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24 May 2012
Metrology research for ensuring Smart Grid
stability and reliability
Torsten Lippert (Trescal)
Gert Rietveld (VSL)
P 122
Outline
Future of Electricity Supply
Metrological challenges
− Modelling of grids
− Phasor Measurement Units
− Grid Power Quality
− Energy measurement
“SmartGrid Metrology” EU project
Summary
P 123
New era of energy supply
diversification of energy sources
self supporting in energy
Renewable ‘carbon free’ energy sources
in living areas and industries, ‘energy farms’
Energy saving
20/20/20 aims EU for 2020:
• 20% reduction CO2 emission
• 20% renewable energy
• 20% less energy (efficiency)
P 124
Impact on the electricity grid
“The grid as we have it”
Few large power plants
One-way power flow
Simple loads
“Produce what is
demanded”
P 125
Impact on the electricity grid
“The grid as we plan it”
Two-way power flow
(prosumers)
Local generation
(renewables!) + few
large plants
Complex, varying
loads
(demand control)
“Demand what is
produced”
http://www.smartgrids.eu/documents/vision.pdf
P 126
Metrology challenges
How to support development of
smart grids?
Two major issues
Continuity of supply
Quality of supply
We need to get better understanding of the MV / LV grid and
provide reliable tools for controlling the grid
− Modelling of grids
− Phasor Measurement Units
− Grid Power Quality
− Energy measurement
Grid modelling - real life example
GBRENNSTOFFZELLE
30 kWel
GBIOGAS BHKW
30 kWel
GERDGAS BHKW
100 kWel
GBRENNSTOFFZELLE
< 5 kWel
GMIKROGASTURBINE
100 kWel
GKLEIN-BHKW ERDGAS
5 kWel
GSOLARANLAGE PV
2 kWel
Industrie/KMU
EVU
Mehrfamilienhaus
Spital
Landwirtschaft
Schulhaus Einfamilienhaus
630 kVA
Low voltage network in VEiN (CH)
Solar PV,
Fuel Cells,
Biogas,
Natural Gas,
µ-gasturbine
Question: will network remain stable with new, variable loads?
Grid modelling - real life example
Smart Grid Trial,
Bornholm
Presentation at: IEA PVPS
Workshop
September 9 2010
Presentation by: Peter Ahm
(IEA PVPS Denmark)
PA Energy Ltd.
(not part of the EMRP project)
P 129
Grid modelling – laboratory model
Real Time station
with 3 “islands”
Gas Engine,
Fuel Cells,
Loads,
Induction
machines
(loads + gens),
PV inverters
Test using laboratory microgrid with multiple loads
P 130
Grid modelling - progress
Progress to date
Model developed of Strathclyde grid (state estimation)
Model expanded to include uncertain impedances in the
network interconnections
Analytical techniques applied to evaluate uncertainty in state
estimators
Comparison with monte carlo techniques successful; problems
with networks having large amounts of distributed generation
On-going work
Resolve discrepancies in uncertainty calculations
Try on full size real networks
– need to engage with utility
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Phasor Measurement Units (PMUs)
PMUs from multiple vendors can
yield inaccurate readings. “in a
recent characterization of devices
from two different manufacturers
we have found a difference of one
degree at 60 Hz (this is equivalent
to 47 microseconds error)”
NASPI team, 2007
PMUs used to monitor static state
estimation as well as the dynamic
behaviour of transmission networks
“early warning of system instability”
P 132
PMU metrology infrastructure
Progress
Platform for testing PMU algorithms
New PMU algorithms
Under construction: PMU calibrator and reference PMU
On-going work
Reference PMU & PMU calibrator
Lab & on-site tests G.N. Stenbakken, 2008
IRIG-B On Time
boundary
PPS (Pulse Per
Second)
10 MHz Master
Clock
(Sampling)
Grid Power Quality
Recent study (Leonardo institute): “PQ costs in Europe are responsible for serious reduction in industrial performance with an economic impact exceeding €150 bn/year”
Price of poor Power Quality
(PQ)
I2R Loss
Oscillating
Plant
IT Failure
Resonant
Over voltage
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Grid Power Quality
On-site PQ measurements on renewable generation
equipment and in transmission / distribution grids
Progress
Contacts with utilities
Strategy determined, equipment identified
• On-going work
Preparation of measurements (site visits)
Actual on-site tests
P 135
Grid PQ – results of first tests
• Solar PV retro-fitted
housing estate
• DNO interested in voltage
transients, surges, flicker, harmonics
On-site <> in lab!
Phase L1 - 24 hours
Revenue metering
Larger energy flows in the grid
More commercial parties
AMR –
automatic
meter
reading
Smart Meters
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Revenue metering
Progress
New algorithms for recognition of loads
(appliances) make smart meters smarter
Tool for monitoring meter status via a
calibrated summing meter
On-site (MV/HV) billing systems
On-going work
Completion and testing of on-site
revenue metering systems
-80
-40
0
40
80
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5
De
viat
ion
[µ
W/V
A]
Current [A]
Phase1
Phase2
Phase3
PF = 1; V = 57.7 V; 53 Hz
P 138
SmartGrid Metrology project
European Metrology Research Programme
http://www.euramet.org/ documents
“Join resources to tackle metrology challenges in coming 7 years”
Smart Grids joint research project
• 22 Partners – 18 NMIs + 4 universities
• 4 technical WPs
• 4 M€
• Sept 2010 – 2013
Liaisons - impact
Instrument
Manufacturers
Renewable
Developers
Renewable
Operators
Test labs
Standardisation Universities
Network
Operators On-site
measurements
STAKEHOLDER
COMMITTEE
Website, Papers
Government bodies
P 140
Summary
New era of energy landscape
• Local and large scale generation via renewable energy sources
• Demand regulation (“use what is available”)
Challenge for the grids: support the uptake of renewables while
ensuring grid stability and quality
Metrology challenge: “support reliable grid data”
Metrology infrastructure for smart grids
Grid modelling, PMUs, PQ, billing
On-site, complexity – not just accuracy
’a smart grid is never smarter than the quality of its measurements’
Courtesy SP
P 142
P 143
Current waveforms
P 144
Current waveforms
P 145
Typical Frequency Spectrum (500 kHz)
P 146
Acknowledgements
The research leading to these results has received funding from
the European Union on the basis of Decision No 912/2009/EC.
The research leading to these results has received funding from
the Danish Agency for Science Technology and Innovation under
the Ministry of Science Technology and Innovation.
