25 MMA 2012 - Thitsarparami Dhamma Society · "r®m½Hktjzpf tm½Hkay:í raem0dnmOf (pdwf)u od&jcif; jzpfygonf/ rsufpdrS jrifpdwfonf jrifaomfvnf; uGJuGJjym;jym; rodEdkifacs/ ,if;onf

1

]]earm wó b*0awm t&[awm or®morÁK'¨ó}}

bk&m;? w&m;? oHCm? rdb? q&mwdkYtm; þ"r®pmpkjzifh

&dkaopGm uefawmhyg\/

]]0dyóemtajccHoifwef;}}

MMA (Mandalay)

2012

jrefrmEdkifiHq&m0eftoif; (rEÅav;)

a'gufwmpdk;vGif (rEÅav;)

2

]] rmwdum }} ]] rmwdum }} ]] rmwdum }} ]] rmwdum }} ]] rmwdum }}

pOfpOfpOfpOfpOf taMumif;t&m pmrsufESm taMumif;t&m pmrsufESm taMumif;t&m pmrsufESm taMumif;t&m pmrsufESm taMumif;t&m pmrsufESm

1/ oHo&mESifh0#f(3)yg; 32/ raem'Gg&ESifh"r®m½kH 11

3/ y#dpöorkyÜg'fESifh tajccHÓPfESpfyg; 18

4/ twåESifhtewå 265/ tusKd;cE¨mESifhtaMumif;w&m; 40

6/ reodum& (ESvkH;oGif;rI) 48

7/ avmuESifh"r® 568/ 0dyóemusifhpOfESifh tqifh(3)qifh 639/ uHESifhe,f (3)e,f 7110/ 0dyóem 7511/ 0dbZÆ0g' 8212/ eD0&Pw&m;ESifh"r®m½kH 9013/ owdorÜZOfjzihf qifjcifjcif;tykdif; 9714/ r[mowdy|meokwf 10515/ r*¾ifa&jzifhom Nidrf;at;Ekdifygonf/ 113

3

1/ oHo&m okdYr[kwf 0#f (3)yg;(6-8-2012)(6-8-2012)(6-8-2012)(6-8-2012)(6-8-2012)

w&m;tvkyf tm;xkwf&mwGif jzpfap?&SifyÍöif; 0wf&mwGifjzpfap? oDv&Sif 0wf&mwGifjzpfap &nf&G,fcsufrSm oHom&0#fqif;&J'ku©rSvGwfajrmuf&eftwGuf jzpfygonf/ oHo&m0#fqif;&JqkdonfrSm 0#f(3)yg;vnfaejcif;yifjzpfonf/

or®Kwde,fwGif 0#fvnfonfukd oluukd,fhukdEkdifvQif olawmhwpfcsdefrSm jyefcH&rSmyJ[kodjcif; jzpfonf/ y&rwfe,fwGif 0#fvnfjcif;rSm0dygu0#f? udavo0#f? ur®0#fqkdaom 0#f(3)yg;vnfjcif;jzpfonf/ ,if;ukd atmufygZ,m;jzihfodjrifEkdifygonf/

4

0dygu0#f0dygu0#f0dygu0#f0dygu0#f0dygu0#f udavo0#fudavo0#fudavo0#fudavo0#fudavo0#f ur®0#fur®0#fur®0#fur®0#fur®0#f

jrifrI? Mum;rI pGJvrf;rI tm;xkwfrI (uH)

um,uH (oDv)um,uH (oDv)um,uH (oDv)um,uH (oDv)um,uH (oDv)

owå0g Oyg'gef 0pDuH (oDv)0pDuH (oDv)0pDuH (oDv)0pDuH (oDv)0pDuH (oDv)

raemuH(orm"d)raemuH(orm"d)raemuH(orm"d)raemuH(orm"d)raemuH(orm"d)

emrf½kyf owd (ynm) uHcsKyf

0ifavxGufav owd orm"d

0D&d,

Z,m;wGif 0dygu0#fonf jrifrI Mum;rIponfwkdYjzpfí udavo0#fonf ESpfoufpGJvrf;rIjzpfonf/ ur®0#fonf pGJvrf;rIaMumifh tm;xkwfrI(uH) jzpf\/ xkdYaMumihf y&rwfe,fwGif jrif? Mum;?eH? pm;? xd? awG;wkdYwGif taMumif;wkdufqkdifwkdif;pGJvrf;rI jzpfay:NyD; um,uH 0pDuH raemuHwkdYjzihftm;xkwfrI (ukodkvf tukokdvf) wkdYjzpfay:aejcif;

5

onf 0#f(3)yg;vnfaejcif; jzpfygonf/ xkduHwkdYaMumihf aemufb0 aemufcE¨mwkdY wpfzefjzpfMu&ygonf/ xkdtcg aemufb0üvnf; jrif? Mum;? eH?pm;? xd? awG;wkdYwGif pGJvrf;rI? tm;xkwfrI (uH)wkdYjzpfay:MujyefNyD; 0#foHo&mvnfMu&jyefygonf/

]]oDv orm"d ynm}}]]oDv orm"d ynm}}]]oDv orm"d ynm}}]]oDv orm"d ynm}}]]oDv orm"d ynm}}oDvonf um,uHE Si f h 0p DuHwk d Yu k d

apmihfa&Smufjcif;jzpfí orm"donf raemuHukdapmihfa&SmufEkdifygonf/ ,if;oDv orm"dwkdYonf(ur®0#f)wGif jzpfay:aeaom um,? 0pD? raem wkdYukdapmifha&Smufjcif; jzpfygonf/ ,if;oabmukdbk&m;&Sif ryGifhcifuvnf; tm;xkwfcJhMuygonf/bk&m;& Si f a[mMum;awmfr laom 0dyóemynmonf (udavo0#f)ukd y,f&jcif;jzpfygonf/

udavo0#fonf jrifrI Mum;rI ponfwkdYtay:wGif owå0gtaejzifh pGJvrf;jcif; Oyg'gefjzpfonf/ Oyrm (dog) a'gh[k toHMum;yguem;onf (a'gh) qkdaom (toH) ukdomMum;ygonf/acG;[k rodyg/ raemrS pdwfuom (acG;) qkdaom

6

owå0goabmjzihf odjcif;jzpfygonf/ em;Mum;rIESifhraemodrIonf rwlMuyg/ xkdESpfckukd ykdif;jcm;od&eftvGefta&;BuD;ygonf/ em;wGif (a'gh) qkdaom toH(½kyf) ESifh Mum;rI (emrf) wkdYom jzpfay:ygonf/ ,if;üowå0goabm ryg0ifyg/ xkdYaMumihf em;wGif Mum;rI(emrf½kyf) qkdaom 0dygu0#fom jzpfygonf/

xkdemrf½kyfukd owå0g(acG;) taejzihf pGJvrf;rI(udavo0#f)onf raemrSm jzpfygonf/ þokdYqkdvQifjrefrmpum;jzihf acG;[kMum;ygu em;rSm Mum;rI(acG;)onf toHacG;jzpfí owå0g oabm ryg0ifacs/xkdokdY owå0goabmryg atmif raemrS(owd)jzihfE Svk H;oGif;Ek di fygu udav0o#f (Oyg'gef)uk dy,fEk di fygonf/ Mum; Mum;w,frSwfqk daomr[mpnfq&mawmf BuD;\ a[mMum;r Ionfowå0goabm vGwfatmif em;rSmjzpfay:aomMum;rI (emrf½kyf) a&mufatmif ESvkH;oGif;&efjzpfonfukd em;vnf&ygonf/

xkdYaMumifh oHo&m0#f&yfvkdygu Mum;rItay:wGif owå0gtjzpf pGJ,laom ( Oyg'gef )udk

7

(owd)jzifh y,f&ayrnf/ Mum;rItay:wGif t&dSdukdt&Sdtwkdif; emrf½kyf[kowdjzihf ESvkH;oGif;rSef ygu,xmblwÓPfjzihf owå0goabmpGJ,l xm;aomudavo0#fukd y,f&Sm;Ekdifayrnf/

]]emrf½kyf uHcsKyf}}]]emrf½kyf uHcsKyf}}]]emrf½kyf uHcsKyf}}]]emrf½kyf uHcsKyf}}]]emrf½kyf uHcsKyf}}0dyóemtvkyfonf udavom0#fukd

y,f&eftwGufjzpfygonf/ avmb? a'go?arm[\ t&if;tjrpfjzpfaom udavo0#fonftEko, (tudef;"mwf)taejzihf &Sdaeygonf/ur®0#fwGif avmb? a'go? arm[wkd YonfraemuHtaejzih f jzpfay:ygu (y&d,k|me)udavom[k ac:ygonf/ um,uH 0pDuHtaejzih f vGefusL;ygu (0Dwduúr) udavom[kac:Muygonf/ xkd YaMumihf udavomjzpfrI\t&if;tjrpfonf tEko, udavom (tudef;"mwf)taejzihf udavo0#fwGif &Sdygonf/

0dygu0#fonf jrifrI Mum;rIwGif jzpfay:aom½kyfemrfjzpfí udavo0#fonf ,if;½kyfemrf

8

tay:wGif owå0gtjzpf todrSm;rI t0dZÆm?ESpfoufrI wPSmESifh pGJvrf;rI Oyg'gefwkdY jzpfygonf/ur®0#fonf yk*¾dKvfowå0gtvkd twkdif; um,?0pD? raem (apwem)wkdYjzihf tm;xkwfjcif;aMumifhukod kvf tukod kvfuHwk d Y jzp f Mu&ygonf/udavo0#fjzpfaom t0dZÆm? wPSm? Oyg'gefwGifOyg'gefonf xif&Sm;\/ xdkYaMumihf udavo0#fukdxif&Sm;&m Oyg'gefjzihf ukd,fpm;jyK&\/ xkdtcgOyg'geypö,m ba0gqk daom y#dpöorkyÜg' fa'oemawmft& Oyg'gefaMumifh uHjzpf&\/Oyg'gefcsKyfygu uHvnf;csKyf\/ Oyg'gefonfork',ukd,fpm; jyKaomaMumihf Oyg'gefork',csKyfjcif;aMumifh uHcsKyf\/ uH taMumif;csKyfyguZmwd tusKd; csKyfaomaMumihf taMumif; tusKd;csKyfaom eda&m" qkdufygonf/ Oyg'gefork',csKyfjcif;aMumifh uHcsKyf\/ uH taMumif;csKyfyguZmwd tusKd;csKyfaomaMumihf taMumif; tusKd;csKyfaom eda&m" qkdufygonf/

xkdYaMumihfOyg'gefcsKyfvkdygu owd&Sd&onf/owdjzihfom r*¾ifvrf;ay:odkY wuf&jcif; jzpfonf/

9

owd&SdvkdufonfESifh Oyg'gefork', csKyf\/owd&Sdyguvnf; Oyg'gefr&Sd? Oyg'gef&Sdyguvnf;owdr&Sdonfukd ukd,fwkdifodjrifayrnf/ xkdtcgjrifrI Mum;rIwGif owå0g[kpGJ,laeaom Oyg'gefukdowd jy Kvk du fonfE Si f h Oyg'ge fuk dy,fumjrifrIMum;rIwkdYwGif ½kyfemrfukd t&Sdtwkdif; ESvkH;oGif;Ekdifygrnf/ xkdokdY ESvkH;oGif;rSefjcif;aMumihf emrf½kyf[kowdjyKvkdufonfESifh Oyg'gefjyKwfNyD; uHcsKyfayrnf/

]]rsK d;aph ESif h tyif}}]]rsK d;aph ESif h tyif}}]]rsK d;aph ESif h tyif}}]]rsK d;aph ESif h tyif}}]]rsK d;aph ESif h tyif}}yk*¾dKvf owå0gt,ljzihf jyKvkyfaom ukodkvf

uHonf tusKd;ay;aomtcg aumif;aomae&mwGif yk*¾dKvfowå0gtaejzihfom tusKd;ay;\/yk*¾dKvfowå0gt,ljzihf jyKvkyfaom tukokdvfuHwkdYonfvnf; tusKd;ay;aomtcg raumif;aomtyg,fbkHrSmyif yk*¾dKvfowå0gtaejzihfyif tusKd;ay;\/

o&ufyifrSoD;aom o&ufoD;taphonfoifhavsmfaom ajr? a&? aea&mifwkdY&aomtcgo&ufyifomvQif tyifaygufayrnf/ olUrsKd;aphESifh

10

olUtyifaygufjcif;omjzpf\/ xkdYaMumifh yk*¾dKvfowå0gt,ljzihfjyKvkyfaom ukodkvftukokdvfuHwkdYonf tusKd;ay;aomtcgüvnf; yk*¾dKvfowå0gtjzpf aumif;usKd; qkd;usKd;wkdYukd jzpfay:apjcif;jzihf oHo&mrqkH;Ekdifaom 0#fqif;&Jukdjzpfay:apjcif;jzpfonf/

tu,fí yk*¾dKvfowå0gt,ljzpfaomudavo0#fukdy,fNyD; or®m'd|d t,lrSefjzihf yGm;rsm;tm;xkwfaom 0dyóemukodkvfwkdYonf tusKd;ay;aomtcgüvnf; yk*¾ dKvfowå0g vGwf&muif;&mjzpfaom edAÁmefa&mufaMumif; taxmuftyHhaumif;wkdYukdomay;jcif; jzpfavonf/

11

2/ raem'Gg& ESifh "r®m½kH 2/ raem'Gg& ESifh "r®m½kH 2/ raem'Gg& ESifh "r®m½kH 2/ raem'Gg& ESifh "r®m½kH 2/ raem'Gg& ESifh "r®m½kH(13-8-2012)(13-8-2012)(13-8-2012)(13-8-2012)(13-8-2012)

0dyóem\ &nf&G,fcsufrSm opömav;yg; ukdodjrif&eftwGuf jzpfygonf/ opömav;yg;ukdodjrifjcif;onf rsufpd? em;? ESm? vQm? ukd,frSm rjzpfyg/raem'Gg&ESifh "r®m½kHrSmom jzpfay:ygonf/ r*fÓPfonf raemrSm jzpfay:í "r®m½kHrSm ay:aom edAÁmefukdrsufarSmufjyKjcif; jzpfygonf/ xkdokdY edAÁmefukdrsufarSmufjyKNyD; opömav;yg; jzpfay:&yk Huk dem;vnfrSvnf; 0dyóem oabmukd odjrifoabmaygufEkdifayrnf/

raem'Gg& ESifh "r®m½kHonf ÓPfjzihfomodEk difaomt&m jzpfygonf/ Oyrm vlwkdif;awG;Muygonf/ xkdokdYawG;aecsdefwGif tm½kHykH&dyfrsm;vnf; ay:ygonf/ tawG;xJwGif pum;rsm;vnf;ajymMuygonf/ okdYaomf xkdykH&dyf? xkdpum;wkdYonf rsufpd? em; ponfwkdYjzihf odjcif;r[kwfyg/xk dyk H& dyf ? xk dpum;oHwk d Yonf tm½k Htaejzih f"r®m½k HrSmay:NyD; raem'Gg&rSpdwfjzih f od&jcif;jzpfygonf/ xkdYaMumihf raem'Gg&ESifh"r®m½kH &SdonfrSm

12

aocsmaomfvnf; ae&mtm;jzihfawmh rjyEkdifyg/ÓPfjzihfom odEkdifaomt&m jzpfygonf/

]]raem'Gg&ESif h"r®m½k Hyk HpH}}]]raem'Gg&ESif h"r®m½k Hyk HpH}}]]raem'Gg&ESif h"r®m½k Hyk HpH}}]]raem'Gg&ESif h"r®m½k Hyk HpH}}]]raem'Gg&ESif h"r®m½k Hyk HpH}} (Diagram)

yHk&dyfyH k&dyfyH k&dyfyH k&dyfyH k&dyf

(raem'Gg&)(raem'Gg&)(raem'Gg&)(raem'Gg&)(raem'Gg&) ("r®m½kH) ("r®m½kH) ("r®m½kH) ("r®m½kH) ("r®m½kH)

pdwf+Oyg'gef yk*¾ dKvf?owå0g(ynwf) pdwf+Oyg'gef yk*¾ dKvf?owå0g(ynwf) pdwf+Oyg'gef yk*¾ dKvf?owå0g(ynwf) pdwf+Oyg'gef yk*¾ dKvf?owå0g(ynwf) pdwf+Oyg'gef yk*¾ dKvf?owå0g(ynwf)

pu©K'Gg& ESifh ½lyg½kH? aomw'Gg&ESifh o'´g½kH?Cme'Gg& ESifh *Em½kH? Zd0Sm'Gg& ESifh &om½kH? um,'Gg&ESifh azmXAÁm½kHqkdaom 'Gg& (5)ckESifhtm½kH(5) ckukdtodrsm;Muaomfvnf; raem'Gg& ESifh "r®m½kHukdtodenf;Muygonf/ okdYaomf 0dyóem½IrIyGm;wGifraem'Gg& ESifh "r®m½kHonf t"duMuygonf/

(rsufpd?em;?ESm?vQmudk,f) (tqif;?toH?teHY?t&om?txd) (rsufpd?em;?ESm?vQmudk,f) (tqif;?toH?teHY?t&om?txd) (rsufpd?em;?ESm?vQmudk,f) (tqif;?toH?teHY?t&om?txd) (rsufpd?em;?ESm?vQmudk,f) (tqif;?toH?teHY?t&om?txd) (rsufpd?em;?ESm?vQmudk,f) (tqif;?toH?teHY?t&om?txd)

13

]]rsufpdujrif? raemuod}} ]]rsufpdujrif? raemuod}} ]]rsufpdujrif? raemuod}} ]]rsufpdujrif? raemuod}} ]]rsufpdujrif? raemuod}}rsufpdonf jyify orkwde,fwGif&Sdaom

yk*¾dKvf? owå0g? j'yf? 0w¬KESifh wkdufqkdifaomtcgrsufpdwGif tqif;ykH&dyf (image) omay:ygonf/y&rwfe,fonf rsufpdrSponf[k qkdEkdifygonf/tb,faMumihfqkdaomf rsufpdonf tqif; ta&mif(colour) ESi f hom qufqHygonf/ yk* ¾ d Kvf ?owå0gtaejzihf rsufpdxJ0ifí r&yg/ rsufpdwGiftqif;ykH&dyf ay:onfESifhwpfNydKifeuf raem'Gg&wGifvnf; ykH&dyf (image) ay:ygonf/ ,if;onf"r®ed,mr jzpfygonf/ okdYaomf raem'Gg& wGif ykH&dyfay:aomfvnf; xifxif&Sm;&Sm; rodEkdif ao;acs/,if;ykH&dyfonf "r®m½kHtjzpfay:NyD; raemrS qifjcifpdwfjzihf ykHo@eftrnfwkdYudk ynwfjyKum xifxif&Sm;&Sm; odcGifh&jcif; jzpfygonf/ xkdYaMumihf rsufpdrSjrifaomfvnf; raemuodjcif; jzpfygonf/

]]qifjcifvQif "r®m&Hk}} ]]qifjcifvQif "r®m&Hk}} ]]qifjcifvQif "r®m&Hk}} ]]qifjcifvQif "r®m&Hk}} ]]qifjcifvQif "r®m&Hk}}

xkdokdYrsufpdrS jrifí raemu odrIjzpfpOfukdem;vnf oabmaygufygu em;? ESmacgif;? vQm?

14

ukd,fwkdYjzihf odrIjzpfpOf wkdYonfvnf; wpfoabmwnf; twlwlyif jzpfavonf/ em;uMum;íraemuod\/ ESmacgif;ueHí raemuod\?vQmupm;í raemuod\? udk,fuxdí raemuod\? odkYaomf tawG;odrIjzpfpOfwGif raemonfjyifyrStm½HkwdkYudk r,lawmhbJ yHkwGif jyxm;onfhtwdkif; raemonf "r®m½Hktjzpfay:aom tm½HkudkomqifjcifNyD; odcGifh&jcif; jzpfavonf/ OyrmrsufpdrSdwfNyD; a&Twd*HkapwDawmfBuD;udk qifjcifygu"r®m½Hktjzpf tm½Hkay:í raem0dnmOf (pdwf)uod&jcif; jzpfygonf/

rsufpdrS jrifpdwfonf jrifaomfvnf;uGJuGJjym;jym; rodEdkifacs/ ,if;onf tm½Hkudk vufcH&mXme (Receptor) oabmrsdK;omjzpf\/ trSefuw,f od&jcif;rSm raemwGif qifjcifpdwf jzpfay:NyD;trnfESif h yH ko@mefwdk Yudk ynwfí odaompdwfaMumifh jzpfavonf/ rsufpdonf ½lyg½HkESifhomqufqHonf/ em;onf o'g½Hk? ESmacgif;onf *Em½Hk?vQmonf &om½Hk? udk,fonf azg|AÁm½Hk ponfjzifh

15

olU'Gg&ESihf olUtm½Hk tvdkuf rpöKyÜefwnfhwnfhESifhqufqHMuaomfvnf; rae'Gg& onf tm½Hktm;vHk;ESifhqufqHygonf/ od k Yaomf awG;rI jzpfpOfwGif"r®m½Hkjzifhom qufqHí twdwf? tem*wf? ypöKyÜeftm½Hktm;vHk;udk odcGifh&jcif; jzpfavonf/

]]tm&H kESif hp dwf}}]]tm&H kESif hp dwf}}]]tm&H kESif hp dwf}}]]tm&H kESif hp dwf}}]]tm&H kESif hp dwf}}

xdkYaMumifh vufawGUwGif raemü qifjcifpdwfjzpfrSom od&jcif;jzpfonf/ raem'Gg& rSm jzpfaompdwfonf tm½Hkudkom od&avonf/ xdkYaMumifhtm½H kE Si f h p dwfom&S d\/ þodk Yqd kvQif jyifyorkwde,frSm yk*¾dKvf? owå0g? j'yf? 0wåK&SdNyD;rsufpdujrifí raemuod&onfrSm y&rwfe,frStm½Hkoabmudkom pdwfu odcGifh&jcif; jzpfavonf/ odkYaomf tm½Hkukd tm½Hk[k trSefrodEdkifyg/yk*¾dKvf? owå0g? j'yf? 0w¬K[k t,lrSm; txifrSm;\/xdkodkYjzpf&jcif;rSm raemü jzpfay:aom pdwfwGif(Oyg'gef)yg0ifoGm;aomaMumifh jzpfonf/ pdwfonfOyg'gefESif htwl ,SOfwG Jí jzpfay:vmonf/trSefwu,f odrIjzpfpOfwGif jrifpdwfonf t&Sd w&m;

16

tqif;tm½ H ku d kom odoi f hy gaom fvnf;Oyg'gefyg0ifoGm;aomaMumifh tm½Hkoabmudk yk*¾dKvf?owå0g? j'yf? 0w¬K jyKí tcd kiftrm tESpfom&tm;jzif h od&jcif; jzpfavonf/ Oyrm½kyf&Sifydwfum;? wDADGzefom;jyifwdkYwGif tqif;ta&mif (Colour)wdkYom ay:ygonf/ raemrSodpdwfwGif Oyg'gefyg0if oGm;aomtcg ,if; tqif;yH k&dyfwdk Yud k yk*¾ d Kvf? owå0g? j'yf? 0w¬KtjzpftrSefwu,f tppfxifNyD; txifrSm; t,lrSm;jcif;jzpfavonf/

ykxkZOfwdkY\ odrIjzpfpOfwGif raem'Gg&üpdwfESifh Oyg'gefjzpfay:\/ Oyg'gef [kqdkaomfvnf;rlvw&m;ESpfyg;jzpfaom (t0dZÆmESif hwPSm)wdkYyg0ifNyD; jzpf\/ ,if;w&m;ESpfyg;onf t"duBudK;udkifjzpf\/ t0dZÆm - trSefrodrI? wPSm-ESpfoufrI? Oyg'gef - pGJvrf;rI wdkY\ tpGrf;aMumifhtm½Hk\ oabmudk tcdkiftrm tESpfom&jyKíyk*¾dKvf? owå0g? j'yf? 0w¬Ktjzpf txifrSm;NyD;odjrifoGm;jcif; jzpfavonf/

17

( raem'Gg& ) ( raem'Gg& ) ( raem'Gg& ) ( raem'Gg& ) ( raem'Gg& ) ( "r®m½Hk ) ( "r®m½Hk ) ( "r®m½Hk ) ( "r®m½Hk ) ( "r®m½Hk )

- - - - - pdwf + Oyg'gefpdwf + Oyg'gefpdwf + Oyg'gefpdwf + Oyg'gefpdwf + Oyg'gef - - - - - yk*¾dKvf? owå0g? j'yf? 0w¬Kyk*¾dKvf? owå0g? j'yf? 0w¬Kyk*¾dKvf? owå0g? j'yf? 0w¬Kyk*¾dKvf? owå0g? j'yf? 0w¬Kyk*¾dKvf? owå0g? j'yf? 0w¬K

(ork',opöm)(ork',opöm)(ork',opöm)(ork',opöm)(ork',opöm) (ynwf)(ynwf)(ynwf)(ynwf)(ynwf)

- 0dyóemÓPf - 0dyóemÓPf - 0dyóemÓPf - 0dyóemÓPf - 0dyóemÓPf - tm½Hk emrf½kyf - tm½Hk emrf½kyf - tm½Hk emrf½kyf - tm½Hk emrf½kyf - tm½Hk emrf½kyf

(r*¾ifig;yg;) (r*¾ifig;yg;) (r*¾ifig;yg;) (r*¾ifig;yg;) (r*¾ifig;yg;) ('ku©opöm) ('ku©opöm) ('ku©opöm) ('ku©opöm) ('ku©opöm)

- r*fÓPf - r*fÓPf - r*fÓPf - r*fÓPf - r*fÓPf - edAÁmef - edAÁmef - edAÁmef - edAÁmef - edAÁmef

(r*¾opöm) (r*¾opöm) (r*¾opöm) (r*¾opöm) (r*¾opöm) (eda&m"opöm) (eda&m"opöm) (eda&m"opöm) (eda&m"opöm) (eda&m"opöm)

w&m;ESvHk;oGif; yGm;rsm;aomtcg 0dyóemÓPfonf raem'Gg&rSm jzpf\/ xdktcg rae'Gg& wGifwpfcsdefü ESpfpdwfNydKif rjzpfEdkifaomaMumifh t0dZÆm?wPSm? Oyg'gef (ork',opöm)jzpfcGifh r&awmhacs/r*¾ifw&m;yGm;rsm;aomaMumifh "r®m½HkrSm yk*¾dKvf?owå0g (ynwf) tjrifrsm; csKyfaysmufNyD; y&rwf(½kyfemrf) ay:\/ xdk½kyfemrf tay: tedpö?'ku©? tewå vu©Pm0ifNyD; 'ku©opömjzpfaom½kyfemrfqif;&JtrSefudk eda&m"opömqdkufatmifESvHk;oGif;yGm;rsm;&jcif; jzpfavonf/

18

3/ y#dpöorkyÜg'f ESifh tajccHÓPfESpfyg;( 16- 8-2012)( 16- 8-2012)( 16- 8-2012)( 16- 8-2012)( 16- 8-2012)

0dyóemtvkyfwGi f y#dp öorky Ü g' fuk dodxm;vQif ykdí aumif;ygonf/ y#dpöorkyÜg'fonfb0oHo&m taMumif;tusK d ;yif jzpfonf/orkwde,frS y&rwfe,fokdY ul;&mwGifvnf; aumif;?opöme,fok d Y 0if&mwGifvnf;aumif; tvGefta&;BuD;aom a'oemawmfyifjzpfygonf/

y#dpöorkyÜg'fukd odjrifvQif oHo&mvnfykHukdvnf;aumif;? oHo&mjywfyk Huk dvnf;aumif;ynmjzihf odjrifEkdifygrnf/ xkdYjyif 0dyóemukdvufawGUESvkH;oGif;&mü jrif? Mum;? eH? pm;? xd?awG;wk d Y jzih f ½kyfemrf? taMumif;tusK d;wk d Yuk dodrf;qnf;jcif;tm;jzihf emrf½kyfukd ykdif;jcm;odaomÓPf (emr½ly y&dapä'ÓPf)ESifh taMumif;w&m;wkdYukd odrf;qnf;aomÓPf (ypö,y&d*¾[ÓPf)wkdYukd odjrif&ayrnf/

19

]]y#dpöorkyÜg'f}} ]]y#dpöorkyÜg'f}} ]]y#dpöorkyÜg'f}} ]]y#dpöorkyÜg'f}} ]]y#dpöorkyÜg'f}} t0dZÆmypö,m ocFg&mt0dZÆmypö,m ocFg&mt0dZÆmypö,m ocFg&mt0dZÆmypö,m ocFg&mt0dZÆmypö,m ocFg&m - rodrIjzihf tm;xkwf

aomaMumihfukokdvfuH? tukokdvfuH jzpf\/

ocFg&mypö,m 0dnmPH ocFg&mypö,m 0dnmPH ocFg&mypö,m 0dnmPH ocFg&mypö,m 0dnmPH ocFg&mypö,m 0dnmPH - ukokdvf? tukodkvf

uHaMumihf odrI 0dnmPf jzpf\/

0dnmPypö,m emr½lyH 0dnmPypö,m emr½lyH 0dnmPypö,m emr½lyH 0dnmPypö,m emr½lyH 0dnmPypö,m emr½lyH-0dnmPfaMumihf emrf½kyf

(a0'em? onm? ocFg&ESifh 0w¬K½kyf) jzpf\/

emr½lyypöemr½lyypöemr½lyypöemr½lyypöemr½lyypö,m,m,m,m,m oVm,weH oVm,weH oVm,weH oVm,weH oVm,weH - emrf½kyfaMumihf

tm,we (rsufpd?em;? ESm? vQm? ukd,f? raem) jzpf\/

oVm,weypö,m zaóm oVm,weypö,m zaóm oVm,weypö,m zaóm oVm,weypö,m zaóm oVm,weypö,m zaóm - tm,weaMumihf

awGUxdrI zójzpf\/

zóypö,m a0'em zóypö,m a0'em zóypö,m a0'em zóypö,m a0'em zóypö,m a0'em - zóaMumihf cHpm;rI

a0'em jzpf\/

a0'emypö,m wPSm a0'emypö,m wPSm a0'emypö,m wPSm a0'emypö,m wPSm a0'emypö,m wPSm - a0'emaMumihfwG,f

wmrI wPSmjzpf\/

wPSm ypö,m Oyg'geH wPSm ypö,m Oyg'geH wPSm ypö,m Oyg'geH wPSm ypö,m Oyg'geH wPSm ypö,m Oyg'geH - wPSmaMumifh

pGJvrf;rI Oyg'gefjzpf\/

Oyg'geypö,m ba0g Oyg'geypö,m ba0g Oyg'geypö,m ba0g Oyg'geypö,m ba0g Oyg'geypö,m ba0g - Oyg'gefaMumihf

(ukokdvf? tukokdvfuH) ur®b0 jzpf\/

20

b0ypö,m Zmwdb0ypö,m Zmwdb0ypö,m Zmwdb0ypö,m Zmwdb0ypö,m Zmwd - uHaMumih f aemufb0?aemufcEm jzpf\/ Zmwdypö,m Z&m r&P Zmwdypö,m Z&m r&P Zmwdypö,m Z&m r&P Zmwdypö,m Z&m r&P Zmwdypö,m Z&m r&P - ZmwdaMumihf Z&m(tkdjcif;)? r&P (aojcif;)jzpf\/

t0dZÆmypö,m ocFg&monf twdwfjzpfonf/ twdwfu opömav;yg;trSefukd rodrIt0dZÆmtaMumif;cHaMumihf um,? 0pD? raem(apwem)wkdYjzihf tm;xkwfrI (ocFg&) jyKum tjzLtrJa&monfh ukodkvfuH? tukokdvfuHrsm; jzpfcJhMu&onf/

xkdtwdwfuH\ tpGrf;aMumihf ,ckypöKyÜef wGify#doaEtcgü y#doaE0dnmPf (okdY) y0wåd tcgürsufp dE Si f htqif ;w k du fr Ia Mumi h f jri fp dw f(pu©K0dnmPf)onf jzpfay:\/ xkd0dnmPfwkdY\eD;aom taMumif;onf rdbESpfyg; aygif;qkHrI (okdY)rsufpdESif htqif;wkdufrIaMumih f jzpfaomfvnf;a0;aomtaMumif; (uH)onf t"du ykdusygonf/xkdYaMumihf ocFg&mypö,m 0dnmPH[k bk&m;&Sif

21

a[mMum;awmfrljcif;jzpfonf/0dnmPypö,m emr½lyHqk dojzih f pu©K

0dnmPfaMumifh a0'em? onm? ocFg& (emrfw&m;)rsm;ESifh pu©K0w¬K (½kyfw&m;)wkdYjzpfMu\/ emr½lyypö,m oVm,weH[lonfrSmvnf; xkdjrifonfhemrf½kyf jzpfay:aomaMumifh xkdemrf½kyf\ wnf&mae&mjzpfaom pu©m,we (rsufpd) jzpfay:\/

oVm,we ypö,m zaóm\ t"dyÜg,frSmemrf½kyfwnf&m rsufpd? em;? ESm? vQm? ukd,f?raem[laom oVm,weaMumih f tm½k HE Si f hawGUxdjcif; (zó)jzpf\/ zóaMumihf cHpm;rIa0'emjzpfay:\/ a0'emjzpfvQif wG,fwmrIwPSmjzpf\/ wPSmaMumihf pGJvrf;rI Oyg'gefjzpfonf/ Oyg'gefaMumif h ur®b0 (ukodkvftukodkvfuH)rsm; jzpfay:vmonf/ xkd ]]uH}}wkdYaMumihf? Zmwd? Z&mr&P qkdaom tem*wfb0cE¨mrsm;tjzpf arG;jcif;? tkdjcif;? aojcif; ponfwkdYonf qufvufjzpfay:aeMu&avonf/

22

y#dpöorkyÜg'fwGif twdwf? ypöKyÜef? tem*wf [lí(3)ykdif;cGJxm;\/ twdwf ]]uH}}aMumifh ypöKyÜefwGifjrifrI? Mum;rI? eHrI? pm;rI? xdrI? awG;rI wkd Yü½kyfemrfESpfyg;? cE¨mig;yg;wkdY jzpfay:ae&onf/ypöKyÜefjzpfaom (0dnmPf? emrf½kyf? oVm,we? zó?a0'em)onf okwåefenf;jzihf a[mMum;aom(cE¨mig;yg;)jzpfonf/ jrif&mwGif jzpfay:aom½kyfemrftay:rSm wG,fwmrI (wPSm)? pGJvrf;rI(Oyg'gef)wkdYjzpfvQif ukokdvf? tukokdvf (uH)rsm;jzpfay:&onf/ ,if;uHonf tem*wfb0 (Zmwd?Z&mr&P)wkdYukd jzpfay:\/

xkdYaMumifh 0dyóem\ tajccHoabmw&m;jzpfaom jrif&mwGif ESpfoufrI wPSm? pGJvrf;rIOyg'gefr&SdvQif (uH) rjzpfacs/ uHtaMumif;w&m;r&dSygu tem*wf Zmwd? Z&mr&P csKyfNidrf;\/xkdtcg y#dpöorkyÜg'f rvnfawmhbJ &yf\/

xkdYjyif jrif&m? Mum;&m? eH&m? pm;&m? xd&m?awG;&mwkd Y rSmvnf; taMumif; wkdufqkdifí

23

jzpfay:vmaom ½kyfemrfESpfyg;? cEmig;yg;wkdYtay:wGif wPSm? Oyg'gefjzihf rpGJvrf;ygu avmb? a'go?arm[ qkdaom udavomw&m;qkd;rsm; csKyfNidrf;umy#dpöorkyÜg'f &yfNyD; oHo&m jywfavawmhonf/

]]y#dpöorkyÜg'fESif htaMumif;tusK d;}}]]y#dpöorkyÜg'fESif htaMumif;tusK d;}}]]y#dpöorkyÜg'fESif htaMumif;tusK d;}}]]y#dpöorkyÜg'fESif htaMumif;tusK d;}}]]y#dpöorkyÜg'fESif htaMumif;tusK d;}}

(t0dZÆm? ocFg&) (t0dZÆm? ocFg&) (t0dZÆm? ocFg&) (t0dZÆm? ocFg&) (t0dZÆm? ocFg&) - twdwf taMumif;taMumif;taMumif;taMumif;taMumif; (uH) (uH) (uH) (uH) (uH) (ork',opöm)

(0dnmPf? emrf½kyf (0dnmPf? emrf½kyf (0dnmPf? emrf½kyf (0dnmPf? emrf½kyf (0dnmPf? emrf½kyf - ypöKyÜef tusKd;tusKd;tusKd;tusKd;tusKd; oVm,we? zó (emrf½kyf) oVm,we? zó (emrf½kyf) oVm,we? zó (emrf½kyf) oVm,we? zó (emrf½kyf) oVm,we? zó (emrf½kyf) ('ku©opöm) a0'em) a0'em) a0'em) a0'em) a0'em)

(wPSm?Oyg'gef?uH) (wPSm?Oyg'gef?uH) (wPSm?Oyg'gef?uH) (wPSm?Oyg'gef?uH) (wPSm?Oyg'gef?uH)- ypöKyÜef taMumif;taMumif;taMumif;taMumif;taMumif; (uH) (uH) (uH) (uH) (uH) (ork',opöm)

(Zmwd?Z&mr&P) (Zmwd?Z&mr&P) (Zmwd?Z&mr&P) (Zmwd?Z&mr&P) (Zmwd?Z&mr&P) - tem*wf tusKd;tusKd;tusKd;tusKd;tusKd; (emrf½kyf) (emrf½kyf) (emrf½kyf) (emrf½kyf) (emrf½kyf) ('ku©opöm)

y#dpöorkyÜg'fukd taMumif;tusKd;tm;jzihfykdif;jcm;vQift0dZÆm?ocFg&onf twdwf(taMumif;)jzpfí 0dnmPf? emrf½kyf? oVm,we? zó?

24

a0'emonf ypöKyÜef(tusKd;) jzpfonf/wpfzef wPSm? Oyg'gef? ur®b0onf

ypöKyÜef(taMumif;) jzpfjyefí Zmwd? Z&mr&Ponftem*wf (tusKd;) jzpfjyefonf/ þokdY taMumif;wpfvSnfh? tusKd;wpfvSnfh jzpfay:aejcif;jzihftaMumif;tusKd; (b0)oHo&monf rqkH;Ek difawmhacs/

taMumif;w&m;onf ork',opöm xkdufítusKd;w&m;onf 'ku©opöm xkdufonf/ ,cktcgjrifvkduf? Mum;vkdufonfESifh ypöKyÜef tusKd;w&m;(cE ¨mig ;yg ; ) jzp favonf/ ,i f ;onf'ku©opömxk duf\/ xk d YaMumih f jrifaomtcgjzpfay:aom cE¨mig;yg;ukd yk*¾dKvfowå0gtjzpftodrSm;rI (t0dZÆm)aMumihf ESpfoufrI (wPSm)?pGJvrf;rI (Oyg'gef) jzpfay:\/ pGJvrf;rI Oyg'gefaMumihfum,? 0pD? raemjzihf tm;xkwfrI (ocFg&) jyKaomtcg ukokdvf? tukokdvf(uH) rsm;jzpfavonf/xkdtcg aemufb0 aemufcE¨mukdjzpfapaomtaMumif;w&m; ork',opömxkdufawmhonf/

25

xkdYaMumihf (b0) qkdonfrSm jrif? Mum;? eH?pm;? xd? awG;wkdYwGif y#dpöorkyÜg'f tusKd;w&m;(cE¨ig;yg;) ESifh taMumif;w&m; (wPSm? Oyg'gef?uH)wk d Y jzpfay:aeovkd opömtaejzih fvnf;('ku©opömESifh ork',opöm)wkdY jzpfay:aejcif; rQomjzpfonf/ þokdY y#dpöorkyÜg'fukd em;vnf odjrifygu0dyóem\ tajccHoabmw&m; jzpfaomtaMumif;tusKd;ukd tewåÓPfjzihf cGJjcm;odjrifNyD;'ku©opömu od&rnfh (tusKd;w&m;)? ork',opömuy,f&rnf h (taMumif;w&m;) [lí yk di f; jcm;odjrifEkdifayrnf/

xkdtcg ork',opömukd r*¾opömjzihfy,fíork',csKyfaomaMumihf 'ku©Nidrf;jcif;onf eda&m"opöm qkdufjcif;jzpfygonf/ þokdY y#dpöorkyÜg'fukd

odjrifjcif;jzihf orkwde,f yk*¾dKvfowå0gtjrifrSy&rwfe,f½kyfemrf taMumif;tusKd; a&mufumopöm(4)yg;qkdufonftxd ESvkH;oGif;tm;xkwfEkdifayrnf/

26

4/ twå ESifh tewå 4/ twå ESifh tewå 4/ twå ESifh tewå 4/ twå ESifh tewå 4/ twå ESifh tewå

(23-8-2012)(23-8-2012)(23-8-2012)(23-8-2012)(23-8-2012)taMumif;tusdK; qufEG,frIwGif tusdK;

w&m;tay:wGif yk*¾dKvftvdktwdkif; tpdk;&onf?rdrdtvdktwdkif;jzpfonf[k xifjrif,lqvQif twåt,l jzpfonf/ yk*¾dKvftvdkrygyJ tusdK;w&m;onftaMumif;tm;avsmfpGm jzpfonf[k,lvQif tewåt,ljzpfonf/ ,if;udk vufawGU oHk;oyfvdkvQifvufc ky fwD ; Munf hyg/ vufc ky fwD ; jci f ;onftaMumif;jzpfí vufckyfoHjrnfjcif;onf tusdK;jzpfavonf/

xdktcg vufckyfwD;jcif; taMumif;&SdaeygvQuf vufckyfoHrrnfygESifh[k tusdK;w&m;tay:wGif yk*¾dKvftvdktwdkif; trdefYay;í tpdk;r&EkdifouJhokdY vufckyfrwD;bJ vufckyfoHrnfatmifvnf;vkyfír&yg/ xkdYaMumihf rdrdtvkdjzifh tusKd;w&m;tay:wGif tpkd;r&bJ tusKd;w&m;onfyk*¾ d KvftvkdrygbJ taMumif;tm;avsmfpGmyifjzpfay:&avonf/ þokdY vufawGUususodjrif

27

ygu obm0wGif twåoabmr&S dyJ tewåoabmom&Sdonfudk udk,fwdkifqHk;jzwf csufcsEdkifayrnf/

]]rdrdonf taMumif;w&m;udkom]]rdrdonf taMumif;w&m;udkom]]rdrdonf taMumif;w&m;udkom]]rdrdonf taMumif;w&m;udkom]]rdrdonf taMumif;w&m;udkomtm;xkwf&\/}}tm;xkwf&\/}}tm;xkwf&\/}}tm;xkwf&\/}}tm;xkwf&\/}}

tcef;wpfckwGifarSmifaeygu xdktarSmifudkz,fcsifvQif arSmifud kwd kuf½d kufz,fír&ay/tvif;qdkaom taMumif;w&m;udkom tm;xkwf&jcif; jzpfygonf/ tvif;jzpfay:onfESifh tarSmifcsKyfaysmuf&jcif;onf olUoabmolaqmifumjzpfay:vmavonf/ rdrdonf tarSmifz,fjcif;qdkaom tusdK;w&m;ESifh roufqdkifyJ? tvif;jzpfay:&ef taMumif;w&m;udkom tm;xkwf&jcif;jzpfonf/

xdkaMumifh tusdK;w&m;onf rdrdtvdkESifhroufqdkifyJ taMumif;w&m;wdkY nDñGwfjynfhpHkvmaomtcg olYoabmolaqmifNyD; topftopftaeESifh jzpfay:vmjcif;jzpfavonf/

28

]]orkwdtaMumif;tusdK;}}]]orkwdtaMumif;tusdK;}}]]orkwdtaMumif;tusdK;}}]]orkwdtaMumif;tusdK;}}]]orkwdtaMumif;tusdK;}}orkwde,fwGif taMumif;tusdK;udk vlwdkif;

em;vnfMuygonf/ taMumif;aumif;rS tusdK;aumif;onf? taMumif;qd k ;í tusd K ;qd k Ny D ;taMumif;w&m;onf tusd K;w&m;tay:ud kwdkuf½kdufqufEG,faerI (Connection) oabmrsdK;jzpfaeonf/ Oyrmtm;jzifh taMumif;w&m; onftus d K ;w&m;ud k ar G ;z Gm ;vd ku fonf hoabmrsdK;jzpfonf/ y&rwfe,fwGif taMumif;w&m;onftusdK;w&m;tay:wGif wdkuf½dkufqufEG,fjcif;oabmrsdK;r&Sdyg/ taMumif;w&m;onf tusdK;w&m;udk tajctaeay;rI (Condition) taejzifhom aus;Zl;jyKay;jcif;rsdK;jzpfonf/ tusdK;w&m;onf taMumif;w&m;wdk Y jynfhpH knDñGwfonfESif h wpfNydKifeuf olYoabmolaqmifumobm0 w&m;(topf) wpfcktaejzifh (r&Sd&mrS)topf jzpfay:vmjcif;rsKd;jzpfonf/ Oyrm a&ukdrD;tylay;ygu rD;ylaomaMumihf a&yl\[k tylul;ajymi f ;ouJ hok d Y wk duf½ k duf aMumif;us K d ;

29

qufEG,frI(Connection) oabmrsK d;,lvQiforkwde,frS tylul;ajymif;aerItjrifjzpf\/r D ;y lonf a&ylr Iuk d ar G ;xky fvk dufouJ hok d Ywkduf½kduful;ajymif; qufEG,f aejcif;rsKd;jzpfonf/

]]y&rwf taMumif;tusKd;}}]]y&rwf taMumif;tusKd;}}]]y&rwf taMumif;tusKd;}}]]y&rwf taMumif;tusKd;}}]]y&rwf taMumif;tusKd;}}y&rwfe,fwGif rD;wGif&Sdaom tylawaZm

"mwfonf jzpfonfhae&mrSmyif csKyfaysmuf\/tyl"mwfonf ul;ajymif;jcif; ae&majymif;a&TUjcif;vkH;0r&Sdyg/ a&yljcif;onf a&wGif&Sdaom at;onfhawaZm"mwfrsm; csKyfaysmufNyD; ylonfhawaZm"mwfrsm; olUoabmolaqmifum topftopfjzpfay:aejcif;aMumifhjzpfonf/ okdYaomf rD;qkdaomtaMumif;w&m;\ aus;Zl;jyKrIESifhawmh ruif;Ek difacs/ rD;onf a&ylrItay:wGif wkduf½k dufqufET,frI(Connection)oabmrsKd; (ul;ajymif;jcif;)r[kwfbJ tajctaeay;rI (Condition)

taejzihfom (aus;Zl;jyKjcif;) oabmrsKd; jzpfonf/xkdYaMumihf a&yljcif;udpöwGif rD;onf tyl"mwftaMumif;w&m;wkdYjzihf vkHavmufaom aus;Zl;

30

jyKjcif; oabmom jzpfonf/ a&yljcif; tusKd;w&m;(ylonfh awaZm"mwf)onf oloabm olaqmifum r&Sd&mrS topftopf jzpfay:aeaom obm0w&m;rsKd;om jzpfygonf/

aemufOyrmwpfckrSm avwkdufíopf&GufvIyfjcif;jzpfonf/ orkwde,fwGif avwkduf jcif;onftaMumif;w&m;jzpfí opf&GufvIyfjcif; onftusKd;w&m;jzpfonf/ ,if;wGif avwkdufjcif;taMumif;w&m;onf opf&GufvIyfjcif; tusKd;w&m;tay:wGif wkduf½k dufqufEG,faeonf/y&rwfe,fwGif avwGifyg0ifaom 0ga,m"mwfonf avrSmyif csKyfaysmuf\/ okdYaomf opf&GufvIyfjcif;onf opf&GufwGifyg0ifaom rlvwnfNidrf0ga,mcsKyfaysmufí vIyf&Sm;0ga,m topfjzpfay:vmaomaMumih f olUoabmolaqmifumvIyf&Sm;jcif; jzpfygonf/ xkdYokdY vIyf&Sm;0ga,mtopfjzpfay:vmjcif;onf avwkdufjcif;qkdaomtaMumif;w&m; \ aus;Zl;jyKrIESifh uif;í rjzpfay:Ekdifacs/ xkdYaMumihf taMumif;w&m;onf tusKd;

31

w&m;tay:wGif wkduf½kdufqufEG,frI (Connec-

tion) oabmrsKd; ul;ajymif;jcif;r&Sd aomfvnf;tajctaeay;rI (Condition) oabmrsKd;jzihfomaus;Zl;jyKNyD; tusKd;w&m;onf olUoabmolaqmifum topf topf taeESifh jzpfay:vmjcif;jzpfonf/

xkdYtwl za,mif;wkdif rD;ul;rIwGifvnf;yxrza,mif;wkdifrS rD;onf 'kwd,za,mif; wkdifrSrD;pmuk d wk d Yxdjcif;[laom tajctaeay;rI( Condition ) taejzihfom aus;Zl;jyKjcif;jzpfonf/ 'kwd,za,mif;wkdifü rD;awmufrIonf'kwd, za,mif;wkdif&Sd awaZm"mwfu olUoabmol aqmifum rD;awmuftopf jzpfay:vmjcif;omjzpfonf/ rD;ul;ajymif;jcif; vkH;0r&Sdyg/ xkdokdY odjrif

jcif; jzih f rdrdcE¨mwGifvnf; cE¨y#dpöorkyÜg'ftaMumif;tusKd;ukd tewåÓPftjrifjzihf em;vnfodjrifatmif ESvkH;oGif;tm;xkwf&ayrnf/

32

]]opömtaMumif;tusKd;}} ]]opömtaMumif;tusKd;}} ]]opömtaMumif;tusKd;}} ]]opömtaMumif;tusKd;}} ]]opömtaMumif;tusKd;}}'ku©ukd orkwde,frS olod igod &yfuGufod

taejzihf qif;&Jjcif;ukd 'ku©[k em;vnfMuygonf/Oyrm wJjzihfae&jcif;onf 'ku©? acgif;ukdufjcif; onf'ku©? Ak dufemjcif;onf 'ku©? aumif;aumif;rpm;&jcif;onf 'ku©ponfjzihf odMuygonf/bk&m;&Sif qkdvkdaom'ku©rSm xkduJhokd Yr[kwfyg/ork',&Sdygu 'ku©&Sdygonf/ ork',r&Sdygu'ku©r&Sdyg/ 'ku©ukd ork',&Sd r&Sdtay:wGif rlwnfí"r®pMumw&m;awmfwGif a[mMum; awmfrlcJhygonf/Oyrm wk duf jzi h fae&jci f ;onf csr f ;om\?wJ jzi f hae&jci f ;onf qi f ;& J\/ or kwde,ftaejzihfvnf; rSefygonf/ orkwdopömvnf;xkdufygonf/ okd Yaomf opöme,frS MunfhvQifwkdufjzihfae&aomfvnf; wkduftay:rSm ork',&S dygu 'ku©&S dygonf/ wJjzih fae&aomfvnf;wJtay:wGif ork',r&Sdygu 'ku©r&Sdyg/

xkd Y jyif opfaphonf tyifpayguf&mrSwjznf;jznf; BuD;xGm;vmygonf/ tkdrif;&ifha&mf

33

vmrnf? aemufqkH;rSm aojcif;jzihf tqkH;owf&ygrnf/ xkd jzpfpOfonf obm0w&m;wpfck(natural process) om jzpfygonf/ xkdYtwlrdrdwkdYonf arG;zGm;vmNyD; tkdvmMuonf? emvmMuonf? aemufqkH;aoMu&ygonf/ ,if;onfvnf; obm0w&m;wpfc komjzp fygonf/bmjyóemrSr&Sdyg/ okdYaomf xkdtkdemao tay:wGifigtkd NyD? igemNyD? igaoawmhrSmyJ[lí igjzih fork',&SdoGm;aomaMumifh rdrdwkdYwGif pdwfqif;&Jjcif;'ku©jzpfMu&ygonf/

bk&m;&Sifwkd YwGif tkdemao&Sdaomfvnf;ork',r&SdaomaMumifh ukd,fomemí pdwfemjcif;'ku©r&Sdjcif; jzpfygonf/ rdrdwkdYrSm ukd,femygupdwfygemavonf/ xkdokd Y ukd,femí pdwfem&onfrSm rdrdukd,fay:rSm ork',&SdaomaMumifhjzpfygonf/ ork',ukd y,fEkdifygu 'ku©csKyfumukd,fomemí pdwfrem jcif;jzpfavonf/

34

]]tewå (5)ckESif htwå (1)ck jrifatmif½I}}]]tewå (5)ckESif htwå (1)ck jrifatmif½I}}]]tewå (5)ckESif htwå (1)ck jrifatmif½I}}]]tewå (5)ckESif htwå (1)ck jrifatmif½I}}]]tewå (5)ckESif htwå (1)ck jrifatmif½I}}rsufpd? em;? ESm? vQm? ukd,fwkdYwGif taMumif;

tm;avsmfpGm jzpfay:aeMuaom emrf&kyfwdkYonftusKd;w&m;rsm;om jzpfMuygonf/ tykdryg?e*kdt&Sdtwkdif;om odMuygonf/ Oyrm rsufpdonftqif;ESifhwkdufygu rsufpdrS jrifpdwfonf e*kdobm0jzpfaom t&Sdukd t&Sdtwkdif;om jrifyg onf/okdYaomf raemonf e*kdtwkdif;omru tykduGefYvkdufygonf/ aumif;w,f raumif;bl;? vSw,frvSbl;? BudKufw,f rBudKufbl; ponfjzihf rdrdtvkdavmbtwkdif; tykdawGygawmhonf/ xkdYaMumifhrsufpdonf taMumif;tm;avsmfpGmom jrifaomtusKd;w&m;omjzpfí tewåjzpfonf/ raemonfrdrd\tvkdtwk di f;om jzpfcsifaom aMumih ftwåjzpfavonf/

xkdYtwl em;? ESmacgif;? vQm? ukd,fwkdYonftaMumif ;tm;avsm fp Gm od MuaomaMumih ftewåomjzpfMuygonf/ xkdYaMumifh rdrdcEm ukd,fwGifr sufp d ? em; ? E Sm ? vQm? uk d,fü tewå(5)

35

ck&Sdí raemwGif twå(1)ck&Sdavonf/ tewå(5)ckonf twå(1)ckuk d tEk di f&oif haomfvnf;rEkdif&jcif;rSm raemrStwåonf i,fEkdifjzpfaeaomaMumihf jzpfygonf/

xkdYaMumihf 0dyóem½Ijcif;onf raemukdrsufpd? em;? ESm? vQm? ukd,frSm odjrifonfhtwkdif;jrifvQifjrifumrQ rsufpdjrifonfhtwkdif; raemrSodatmif? tykdrygbJ e*kdtwkdif;odatmif t&Sdukdt&S dtwk di f ;od jri fatmif ,xmblwusustm;xkwf&jcif; jzpfygonf/

]]vlowå0g (okd Y) cE¨m}}]]vlowå0g (okd Y) cE¨m}}]]vlowå0g (okd Y) cE¨m}}]]vlowå0g (okd Y) cE¨m}}]]vlowå0g (okd Y) cE¨m}}

rsufpd + tqif; jrifpdwf rsufpd + tqif; jrifpdwf rsufpd + tqif; jrifpdwf rsufpd + tqif; jrifpdwf rsufpd + tqif; jrifpdwf

zó zó zó zó zó

a0'em onm ocFg& a0'em onm ocFg& a0'em onm ocFg& a0'em onm ocFg& a0'em onm ocFg&rsufpdESifhtqif;wkdufvQif jrifpdwf ay:

ygonf/ jrifpdwf (pu©K 0dnmPf) onf tm½kHukd,lay;onfh oabmjzpfonf/ 0dnmPf,lay;aom

36

tm½kHukd zóonf &o"mwfwkdY xGufay:atmifBudwfacsay;&onf/ zóBudwfacs aomaMumihfxGufay:vmaom taumif;tqkd; &o"mwfwkdYukda0'emu c Hpm; jci f ; jzp fonf/ onmurSwfom;onf/ oc F g&u um,uH 0p Du HraemuHwkdYjzihf wkefYjyefjcif;jzpfonf/

,if;jzpfpOfukd omrmeftjrifjzihf Munfh yguvl[kac:qkdavonf/ bk&m;&Sifonf ,if;wkdYukd½IaxmihfopfrS odjrifNyD; cE¨m(5)yg;[k ac:qkdjcif;jzpfonf/ acgif;ukd,fajcvufonf rodwwfaom(½kyf)w&m;jzpfí jrifpdwf (0dnmPf)? a0'em? onm?ocFg&wkdYonf emrfw&m; (4)yg; jzpfonf/ xkd½kyf(1)yg;ESifh emrfw&m; (4)yg; aygif;um cE¨m (5)yg;jzpfay:jcif;jzpfonf/

xkdYaMumihf bk&m;&Sifonf owå0gukd tay:,Hy H ko@meftjri fr S aemufuG,f& S d yi fuk d, ft&Sdw&m;jzpfaom tjrifopf½IaxmifhrS cEm(5) yg;ukdodjrifoGm;jcif;jzpfonf/

37

rdrdbufrSMunfhygu vufzrkd;[k qkdaomfvnf; olwpfyg;bufrS Munf hygu vufz0g;jzpfonf/ xkdYtwl '*Fg;jym;ukd wpfbuftjrifwGifacgif;jzpfygu usefwpfbufonf yef;jzpfayrnf/xkdYaMumihf t&m&mukd ½IaxmihfESpfrsKd; tjrifESpf rsKd;jzihfMunf hE k di fy gonf/ r dr dw k d Y\ wpfzufowftjrifjzi h fowå0gom&S dw,f[k wpfbufowfpGJ,lxm;aomaMumifh cEmtjrifukd vufrcHEkdifjcif;jzpfygonf/ Oyrm,m;íukwfjcif;udpöwGif ukd,fESifhtxdwkdufrIaMumihf um,0dnmPf jzpfay:onf/

]],m;rIESif ha0'em}}]],m;rIESif ha0'em}}]],m;rIESif ha0'em}}]],m;rIESif ha0'em}}]],m;rIESif ha0'em}}um,0dnmPfonf txdtawGUtm½kHukd

&,l ay;onf/ 0dnmPfu&,lay;aom tm½kHukdzóonf Budwfacsay;aomaMumihf ,m;onfh&o"mwfrsm; xGufvmonf/ xkd&o"mwfukda0'emu cHpm;aomaMumihf 'ku©a0'em jzpfay:vmonf/ xk dtcg onmonf ,m;r I' ku ©a0'emjzpfay:ygu vufjzih f ukwf&rnf[k

38

rSwfom;xm;aomaMumifh ocFg&jzihf tm;xkwfjcif;jzpfavonf/ ,if;uk dyif owå0gtjrift&]ig,m;vkdYukwfwm}[k odjcif;jzpfonf/ cE¨mtjrift& ½kyf? a0'em? onm? ocFg&? 0dnmPfwkdYjzpfay:jcif;yif jzpfonf/ 0dnmPfpaom emrfw&m;rsm;rjzpfay:ygu ½kyfonf opfwkH;yrmomjzpfavonf/ ,if;ukd owå0g[k ac:ír&ay/

aemufOyrmwpfckrSm jrifjrifjcif; cspfonf [kajymMuygonf/ rsufpdESifhtqif; wkdufrIaMumifhjrifpdwfjzpfay:ygonf/ jrifrIonf rsufpdrSmjzpfay:í zóaMumihf raemwGif tm½kHESifh xd ckdufNyD;vSonf ha,muf sm;r de f ;rtaejzih f h r Swfom;onfhonmay:um a0'emucHpm;NyD; ocFg&jzihftm;xkwfMujcif;jzpfygonf/ ,if;cE¨mig;yg; t&Sdw&m;jzpfay:onfukdyif tay:,H toGifo@meftm;jzihf igolwpfyg; t,lrSm;NyD; jrifjrifjcif;cspfonf[k qkdMuygonf/ xkdtcg ighOpömtaejzihfyk difqkdifEk difatmif um,uH? 0pDuH? raemuHocFg&wkdYu tm;xkwfMujcif;jzpfavonf/

39

]]heart xdw,f}}xdw,f}}xdw,f}}xdw,f}}xdw,f}},ckacwfpum;jzihf ajymrnfqkdygu (heart)

xdw,fvkdY qkdMuygonf/ (heart) ukd raem[kaumufygu jri fp dwfonf rsufp dr Sm jzp fízóaMumihf raemrSmxdckdufNyD; a0'em? onm?ocFg&wkdY jzpfay:jcif;jzpfavonf/ rsufpdwGif jrifvQifjri fonf htwk di f ;omxm;ygu (heart)

rxdawmhacs/ zórS jzwfxm;aomaMumihf a0'em?onm? ocFg& wkdY csKyfavonf/

xkdtcg jrif&if jrifw,frSwf? Mum;&ifMum;w,frSwfESifh jrifpdwfjzpfysuf raemur*f?Mum;pdwfjzpfysuf raemur*fjzpfum jrifvQifjrifumrwå? Mum;vQif Mum;umrwå? xdvQifxdumrwå? awG;vQif awG;umrwårQom jzpfavawmhonf/

40

5/ tusKd;cE¨m ESifh taMumif;w&m;(27-8-2012)(27-8-2012)(27-8-2012)(27-8-2012)(27-8-2012)

rsufpd + tqif;rsufpd + tqif;rsufpd + tqif;rsufpd + tqif;rsufpd + tqif; jrifpdwf tusKd;cE¨m jrifpdwf tusKd;cE¨m jrifpdwf tusKd;cE¨m jrifpdwf tusKd;cE¨m jrifpdwf tusKd;cE¨m

owd owd owd owd owd

zó (raem) zó (raem) zó (raem) zó (raem) zó (raem)

Oyg'gef Oyg'gef Oyg'gef Oyg'gef Oyg'gef

a0'em onm a0'em onm a0'em onm a0'em onm a0'em onm ocFg& taMumif;w&m; ocFg& taMumif;w&m; ocFg& taMumif;w&m; ocFg& taMumif;w&m; ocFg& taMumif;w&m;

rsufpdESifhtqif;wkdufrIaMumihf jrifpdwfjzpfay:jcif;onf tusKd;cEmjzpf\/ ,if;ukd 0dygu 0#f[kac:qkdavonf/ rsufpdujrifaom tm½kH onfraemESifh xdawGUrI (zó) jzpfaomtcg raemuodrI?a0'emucHpm;rI? onmurSwfom;rI? ocFg&utm;xkwfrIwkdYaMumihf taMumif;w&m; jzpfay:vmonf/ ,if;ukd ur®0#f[k ac:qkdavonf/xkdtusKd;cEmESifh taMumif;w&m;(ESpfrsKd;)tMum;wGif

41

udavo0#f jzp faom t0dZ Æm ? wPSm ?Oyg'gefonf cE¨tm;jzih f r&S dyg/ tEko,"mwfjzpfaomaMumihf tudef;"mwf? tcH"mwf?tikwf"mwftaejzihf om&Sdjcif; jzpfygonf/

tusKd;cE¨mwGif rsufpdu jrifpdwfonftqif; (colour)ukdomodjcif; (seeing)

jzpfaom(0dnmPfod)onf xif&Sm;ygonf/taMumif;cE¨mwGif raemuodpdwfonf toGifykHo@mef trnfemr (form, shape, name)

wkdYESifhwuGodjcif; (recognizing) jzpfaom(onmod)onf xif&Sm;ygonf/ avmuonftoGifykHo@mef trnfemrwkd Yjzihf ac:a0:qufqHtokH;jyK&ygonf/ jrifpdwfu jrifaomtqif; (color) oabmoufoufonf avmuwGif ajymqkdtokH;jyKí r&yg/ xkdYaMumifh jrifrIoabmoufoufonf avmu r[kwfawmhyg/avmurS xGuf&mvrf;&mvrf; jzpfygonf/

jrifaomtqif;udk toGif yHkoP²mef

42

trnfemr wdkYjzifhodrI (recognise) jzpfrSomavmuwGif ajymqkdvkyfukdif aqmif&GufEkdifygonf/xk dtcg jri fvQi f jri fw,fr Swf ? Mum;vQi fMum;w,frSwf? pm;vQif pm;w,frSwf? xdvQifxdw,frSwfwdkYwGif toGifyHkoP²mef trnfemrwdkYrSvGwfatmif owd? 0D&d,? orm"dtm;wdk Y jzif h½kef;Ek difygu avmurS pwif xGufajrmufEkdifaMumif;ud k y k di f ; jcm;od jrif jci f; (realise)

jzpfvmayrnf/]]'d|d}} (t,lrSm;jcif;)]]'d|d}} (t,lrSm;jcif;)]]'d|d}} (t,lrSm;jcif;)]]'d|d}} (t,lrSm;jcif;)]]'d|d}} (t,lrSm;jcif;)

rsufpdESifhtqif;wkdufí jrifpdwf jzpfay:NyD;tm½kHonf raemESifh awGUxdrI (zó)aMumifh raemua0'em? onm? ocFg&wdkYjzifh wkefYjyef Muygonf/,if;jzpfpOfonf owå0gr[kwf? tqif;(½kyf)ESifhr su fp d (½ ky f )wk d Y w k du fr ItaMumi f ; a Mumi f hjrifpdwf(0dÓPf)? a0'em? onm? ocFg& paom½kyfESifh emrftpktaygif; (cE¨m)wdkYom jzpfay:Mu\/ ,if;cE¨mwdk Yonf taMumif;wkduffqkdifck dufomjzpfay:Muí taMumif;uif;onfESif h

43

csKyfaysmufMu\[k owdjzifh ESvHk;oGif; rSefygu' d| dtjri fr Sm ;ud k y,fE k di fy gonf/ xk dtcg½kyfemrftpktaygif;udk ac:a0:ajymqkd&ef twGufowå0g[k trnfynwfxm;½kHrQudk t&Sd w&m;tjzpf('d| d) jzif h jyif;p GmpG Jvrf;aeaom Oyg'gefud kwpfaMumif;wnf;aom owdy|mef tusifhjzifhomy,fEkdifavonf/

onm0dyv’mo(trSwfrSm;)onm0dyv’mo(trSwfrSm;)onm0dyv’mo(trSwfrSm;)onm0dyv’mo(trSwfrSm;)onm0dyv’mo(trSwfrSm;)½lyonm? o'onm? *Eonm? &o onm?

azm|AÁmonm? "r®onmwdkYonf t&Sd w&m;y&rwfrsm;jzpfMuygonf/ vl? owå0g? a,mufsm;?r de f ;r? wk duf ? tdr f ? um;? a&T ? aiGwd k Yonfynwfonmrsm;jzpfMuygonf/ y&rwfonmonf tusdK;cE¨mrSmjzpfí ynwfonmonftaMumif; cE¨mrSm jzpfygonf/ y&rwfonmonft&Sdw&m;jzpfí ynwfonmonf r&Sdw&m; jzpfNyD;avmutwGuf ac:a0:ajymqkd toHk; jyK&eftwGufom jzpfonf/ ,if;udk ykdif;jcm; rodaomaMumifh ynwfonmudk t&Sdw&m;jyKum tckdif

44

trm tESpfom&,lí yk*¾dKvfowå0g j'yf 0w¬KjyKNyD; um,? 0pD? raemocFg&wkd Y jzif h tvGeftrif; tm;xkwfaejcif; jzpfavonf/ ,if;oabm w&m;onf avmuyifjzpfygonf/

y&rwfe,fwGif jrifvQif tqif;onm?Mum;vQif toHonm? eHvQif teHYonm? pm;vQif&oonm? xdvQi f txdonm? awG;vQi foabmonmwdkYom tusdK;cEmwGif t&Sdw&m; rsm;jzpf Muaomfvnf; ajymqk dqufqH&eftwGufyk*¾dKvfowå0g j'yf0w¬KwdkYrSm taMumif;cE¨mwGiftrnfemr ynwfonmrsm;om jzpfMuygonf/trSeft&Sdw&m;rsm; r[kwfyg/ avmuoHk;&eftwGufomjzpfí pGJ&ef r[kwfyg/

t&S dw&m;y&rwfonmonf jzp f Ny D ;ysufygonf/ ynwfonmonf r&Sdw&m;jzpfítrnfemrtm;jzifh tNrJ&Sdw&m;tjzpf txifrSm;Muygonf/ xdkYaMumifh ykxkZOfwkd Yonf y&rwfonmudk rjrifEkdifbJ ynwfonmwdkYjzifh avmu wGifoHk;½kHomr[kwfbJ pGJonftxd tckdiftrm ,lMu

45

avonf/ xkdtcg NrJw,f? aumif;w,f? udk,fhtvkdtwkdif;jzpfw,f[k edpö? okc? twåtjz pf trSwfrSm;txifrSm;Mujcif;jzpfavonf/ ]]jrifwmudkoHk;yg rpGJygESif h}} ]]jrifwmudkoHk;yg rpGJygESif h}} ]]jrifwmudkoHk;yg rpGJygESif h}} ]]jrifwmudkoHk;yg rpGJygESif h}} ]]jrifwmudkoHk;yg rpGJygESif h}}

y&rwfonmESi f h ynwfonmwd k Yu d kykdif;jcm;odygu y&rwfjzpfaom tqif;? toH? teHY?t&om? txd? tawG;("r®)onmwdkYonf taMumif;wk dufqk di f c k duf jzpfí taMumif;uif; yguysufygonf/ pGJp&m bmwpfckrQ rusef&pfyg/ynwfonmonf ac:a0:ajymqkd qufqH ½kHrQtrnfoabmoufoufjzpfí r&Sdw&m; jzpfygonf/r&Sdonfudk r&SdrSef;odygu pGJír&yg/ odkYaomf,if;ynwf r&Sdw&m;wkd Yudk t0dZÆm? wPSm?Oyg'gefqkdaom (tEko,)udavom tudef;"mwfa Mumi f h txifr Sm ; Ny D ; t& S dxi fumtxifBuD;jcif;? txifao;BuD; paom avmuoHk;t&Sdw&m;rsm; jzpfay:vmMuavonf/

avmua0g[m&oHk; ynwfonmwdkYonf

46

oHk;½kHomjzpfí pGJp&mt&Sdw&m;rsm; r[kwfMuyg/t&Sdw&m; y&rwfonmwdkYonfvnf; jzpfonfhae&mrSm ysufaeaomaMumifh pGJír&yg/ xkdodkYyk dif;jcm;rodygu oHk;vnf;oHk;\? pGJvnf;pGJ\/]oHk;omoHk; rpGJeJY} qkdaompum;onf tajymvG,foavmuf todcufaomaMumifh tpGJudk ry,fEkdifMujcif; jzpfygonf/

]]owdESif honm}}]]owdESif honm}}]]owdESif honm}}]]owdESif honm}}]]owdESif honm}}onmonf vdrfwwfaumufwwf ygonf/

jriforQ? Mum;orQwd k Yud k onmu rSwfom;xm;ygonf/ ,if;wd k YwGi f t0dZ Æm? wPSm?Oyg'gefqkdaom (tEko,)udavom tudef; "mwfyg0ifaeygonf/ xkdonmwdkYonf tpGJ Oyg'gefuyfonfhtwkdif; rSwfom;xm;jcif; jzpfonf/taMumif;wkdufqkdifí onmay:ygu vnf; xkdtpGJOyg'geftwkdif;om odjyefygonf/ ,if;avmuonmonf raemrSmay:jcif; jzpfygonf/

odkYaomf owdynmjzifh ,SOfíjzpfay:aomonmonf t&Sdudkt&Sdtwkdif; rSwfom;ygonf/

47

wpfze f jye fí owdynmjzi f h E SvH k ;oGi f ;yguvnf; trSeftwkdif; jyefay:ygonf/ owdynmr&Sdaomtcg Oyg'gefonmjzifh tvdrfrdrdae&jcif; jzpfonf/ xkdYaMumifh owdtNrJ&Sdatmifwnfaxmif aeMu&jcif; jzpfygonf/

48

6/ reodum& (ESvHk;oGif;rI)

( 30- 8-2012)( 30- 8-2012)( 30- 8-2012)( 30- 8-2012)( 30- 8-2012)reodum&onf tm½Hkodk Y ajzmifhajzmifh

rwfrwfoGm;apjcif; vu©Pm&Sdonf/ tm½HkudkESvHk;oGif;aomw&m;[k ÓPfrSm a&S;½Ixif&Sm; onf/ESvH k ;oGi f;&mü pdwfud k E SvH k ;[k ac:onf/pdwfESvHk;twGif;odkY tm½Hkwpfckck xifay:atmifoGif;ay;ouJhodkY jyKjcif;udk ESvHk;oGif;[kac:\/odkYaomf pdwfxJodkY tm½Hk0ifvmatmif qGJoGif;Edkifonf um;r[kwf? reodum&\ tpGrf;aMumifhpdwfonf tm½Hkwpfckudk tNrJ&vsuf&Sd&um; tm½HkudkpdwfESvHk;odkY aqmif,lay;aeouJhodkY jzpfaomaMumifhESvHk;oGif;onf[k wifpm;í ajymqdk&jcif; jzpfonf/

xdkYaMumifh jrifvdkuf? Mum;vdkufonfESifhta&miftqif;tm½Hk toHtm½Hkwdk Yudk yk*¾ d Kvfowå0gtodjzifh cH,laomaMumifh tm½HkwdkYonfyk*¾dKvf ? owå0gr[kwfaomfvnf; cH,lcsuf trSm;aMumifh yk*¾dKvf ? owå0gtjzpf ESvHk;oGif;rSm;jcif;(ta,medaomreodum&) jzpf&onf/ yk*¾dKvf

49

owå0gtodrygbJ emrf½kyftod jzpfygu ESvHk;oGif;trSef (a,medaomreodum&) jzpfavonf/xdkYaMumifh jrifrI Mum;rIwGif yk*¾dKvfowå0gtaejzifhOyg'gefuyf ruyftay:rlwnfí Oyg'gefuyf ygutpGJjzifh ESvHk;oGif;rSm;í Oyg'gef ruyfygu t&Sdudkt&Sdtwdkif; ½kyfemrf[k odjrifum ESvHk;oGif;rSefayrnf/

rdrdwd k Yr Sm jrifvd kufMum;vd kufonfESif howå0gtodjzifh ESvHk;oGif;rSm;rIonf jyif;pGm pGJaeNyDudkrodrjrifEdkifatmif (arm[) &Sdaeygonf/ xdkYaMumifh]owå0gr&S daomtodomvdk&if;jzpf onf} [kyckuúLq&mawmfbk&m;BuD; a[mMum; qH k;rxm;jcif;jzpfonf/ ESvHk;oGif;rSefygu rdrd\ um,uH0pDuH raemuHwdkYonf udavomrS pifMu,fvmNyD;ÓPf jzi f h, SO fum or®m0gpm? or®mur®E Å ?or®mtmZD0wdkY jzpfay:vmayrnf/

]]yH kpHcGufjzif hESvHk;oGif;jcif;}}]]yH kpHcGufjzif hESvHk;oGif;jcif;}}]]yH kpHcGufjzif hESvHk;oGif;jcif;}}]]yH kpHcGufjzif hESvHk;oGif;jcif;}}]]yH kpHcGufjzif hESvHk;oGif;jcif;}}tm½HkwdkYudk owå0gyHkpHcGufjzifh cH,lESvHk;

50

oGif;aeaomaMumif h tm½H kwd k Yonf owå0gr[kwfaomfvnf; owå0gjzpfae&jcif;jzpfonf/jrifvQifta&mif? Mum;vQiftoH? eHvQifteH Y ?pm;vQi ft&om? xdvQi ftawGU ? awG;vQi foabmw&m;wdkYom jzpfMuygonf/

tm½HkwdkYudk cH,lpOfrSmyif owå0gyHkpH cGufjzifhESvHk;oGif;rIaMumifh yHkpHcGuftwdkif; tm½Hk wdkYudkod jrifoGm;jcif; jzpfonf/ yH kp Hc Gufqd konfrSmvnf; rdrd\tpGJ (Oyg'gef)twdkif; ESvHk;oGif;jci f ; jzp fonf/ Oyrm-o&JaMumufolonftarSmifxJwGif csdK;csdK;cRwfcRwftoHMum;yguo&Jajcmuf onfhtaejzifhyif ,lqNyD; aMumufMuavonf/ rdrd\tpGJ½Iaxmif hrSom pG J,lESvH k;oGif;jcif; jzpfonf/ xdk Ytwl owå0gtpGJonfoHo&m wpfavQmufvH k ; p G JvmaomtpG Jjzpfí jrif? Mum;? eH? pm;? xd? awG;wdk YwGifpwifESvH k ;oGif;&müvnf; owå0gtodonfwpfNydKifeufyg0if oGm;av onf/ xkdokdY ESvkH;oGif;

51

rSm;rI (ta,medaomreodum&)aMumihf jrifvkduf?Mum;vkduf onfESifh owå0gtod jzpfay: aejcif;jzpfonf/ owå0gtodonf t0dZÆm? wPSm?Oyg'gef\ tpGrf;aMumihf pdwftpOfrSm tEko,udavom (tudef;"mwf? tcH"mwf? ykHpHcGuf)taejzih f tpOf vk dufygaejcif; jzpfonf/xkdowå0gtod tEko, udavomukd t&Sdukdt&Sdtwkdif; ESvkH;oGif; rSefaom 0dyóemynm?r*fynmjzihfom y,f&Sm; Ekdifavonf/ ]]pG Jvrf;rIy,fykH}} ]]pG Jvrf;rIy,fykH}} ]]pG Jvrf;rIy,fykH}} ]]pG Jvrf;rIy,fykH}} ]]pG Jvrf;rIy,fykH}}

pG Jvrf;rIy,fyk HrSm ypöKyÜefwnfhwnfh aevkdufyg/ (You Live fully in the present

action) pdwfonf wpfcsdefrSm ESpfpdwfNydKifrjzpfyg/Oyrm vrf;rSm jyóemjzpfaompdwfonf xkdae&mrSmyif csKyfaysmuf\/ tdrfjyefvmpOfvrf;rSm jrifpdwf?Mum;p dw f ponfwk d Yonf yp ö Ky Üe fusustm½kHajymif;wkdif; pdwfajymif;ae\/ okd YaomfypöKyÜefukd owdrjyKEkdifbJ NyD;cJhaom jyóemudkOyg'gefjzihf pGJvrf;rI (attach) jzpfaeaomaMumihf

52

qif;&JrI qufvufjzpfyGm;ae&\/ ypöKyÜef jrifqJMum;qJ xdqJwkdYrSm ypöKyÜeftwkdif; aexkdifEkdifyguxkdtcsdefwGif tpGJuif;rI (detach) jzpfumqif;&Juif;ayrnf/ xkdtcg twdwfukdvnf; rjyefawmh? tem*wfukdvnf; roGm;awmhbJ ypöKyÜefwnfhwnfhrSm ESvkH;oGif;rSefjzihfaejcif;onf qif;&JrSvGwfuif;aMumif; tusifhjzpfayonf/

]]ypöKyÜeftrIjrifatmif½I}}]]ypöKyÜeftrIjrifatmif½I}}]]ypöKyÜeftrIjrifatmif½I}}]]ypöKyÜeftrIjrifatmif½I}}]]ypöKyÜeftrIjrifatmif½I}}ypöKyÜeftrI\ t"dyÜg,frSm jrifqJ? Mum;qJ? eHqJ?

pm;qJ? xdqJ? awG;qJ (½kyfemrfjzpfay:qJ) wGif owd?0D&d,jzihf todvkdufNyD;aejcif;jzpfygonf/ Oyrm-vufvIyfMunfhygu wGef;rI vIyfrIonf ypöKyÜefjzpfí&yfvdkufonfESif h axmufuef wnfNidrfrIonfypöKyÜefjzpfjyef\/ y&rwf (½kyf)ukd ypöKyÜefaumuf&\/vufonf ynwfjzpfí umvvGwf jzp f\/vufynwfonf ajymif;vJjcif; r&SdbJ xm0&jzpf\/½kyfy&rwfom tNrJajymif; aejcif; jzpfygonf/jzpfygonf/

ypöKyÜeftrI\ t"dyÜg,frSm jrifqJ? Mum;qJ?eHqJ?pm;qJ? xdqJ? awG;qJ (½kyfemrfjzpfay:qJ) wGif owd?

53

0D&d,jzihf todvkdufNyD;aejcif;jzpfygonf/ Oyrm-vufvIyfMunfhygu wGef;rI vIyfrIonf ypöKyÜefjzpfí&yfvdkufonfESif h axmufuef wnfNidrfrIonfypöKyÜefjzpfjyef\/ y&rwf (½kyf)ukd ypöKyÜefaumuf&\/vufonf ynwfjzpfí umvvGwf jzpf\/vufynwfonf ajymif;vJjcif; r&SdbJ xm0&jzpf\/½kyfy&rwfom tNrJajymif; aejcif; jzpfygonf/fatmif ESvkH;oGif;Munfhyg/ Oyrm- armifarmif [ktoHMum;ygu toH (½kyf) ESifh Mum;rI (emrf)onfypöKyÜefjzpf\/ toHESifh Mum;rIonf ypöKyÜefcPtckduftwefY (moment by moment)üomwnfEk dif\/ yk*¾ d Kvfowå0g ynwfoabmonftNrJ&Sdae\/ xkdYaMumihf ypöKyÜefukd aumufyguy&rwf½ky femrfuk dom awGU&ayrnf/ ypö Ky Üe f½kyfemrfonfom y&rwf jzpfygonf/ ½kyfemrfy&rwfrSvGJí ypöKyÜefr&Sdyg/

]]ypöKyÜefrSmbmeJ YaeovJ}}]]ypöKyÜefrSmbmeJ YaeovJ}}]]ypöKyÜefrSmbmeJ YaeovJ}}]]ypöKyÜefrSmbmeJ YaeovJ}}]]ypöKyÜefrSmbmeJ YaeovJ}}t&Sdw&m;onf ypöKyÜefjzpfí ypöKyÜeft&

w&m;jzifhom aexdkifoifh\/ odkYaomf twdwfudkvGrf;NyD; tem*wfudkarsmfum ypöKyÜefwnfhwnf hjzifhtaeenf;Muygonf/ trsm;tm;jzif h aexdkif

54

onf[laom a0g[m&pum;\ t"dyÜg,fudkyifodyfem;rvnfMuyg/ ]bmeJ YaevJ}[kar;vQiftdrfjzifhaeonf? wJjzifhaeonf? wdkufjzifhaeonf?taqmifrSmaeonf[kom orkwde,ftodjzifhodMuovdk ]om;eJYaew,f? orD;eJYaew,f? wlwlrawGeJ Yaew,f}[k ajymMuygonf/ cE¨memrf½kyfjzifh aeonfudk rodEdkifMuyg/

trSefrSm ypöKyÜeft&Sdw&m;jzifhom aexdkifjcif;jzpfygonf/ jrifonf htcg jrifrI jzif h ae\?Mum;onfhtcg Mum;rIjzifhae\ oGm;onfh tcgoGm;rIjzifhae\/ pm;onfhtcg pm;rIjzifh ae\/ajymonfhtcg ajymrIjzihfae\? vIyfonfh tcgvIyfrIjzifhae\/ xkduJhodkYodrS ypöKyÜefwnfh wnfhrSmowdjzifh aewwfjcif; jzpfonf/

]]cPjzifhaewwfjcif;}}cPjzifhaewwfjcif;}}cPjzifhaewwfjcif;}}cPjzifhaewwfjcif;}}cPjzifhaewwfjcif;}} ypöKyÜef t&Sdw&m;tay:wGif owdxm;

aeygu ypöKyÜefqdkonfrSmvnf; vIyfcP? &yfcP?pm;cP? awG ;cP? jri fcP? Mum;cP?awG;cP?xdcPtaejzifh odjriffvmum wpfcPNyD;

55

wpfcP (moment by moment) taejzifh jzpfay:csKyfaysmufaeaomobm0udk xdk;xGif; odjrifNyD;wpfcPNyD; wpfcP tay:üuyfNid pGJvrf;rIrSvGwfajrmufum jrifumrQ? Mum;umrQ? pm;umrQ?xdumrQponf htm;jzif h 0 dnmPf odjzpfumÓPfjzifh,SOfaewwfvmayrnf/

]]owdjzif haeyg}}]]owdjzif haeyg}}]]owdjzif haeyg}}]]owdjzif haeyg}}]]owdjzif haeyg}}ypöKyÜeftwdkif;aewwf&ef owdonf t"du

jzpfygonf/ owd&Sdygu jrifqJ? Mum;qJ? xdqJ? pm;qJ?xdqJ? awG;qJwdkYwGif jzpfqJemrf½kyfwdkYudk trSeftwdkif;odjrifum ,xmblwÓPf jzpfay: vmrnf/,if;tjrifr S ½ ky femrfud k Ni D ;aiG Uum edA Á d'gÓPfjzpfay:NyD; r*fÓPfzdkvfÓPfjzifh edAÁmefudkrsufarSmufjyK&onf/ xdkYaMumifh bk&m;&SifonfpGJvrf;rIuif;&ef owdy|mefudkom wpfaMumif;wnf;aomvrf;[k a[mMum;awmfrlcJhavonf/

56

7/ avmu ESifh "r®

(3.9.2012)(3.9.2012)(3.9.2012)(3.9.2012)(3.9.2012)avmurSm vlom;wkd Yonf w&m;"r®ukd

&SmazGMuygonf/ xkdtcg pmayukd avhvm&\/w&m;emMum;&\/ avmokH; a0g[m&rsm;jzifh zwfMuodMu&\/ xkdYaemuf avmuodjzihf pOf;pm;Mu\/ajymqk daqG ;aE G ; Mu\/ avmuod jzi h fyi fw&m;tm;xkwfMuygonf/ xkdtcg "r®ukd rawGU?avmuukdomawGUaeawmh\/ "r®ukd rawGUwkdif;pmtkyfvSefMu? zwfMu? ar;jref;Mu? aqG;aEG;Mu?q&majymif;Mu? &dyfomajymif;Mu jyefygonf/ "r®ukdrawGUEkdifao;yg/ tb,faMumihf qkdvQif "r®ukdvGefí&SmazGaeaomaMumihfyif jzpfygonf/

]]uyfausmfjzpfaejcif;}}]]uyfausmfjzpfaejcif;}}]]uyfausmfjzpfaejcif;}}]]uyfausmfjzpfaejcif;}}]]uyfausmfjzpfaejcif;}}Oyrm-arSmifckdacwfu um;wpfpD;wGif

a&Tacsmif;arSmifckdo,fvmrnf[k owif;&\/xkdum;ukd &SmazGMu\/ vkH;0rawGU/ okd Yaomfum;ay:wufaomtcgüvnf; wHcg;vufukdifuk dqG Jz Gi f h Ny D; wuf\/ um;ay:rS qif;aom

57

tcgüvnf; wHcg;vufukdifjzih f wHcg;ydwfNyD;qif;oGm;\/ okdYaomf a&Tacsmif;ukd vkH;0 rawGUyg/trSefrSm xkdwHcg;vufukdifuk d a&Tacsmif;jzih fvkyfxm;NyD; aq;rIwfxm;jcif;om jzpfavonf/xk denf ;w l r su fp d jzi h f jri fí pmzwf\/raemtodjzihfrSwfNyD; raemtodjzifhyif pOf;pm;umtm;xkwfMu\/ trSefrSm rsufpdjzihf jrifonfhae&mrSm "r®&Sdae\/ raemjzihf trSwfjyK odvkduf yguavmuynwfodjzpfoGm;NyD; "r®ukdausmf vGefoGm;NyDjzpfonf/ "r®onf rsufpdr Sm&S dí raem ütrnfynwfjyKum avmujzpfay:avonf/rsufpdjrifrIESifh raemodrIukd ykdif;jcm;odjrifrSomavmuü "r®ukd &SmazGawGUjrifEkdif ayrnf/

]](1 -2 - 3) ESif htajymuf}}]](1 -2 - 3) ESif htajymuf}}]](1 -2 - 3) ESif htajymuf}}]](1 -2 - 3) ESif htajymuf}}]](1 -2 - 3) ESif htajymuf}}avmuwGif (1? 2? 3) qkdaom *Pef;

ta&twGufwkdYukd t&Sdw&m;[k xifMuygonf/0dIufbkwf (white board) ay:wGif tjyma&mifaqmhyifjzihf tajymufq,fckukd wpfae&mpDcGJí

58

csxm;yg/ xkdtajymufq,fckukd (1) ykHo@mef(form) zGJUpnf;vkdufyg/ tajymuf (spots)

q,fckonf (1)ykHo@mef (shape) ay:oGm;ygonf/ xkdtcg avmuaejzihf ac:a0:tokH;jyKEk difavonf/ trSeft&Sdw&m;rSm tajymuf(spots)wkdYom jzpfonf/ ,if;tajymufwkdY\zGJUpnf;rI? ykHo@mef? trnfemr (form, shape,

name)wkdYtvkduf raemu(1?2? 3)[k owfrSwf umtrnfynwfjcif; (recognizing) jzpfygonf/

xk dtcg (form, shape, name)

wkdYaMumifh raemu trSwfjyK ynwfwifvkdufyguavmuonf jzpfay:vmavonf/ xkd YaMumifhavmurS xGufvkdygu (1? 2? 3) qkdaom zGJUpnf;rI?ykHo@mef? trnfemr (form, shape, name)

wkdYrS tajymuf (spots)okdY a&mufatmif pwif½kef;&ayrnf/ ,if;onf orm"d\t&mjzpfygonf/

59

]]uGufMum;aumufrIESif htajymuf}}]]uGufMum;aumufrIESif htajymuf}}]]uGufMum;aumufrIESif htajymuf}}]]uGufMum;aumufrIESif htajymuf}}]]uGufMum;aumufrIESif htajymuf}}

Oyrm cGufukdvufjzihfukdifygu cGufvnf;aysmuf vufvnf;aysmuf? pm;yGJukdvufxdyfjzihfxdygu pm;yGJvnf;aysmuf vufvnf;aysmuf?vrf;avQmufygu ajcaxmufvnf;aysmufMurf;vnf;aysmuf? 0ifavxGufavrSwfyguavvnf;aysmuf? ESmacgif;vnf;aysmufponfjzifh(xdrI) oufoufukd uGufMum;aumufEkdif&rnf/xkd Y jyif tpmpm;ygu tpmvnf;aysmuf vQmvnf;aysmuf? t&omoufoufukdvnf;aumif;?a&csKd;ygu ukd,fvnf;aysmuf a&vnf;aysmufat;rIoufoufukdvnf;aumif;? a&aEG;aomufygu ylrIoabmoufoufuk d vnf;aumif;uGufMum;aumufEkdifygu avmu owfrSwfcsufjzpfaom zGJUpnf;rI? ykHo@mef? trnfemr (form,

shape, name)wkdYrS pwif½kef;xGufEkdifayrnf/ xkdokdYu Guf Mum;aumufE k di fatmif owd? 0 D& d,?orm"dwkdY&Sdaeatmif xlaxmifxm;&ayrnf/

60

]]t&Sdy&rwfESif hr&Sdynwf}}]]t&Sdy&rwfESif hr&Sdynwf}}]]t&Sdy&rwfESif hr&Sdynwf}}]]t&Sdy&rwfESif hr&Sdynwf}}]]t&Sdy&rwfESif hr&Sdynwf}}

Oyrm rkd;aumif;uifukd armhMunfhygutjyma&mifomawGU&ygonf/ rsufpdonf ta&mif

(color)ukdom jrifrI (seeing) jzpfygonf/ raemurkd;aumif;uif[k odjcif;onf owfrSwf csufjyKumynwfjcif; (recognizing) jzpfygonf/ þokdYqkdvQifrsufpdu t&Sdtwkdif;(ta&mif) y&rwf udkomjri f j ci f ; (objectiveview) j zp fíraemuavmuokH;&eftwGuf ykHo@mef trnfemrwkdYjzihfowfrSwfNyD; ynwfwifum rdrdbufrS tjrif (sub-

jective view)jzihf ajymqkd&avonf/xkdYaMumifhrsufpdonf t&Sd y&rwfu("r®) twGuf (od&ef) jzpfíraemonf r&Sdynwfudk (avmu) twGuf (okH;&ef)jzpfavonf/

]] jrifjcif;"r®ESif hodjcif;avmu}}]]jrifjcif;"r®ESif hodjcif;avmu}}]]jrifjcif;"r®ESif hodjcif;avmu}}]]jrifjcif;"r®ESif hodjcif;avmu}}]]jrifjcif;"r®ESif hodjcif;avmu}} rsufpdujrifrI(seeing)omjzpfaomfvnf;raemuzGJUpnf;rI? ykHo@mef? trnfemr wkdYjzihfjzpfaomaMumihfavmuwGif t&Sdudk t&Sdtwkdif; rodEkdifjcif;jzpfonf/Oyrm ykdufqHukdavmuwGif t&Sdw&m;[k

61

xifMuygonf ydkufqHtrsm;BuD;&SdvQif txifBuD;Muygonf/ ykdufqHr&Sdolukd txifao;Muygonf/trSefwu,f t&Sdw&m;wGif ykdufqHr&Sdyg puúLomjzpfygonf/ puúLtay:wGif aq;a&mif zGJUpnf;rI(form) ? (100) wef ? (1000) wef ? (10000)wefykHo@mef (shape) ay:oGm;aomaMumihf trnfemr (name)ykdufqH[k owfrSwfjcif;trSwfjyKjcif;(recognizing)omjzpfonf/ ,if;wkdYukdydkufqH[kowfrSwfcsufjyKxm;jcif;aMumihfwefzkd;&S daejcif;jzpfygonf/ ,if;wkdYukd ykdufqHtjzpf todtrSwfjyKjcif;rS y,fzsufvkdufygu puúLomjzpfavonf/

xkdtcgtvum;ay;awmifr,lMuawmh yg/,if;wkd Ytay:wGif yk dufqHtjzpf trSwfjyKxm;jcif;(recognizing) aMumihfom wefzkd;&Sdaejcif;jzpfygonf/ raemu trSwfjyKjcif; (recognizing)

r&SdygujrifrI(seeing) tay:wGif jrifumrwå jzpfumwG,fwmpGJvrf;rI (attachment)vnf; r&Sd awmhyg/ykdufqHukd avmuü okH;½kHomokH;í rpGJ awmhyg/avmb? a'go? arm[wdkYjzihf ruyfNidjcif;(detach)

62

jzpfoGm;avonf/xkdYaMumihf rsufpdujrifrI (seeing) y&rwf

("r®)ESifh raemu trSwfjyKodjcif; (recognizing)

(avmu)ynwfwk d Yuk d yk di f; jcm;í odjrifjcif;(realising) jzpfygu avmuwGif; ynwfw&m; wkdYukdÓPfjzih f ,SOfí okH;½k HomokH;NyD; rpG Jawmhyg/t&Sdy&rwfw&m;wkdYonfvnf; jzpfonfhae&mrSmcsKyfysufaeaomaMumihf pGJp&m r&SdaMumif; odjrifNyD;tpGJjyKwfygonf/ tpGJjyKwfygu wJukwf a&Teef;awmfjzpfavonf/

63

8/ 0dyóemusifhpOf ESifh tqifh(3)qifh(6-9-2012)(6-9-2012)(6-9-2012)(6-9-2012)(6-9-2012)

pGJ&mrS rpGJ&modkYa&mufatmif 0dyóemvufawGUvkyfief;pOfwGif tqifh (3)qifh&Sdygonf/ 1/ CeNzdKjcif; (obm0vu©Pm) 2/ y#dpöorkyÜg'f taMumif;tusdK;odjrifjcif;

(ocFwvu©Pm) 3/ tedpö? 'ku©? tewå vu©Pm0ifjcif;

(omrnvu©Pm) ]]CeNzdKjcif;}} (obm0vu©Pm)]]CeNzdKjcif;}} (obm0vu©Pm)]]CeNzdKjcif;}} (obm0vu©Pm)]]CeNzdKjcif;}} (obm0vu©Pm)]]CeNzdKjcif;}} (obm0vu©Pm)

CeNzdKjcif;onf orkwde,f yk*¾dKvfowå0gtjrifrS y&rwfe,f ½kyfemrftjrifodkYa&mufatmiftm;xkwf&jcif;jzpfygonf/ ½kyfemrfw&m;wdkYonft&Sdw&m;rsm; jzpfMuaomfvnf; wkduf½dkufrodjrifEkdifacs/ Oyrm vQyfppf"mwfonf wu,f&Sdygonf/ okd Yaomf vQyfppf"mwfudk wkduf½dkufrodEkdifyg / ( tester )jzifh prf;í rD;vif;ygu vQyfppf"mwf& S da Mumi f ;ud k r D ;vi f ;onf h vu©PmjzifhodEkdifygonf/ xkdYjyif yvyfayguf (socket)xJodkY

64

vufxnfhNyD; rD;cvkwfudk zGifhMunfhyg/ wpfudk,fvHk;usifwufoGm;ayrnf/ ,if;usif oGm;jcif;onfvQyfppf"mwfr[kwfyg/ vQyfppf"mwf &SdaMumif;vu©Pmomjzpfygonf/ vu©Pm tay:wGifaomifwifraeyJ vQyfppf"mwf&d SaMumif;ud ktodÓPfa&mufMuygonf/

xk d Ytwl y&rwf½kyfemrfwd k Yonf t&S dw&m;rsm; jzpfMuaomfvnf; wkduf½dkufrodjrif Ekdifyg/½ ky femr fw d k Y\ obm0vu©Pmr Swp fqi f hÓPf\tm½kHtaejzifhom odjrifEkdifjcif; jzpfyg onf/Oyrm rmjcif;? aysmhjcif;onf yx0D"mwf r[kwfyg/odkYaomfvnf; vQyfppf"mwf&SdaMumif;udk ykdifykdifEk difEk dif od&ovkd y&rwf ½kyfemrfwdk Yudkvnf;obm0vu©PmrSwpfqif h cE¨mÓPfa&mufodjrifEkdifygonf/

]]y#dpöorkyÜg'ftaMumif;tusdK;}}]]y#dpöorkyÜg'ftaMumif;tusdK;}}]]y#dpöorkyÜg'ftaMumif;tusdK;}}]]y#dpöorkyÜg'ftaMumif;tusdK;}}]]y#dpöorkyÜg'ftaMumif;tusdK;}}(ocFwvu©Pm)(ocFwvu©Pm)(ocFwvu©Pm)(ocFwvu©Pm)(ocFwvu©Pm)

apwemonf aphaqmfwwfonfh obm0vu©Pm&Sdonf/ Oyrm ]'geqefyg&Sif}[koDv&Sif

65

uav;rsm;\toHonf qefavmif;vSL&eftwGufapwemjzp fay:atmif aus;Z l ; jy Kygonf/xkdapwemonf tvSL'geudk jzpfay:atmifaphaqmfwk dufwGef;ay;ygonf/ aphaqmfonfhvu©Pmjzifh apwemy&rwfudk aumufEkdifyguxkdapwemonf toH(o'´g½kH)u taMumif;w&m;taejzifh aus;Zl;jyKrSjzpfay:&í taMumif;uif;onfESif hcsufjcif; csKyfaysmufygonf/ xkdod k YtaMumif;jynfhpHkrSom apwemonf tusdK;w&m;taejzifh jzpfay:&NyD; taMumif;uif;onfESifhcsKyfaysmuf&aom (jzpfwnfysuf) tpOfjzifhomwnf&S dEk difaom w&m;jzpfygonf/ xkd YaMumifhocFwvu©Pm&Sdonf [kvnf; ac:qkdEkdifygonf/

]]tedpö 'ku© tewå}} (omrnvu©Pm)]]tedpö 'ku© tewå}} (omrnvu©Pm)]]tedpö 'ku© tewå}} (omrnvu©Pm)]]tedpö 'ku© tewå}} (omrnvu©Pm)]]tedpö 'ku© tewå}} (omrnvu©Pm)

apwemud k obm0vu©Pmtm;jzif hvnf;aumif;? ocFwvu©Pmtm;jzifh vnf;aumif; odjrifygu apwemonf 'geqef qkdaomtoHtaMumif;w&m;ESifh rwkdufqkdifcifuvnf;vHk;0r&Sdao;? taMumif;wkdufqkdifck dufomjzpf

66

ay:í taMumif;uif;ygu vHk;0csKyfaysmufoGm;aomaMumif h tNrJr&S daomoabmonftedpövu©Pmjzpfygonf/ jzpfwkdif; csKyfaysmufaeaomaMumifh qif;&Jonfhoabmonf 'ku©vu©Pmjzpfygonf/ apwemudk igighOpöm tae jzifhtckdiftrm tESpfom&jyKí r&aomaMumifh rdrdtvkdtwkdif; rjzpfjcif;onf tewåvu©Pmjzpfavonf/ þodkY ½kyfemrfw&m; tm;vHk;onftedpö 'ku© tewå vu©Pmtm;jzifh wlnDMuaomaMumifh omrnvu©Pm[kvnf; ac:qkdEkdifavonf/

0 dyóemtvky ftm;xkwf jci f ;onfpGJ&mrrpGJ&modkYa&mufatmif ESvHk;oGif;&ojzifh yxrtvkyfonfyk*¾dKvfowå0gqkdonfh pGJvrf;Ekdifaom½kyfwHk; ½kyfcJ emrfwHk;emrfcJrS ½kyfemrf y&rwf a&mufatmif obm0vu©Pmjzifh (Ce)NzdK& avonf/y&rwfa&mufrS xkd½kyfemrfwdk Yudk y#dpöorkyÜg'ftaMumif;tusdK;tm;jzifh ESvHk;oGif;NyD; tedpö'ku©tewå qkdaom omrnvu©Pm0ifum vkH;0

67

tpGJ vGwf&mjzpfaom ½kyfemrf csKyfonfhedAÁmefukdrsufarSmufjyK&jcif;jzpfygonf/

ynmtp owduynmtp owduynmtp owduynmtp owduynmtp owdu½kyfemrf taMumif;tusKd; tedpö? 'ku©? tewå

vu©PmwkdYukd odjrif&ef twGuf owdukd pwifwnfaxmif&ayrnf/ owdonf ÓPf\ wnf&m

jzpfygonf/ owdr&Sdygu ÓPfrjzpfEkdifyg/ owdwnfaxmifrIwGifvnf; oDvtay:wGif tajccHaomowdom jzpfoif hygonf/ raumif;r Ia&Smifaom owd? aumif;rI aqmifaom owdjzpfygrSynmtwGuf tm;aumif;aom owdjzpfayrnf/

xk d Ya Mumih f (5)yg;oDv? (8)yg;oDvaqmufwnfí rusKd;rayguf rajymuf rMum;&atmif apmifha&Smufjcif;onf owdom jzpfygonf/Oykofapmihfjcif;? oDvxdef;jcif;onf igr[kwfyg/owdomjzpfygonf/ owdr&SdonfESifh ajymrSm;qkdrSm;vkyfrSm; ukdifrSm;jzpfum oDvusKd; aygufygonf/xkdYaMumihf owdonf oDvutajccHaom owdom

68

jzpfygonf/ xkdtcg wpfqufwpfpyfwnf; owdukdxlaxmifEkdif&ef 0ifavxGufavtm½kHukd atmufarhípdwfysHU vGifhrIr&Sdatmif 0D&d,aumif;aumif;jzihfowdukd xlaxmif&ygonf/ owd&Sdygu tukokdvfukdy,fEkdifojzifh ukodkvfvnf;&ygonf/

xkdYaMumihf ÓPfwpfckjzpf&ef oDvukd tajccHaom owdukd 0D&d,jzihf yxrqkH;xl axmif&jcif;jzpfygonf/ xkdtcg 0ifavxGufav tm½kHukdatmufarhrIonfvnf; owd? ydefw,f azmif;w,ftm½kHukd atmufarhrIonfvnf; owd? <uw,f?vSrf;w,f? csw,f tm½kHukd atmufarhrIonfvnf;owdom jzpfygonf/ tm½kHonf taxmuftuljzpfí owdukd0D&d,jzihf wnfaxmifrI onfomw&m;pwiftm;xkwfolwkdYtwGufy"mejzpfygonf/

]]cPduorm"d}} (uGwfMum;aumufrI)]]cPduorm"d}} (uGwfMum;aumufrI)]]cPduorm"d}} (uGwfMum;aumufrI)]]cPduorm"d}} (uGwfMum;aumufrI)]]cPduorm"d}} (uGwfMum;aumufrI)tm½kHwpfckukd atmufarhrIonf owd jzpfí

xkdowdukd pOfqufrjywf (consistent and con-

tinuous) jzpfaeatmif axmufyH hcs D ;ajr §muf

69

rIonf 0D&d,jzpfygonf/ owdjzif h atmufarhaeaom tm½kHrS wGefUqkwfrI jzpfroGm;&atmif?wpfjcm; tm½kHwkdY\ taESmuft,Suf wkdYrS vGwfuif;atmif 0D&d,jzihfapmifha&SmufrIonf tvGefta&;BuD;ygonf/ 0D&d,oH0& [kac:ygonf/ xkdokdYowd 0D&d,jzifh tm;xkwfrI bm0em tpGrf;aMumihfxkdowdjzihf atmufarhaeaom tm½kHay:okdY pl;pl;pk dufpk duf uyfí wnfMunfaom orm"donfjzpfay:vmayrnf/

xkdokdY orm"djzpfay:vmygu orm"donfESvkH;oGif;aeaomtm½kHukdtaESmuft,Sufay; rnfhudavomwk d Yr0ifa&mufEk di fatmif umuG,fwm;qD;ay;onfhtvkyf (uGufMum;aumufrI - fcus)

tpGrf;jzihf ESvkH;oGif;aeaomtm½kHtm; tus,fcsJUrI

(magnify) vky fum t&S du k dt& S d twk di f ;[kwfwkdif;rSefpGm odjrifEkdifaom,xmblwÓPfukdjzpfapygonf/ xkdokdY owdjzihf atmufarhaeaomtm½Hktm; orm"djzihf [kwfwkdif;rSefpGmodatmifuGufMum;aumufjcif;jzifh ykHoP²mef?trnfynwfwkdYrSvGwfatmif ½kef;xGuf EkdifNyD; obm0vu©Pmtm;jzihf

70

y&rwfwkd Yuk d ÓPf\tm½kHtjzpf odcGif h&jcif;jzpfygonf/ [kwfwkdif;rSefpGmodatmif uGufMum;aumufjcif; jzihf ykHoP²mef? trnfynwfwkdYrSvGwfatmif ½kef;xGufEkdifNyD;obm0 vu©Pmtm;jzifhy&rwfwkd Yukd ÓPf\ tm½kHtjzpf odcGifh&jcif;jzpfygonf/

71

9/ ]]uHESif he,f(3)e,f}} 9/ ]]uHESif he,f(3)e,f}} 9/ ]]uHESif he,f(3)e,f}} 9/ ]]uHESif he,f(3)e,f}} 9/ ]]uHESif he,f(3)e,f}}(10 - 9 - 2012)(10 - 9 - 2012)(10 - 9 - 2012)(10 - 9 - 2012)(10 - 9 - 2012)

uH uH\tusdK;orkwde,f (taMumif;) (tusdK;)

Oyg'gef (udavo0#f)y&rwfe,f + emrf&kyf

apwem (0dygu0#f) (ur®0#f)

uH emrf&kyf (ork',opöm) ('ku©opöm)

opöme,f r*¾if(8)yg; uHESifh uH\tusdK; (r*¾opöm) csKyfjcif; (eda&m"opöm)

72

zó (raem)

Oyg'gef owd

apwem apwem

igvSL? igajym? igvkyf y&rwftaMumif;tusdK;

ukodkvfuH? tukodkvfuH 0dyóemukodkvf

oHo&m edAÁmef

rsufpd + tqif; jrifpdwf

]]tm&Hkudk Oyg'gefjzifhqifjcifvQif oHo&mvnf}}]]tm&Hkudk owdjzifhqifjcifvQif oHo&m&yf}}

73

rsufpd + tqif; jrifpdwf

zó (raem)

Oyg'gef owd

]]um,uH ? 0pDuH? raemuH jyKrJhBuHOyg'gefukd owdjyK/}} (yckuúLq&mawmfBuD;)

umr0w¬K -1/ tqif; (&lyg&Hk)2/ toH (o'´g&Hk)3/ te HY (*Em&Hk)4/ t&om (&om&Hk)5/ txd (azm|AÁm&Hk)

wPSm - okbonm? okconm 'd|d - edpöonm? twåonm

74

]]raem'Gg&ESif h"r®m½k H } }]]raem'Gg&ESif h"r®m½k H } }]]raem'Gg&ESif h"r®m½k H } }]]raem'Gg&ESif h"r®m½k H } }]]raem'Gg&ESif h"r®m½k H } }

]]ouúm, + 'd|d}}]]ouúm, + 'd|d}}]]ouúm, + 'd|d}}]]ouúm, + 'd|d}}]]ouúm, + 'd|d}}

1/ onmonf twå (ig) jzpf\/2/ onm&Sdaom twå (ig) jzpf\/

onm +onm +onm +onm +onm + yk*¾dKvf?owå0g?j'yf?0wåK(ynwf)yk*¾dKvf?owå0g?j'yf?0wåK(ynwf)yk*¾dKvf?owå0g?j'yf?0wåK(ynwf)yk*¾dKvf?owå0g?j'yf?0wåK(ynwf)yk*¾dKvf?owå0g?j'yf?0wåK(ynwf)

onm + tedpöonm + tewåonm

(raem'Gg&)(raem'Gg&)(raem'Gg&)(raem'Gg&)(raem'Gg&) ("r®m½Hk)("r®m½Hk)("r®m½Hk)("r®m½Hk)("r®m½Hk)

yHk&dyftm½yHk&dyftm½yHk&dyftm½yHk&dyftm½yHk&dyftm½Hk

(rsufpd?em;?ESm?vQm?udk,f)(rsufpd?em;?ESm?vQm?udk,f)(rsufpd?em;?ESm?vQm?udk,f)(rsufpd?em;?ESm?vQm?udk,f)(rsufpd?em;?ESm?vQm?udk,f) (tqif;?toH?teHY?t&om?txd)(tqif;?toH?teHY?t&om?txd)(tqif;?toH?teHY?t&om?txd)(tqif;?toH?teHY?t&om?txd)(tqif;?toH?teHY?t&om?txd)

75

10/ 0dyóem(13-9-2012)

(1)obm0vu©PmESif hÓPf\tm½kH(1)obm0vu©PmESif hÓPf\tm½kH(1)obm0vu©PmESif hÓPf\tm½kH(1)obm0vu©PmESif hÓPf\tm½kH(1)obm0vu©PmESif hÓPf\tm½kH½kyfw&m;wdkYonf qefYusifzuf w&m;wdkYESifh

awGUygu azmufjyefajymif;vJ wwfaomvu©Pm&Sd\/ ,if;wGif "mwfBuD;av;yg;yg0if\/yx0Donfcufrmjcif; aysmhjcif;vu©Pm? tmaygonfzGJUpnf;jcif; ,kdpD;jcif;vu©Pm? awaZmonf yljcif;at;jcif;vu©Pm? 0ga,monf wGef;xkd;jcif;axmufuefjcif; vu©Pm&Sdygonf/

emrfw&m;onf tm½kHudk ñTwfwwfaomvu©Pm &Sd\/ ,if;wGif emrfw&m;av;yg; yg0if\/a0'emonf tm&Hkudk cHpm;wwfaom vu©Pm? onmonf tm&Hkudk rSwfom;wwfaom vu©Pm? ocFg&onf tm½kHudk aphaqmf tm;xkwfwwfaom vu©Pm?0dÓPfonf tm½kHudk odwwfaom vu©Pm&Sd\/

obm0vu©PmwdkYudkqifjcifí ½kyfemrfy&rwfwdkYudk ÓPf\tm½kH ("r®m½kH) taejzifhom

76

odcGi f h&jcif; jzpfygonf/ Oyrm yvyfaygu f

(socket)twGif; vufxnfhí rD;cvkwf zGifhyg/usifwufoGm;ayrnf/ usifrIonf vQyfppf "mwfr[kwfyg/ usifjcif;vu©Pmudk qifjcifí vQyfppf"mwf&Sdjcif;udk ÓPf\(tm½kH)taejzifh od&jcif;jzp fonf/ od k Yaomf t&S dE Si f htodud k c G J jcm;rodEkdifaomaMumifh rdrdod&onfrSm 0g,mBudK;taejzifh od&jcif;jzpfonf/ odkYaomf t&SdESifh todudkcG J jcm; rodEk dif aomaMumif h rdrdod&onfrSm0g,mBudK;rSm&Sdaom vQyfppf[k txifrSm;aejcif;jzpfonf/ trSefrSm vQyfppf"mwfonf 0g,mBudK;rSm&Sdaomfvnf; odcGifh&onfrSm rdrd"r®m½kHrS tm½kHomjzpfygonf/ xdkYaMumifh 0dyóemonf tm½kHudk½I&jcif; jzpfygonf/

(2) tewå taMumif;tusdK;(2) tewå taMumif;tusdK;(2) tewå taMumif;tusdK;(2) tewå taMumif;tusdK;(2) tewå taMumif;tusdK;1/ taMumif;ESifhtusdK;onf oD;jcm;wpf

ckpD jzpfaomfvnf; wpfckwnf;aomoabmtjzpfxif&\/ Oyrm taMumif;tusdK;wdkYonfyef;oDxm; ouJhodkY wpfqufwnf; wpfckwnf;

77

({uwå)jzpf\/2/ taMumif;ESifhtusdK;onf oEÅmefwl

laomfvnf; oabmtm;jzifh jcm;em;rI (emewå)&Sd\/3/ taMumif;w&m;onf tusdK;w&m;

tay: tpdk;r&/ taMumif;jynfhpHkygu tusdK;onfr&Sd&mrS olUoabmolaqmifum topfjzpfay:vmjcif; (tAsmyg&)jzpfonf/

4/ tusd K;w&m;onf taMumif;tm;avsmfpGmom jzpfay:\/ ({0H"r®wm)

taMumif;w&m;onf tusdK;w&m;udk udk,f0efaqmifxm;jcif; r&Sdovkd tusdK;w&m;onfvnf;

taMumif;w&m;udk,f0efrS arG;zGm;vmjcif; r[kwfyg/taMumif;w&m;wd k Y jynf hp H knDñGwf onfESif htusdK;w&m;onf olUoabmolaqmifNyD; topftopf (newly arise) jzpfay:vmjcif; jzpfygonf/

78

]]ypöKyÜef taMumif;tusdK;}}]]ypöKyÜef taMumif;tusdK;}}]]ypöKyÜef taMumif;tusdK;}}]]ypöKyÜef taMumif;tusdK;}}]]ypöKyÜef taMumif;tusdK;}}

rsufpd(½kyf) + tqif; (½kyf) jrifpdwf (emrf)(taMumif;) (tudsK;)

rsufpdtqif; awGUqHkwkdufqkdifrI taMumif;&Sdygu tusdK;w&m;jrifpdwfonf olUoabmolaqmif Ny D ;topf jzpf ay:vmjcif; jzp fonf/taMumif;w&m;wdkYwGif eD;aom(ypö,) taMumif;ESifh a0;aom (a[wk) taMumif;[lí ESpfrsdK;&Sd\/jrifrIwGif rsufpdESifh tqif;wkdufqkdifrIonf eD;aomtaMumif;jzpfí twdwfrSuHonf a0;aomtaMumif;jzpfonf/ odkYaomf twdwfrSuHonfa[wk jzp fí t"duy d kusygonf/ OyrmuHukefíaoqHk;NyD;aomoludk rsufpdESifh tqif;

79

wkdufqkdifay;aomfvnf;jrifpdwf rjzpfay:Ekdifawmhyg/

(3) ]]raem'Gg&ESif h"r®m½k H}} ('Gg&ESif htm½k H)(3) ]]raem'Gg&ESif h"r®m½k H}} ('Gg&ESif htm½k H)(3) ]]raem'Gg&ESif h"r®m½k H}} ('Gg&ESif htm½k H)(3) ]]raem'Gg&ESif h"r®m½k H}} ('Gg&ESif htm½k H)(3) ]]raem'Gg&ESif h"r®m½k H}} ('Gg&ESif htm½k H)

t½IÓPfonf raemrSmjzpfí t½IcHukd "r®m½kHü tedpöonm?

(tqif;?toH?teHY?t&om?txd)(rsufpd?em;?ESm?vQm?udk,f)

(raem'Gg&) ("r®m½Hk)

yk*¾dKvf?owå0g?j'yf?0wåK(ynwf)

edpöonm(tNrJ&Sd)? twåonm

pdwf + Oyg'gef

onm + 'd|Kyg'gef

tm½Hk

80

(4) y#dpöorkyÜg'fESif h0#fokH;yg;(4) y#dpöorkyÜg'fESif h0#fokH;yg;(4) y#dpöorkyÜg'fESif h0#fokH;yg;(4) y#dpöorkyÜg'fESif h0#fokH;yg;(4) y#dpöorkyÜg'fESif h0#fokH;yg;

0dygu0#f udavo0#f ur®0#fjrif?Mum;?eH?pm;?xd?awGU udavo0#f tm;xkwfrI (uH)

um,uH (oDv)owå0g Oyg'gef 0pDuH (oDv)

raemuH (orm"d)emrf½kyf owd (ynm) uHcsKyf

uHonf ur®0#fjzpfí jrif? Mum;? eH? pm;? xd?awG;wkdYwGif emrf½kyftaejzihf uH\tusKd; 0dygu0#fonf jzpfay:onf/ uH(taMumif;)ESifh uH\tusKd; emrf½kyfqufEG,frI (aMumif;usKd;) jzpfpOfwGifolUoabmolaqmifum topfjzpfay:aejcif;(tewå) jzpfonf/ emrf½kyf(tusKd;)rS uH(taMumif;)jzpfay:rIwGif tusKd;ESif htaMumif; Mum;wGifOyg'gef (twå) &Sdaeygonf/ ,if;ukdyif owdOD;aqmifaomynmjzifhy,f&jcif;jzpfonf/

(Oyg'gef? owd? emrf½kyf? uHcsKyf)

81

(5) opöm (4)yg;(5) opöm (4)yg;(5) opöm (4)yg;(5) opöm (4)yg;(5) opöm (4)yg;(od? y,f? qkduf? yGm;)(od? y,f? qkduf? yGm;)(od? y,f? qkduf? yGm;)(od? y,f? qkduf? yGm;)(od? y,f? qkduf? yGm;)

1/ 'ku©opöm - ½kyfemrfukd ykdif;jcm; (od)&ef2/ ork',opöm - wPSm (Oyg'gef)ukd (y,f)&ef3/ eda&m"opöm - wPSmcsKyf&m edAÁmefukd rsufarSmufjyK (qkduf)a&muf&ef4/ r*¾opöm - r*¾if&Spfyg;ukd (yGm;)rsm;&ef - or®m'd|d? or®mouFyÜ? - or®m0gpm? or®mur®EÅ? or®mtmZD0 - or®m0g,mr? or®mowd? or®morm"d

82

1/ 0dbZÆ0g'1/ 0dbZÆ0g'1/ 0dbZÆ0g'1/ 0dbZÆ0g'1/ 0dbZÆ0g'

(17-9-2012)(17-9-2012)(17-9-2012)(17-9-2012)(17-9-2012)

]]a,"r®m a[wkyÜb0g? awoH a[wHk]]a,"r®m a[wkyÜb0g? awoH a[wHk]]a,"r®m a[wkyÜb0g? awoH a[wHk]]a,"r®m a[wkyÜb0g? awoH a[wHk]]a,"r®m a[wkyÜb0g? awoH a[wHkwxm*awm tm[/}}wxm*awm tm[/}}wxm*awm tm[/}}wxm*awm tm[/}}wxm*awm tm[/}}

]]awoÚö a,meda&ma"m? {0H0g'D]]awoÚö a,meda&ma"m? {0H0g'D]]awoÚö a,meda&ma"m? {0H0g'D]]awoÚö a,meda&ma"m? {0H0g'D]]awoÚö a,meda&ma"m? {0H0g'Dr[momraPm}}r[momraPm}}r[momraPm}}r[momraPm}}r[momraPm}}

a,"r®m a,"r®m a,"r®m a,"r®m a,"r®m - tMuiftusdK;w&m;('ku©opöm)wdkYonfa[wkyÜb0ga[wkyÜb0ga[wkyÜb0ga[wkyÜb0ga[wkyÜb0g - taMumif;w&m; (ork',opöm) wdkYaMumifhjzpfonf/

awoH a[wHkawoH a[wHkawoH a[wHkawoH a[wHkawoH a[wHk - xkdtusdK;w&m;wdkY\taMumif; w&m;wdkYudk

wxm*awm tm[wxm*awm tm[wxm*awm tm[wxm*awm tm[wxm*awm tm[ - jrwfpGmbk&m;&Sifonf a[mMum;awmfrl\/

awoÚöawoÚöawoÚöawoÚöawoÚö - xkdw&m;ESpfyg;wdkY\

a,meda&ma"ma,meda&ma"ma,meda&ma"ma,meda&ma"ma,meda&ma"m -tMuifcsKyfNidrf;&m (eda&m"opöm)onf&Sd\/

{0H0g'Dr[moraPm{0H0g'Dr[moraPm{0H0g'Dr[moraPm{0H0g'Dr[moraPm{0H0g'Dr[moraPm - &[ef;jrwf jzpfawmfrlaombk&m;&Sifonf þodkYaom t,l0g'&Sdawmfrl\/

(t&SiftóZd)

83

]]'d|dudktodjzifht&ifjzKwfyg/}} ]]'d|dudktodjzifht&ifjzKwfyg/}} ]]'d|dudktodjzifht&ifjzKwfyg/}} ]]'d|dudktodjzifht&ifjzKwfyg/}} ]]'d|dudktodjzifht&ifjzKwfyg/}}t&Sifom&dykMwmavmif;jzpfaom Oywdó

y&dAdkZfonf t&SiftóZdxHrS txufyg *gxmwpfyk'f\ yxrwpfydk'fudk Mum;emvkdufonfESifhaomwmyefwnfavonf/

,if;*gxmwGif taMumif;w&m; (ork',opöm)? tusdK;w&m; ('ku©opöm)ESifh xkdw&m;ESpfyg;wdk Y\ csKyfNidrf;&m (eda&m"opöm)[laomopöm(3)yg;om yg0ifavonf/ r*¾opömwpfyg;usefygonf/ odk Yaomf ,if;taMumif;w&m;?tusdK;w&m;ESifh xkdw&m;(2) yg;wdkY\ csKyfNidrf;&mudkodjrif em;vnfygu r*¾opömonf rdrd\raem rSmyifjzpfay:ygonf/

,ck aomfum; raemrSm r*¾ifjzpfonfudkarm[jzifhrodjrifyJ ]] *gxmrSm r*¾opömrygwmudk

iguodw,f}}[k wPSm? rme? 'd|d jzpfay:oGm;avonf/ raemrSm r*¾ifjzpfrSef; owdynmjzifhodjrifygu igpGJ('d|d)udk todjzifh jyKwfygonf/

84

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tusd K;w&m;wd k Yonf olUoabmolaqmifumr&S d&mrS topftopfjzpfay:aejcif;jzpfonf/taMumif;w&m;wdkY aus;Zl;rjyKcifuvnf; xkdtusdK;w&m;onf Bu d Kwi fí jzp fay:raeovk dtaMumif;uif;onfESifhvnf; vHk;0 csKyfaysmufMu\/ taMumif;w&m;onf tusd K;w&m;ud kud k,f0efaqmifxm;jcif;r&S dovdk tusdK;w&m;onfvnf; taMumif;w&m;udk,f0efrS arG;zGm;vmjcif; r&Sdyg/ taMumif;w&m;wdkY jynfhpHknDñGwfonfE Si f h tus d K ;w&m;wd k Yonf oloabmolaqmifum r&Sd&mrS topftaejzifh jzpfay:vmjcif;jzpfygonf/

Oyrm rSefudkMunfhaomtcg rSefom;jyifrSmjzpfay:aom rsufESmyHk&dyfonf rSefom;vnf;r[kwfovkd rsufESmvnf; r[kwfyg/ rSefom;ESifhrsufESmudkpGJí r&Sd&mrS topfjzpfay:vmaomy#dpöorkyÜg'f w&m;rsdK;omjzpfonf/ xkdw&m;onftckdiftrm tESpfom& trmcHr&SdaomaMumihf

85

igigh Opömtaejzifh twåjyKír&aom tm*EK"gwfoufoufrQom jzpfavonf/

K xkdYtwl tm½kHESifh 'Gg&wkdufrIaMumifh topfjzpfay:vmaom0dnmPfonf tm*E¨ K"mwfoufoufjzpfaomaMumifh yk*¾dKvf? owå0g? 0w¬jyKítck di ftrm tESp fom&tm;jzi f h p G J, l&E k di favmufaom trmcHoabmrsdK; vHk;0r&Sdyg/

,if;uJhodkY taMumif;wkdufqkdifwkdif; tusdK;w&m;wdkY topfjzpfay:vmyHkudk y#dpöorkyÜg'f oabmtm;jzif h od jrif jcif;onf taMumif;tus d K ;qufET,frIoabmudk tewåtjrifjzifh odjrifjcif;jzpfygonf/ xkdodkY qufET,frIudk atmufyg twdkif;

(tw¬e,)enf;(4)rsdK;jzifh odjrifem;vnf Ekdifygonf/ 1/ {uwåenf; 1/ {uwåenf; 1/ {uwåenf; 1/ {uwåenf; 1/ {uwåenf;twdwftaMumif;w&m;ESifh ypöKyÜeftusdK;

w&m;? ypöKyÜeftaMumif;w&m;ESif h tem*wftusdK;w&m;wdkYonf aMumif;usdK; qufET,fvQufwpfqufwnf; tpOftqufrjywf jzpfay:aeMuonf/ xkdYaMumifh BudK;wpfacsmif;wGif yef;oD

86

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2/ emewåenf;2/ emewåenf;2/ emewåenf;2/ emewåenf;2/ emewåenf;taMumif;w&m;ESifh tusdK;w&mwdkYonf

qufET,frI&SdMuaomfvnf; ½kyfemrfwdkY\ obm0vu©Pmwd k Yonf rwlnD Muyg/ xk d Ya Mumif htaMumif; ½kyfemrfwdk YcsKyfNyD; tusdK;½kyfemrfwdk Ytopfjzpfay:aomaMumifh ,if;wdkY\ vu©Pmrsm;rSmvnf; wlnDrnfr[kwfyg/ xkdodkY taMumif;ESifhtusdK;wdkY\(rwlonfhoabm)(rwlonfhoabm)(rwlonfhoabm)(rwlonfhoabm)(rwlonfhoabm)udk odjrifygutwåonf NrJonf[k pGJ,lwwfaom (oów 'd|d)(oów 'd|d)(oów 'd|d)(oów 'd|d)(oów 'd|d)t,lrSm;BuD;udk y,fpGefYEkdifavonf/

3/ tAsmyg&enf;3/ tAsmyg&enf;3/ tAsmyg&enf;3/ tAsmyg&enf;3/ tAsmyg&enf;taMumif;w&m;onf tusdK;w&m; jzpfay:

vmatmif tm;xkwfonfh Asmyg& r&S dovkdtusdK;w&m;onfvnf; taMumif;w&m;&Sdygu

87

jzpfay:vkdufrnf[k tm;xkwfonfh Asmyg&rsdK; r&Sdyg/taMumi f ;w&m; xi f& Sm ; jzp fay:onfE Si f htusdK;w&m;onf oloabmolaqmifum r&Sd &mrStopfjzpfay:vmjcif;om jzpfonf/ vIyfvd kaompdwfonf taMumif;w&m;taejzifh xif&Sm;jzpfay:onfESifh vIyfonfh½kyfonf tusdK;w&m;tjzpfESif h olUoabmolaqmifum topfjzpfay:vm\/ yk*¾dKvf\tvdktwkdif;jzpfonfh oabmrsdK;vHk;0r&Sdyg/

4/ {0H"r®wmenf;4/ {0H"r®wmenf;4/ {0H"r®wmenf;4/ {0H"r®wmenf;4/ {0H"r®wmenf;tusdK;w&m;onf olUoabmolaqmif

umtopfjzpfay:vmaomfvnf; y&rf;ywmjzpfay:jcif;rsdK;r[kwfyg/ taMumif;tm;avsmfpGmom jzpfay:&avonf/ Oyrm-rsufpdESif htqif;wkdufrIaMumifh jrifpdwfomjzpfay:&onf/Mum;pdwf jzpfay:jcif; r&Sday/

]]epaom eptanm}}]]epaom eptanm}}]]epaom eptanm}}]]epaom eptanm}}]]epaom eptanm}}(neither he nor other)

xdkolvnf;r[kwf? tjcm;olvnf;r[kwf

88

[k t"dyÜg,f&ygonf/ Oyrm rSefMunfhygu rSefrSmay:aom yHk&dyfonf rSefMunfholvnf; r[kwf ovdkwpfjcm;olvnf; r[kwfyg/ rSefMunfholonftjyifrSm&S daeaomaMumif h rSefxJrSyH k& dyfonfrSefMunfholr[kwfyg/ odkYaomf yHk&dyfonf rSefMunfholESifh wlaeojzifh wpfjcm;olvnf; r[kwfay/ rSefESifhwk dufqkdifaom taMumif;&S dygu tusdK;yH k&dyfjzpfay:jcif;qkdaom (taMumif;tusdK;ed,mr)(taMumif;tusdK;ed,mr)(taMumif;tusdK;ed,mr)(taMumif;tusdK;ed,mr)(taMumif;tusdK;ed,mr)wpfckom jzpfygonf/ ,if;jzpfpOfudk tewåoabmw&m;[k ac:qkdygonf/

0dyóemwGif jzpfysuf[kajymMuygonf/xk dtcg onmwd k Yonf jzpf Ny D;ysufoGm;ygu]bmaMumifh rSwfrdaeygovJ} [k ar;wwfMuygonf/onmwd k Yonf jzp f Ny D ;y sufoGm;aom fvnf;tm½kHESifhtaMumif;wkdufqkdifygu onm wdkYonfjzpfay:Mujyefygonf/ odkYaomf ,if; onmwdkYonf,cifrlvonmr[kwfyg/

Oyrm rSefMunfhygu yHk&dyfay:\/ aemufwpfcg rSefxyfMunfhyg/ ,cifyHk&dyf jyefay:jcif;

89

r[kwfyg/ ,cif yHk&dyfonf rSefwGif t<uif;tusefr&Sd csKyfaysmuf ygonf/ aemufay:aom yHk&dyfonftopfjzpfay:aomfvnf; ,cifyHk&dyftwkdif; ay:ygonf/ xkdYtwl onmwdkYonf jzpfay:csKyfaysmufaeaomfvnf; taMumif;wkdufqkdifwkdif; topftopfjzpfay:aeaomaMumifh rSwfrdaejcif;jzpf onf/,if;onfyif tewåobm0jzpfygonf/

90

12/ eD0&Pw&m;ESifh "r®m½kH(20-9-2012)(20-9-2012)(20-9-2012)(20-9-2012)(20-9-2012)

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pdwf + Oyg'gefonm+Oyg'gef

yk*¾dKvf?owå0g?j'yf?0wåKedpöonm? twåonm

ykH&dyftm½Hk

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91

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92

jyefvnfhMunfhaomtcg xkdifcHkwGif bmrQr&Sdyg/odkYaomf (rsufpd)onf xkdifcHkudk(jrif)aeaomfvnf;(raem)onfxkdifcHkudk(rod)EdkifyJ]xkdyk*¾Kdvf r&Sdygvm;}[k "r®m½kHwGif udk,fhtvdk (Oyg'gef)twkdif; yk*d¾Kvf(tm½kH)ay:um odjrifoGm;jcif; jzpfygonf/ xkdYaMumifhr su fp du ( jri fonh f ) twd ki f ;rodE d ki fy J"r®m½kHrSm(xifonfh) twdkif;om raemuodjcif;jzpfygonf/

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trSwf jy Kírodyg/ raemonf "r ®m½ k Hw Gi fxifaeaom tjcm;tm½kHwdkYudkom usufpm;aejcif;jzpfavonf/ xdktcg rsufpd jrifonfhtwdkif; rod?udk,fhtvdk(Oyg'gef)twkdif; raemonf "r®m½kHüxifaeaomtawG;wdk Y jzif h arsmygaeygonf/

93

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]]"r®m½kHwGif tm½kHaemufjcif;}}]]"r®m½kHwGif tm½kHaemufjcif;}}]]"r®m½kHwGif tm½kHaemufjcif;}}]]"r®m½kHwGif tm½kHaemufjcif;}}]]"r®m½kHwGif tm½kHaemufjcif;}}0dyóemonf rsufpdujrifonfhtm½kHudk

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94

Munfvifvmaomtcg ( owd ) OD;aqmifrIjzihf½kyferf taMumif;tusdK;wdkYudk ÓPfwGif tm½kHtaejzihf xif&Sm;ay:vGif vmygonf/ ,if;½kyferwdkYtay:wGif rNrJaomoabm (tedpö)? tckdiftrmtESpfom& r&Sdaomoabm (tewå)wdkYudk or®mouFyÜjzifh qifjcifaomaMumifh igighOpömtjzpfpGJ,lír&aMumif; trSefudkodjrifjcif; or®m'd|d(ynm)onf jzpfay:vmavonf/

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a[moGm;Muygonf/ oli,fcsif; rdwfaqGrsm;vnf;ygMuavonf/ awmifBuD;NrdKUa&mufonfhtcg&moDOwkuvnf;at;? oef Y& Si f;rIuvnf;&S d ?opfyifawmawmifwkdYuvnf; pdrf;pdkaeaom aMumifhtzG J Yom;wd k Yr Sm p dwfa&mud k,fyg vef;qef;aeMuygonf/ xkdYaMumifh ]]awmifBuD;NrdKUuvSvdkufwm? awmifBuD;uom,mwmyJ? awmifBuD;NrdKUuat;vdk Yaevdk Yaumif;w,f}} ponfjzifh ajymqdkMuygonf/ trSeftm;jzifh rsufpdu jrifonfrSm

95

tdrfawG? wdkufawG? vrf;awG? opfyifawGomjzpfygonf/ jrif&onfhxJwGif awmifBuD;NrdKUudkrawGUyg/ odkYaomf ,if;wkdY\pdwfxJwGif awmifBuD;rdKUudk jrifae&ygonf/

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96

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97

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99

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100

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101

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102

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103

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104

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112

xkdif&mwGif wifyg;ESifh Murf;jyifESpfckxd&mü cE¨mudk,f\tay:ykdif; tav;csdefESifh Murf;jyifwdkY\qefYusifzufESpfck xd&awGUrIwdkYaMumifh azmufjyefrIoabmwdkYudk qifjcifívnf; ½kyf[k ÓPfjzifhod&ygonf/ wifyg;onf toGifyHkoP²mef trnfwdkYygaeaomaMumifh ynwfjzpfygonf/ xkdif&mrSx&mwGif qifjcifMunfhygu ajcaxmufwdk YwGifawmifhwif;axmufuefrIwdkYudk ½kyftjzpf od&ygonf/

ajcaxmufonf ½kyfr[kwfyg/ azmufjyefajymif;vJonfh vu©Pmudkqifjcifí &kyf[kod& jci f ; jzp fygonf/ avsmi f ;&mwGi fvnf;aysmhajymif;rIoabm? zdESdyfonfhae&m (pressurepoint)wdkYwGif xdrIwdkYudk ½kyf[k (owdorÜZOf)jzifhod&ygonf/

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15/ r*¾ifa&jzifhomNidrf;at;Ekdifygonf/

(1-10-2012)(1-10-2012)(1-10-2012)(1-10-2012)(1-10-2012)

avmuwGif taMumif;w&m;wdkYaygif;qHkvmaomtcg rdrdarQmfvifhxm;aom aumif;usdK;rsm;jzpfay:vmwwfovkd arQmfvifhrxm;aomqkd;usdK;rsm;vnf; jzpfwwfMuygonf/ aumif;usdK;rsm; jzpfay:vmaomtcg 0rf;omaysmf&Tif&aomfvnf; qkd;usdK;rsm;jzpfay:vmygu 0rf;enf;ylaqG;Mu&ygonf/ odkYaomf &&Sdvmaom aumif;usdK;rsm;onfvnf; NrJaernfr[kwfovkd qkd;usdK;rsm;vnf;rNrJyg/ rdrd\qE´? 0D&d,? ÓPfwdk Yjzifh,SOfumtqkd;[laom (avmu)t½IH;xJrS taumif;[laom("r®)tjrwfudk xkwf,lEdkifMuygonf/

]]avmu"H&Spfyg;ESif hpdwf"mwfcGeftm;}}]]avmu"H&Spfyg;ESif hpdwf"mwfcGeftm;}}]]avmu"H&Spfyg;ESif hpdwf"mwfcGeftm;}}]]avmu"H&Spfyg;ESif hpdwf"mwfcGeftm;}}]]avmu"H&Spfyg;ESif hpdwf"mwfcGeftm;}}

1/ vmbf&jcif; 2/ vmbfr&jcif; (vmabm) (tvmabm) 3/ ta>ct&H&dSjcif; 4/ ta>ct&Hr&dSjcif; (,aom) (t,aom)

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5/ csD;rGrf;jcif; 6/ uJh&JUjcif; (yoHom) (edE´m) 7/ csrf;omjcif; 8/ qif;&Jjcif; (okcH) ('ku¨H)

xdkavmu"H&Spfyg;onf b0wpfckudk&wdkif;tenf;qHk; wpfBudrfwpfcgawmh BuHKMu&ygonf/wpfcsdKUqdkvQif tcgcgBuHK&onfvnf;&Sdygonf/odk Yaomf avmu"Honf pdwfysuftm;i,fp&mr[kwfyg/ tm;rmeftjynfhjzifh ½kef;uefausmfvTm;&rnfh obm0w&m;wpfckjzpfygonf/ ,if;wGifpdwf"mwf cGeftm;onf ta&;BuD;ygonf/

rdrdb0&yfwnfa&;twGuf vlom;wdkif;½kef;uef vIyf&Sm;&ygonf/ rnfonfhavmu"HESifhBuH Konfjzpfap b0&yfwnf&Sifoef;twGuf½kef;uefEdkifonfh cGeftm;rsm;&SdMuygonf/ rlvtajctaetwdkif; csufjcif;rjzpfEdkifaomfvnf;b0&yfwnf&mtwGuf tNrJwpfae&m&Sdygonf/xdkae&mESifh tH0if cGifus aewwf&efomvdkygonf/xdktcg avmu"H½dkufcsuf\ 'Pf&m'Pfcsuf

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wdkYonf jyif;xefaomfvnf; xdkumvudk owd?0D&d,? ÓPfESif h,SOfum ESvHk;oGif;rSefrSefjzif hjzwfoef;Edkif&efom ta&;BuD;avonf/

Ak'bk&m;&Sif a[mMum;xm;aom "r®aq; jzifhud k,femaomfvnf; pdwfremyJ avmu"Hud k½kef;uef&if; (Oyg'gefudkowdjzifh) y,fEdkifatmifBudK;pm; ESvHk;oGif;Edkifygu udavo0#f? ur®0#f?0dygu0#fqd kaom oHo&mrD;awmufBuD;ud kygNidrf;owfEdkifygonf/

avmurD;onf avmif&if vnf; odEdkifovdkNidrf;&ifvnf; odygonf/ oHo&mrD;uawmh avmifrSef;vnf;rodyg/ Nidrf;&aumif; rSef;vnf; rodyg/bk&m;&Sifonf &if0vSHpl; xdyfOD;rD;avmifaeygaomfvnf; 'd|drD;udkom tvQiftjref r*¾ifa&jzifhNidrf;oifhaMumif; a[mMum;awmfrlcJhygonf/

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&Sdavonf/ 1/ ZmwdrD; 2/ Z&rD; 3/ r&PrD;4/ avmbrD; 5/ a'gorD; 6/ arm[rD; 7/ aomu

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rD; 8/ y&da'0rD; 9/ 'ku©rD; 10/ a'greórD;11/ Oyg,morD;wdk Y jzpfygonf/ xdkrD;wdk Yonfavmu"HE Si f h taMumif;wd kufqd ki faomtcgxif&Sm;vmMuygonf/ taMumif;uif;aomtcgrxif&Sm;Muyg/ igqdkaom 'd|dtcHtpGJaMumifhavmu"Honf ydkíjyif;xefaejcif;jzpfygonf/xdkYaMumifh (aepOf)tcsdefwdkif;rSm r*¾ifynmjzifhowdxm; 0D&d,pdkufNyD; 'd|drD;udk Nidrf;owf&ayrnf/

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wkefYjyefrItvkyf(responding)udkom vkyfukdifaejcif;jzpfygonf/ xdkodkY tm½kHwdkYudk vufcHrIESifhwkefYjyefrI (cE¨tvkyf)om vkyfudkifaeonf[krodEdkifMuyg/ cEmudk ÓPfra&mufMuao;yg/

]],HkMunfrIo'¨g}}]],HkMunfrIo'¨g}}]],HkMunfrIo'¨g}}]],HkMunfrIo'¨g}}]],HkMunfrIo'¨g}}avmuavmu"HESifhBuHK&aomfvnf; rdrd\

'ge? oDv? orx? 0dyóemtm;xkwfrI taMumif;w&m;wdkYonf b0c&D;Murf;wGif taxmuftyHaumif;us d K;rsm;ayrnfrSm trSef jzpfygonf/xdkuHESifhuH\tusdK; (tewå)udk ,HkMunfrI o'¨gw&m;onf b0c&D;vrf;wGif tvGefta&;BuD; onfhpdwf"gwfcGeftm;wpfck jzpfygonf/ ]]rsufjrifESif hÓPfjrif}} ]]rsufjrifESif hÓPfjrif}} ]]rsufjrifESif hÓPfjrif}} ]]rsufjrifESif hÓPfjrif}} ]]rsufjrifESif hÓPfjrif}}

rsuf jrifonf (avmu)twGufrSe fíÓPfjrifonf ("r®)obm0twGuf rSefavonf/Oyrm aeonf ta&SU&yfrSxGufítaemuf&yfodkY0ifygonf/ avmu(rsufjrif)tm;jzifh rSefygonf/odkYaomf trSeftm;jzifh aepMum0|mwGif aeonf0ifjcif;vnf;r&S dovdk xGufjcif;vnf;r&S dyg/

118

urÇmuom aeudkvSnfhywfaejcif;jzpfygonf/avmuwGif (rsufjrif) twdkif;om ynwfwifajymqdk&aomfvnf; (ÓPfjrif)jzifh tppftrSef(reality)udk jrifxm;aomaMumifh avmuwGifajymqdk½kHomoHk;NyD; r&Sdw&m;wdkYudk odNyD;jzpfí rpGJjcif;jzpfygonf/

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ukd wdkuf? um;? a&T? aiG? &mxl;? vkyfief;ponfhyp önf ;Op ömrsm; jzi f h (r suf jri f )owfr Swf Muaomfvnf; ,if;wdk Yonf ynwfajymqdk½k HomrSefavonf/ trSeftm;jzifh (ÓPfjrif) jzpfaomoDv? orm"d? ynmodu©mjrifhrSom trSefwu,fvlYtqifh twef; jrifhjcif;jzpfygonf/

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jzp fygonf/ avmuwGi f avmb? a'go?arm[wdkYjzifh vIyf&Sm;aeMu&í avmuudk "r®jzifhxde f ;ausmif;&ygonf/avmuonf toGi f

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oP²mefjzpfí "r®onf tESpfoabm jzpfygonf/avmuonf trSefr[kwfyJ tjyif oabm(rm,m)omjzpfNyD; "r®onfom twGif; oabm(opöm)jzpfygonf/ xdkYaMumifh avmu (tum)jzifhauseyfraeyJ "r�® (tESpf)udkyg &SmazG oifhygonf/

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"r®onf tewåoabmjzpfygonf/ twåjzif hr dr dtvd ktwd ki f ; jzpfcsi f Muaomfvnf; tewå

qdkaom "r®oabmt& olYoabmolaqmifaeMuygonf/ xdktcg avmuwGif "r®jzifhaewwfatmif udk,fhtvdktwdkif;vnf; rjzpfEdkifovdk olYoabmolaqmifqkdNyD; vGwfxm;vdkYvnf;r&ay/ avmuowfrSwfcsuf pnf;urf;t&jzpfoifhonfwdkYudkom ÓPfjzifh,SOfí vkyfoifhonfudkvkyf? ajymoifhonfudkajym? BuHoifhonfudkBuHpD&jcif;onf rZÑdrvrf;jzpfygonf/

xdktcg avmuwGif "r®todESifh,SOfíowdjzifh aewwfvmaomaMumifh xuf0if;usifpifMu,faom raemjzifh raumif;rIa&Smif? aumif;rI

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aqmif? jzLatmifpdwfudkxm;NyD; rdrd olwpfyg;tusdK;pD;yGm;twGuf csrf;ompGm aqmif&GufEdkifavonf/

a'gufwmpdk;vGif (rEÅav;)

Documents

25 MMA 2012 - Thitsarparami Dhamma Society · "r®m½Hktjzpf tm½Hkay:í raem0dnmOf (pdwf)u od&jcif; jzpfygonf/ rsufpdrS jrifpdwfonf jrifaomfvnf; uGJuGJjym;jym; rodEdkifacs/ ,if;onf