laboratory. Samples were collected in sample collection bottles.. Temperature of individual samples was recorded at the time of collection. The physio-chemical parameters such as pH, Fat %, SNF %, Protein %, Lactose %, density (Kg/m3), Salt %, freezing point (0C), added water % were recorded for each samples and the total viable count ( CFU/ml) were counted for each sample .The overall mean of parameters are pH (6.58±0.01),Fat (7.89±0.34%),SNF (9.13±0.18%), Protein (3.60±0.08%), Lactose (5.07±0.09%), Density (1029.18±0.51 Kg/m3), Added water (0%), Freezing point (-0.591±0.010C), Salt (0.78±0.01%),Temp (31.5±0.240C). The TVC of all milk samples comes lower than 3.5×105CFU/gm).Out of 50 samples the organisms like E coli, Staphylococcus spp, Streptococcus spp & Enterobacter spp were isolated 40 %, 16 %, 30 % and 36 % respectively. The above study revealed that milk quality of Osmanabadi goat is fair quality according to physio-chemical parameters. Proper hygienic practice and sanitation should be maintained in goat shed to lower the bacterial load.

BiographyRajesh Sahu is MVSc Scholar at the Department of Veterinary Public Health, COVAS, Parbhani, MAFSU.

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Rajesh Sahu et al., J Veterinar Sci Technolo 2014, 5:3http://dx.doi.org/10.4172/2157-7579.S1.007

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Animal & Dairy SciencesEffect of Neem leaf powder and spirulina as antibiotic growth promoter substitute on peroxidation status, physiochemical and organoleptic parameters of broiler meatK Ravi, K Bharavi, P Ravi Kumar and B Eswara RaoSri Venkateswara Veterinary University, India

The present study examined the effect of neem leaf powder along with spirulina as an antibiotic growth promoter substitute on antioxidation status, physiochemical and organoleptic parameters of broiler meat. A total of 270 Vencobb strain, day

old broiler chicks were randomly divided into 6 groups. 45 chicks from each treatment were wing tagged to form 3 replicates of 15 chicks each in a completely randomised design. Group I was normal control fed with only basal feed without any growth promoter, group II chicks were antibiotic control fed with 0.05% of TM 200 (Oxytetracyclin), group III chicks were fed with 1% NLP, group IV chicks fed with 1% NLP & 1% Spirulina, group V chicks were fed with 0.05% TM 200 & 1 % spirulina and group VI were fed with 1% spirulina along with feed. The broiler meat peroxidation markers like TBARS and protein carbonyls are significantly decreased and antioxidant markers like GSH and SOD are significantly increased in group IV and V compared to control in fresh meat and after preservation at 4°C for two weeks. Physicochemical parameters of meat such as water holding capacity, extract release volume, muscle pH and organoleptic parameters like tenderness, juiciness, flavour, colour and overall acceptability were significantly higher in group IV and V compared to control in fresh meat and after preservation at 4°C for two weeks. The results showed supplementation of feed with 1% NLP along with 1% spirulina has significant improvement in antioxidant status and there by improved physiocochemical and organoleptic parameters of broiler meat.

BiographyK Ravi MVSc is presenting this abstract which is the part of his MVSc degree research work. Presently he is pursuing the PhD in the department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, NTR College of Veterinary Science, Gannavaram.

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K Ravi et al., J Veterinar Sci Technolo 2014, 5:3http://dx.doi.org/10.4172/2157-7579.S1.007

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Animal & Dairy SciencesStudy on grazing and housing pattern of Osmanabadi goatM R Mule, R P Barbind, R L Korake and S V GaikwadVasantrao Naik Marathwada Krishi Vidyapeeth, India

The Osmanabadi goat is dual-purpose breed existing in the villages of Marathwada region of Maharashtra. The present investigation was done on 799 Osmanabadi goats from Hingoli and Nanded districts of Maharashtra for grazing and

housing pattern. It revealed that 78.65 per cent (70) were under grazing system, 21.35 per cent (19) semi grazing system, while, none of the farmers had stall feeding to their goats. In grazing flocks, the average distance of walking was 4.93 ± 0.10 km, which ranged between 4.65 ± 0.08 to 5.13 ± 0.11 km. The overall grazing period averaged 7.25 ± 0.11 hours, which ranged between 7.15 ± 0.11 to 7.36 ± 0.09 hours. In case of semi-grazing, the overall distance covered for reaching the grazing area averaged 3.57 ± 0.20 km, which ranged between 3.25 ± 0.14 to 3.87 ± 0.37 km and total grazing period averaged 4.72 ± 0.24 hours, which ranged between 4.48 ± 0.41 to 4.93 ± 0.22 hours. It was observed that the distance covered during grazing and grazing period were more in the grazing system than the semi-grazing system of management. Out of 89 observations for housing provided to the goats; it was revealed that 86.09 per cent (76) goat keepers provided housing only during night hours. It was also noted that hardly 2.06 per cent (2) goat keepers provided housing at day and 11.85 per cent (11) provided with both day and night housing. The overall, 84.45 per cent of the goat keepers provided closed housing to their goats, while 15.55 per cent goat keepers provided open. It was also observed that 77.23 per cent goat keepers kept their goats in separate byres while 22.77 per cent goat keepers kept their goats using part of residence.

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M R Mule et al., J Veterinar Sci Technolo 2014, 5:3http://dx.doi.org/10.4172/2157-7579.S1.007

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Animal & Dairy SciencesManufacturing of ghee and utilization of ghee residue into confectionary productsSandeep Janghu1 and Ravinder Kaushik2

1ITM University, India2Shoolini University, India

Ghee is an important constituent of Indian meal. Ghee is prepared using different methods. The SNF part of cream was coagulated out during ghee preparation is known as ghee residue. The present research work was carried out to compare

ghee residue obtained from direct cream and creamery butter method of ghee preparation. Ghee yield was higher from creamery butter method in comparison to direct cream method, whereas ghee residue content was higher in direct cream method in comparison to creamery butter method. Ghee residue was utilized for preparation of candy, chocolate and burfi. On the basis of sensory evaluation candy, chocolate and burfi had sensory scores of 7.92, 7.77 and 7.12 points for overall acceptability on 9 point hedonic scale and liked by the panel of judges. Storage study of the products packed in polyethylene bags and glass containers revealed significant changes in free fatty acid from 1.400 to 1.531% and 1.410 to 1.558%, respectively in case of candy, 0.939 to 1.043% and 0.930 to 1.108% respectively in case of chocolate and 1.128 to 1.249% and 1.128 to 1.278% respectively in case of burfi, however, increase in free fatty acid remained within desirable limits up to 30 days.

Keywords: Ghee residue, free fatty acid, candy, chocolate, [email protected]

Sandeep Janghu et al., J Veterinar Sci Technolo 2014, 5:3http://dx.doi.org/10.4172/2157-7579.S1.007

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Animal & Dairy SciencesOtic cytology and antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of bacteria causing otitis externa in dogsSandeep Kumar, Kafil Hussain, Shruti Chibber, S K Gupta, Neelesh Sharma and Manoj KumarSher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Jammu, India

Otitis externa is one of the common problems among dogs. It causes great discomfort to the affected dog. The practicing Veterinarian may get frustrated as the relapses are very common due to treatment failures and if left untreated the consequences may be very serious. Sixty dogs suffering from otitis externa which were presented at the Veterinary Clinics and Teaching Hospital, F.V.Sc & A.H, R.S Pura, Central Veterinary Hospital Talab Tillo, Jammu showed physical manifestations such as pinnal inflammation, crust formation, otalgia, head shaking, scratching of ear pinnae, foul smelling cerumen /exudates and ulceration of the inner aspect of external ear canal. The cytological examination of swabs from clinical cases of otitis showed either coccus or rods organisms. Inflammatory cells like neutrophils, mononuclear cells, epithelial cells and erythrocytes were also seen. Cells of Malassezia pachydermatis were seen as oval to foot print like structures. Bacteriological culture examination of ear swabs collected from 60 dogs infected ears resulted in the recovery of 49 monomicrobic isolates Staphylococcus spp., followed by Pseudomonas spp. and Streptococcus spp. All the bacterial isolates showed sensitivity to enrofloxacin and gentamicin.

BiographySandeep Kumar has completed his BVSc at the age of 23 years from College of Veterinary Science, Anjora, Durg and MVSc from SKUAST-Jammu. He is the working as Veterinary Doctor at Amul Pvt Ltd. He has published 3 papers in reputed journals.

Sandeep Kumar et al., J Veterinar Sci Technolo 2014, 5:3http://dx.doi.org/10.4172/2157-7579.S1.007

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Animal & Dairy SciencesToxicokinetics of Amitraz (0.25 %) following single dermal application in Malabari goatsSathish N, Juliet S, Darsana U, Sreelekha K P, Mathew J, Nair S N, Suja Rani S, Sujith S and Ravindran RKerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, India

The toxicokinetics of amitraz at 0.25 per cent was investigated in goats after single dermal application. Blood samples were collected at predetermined time intervals up to 168 h post dermal application. Analysis of amitraz was done by High

Performance Liquid Chromatography. Amitraz was detected in blood from 0.5 h attaining a peak concentration of 7.24 ± 0.79 at 6 h followed by a decline and persisted till 168 h. The various kinetic parameters were calculated using a two compartment open model. The absorption rate constant (t1/2Ka), apparent volume of distribution (Vd), elimination half-life (t1/2β), ratio of k12 and K21, tissue plasma ratio and mean residence time (MRT) were 1.19 h, 33.29mg/ L, 172.59 h, 0.63, 0.71 and 240.10 h respectively. Amitraz was rapidly absorbed from the site of application, widely distributed and slowly eliminated from the body. The lower tissue blood ratio suggested its minimum affinity for accumulation in tissue.

BiographySathish N has completed his BVSc & AH at the age of 24 years from Karnataka Veterinary, Animal and Fisheries Sciences University, Bidar. Now he is a second year MVSc Scholar in the Deptartment of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, India.

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Sathish N et al., J Veterinar Sci Technolo 2014, 5:3http://dx.doi.org/10.4172/2157-7579.S1.007

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Animal & Dairy SciencesIntergated fish farming (fish-cum–duck culture)Satyaprakash Pandey, A P Rao and Ramanand GuptaNarenda Deo University of Agriculture & Technology, India

Integrate farming may be defined as a sequential linkage between two or more agri-related farming activities with one farming as major component. The integrated of fish farming with agriculture and animal husbandry is considered as sustainable

farming system, which offers greater efficiency in resource utilization, reduce risk by diversifying crop, provide additional income and food for small scale farming household. Raising ducks over fish ponds fits very well with the fish polyculture system, as the ducks are highly compatible with cultivated fishes. Fish-cum-Duck integration is very common in countries like China, Hungary, Germany, Poland, Russia, & some parts of Indian state like Andhra Pradesh, Odessa, West Bengal, Bihar, Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka & North-East state like Assam, Manipur, Tripura, Mizoram etc. China has a long and rich history of IFF, written records from the first and second centuries BC. Direct as feed to fishes while applied in pond. Wastes in pond break down by microbes into organic and inorganic fraction and into plankton as live and natural feed to fishes. Pond silt as fertilizer for agriculture crops, horticulture and floriculture. pond water into crop field. Fish and ducks are benefitted by their co-existence. The mutual beneficial effect of combined fish culture and duck raising. Decreases the input cost (60%) on fish culture operation. The droppings of ducks act as a substitute to fish feed and pond fertilizers. Duck consume juveniles frogs, snails, dragonfly & tadpoles, thus making a safe environment for fish. The excreta goes directly to the ponds contain essential nutrients Nitrogen & phosphorus stimulating natural fish food organism. Duck also act as bio aerator. Loosen pond bottom with their dabbling, and release nutrients for pond productivity. Proper fish-cum-duck farming need of pond management and duck husbandry practices.

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Satyaprakash Pandey et al., J Veterinar Sci Technolo 2014, 5:3http://dx.doi.org/10.4172/2157-7579.S1.007

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Animal & Dairy SciencesEvaluation of low fat custard apple ice-cream using preservativeSavita L Pawar, L M Karanjkar, S V Gaikwad and R L KorakeVasantrao Naik Marathwada Krishi Vidyapeeth, India

Ice-cream is delicious, wholesome and nutritious frozen dairy food. It represents one of the most dynamic sectors of the dairy industry; and has for two decades been the sector where in the most value addition has taken place. Custard apple (Annona

squamosa L.) commonly known as sitaphal is one of the major fruits of dry land forming and abundantly available in range lands where rainfall is minimum. It’s utilization in some value added dairy product is one of the alternative.

The ice cream was prepared from different proportion of ascorbic acid with fruit pulp was evaluated for its quality parameters and physico chemical analysis. Custard apple ice-cream was made by maintaining three levels of ascorbic acid viz. 0.2 (T1), 0.3(T2) and 0.4(T3) per cent and constant level of sugar (15%), sodium alginate (0.15) and fat per cent of 9% were selected and compared ice-cream without ascorbic acid (T0). The physico chemical characteristics of the best accepted product showed that the titratable acidity 0.28 per cent, pH was 0.67 and over run 32.85 per cent. The nutrient composition showed that ice cream contains fat 8.998, protein 3.65, total sugar 22.66 and total solids 35.74 per cent respectively.

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Savita L Pawar et al., J Veterinar Sci Technolo 2014, 5:3http://dx.doi.org/10.4172/2157-7579.S1.007

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Animal & Dairy SciencesPathological and clinicopathological studies on the effect of I/P injection of silver nanoparticles in ratsMohamed Ibrahim Shaalan, Magdy M El-Mahdy, Faten F Mohammed and Taher A Salah El-DinCairo University, Egypt

The present work was designed to study the toxic potential of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) on the development of histopathological alterations in various tissues, changes of hematological and biochemical parameters. Characterization

of the synthesized silver nanoparticles revealed spherical shape of formed particles with approximately 8.7 nm diameter. A total of 120 mature albino rats (60 male and 60 female rats) were injected intraperitoneally (I/P) with different doses of AgNPs (0.5,1,2 and 4 mg/kg b.wt) for 14 and 28 days also rats were injected I/P with 0.5 mg/kg b.wt twice weekly for 90 days. Results revealed hematological and biochemical alterations that varied with different doses, on the other hand various histopathological alteration in various tissue were observed including cholangiopathy, hepatocellular degeneration ,apoptosis, renal tubular necrobiotic changes, pneumocytes hyperplasia, necrosis of lymphoid elements involving the splenic tissue, neuronal degeneration with neuronophagia associated with glial cell proliferation, testicular degeneration in addition to hyperplastic reaction involving the accessory glands, along with diffuse brown pigment deposition in various tissues that was dose dependent.

BiographyMohamed Ibrahim Shaalan is Assistant Lecturer of Veterinary Pathology, Cairo University. He has recently obtained MSc degree in veterinary pathology and he is a member of Egyptian veterinary medical society for pathology and clinical pathology. Research interests include toxic pathology, molecular pathology and nanotechnology.

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Mohamed Ibrahim Shaalan, J Veterinar Sci Technolo 2014, 5:3http://dx.doi.org/10.4172/2157-7579.S1.007

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Animal & Dairy SciencesReal-time based quantification of HSF genes in two buffalo genomesShardul Vikram Lal, Biswajit Brahma, Moloya Gohain, Bidan De, Sushil Kumar, Purushottam Mishra, Mahesh Patra, Sonika Ahalawat, R C Upadhayay, T K Datta and S DeNational Dairy Research Institute, India

The copy number variation is the number of copies of a particular gene in the genotype of an individual. Recent evidences show that the CNVs can vary in frequency and occurrence between breeds. These variations reportedly allowed different

breeds to adapt to survive in distinct environmental conditions. Since, copy number variations follow mendelian pattern of inheritance; identification and distribution of these variants between breeds can be used to infer the evolutionary history of the species. In this study, we have examined the absolute copy number of four Heat shock factor genes viz. HSF-1, 2, 4 and 5 in two different breeds of buffalo using real-time PCR. Here, we report that the absolute copy number of HSF2 varies between the two buffalo breeds. In contrast no significant difference was observed in the copy number for HSF-1, 4 and 5 between the two breeds. Our results provide the first direct evidence of variation in copy number of a gene directly linked to Heat stress response. This seems to be the first step in delineating the genetic factors underlying environmental adaptation. Nevertheless, a more detailed study is needed to characterize the functional consequence of this variation.

Keywords: CNVs, inheritance, population, HSF, buffalo.

BiographyShardul Vikram Lal has earned his BVSc & AH degree from Sardar Krushinagar Dantiwada Agriculture University in 2008. He was the recipient of “Late Smt. Anilaben Kailash-Chandra Joshipura Gold Medal” for securing highest O.G.P.A. in clinical subjects for the year 2007-2008. He completed his MVSc & A.H. (Animal biotechnology) Degree Program with DBT JRF at Animal Biotechnology Centre; J.N.K.V.V. Jabalpur (M.P.) in the year 2010 with an OGPA of 8.23. He completed his PhD in the year 2014 from National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal.

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Shardul Vikram Lal et al., J Veterinar Sci Technolo 2014, 5:3http://dx.doi.org/10.4172/2157-7579.S1.007

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Animal & Dairy SciencesComparison of temperature humidity index models to identify the best model for pregnancy rate of Murrah buffaloes in a subtropical climateSoumya Dash, A K Chakravarty, Avtar Singh, Arpan Upadhyay and Pushp Raj ShivahreNational Dairy Research Institute, India

Objective of this study was to identify the best temperature humidity index model (THI model) among seven different THI models for analyzing the effect of heat stress on pregnancy rate of Murrah buffaloes in a subtropical climate. Fertility data

on 581 Murrah buffaloes under four lactations and weather information on dry bulb temperature (Tdb), wet bulb temperature (Twb) and relative humidity (RH) spanned over 20 years (1993-2012) were collected from NDRI and CSSRI, Karnal. Monthly averages of temperature humidity index values were computed with seven THI models. A regression analysis was performed to identify the best THI model indicating the maximum decline in pregnancy rate with per unit increase in THI value. The lowest monthly average THI value was found in January, while either June or July shows the highest average THI value for all seven THI models. Overall least squares mean for pregnancy rate of Murrah buffaloes was estimated as 0.38 ± 0.02. A negative association was found between THI and pregnancy rate. THI model 1 [THI = [0.4 × (Tdb + Twb)] × 1.8 + 32 + 15] indicates the maximum decline (-0.761 %) in pregnancy rate with per unit increase in THI value and therefore, identified as the best THI model for studying the effect of heat stress on pregnancy rate of Murrah buffaloes in a subtropical climate.

BiographySoumya Dash is a PhD scholar and continuing the PhD programme in National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, India.

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Soumya Dash et al., J Veterinar Sci Technolo 2014, 5:3http://dx.doi.org/10.4172/2157-7579.S1.007

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Animal & Dairy SciencesInsight into neural plasticity: An overviewSubhashree Sarangi, A P K Mahapatra, A K Kundu and S Mohapatra Orissa University of Agriculture & Technology, India

Plasticity is a prominent feature of mammalian brain, particularly the visual cortex. Although such neural changes are most evident during development, adult cortical circuits can be modified by a variety of manipulations, such as perceptual

learning and visual deprivation. Elucidating the underlying mechanisms at cellular and synaptic levels is an essential step in understanding neural plasticity in mature animal. Notable differences between developmental and adult plasticity may be attributed to developmental cortical changes at multiple levels. These range from shifts in molecular profiles of cortical neurons to changes in spatiotemporal dynamics of network activity. In this review, we will discuss earlier developments, recent progress and remaining challenges in understanding neural plasticity as a whole. Optical imaging and multielectrode recording techniques have greatly expanded our ability to study neuronal populations in awake behaving animals which will ultimately allow us to understand how cortical plasticity operates in natural sensory and behavioral contexts

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Subhashree Sarangi et al., J Veterinar Sci Technolo 2014, 5:3http://dx.doi.org/10.4172/2157-7579.S1.007

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Animal & Dairy SciencesOccurrence of rare three types of chromosome configurations in a Murrah buffalo (Bubalus bubalis)Sulochana Sen, R K Tonk and B R YadavNational Dairy Research Institute, India

Chromosomal abnormalities are deviations in normal genetic architecture and lead to disorders in bearer individuals. These can be both in number and structure of autosomes or sex chromosomes, usually inflict adverse effects on reproductive

performance in domestic animals. Present report is on a female Murrah buffalo (Bubalus bubalis), which was among animals with inefficient reproductive performance and cytogenetic screening programme. The animal was a 9 year old female buffalo with a long history of different types of reproductive problems including abortion, stillbirth, temporary anoestrus, irregular heat cycle, repeat breeding and even calving in early age of three parities. Metaphase chromosome preparations were obtained with whole blood cell cultures standard method. Slides were stained with Giemsa, treated for R-banding (RB-FPG technique) and C-banding. Karyotypes were constructed and abnormal chromosome was identified. Reproduction history covered a period from 2007-2013, which included three calving. Succeeding to second calving, buffalo conceived after 6 unsuccessful AIs from different bulls, inter-calving period between second and third calving was approximately 3.5 years. Cytogenetic evaluation of 407 metaphase spreads revealed three types of chromosome configurations, viz. 49, 50 and 51 all with XX, overall frequency was 16.7, 76.7 and 6.6 per cent, respectively. The R- and C- bandings confirmed autosome 11 both in monosomy (2n=49) and trisomy (2n=51), respectively. This unusual chromosomal constitution might have arisen due to non-disjunction during early stage of zygotic development of the buffalo. Nevertheless in young stage ovulations occur in such cases, subsequently follicular atresia becomes fast resulting in anoestrous condition as in this buffalo.

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Sulochana Sen et al., J Veterinar Sci Technolo 2014, 5:3http://dx.doi.org/10.4172/2157-7579.S1.007

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Animal & Dairy SciencesMilk flow disorder in a goat: A case reportM Venkatesan, D Sumathi, B Gowri, S Subapriya, M Chandrasekar and K VijayaraniMadras Veterinary College, India

Three and half year’s old goat was presented with the history of swelling of left quarter teat for last six months and kidded one month back. Clinical examination of the udder and teat revealed an enlarged quarter with a diameter of 32 cm and

27 cm length of teat with no milk flow. Ultrasonography of udder and teat was done using 12.5 MHz revealed a normal udder tissue and milk stone in teat canal. Haemotological evaluation showed all the parameters were within normal rage except for the shift to left neutrophillia. Obstruction was relieved by using teat spiral and about 1.5 litres offensive odor thick pus milk was stripped out. Bacteriological evaluation showed growth in specific medias. On ABST, organisms were found to be sensitive to cephotaxime, amikacin, gentamycin; Intermediate for amoxicillin and azithromycin and tetracycline resistant to enrofloxacin. Animal showed clinical improvement and the case will be discussed.

Keywords: Goat, milk flow disorder, [email protected]

M Venkatesan et al., J Veterinar Sci Technolo 2014, 5:3http://dx.doi.org/10.4172/2157-7579.S1.007

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Animal & Dairy SciencesAddressing new challenges and emerging issues in animal sciences and dairy researchVijay Kumar, Jyoti Manjusha and JayaIndian Veterinary Research Institute, India

Livestock products demand is projected to grow substantially in the coming decades, driven by increasing populations, economic growth, and rapid urbanization of developing world. By 2030 demand for safe animal protein is expected to

increase by 50%. Despite public health and veterinary public health improvements within the past century, human and animal populations remain vulnerable to health threats caused by infectious diseases. A new animal disease occur each year with1/3 of these diseases posing risk of human transmission. Noticeably one new emerging or re-emerging disease occurs every eight months. Incidences of many new endemic diseases have increased. Out of 1,400 microbes that could cause human infections, more than 60% are also pathogenic for wild or domestic animals (OIE, 2012). These zoonotic agents cause 75% of human emerging infections (OIE, 2012), representing a direct public health issue (OIE, 2012). They also carry an indirect threat since they account for the majority of the 20% losses to livestock sector at the production and work power level. These raise an issue of food security to sustain an increasing demand for animal proteins. By 2020, the livestock sector is expected to represent 50% of the agriculture outputs in value. In developing countries, uncontrolled re-emergence of infectious diseases, increased morbidity and mortality threatens the main asset of families, thus preventing them to escape from poverty. Along with these the unjustified emission of greenhouse gases, raises an environmental issue. Therefore these issues need to be addressed in innovative and dedicated manner.

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Vijay Kumar et al., J Veterinar Sci Technolo 2014, 5:3http://dx.doi.org/10.4172/2157-7579.S1.007

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Animal & Dairy SciencesEffect of different levels of sweet potato paste on production cost of kheerA V Dadge, B N Thorat, S S Bhutkar and H B AwazVasantrao Naik Marathawada Krishi Vidhyapeeth, India

Kheer is very delicious cereal based indigenous milk product. It is popular throughout the country and enjoyed by all sections of the society, because of its good taste, high nutritional values and relatively low cost. It is prepared by partially

dehydration of whole milk in a karahi over a direct fire together with sugar and rice or occasionally semolina, coconut, pistachio, cashew nut, almonds, saffron and cardamom. In the present study sweet potato kheer was prepared from buffalo milk blended with sugar, sweet potato paste as well as rice and cardamom. Sweet potato kheer was prepared from different levels of sweet potato paste viz. 2.5, 5.0 and 7.5 per cent on the basis of buffalo milk. Control kheer was prepared using 2.5per cent rice in buffalo milk. The production cost of kheer prepared by blending sweet potato and rice was calculated on the basis of prevailing market price of different ingredients viz. buffalo milk, rice, sweet potato, sugar, cardamom, labour, fuel and miscellaneous charges etc. Cost of control kheer was found to be highest i.e. Rs.91.87 per lit, whereas, the lowest cost was recorded Rs. 89.42 for the kheer prepared by blending 7.5 per cent sweet potato. It is also found that as the level of sweet potato increases the production cost of sweet potato kheer decreases. Kheer prepared from 2.5 percent sweet potato accounts Rs. 90.82 and Rs. 90.12 for kheer prepared from 5.0 per cent sweet potato.

BiographyA V Dadge has completed his MSc (Agri) from Vasantrao Naik Marathawada Krishi Vidhyapeeth, India

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A V Dadge et al., J Veterinar Sci Technolo 2014, 5:3http://dx.doi.org/10.4172/2157-7579.S1.007

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Animal & Dairy SciencesInfluence of season on peak milk yield in Deoni breed of cattle in Marathwada region of Maharastra stateB N Thorat, B M Thombre, D V Bainwad and A V DadgeVasantrao Naik Marathwada Krishi Vidyapeeth, India

India is a tropical country with hot and humid summer and relatively less stressful winter season. Change in climate is stressful for livestock. The summers are very hot and winters are very cold but at present the main factors affecting the

climate is global warming. In the present investigation the sixteen years data (1995-2010) on daily peak milk yield of cows calved during cold, hot, south-west monsoon and post monsoon season each for twelve month in year and climatic attributes like temp. (max. and min.), humidity (max. and min.), sunshine hours and Temperature Humidity Index during corresponding period were collected. Daily peak milk yield data were analyzed statistically to see the effect of climatic attributes and to know their association with peak milk yield. Generally post monsoon climatic condition favors the milk production in animals due to pleasant climate and availability of quality fodder. The average daily peak milk yield of Deoni cows was 2.60 kg. It can be inferred that apart from availability of quality nutritious fodder during different seasons, maximum peak milk yield was recorded during post monsoon season (2.77 kg) followed by south-west monsoon season (2.69 kg), cold season (2.65 kg) and hot season (2.30 kg), respectively. The climatic factors like maximum temperature, minimum temperature, maximum humidity, minimum humidity and Temperature Humidity Index had shown negative non-significant association with peak milk yield, while sunshine hours and wind velocity had shown positive significant association with peak milk yield. Thus it is concluded that there were favorable effect of post monsoon climate on peak milk yield in Deoni cattle.

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B N Thorat et al., J Veterinar Sci Technolo 2014, 5:3http://dx.doi.org/10.4172/2157-7579.S1.007

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Animal & Dairy SciencesInfluence of parental age on the hatching performance of guinea fowl (Numida meleagris) in humid tropical climateK Premavalli, N Ramamurthy, A V Omprakash, V Balakrishnan and V Appa Rao Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, India

A total of 180 Guinea fowl birds were randomly divided into six replicates of 30 birds (24 hen + 6 cock) each under intensive system of rearing to find out the influence of parental age on the hatching performance of guinea fowl. Hatching eggs were

collected, fumigated and set at every four weeks interval from 28 weeks to 95 weeks of age. The overall mean per cent fertility, total hatchability, fertile hatchability and total embryonic mortality were 62.89±0.91, 45.68±0.91, 71.75±0.92 and 31.97±0.95 per cent respectively. Age of the bird exhibited a highly significant (p<0.01) influence on per cent fertility, total hatchability, fertile hatchability and total embryonic mortality. Increasing trends in per cent fertility and fertile hatchability were observed as the age of the bird advanced from 28-31 weeks upto 36-39 weeks (Feb-Mar) and the level came down gradually thereafter to reach the lowest level between 60-63 WOA (Aug-Sep), then a second raise from 64-67 weeks upto 72-75 weeks, then a dip at 76-79 weeks, then a third raise from 80-83 weeks was observed and remained almost constant until 92-95 WOA (Mar-Apr). However, Increasing trend in per cent total hatchability was noticed as the age increased from 28-31 weeks upto 40-43 weeks (4 weeks later than fertility drop) and came down gradually thereafter to reach the lowest level of 24.14±8.81 per cent between 60-63 WOA, then a second raise was observed from 64-67 weeks upto 72-75 weeks, then remained almost constant until 92-95 WOA. Significant decreasing trend in per cent total embryonic mortality was observed as age advanced from 28-31 weeks upto 52-55 weeks and the level increased gradually thereafter to reach the highest level between 60-63 WOA, and then remained constant until 92-95 WOA coinciding with total hatchability parameter. It can be concluded that the raise and fall of fertility and fertile hatchability of Guinea fowl indicate strong relationship between parental age, seasonality and fertility parameters.

Keywords: Guinea fowl, hatching performance, [email protected]

K Premavalli et al., J Veterinar Sci Technolo 2014, 5:3http://dx.doi.org/10.4172/2157-7579.S1.007

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Animal & Dairy SciencesPiglet anaemia in a herdS Sainath Reddy, K Padmaja and K LakshmiSri Venkateswara Veterinary University, India

Out of 80 piglets in a herd 20, 25 and 35 piglets were in the age group of 20, 30 and 60 days respectively. Six piglets exhibited signs of severe diarrhea. History revealed that piglets was reared on concrete floor and fed on sow’s milk only.

The litter size was a minimum of eight with no external iron supplementation. Clinical examination of ailing piglets revealed severe anaemia and conjunctival mucous membranes were blanched. Average rectal temperature was 103.1oF. Hyperpnoea and tachycardia were noticed. The condition was tentatively diagnosed as piglet anaemia. The piglets were treated with iron dextran injections (200mg I/M) and combination of vitamins B1, B6, B12. Blood was collected for haematological studies and serum ferritin levels confirmed the diagnosis. Fecal samples were collected for parasitic ova and culture. Results in detail will be discussed.

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S Sainath Reddy et al., J Veterinar Sci Technolo 2014, 5:3http://dx.doi.org/10.4172/2157-7579.S1.007

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2nd International Conference on Animal Dairy Sciences