26 03 renewable and distributed energy_lorenzo mattarolo

Renewable and distributed energy for a

local and sustainable development

Lorenzo Mattarolo Program Manager UNESCO Chair, Energy for Sustainable Development Ingegneria senza Frontiere - MI 26th March 2013

Lorenzo Mattarolo – POLIMI – UNESCO Chair

Technologies and Appropriateness

NEW APPROACH Importance of local resources and local human capital Supported by Schumacher – “Small is Beautiful, Economics as if People Mattered” (1973) Identification of technologies 1. small-scale 2. labour-intensive 3. energy efficient 4. environmental friendly 5. locally controlled

STARTING POINT - THE CONTEXT Over reliance on colonial administration Top-down approach to economic development Low technological capacity development

TOP DOWN

BOTTOM UP

NEW CONCEPT OF DEVELOPMENT Technology that fits in the country's infrastructure, affordable, easy to properly maintain, not destructive to the environment. (Kaplan, 1994)

SUSTAINABILITY


Technology characterized by technical, social, economic and environmental peculiarities permitting a sustainable development

Social Sustainability

Economic Sustainability Environmental Sustainability

AT

Appropriate & sustainable

FEASIBILITY is precondition for sustainability


Importance of boundary conditions • flexibility to adapt to local conditions • not related to a defined technology mix • scaled to the context • tailored to the needed services • accounting the local culture

Appropriate technologies

Economic feasibility • business model enhancing sustainability • counting the coverage and cost

The ‘space pen’ example!

Ownership/commitment • involvement of final users • end-users requirements • installation, management and maintenance • enhancing job creation • strengthening of research institutions to support

local production


Replicability • Increase access to new technologies of scale • Innovative models to scale up technologies • Preserving the environment

Functionality • availability of local materials • impact on human capacity • final user ownership

Appropriate technologies

Impact • Access to modern energy services and electricity necessarily need to be linked to

other social or economic strategy. • The implementation of energy programmes have to be measured over socio-

economic indicators such as: quality of life, education, health, information, agriculture, transport, promotion of small enterprises.

(Asociación Argentina de Energía Eólica )


Energy • Electricity or Thermal Energy

Services • Education , Health, ICT….

• Access to resources: food, water,

Development • Human promotion >> individual

• Sustainable Growth >> society

OUTPUT

OUTCOME

IMPACT

The GOAL is not to bring kWh

Strategies for access to energy


• Step 1: Deep analysis of current and forecast local Needs • Step 2: Accurate Assessment of local Resources • Step 3: Optimize the cost/efficiency of the match Need – Resources • Step 4: Choice of the technologies

An integrated

system of

appropriate

technologies

NeedsResources

Electric Energy

Other Supply

End Use

/Services

Ex post evaluation

GasEx ante evaluation

Whatever Technologies or ensemble of technologies

Some TECHNICAL elements should be included in the strategy



Step 1

Needs Assessment

Basic Living Condition

• Cooking: substitution of firewood, agricultural waste, cattle dung

• Lighting: public/street lighting and households

• Drinking water: purification, desalination, pumping

• Health: hot waters, distilled water, sterilization

• Education: schools

Strong dependency on the LOCAL CONTEST

Agricultural Productivity

• Irrigation: Most important productive application requiring power

Small Scale Industries

• Industry: flour mills , oil extraction plants, chilling center, artisanal activities…

Transportation

• Transport substitution of human and animal power


In terms of

social perspective


Wind Map Solar Irradiation Hydrogeological situation Biomass availability Geothermal conditions

For the security of the supply • electric grid in the neighborhood • fossil fuel availability • storage systems

Step 2 Resources Assessment



Step 3 Need / Resources Efficiency

Whenever you have Hydro And no competition with fresh water exists, USED it

Whenever you have Biomass And no cultural limitations exists, USED it for

Whenever you have Wind And no specific problem for transportation USED it

You have almost always SUN lowest cost/efficiency solutions, USED it only when nothing else is available



Step 4 Energy Conversion Technologies Selections Wind • mechanical conversion for water pumps and mills • electric conversion for electricity distribution Solar • collectors for hot water supplying, stills for potable water, crop driers • direct conversion with photovoltaic arrays Hydro • Water wheels for mechanical shaft power • Micro – Mini hydro power plant for electricity Biomass • Organic wastes anaerobic fermentation for biogas • Fermentation of biomass for alcohols production • Biomass pyrolysis

Appropriate Storage Systems Selections

• Water tanks • Storage batteries

• “Smart” Idea of Grid: • Gas pipeline, Hot water pipe line

Appropriate Distribution Systems Selections



Step 5: Evaluate the impact on local Development

Physical Capital better use and management of resources & infrastructures

Environmental Capital conservation of the environment indoor quality

Economic Capital decreasing the dependence on imported fuels improving the balance of payment developing green economies

Social Capital improving the human living environment mitigation of mass migration and creation workplaces

Human Capital local capacity and attitude to research and innovation Participatory approach

Importance of monitoring and evaluation



Renewable & Decentralized Energy

• Biomass

• PV Solar

• Thermal Solar

• Hydro

• Wind


Biomass Energy

Biomass

means the biodegradable fraction of products, waste and residues from biological origin from agriculture (including vegetal and animal substances), forestry and related industries including fisheries and aquaculture, as well as the biodegradable fraction of industrial and municipal waste

Dir 2009/28/EC, art. 2

Holistic approach


Biomass Energy – Supply Chains

Materials of different origin with high variability

Animal fats Lignin-cellulosic crops

Sugar/starch based biomass Vegetable oils

Waste cooking oils

Forest residues Woody manufacturing waste

Agricultural waste Municipal waste Industrial waste

Manure Sewage Waste

Energy crops

SOLID BIOMASS BIOFUEL BIOGAS

Three supply chains


Biomass Energy – Sources

SOLID BIOMASS

BIOFUEL

RICE

HULLS

WINE

POMACE

OLIVE

POMACE

FRUITS

NUTS

CHIPS PELLET


Biomass Energy – Impact

Transport Locally used biomass International traded biomass

(Source – REN21, 2012)



Transport Locally used biomass

Deforestation Deforestation consists in the reduction of forestry areas, due to an exploitation of the land which is not compensated by the same re-growth rate.

Deforestation is taking place in developing countries with high forest concentration (Amazon region, Indonesia, Congo, South Africa, Nigeria).

According to FAO, between 2000 and 2010 almost 13 Mha of forests disappeared.

International traded biomass

(Biomass Energy Report, 2010)

Energy-food competition Price of soy oil



Policies

• Minimize the trade-offs between biomass for food and biomass for fuel

• Encourage the use of biomass residues

• Encourage sustainable and productive feedstocks and efficient conversion processes


Distributed generation – Biogas

Biogas anaerobic digesters in Rural Areas of Developing Countries

Floating-drum Fixed Dome Tubular type

Range of digester volume [m3] 5-70 6-91 5-20

Daily output [m3 biogas/m3 DV] 0,3-0,6 0,2-0,5 0,3-0,8

Lifespan [years] 12-15 15-20 2-5

Cost / Cost Tubular Type 1,5 - 3 1,5 – 2,5 1

Biogas research areas for Developing Countries:

Analysis of the available substrates and assessment of potential biogas yield Digestion of multiple substrate (sewage, municipal and industrial) Small-scale plants which digest alternative substrates to animal manure Solar-powered digester heating and water saving devices for dissemination

Bond et al. 2011, Nzila et al. 2012, Mshandete et al. 2009


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The solar resource

Technology trends: PV

Technology trends: Thermal Solar

Technology trends: Thermodynamic Solar

Solar Energy


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The dominant material for creating PV panels is the silicon wafer, which can be manufactured in three forms:

• Monocrystalline (silicon based)

• Multicrystalline (silicon based)

• Amorphous (new semi-conductor)

Solar Energy: PV

PVGIS (Photovoltaic Geographical Information System) is a research, demonstration and policy-support instrument for geographical assessment of the solar energy resource in the context of integrated management of distributed energy generation. http://re.jrc.ec.europa.eu/pvgis


23

Design of PV systems Solar power is characterized by its intermittence, making it necessary either to provide a grid connection or a storage system (not connected to the grid).

Solar Energy: PV

Interfacing with the grid Stand-alone installation

(www.roofsolarpanels.biz)


Distributed Generation – PV ELECTRICAL APPLIANCES (lights, radio, mobile charger, fan, refrigerator, TV, pump)

Type Size

[households, W] Service Characteristics Cost [€]

Pico-PV

system 1, ≤10

Lighting (LED),

external devices 60-240lm

Lead Acid,

NiMH, LiMg

25-80

Solar Home

System 1, 10-200

Lighting (LED, CFL),

radio, TV, other devices 150-600lm 80-250

Multi-user

System 2-400, 200-5000

Research areas for Developing Countries:

•Adaptability to characteristics of the local context (social acceptance) •Reliability and resilience (dust, rain, irregular charging) •Extension of operating hours

Muggenburg et al. 2012, GIZ 2010, Mahapatra 2009


Innovative Supply Chain for PV

Importation of panels, charge controller, battery, inverter

Distributor / Sales Installation Maintenance & Service

Current supply chain for solar energy in DCs

Importation of cells and

components

Training in Distributors / Sales Local assembly

Installation & Maintenance

Training in design of solar system

Innovative supply chain for solar energy in DCs


Innovative Supply Chain for PV

Solar panel component works Locally assembled solar panels

Production of charge controllers Assembling of solar street light Installation


27

Solar hot water systems use sunlight to heat water. They may be used to heat domestic hot water, for space heating, etc..

These systems are composed of solar thermal collectors, a storage tank and a circulation loop.

The three basic classifications of solar water heaters:

• Batch systems which consist of a tank that is directly heated by sunlight (oldest and simplest designs, may be vulnerable to cooldown).

• Active systems with pumps to circulate water or a heat transfer fluid.

• Passive systems with circulating water or a heat transfer fluid by natural circulation.

Solar Thermal Energy


Absorber • metal • High conductivity • High absorbivity • Low emissivity

Copper/Steel with covered with chromo,

alumina-nickel, Tinox

Insulating systems • Low Thermal Conductivity • Resistant to high temperature

Rock wool, polyurethane foam, polystyrene ...

Transparent coverage

• to reduce heat losses • to maximize the efficiency of the collector

Tubi di circolazione

Circulating tubes • metal with good conductivity

Solar Thermal Energy

Solar collector


Solar thermal: applications

Self-build approach


Solar thermal: applications

Cooking System

(www.home.ix.netcom.com) (www.builditsolar.com) (www.solarcooking.org)


31

With the wind impacting the blades a slow down of the velocity occurs: kinetic energy is transformed in energy over the rotor, then (possibly) in the generator converted into electricity

Wind Energy

Two categories of aerogenerator:

• horizontal axis wind turbines (HAWT, Horizontal Axis Wind Turbines)

• vertical axis wind turbines (VAWT Vertical Axis Wind Turbines)


Distributed Generation – Small Wind MECHANICAL POWER FOR WATER PUMPING (Wind pumps)

Water

supply

Head [m] [m3/day]

Typical rotor

diameter [m] < 3 3-10 10-30 >30

Domestic X X 1-3 (small farm) 1.5 to 2.5

Cattle X X 20 (500 head) 1.5 to 4.5

Irrigation X X 40-100 (1 ha) 2.5 to 5.5

Diameter [m] Power [kW] cP [$/W] MWh/year

Average 4,09 3.32 2,5 5,8

Minimum 1,95 1.30 1,0 0,4

Maximum 5,8 6.00 5,5 16

Self-constructed wind generator: Three wood blades 2,4m / 1,2m wind-rotor with tail vane Permanent magnet alternator (12 or 24 or 48V) Built in AC-DC converter Max power output 0,5kW Furling tail system for preventing overload

ELECTRICAL APPLIANCES Small wind

Smulders 1996, Harries 2002

Simic 2012, Piggot 2007


2

1

5

3

4

Hydro energy

Hydropower is the conversion of the energy of moving water to electricity. Especially in remote areas small scale hydro or micro-hydro power has been increasingly used as an alternative energy source where other power sources are not viable Small scale hydro power systems • can be installed in small rivers or streams with little or no discernible environmental

effect on things such as fish migration or ‘environmental flow’ • is the cheapest and most proven renewable technology for rural electrification

1. Power group (powerhouse): turbine, generator, control system

2. Weir and intake

3. Channel

4. Forebay

5. Penstock group


Distributed Generation – MiniHydro ELECTRICAL APPLIANCES

Pico-hydro

Lahimer et al. 2012

Plant size [W]

60-5.000

Inv. cost [US$/kW]

~ 3.000

LCOE [cUS$/kWh]

10-20

Research areas for Developing Countries: • Improvement in electronic equipment for power quality improvement • Integration with other RE for extending life span and reduce O&M costs • New turbine concept for low-head site and pipe loss analysis • Standardization


THANK YOU!

[email protected]

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26 03 renewable and distributed energy_lorenzo mattarolo