24807_Chapter+1+-+Safety+and+Health+Movement+Then+and+Now_1

7/25/2019 24807_Chapter+1+-+Safety+and+Health+Movement+Then+and+Now_1

1/20

Safety and Health Movement

Then and Now


2/20

Major TopicsDevelopments before the Industrial Revolution.

Milestones in the safety movement.

Tragedies that have changed the safetymovement.

Role of organied labor.

Development of accident prevention programs.

Development of Safety !rganiations.

Safety and Health Movement Today.

07/04/16 2Prepared By: Engr. Edie Boy M. Dela Cruz


3/20

Safety Versus HealthSafetyis concerned with in"ury causing

situations. Safety is concerned with haardsto humans that result from sudden severeconditions.Healthis concerned with disease causing

conditions. Health deals with adversereactions to prolonged e#posure to

dangerous but less intense haards.$n overly stressed wor%er may be prone to

unintentionally forget safety precautions andthus may cause an accident.



4/20

Causes of Improvement in

Workplace SafetyImprovements in safety have been the result

of pressure for legislation to promote safetyand health& the steadily increasing costassociated with accidents and in"uries& andthe professionaliation of safety as anoccupation.

Improvements in the future are li%ely to comeas a result of greater awareness of the coste'ectiveness and resultant competitivenessgained from a safe and healthy wor%force.



5/20

Code of HammurabiThe (ode of Hamurabi )*abylonian %ing in

+,,, *.(.- contained clauses dealing within"uries& allowable fees for physicians& andmonetary damages assessed against thosewho in"ured others.

If a man had caused the loss of a

gentleman/s eye& his own eye shall be causedto be lost.0



6/20

Development of the irst

!r"ani#ed Safety $ro"ram1hen the industrial sector began to grow in

the 2nited States haardous wor%ingconditions were commonplace.

3actory inspection was introduced inMassachusetts in 4567.In 4586 the 9ennsylvania legislature passed

a mine safety law that re:uired two e#itsfrom all mines.In 456+& the ;rst recorded safety program

was established in a


7/20

ederick Taylor%s Connection to

the Safety Movement$round 46,, 3ederic% Taylor began studying

e=ciency in manufacturing.

His purpose was to identify the impact ofvarious factors on e=ciency& productivity& andpro;tability.

He drew the connection between lostpersonnel time and management policies and

procedures.This connection between safety and

management represented a ma"or steptowards broad>based safety consciousness.



8/20

Development of the &ational

Safety CouncilThe $ssociation of Iron and Steel ?lectrical ?ngineers

)$IS??- formed in the early 46,,s& pressed for anational conference on safety.

$s a result the ;rst meeting of the (ooperative Safety(ongress )(S(- too% place in Milwau%ee in 464+.

$ year after the meeting of the (S(& the National(ouncil of Industrial Safety was established in(hicago.

In 464@& this organiation changed its name toNational Safety (ouncil )NS(-.

NS( is now the premier safety organiation in the2nited States.

07/04/16 Prepared By: Engr. Edie Boy M. Dela Cruz


9/20

Impact of 'abor Shorta"es in

World War II on the SafetyMovement3rom the end of 1orld 1ar I )4645- through the 46@,s

safety awareness grew steadily.During this period industry in the 2nited States arrived at

two critical conclusionsA

)4- There is a de;nite connection between Buality andSafety.)+- !'>the>"ob accidents have a negative impact onproductivity.

This became clear to manufacturers during 1orld 1ar IIwhen call>up and deployment of troops had employers

struggling to meet their labor needs.3or these employers& loss of a s%illed wor%er due to in"ury or

for any other reason created an e#cessive hardship.

07/04/16 !Prepared By: Engr. Edie Boy M. Dela Cruz


10/20

$rimary (eason behind the

passa"e of the !SH)!ccupational Safety * Health+,ct

The 468,s saw the passage of a Curry of legislationpromoting wor%place safety. These laws applied to a limitedaudience of wor%ers.

$ccording to the Society of Manufacturing ?ngineers )SM?-

more signi;cant legislation was needed because the statelegislated safety re:uirements only in speci;c industries hadinade:uate safety and health standards& and hadinade:uate budgets for enforcement.

In the late 468,s more than 4&,,, employees were %illedannually in connection with their "obs& and wor% in"ury rates

were rising.These were the primary reasons for the passage of thefederal !ccupational Safety and Health $ct )!SH $ct- of467,. It represents the most signi;cant legislation to date inthe history of the safety movement.



11/20

Ho- -orkplace tra"edies have

a.ected the Safety MovementSafety and health tragedies in the wor%place have greatly

accelerated the pace of the safety movement in the 2nitedStates.

Ha-k%s &est Tra"edy/ 1or%ers spent as many as 4,hours per day breathing the dust created by drilling andblasting a passageway through a mountain located in theHaw%/s Nest region of 1est Eirginia that had an unusuallyhigh silica content. Silicosis is a disease that normally ta%es4, to F, years to show up in e#posed wor%ers. $t Haw%/s

Nest wor%ers began dying in as little time as a year.$ppro#imately one million wor%ers in the 2nited States arestill e#posed to silica every year& and +@, people dieannually from silicosis. Today administrative controls&engineering controls& and personal protective e:uipmentare used to protect wor%ers in a dusty environment.



12/20

Ho- -orkplace tra"edies have

a.ected the Safety Movement,sbestos Menace/ In 468 Dr. Seli%o' lin%ed

asbestos to lung cancer and respiratory diseases.It was found in homes& schools & o=ces& factories&

ships and ;lter of cigarettes. In the 467,s and465,s asbestos became a controlled material.0hopal Tra"edyA In 465 over , tons of Methyl

isocyanate )MI(- and other lethal gases&including hydrogen cyanide lea%ed into thenorthern end of *hopal %illing over F,,, people.2nion (arbide had to pay G7, million incompensatory damage. In the 2S it led to the?mergency 9lanning and (ommunity Right tonow $ct )?9(R$- of 4658.



13/20

(ole of !r"ani#ed 'abor in

,dvancement of SafetyMovement!rganied labor has played a crucial role in

the development of the safety movement inthe 2nited States.

3rom the Industrial Revolution time&organied labor has fought for safer wor%ingconditions and appropriate compensationfor wor%ers in"ured on the "ob.

Many of the earliest developments in thesafety movement were the result of longand hard>fought battles by organied labor.



14/20

ello- Servant (ule1

Contributory &e"li"ence1 and,ssumption of (iskThe 3ellow Servant Rule held that employers

were not liable for wor%place in"uries thatresulted from the negligence of other

employees.(ontributory NegligenceA If the actions of

employees contributed to their own in"uries&the employer was not held liable.$ssumption of Ris%A 9eople who accept a "ob

assume the ris%s that go with it.These employer biased laws were overturned

in all states e#cept in New Hampshire wherethe fellow servant rule still applies.

07/04/16 14Prepared By: Mr. "le#i$ %o&n M. 'u(io


15/20

The three 2%s of Safety

2n"ineerin"1 2ducation1 and2nforcementThe 2n"ineerin"aspects of a safety program

involve ma%ing design improvements to bothproduct and process to decrease potential haards.

The 2ducation aspect of a safety program ensuresthat employees %now how to wor% safely& why it isimportant to do so& and that safety is e#pected bymanagement.

The 2nforcement aspect of a safety program

involves ma%ing sure that employees abide bysafety policies& rules& regulations& practices andprocedures. Supervisors and fellow employees play a%ey role in the enforcement aspect of modern safetyprograms.

07/04/16 15Prepared By: Mr. "le#i$ %o&n M. 'u(io


16/20

Inte"rated ,pproach to Safety

and Healthearn more through sharing %nowledge about health problems in

the wor%place& particularly those caused by to#ic substances.9rovide a greater level of e#pertise in evaluating health and safety

problems.

9rovide a broad database that can be used to compare health andsafety problems e#perienced by di'erent companies in the sameindustry.

?ncourage accident prevention.Ma%e employee health and safety a high priority.!SH$ reinforces the integrated approach by re:uiring companies

to have a plan for doing at least the followingA

4. 9roviding appropriate medical treatment for in"ured or illwor%ers.

+. Regularly e#amining wor%ers who are e#posed to to#icsubstances.

F. Having a :uali;ed ;rst>aid person available during all wor%inghours.



17/20

Modern Industrial Companies

may include the follo-in"positions/Industrial Hy"iene Chemist and3or 2n"ineer/

(ompanies that use to#ic substances periodicallytest the wor% environment. Dust levels& ventilationand noise levels are also monitored. 2nsafeconditions or haardous levels of e#posure can beidenti;ed and corrected or preventive measures canbe ta%en.(adiation Control Specialist/(ompanies that use

or produce radioactive material employ specialists to

monitor radiation levels to which wor%ers may bee#posed& test wor%ers for level of e#posure& respondto radiation accidents& develop plans for handlingradiation accidents& and implement decontaminationprocedures when necessary.



18/20

Modern Industrial Companies

may include the follo-in"positions/Industrial Safety 2n"ineer or

Mana"er/They are responsible fordeveloping and carrying out the company/s

overall health and safety programincluding accident prevention& accidentinvestigation& and education and training.)


19/20

Summary$ milestone in safety is the passage of !SH$ in 467,.abor unions have wor%ed to overturn anti labor laws

inhibiting safety.

Health problems in the wor%place include lung diseasein miners& and lung cancer tied to asbestos.The asbestos menace& and *hopal disaster have

changed the face of the safety movement.$ccident prevention techni:ues include fail safe

designs& loc%out& 99?& redundancy and timed

replacements.$ leading safety organiation is the $merican Society

of Safety ?ngineers.$ safety team may include a safety engineer& nurse&

and dietician.

07/04/16 1!Prepared By: Engr. Edie Boy M. Dela Cruz


20/20

Home-orkTo be submitted ne#t meeting hand writtenonly.

4. To what causes can improvement in

wor%place safety made to date be attributedJ+. ?#plain the primary reasons behind the

passage of the !SH $ct.

F. De;ne the following termsA fellow servant

rule& contributory negligence& andassumption of ris%.

. ?#plain the three ?/s of Safety.


Documents

24807_Chapter+1+-+Safety+and+Health+Movement+Then+and+Now_1