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21cm%Cosmology%Through%the%Ages%
The%Pioneers%(1930’s)%
Bruce%Array%(Karl%Jansky),%20.5%MHz,%‘32% Grote%Reber,%160%MHz,%‘37%
…%(15%years)%…%
PostNWar%(1950’s)%
Mills%Cross,%85.5%MHz,%‘54% OSU’s%Big%Ear,%250%MHz,%‘54% Shain%Cross,%19.7%MHz,%‘58%
Clark%Lake,%26.3%MHz,%‘58% Cambridge,%45N214%MHz,%‘58%
Discovery%(1960’s)%
DRAO,%22%MHz,%‘60% Molonglo,%408%MHz,%‘60% Medicina,%408/843%MHz,%‘64%
Culgoora,%80/160%MHz,%‘67% ISA,%81%MHz,%‘67%
Dawn%of%the%Computers%(1970’s)%
Westerbork,%120N>%MHz,%‘70%
RatanN600,%610%MHz,%‘77%
CLFST,%151%MHz,%‘79%
Effelsberg,%408N>%MHz,%‘72%
…%(15%years)%…%
21cm%transibon%(1.4%GHz)%
…%(15%years)%…%
Cheap%Compubng%(1990’s)%
GMRT,%36N610%MHz,%‘95%
Mauribus,%151.5%MHz,%‘98%
New%Science%(2000’s)%
Deuterium%Array,%327%MHz,%‘04% 21cmA/PAST,%50N200%MHz,%‘04%
ATA,%500N>%MHz,%‘07% EDGES,%100N200%MHz,%‘09%
A%Golden%Age%(2010’s)%
LOFAR,%10N240%MHz,%‘12% MWA,%100N200%MHz,%‘12%
LWANLEDA,%10N88%MHz,%‘12% PAPERN64,%South%Africa,%100N200%MHz,%‘12%
z%=%100%to%20%15%to%70%MHz%
z%=%20%to%5%70%to%240%MHz%
z%=%5%to%0%240%to%1400%MHz%
Reionizabon%(opbcal)%
Gnedin%et%al.%(2006)%
Seeing%Through%the%“Fog”:%21cm%
Gnedin%et%al.%(2006)%
The Frequency Axis
CMB%
21cm%
Measurements%vs.%frequency%
The%3D%Power%Spectrum%
• 2004: PGB-4 • 2006: PGB-8 • 2007: PWA-4 • 2008: PGB-16 • 2009: PSA-16 • 2010: PGB-32, PSA-32 • 2011: PSA-64, PSA-32x2 • 2012: PSA-64x2 • 2013: PSA-128x2
A Brief History of PAPER
• 115 – 190 MHz (z=6.5 – 11) • Single dipole elements + flaps (FoV ~ 40°) • Max baseline 300m (15’ resolution) • Two sites: Green Bank and Karoo
Cosbng%Telescope%Buildout%
Random%Thoughts%• Metal%and%computers%are%cheap;%people%are%not%
• LowNcost%telescopes%=%easyNtoNbuild%designs%(e.g.%CASPER)%%%%
• Annual%telescope%operabons%=%10%%Total%construcbon%cost%• NSF%has%too%many%mouths%to%feed;%get%in,%get%science,%get%out%%%%
• It’s%beker%to%be%first%then%best%than%later%and%worse%• Agility%and%improvement%are%important%tools%for%harsh%funding%environments%%
September 2010
September 2009
Logistics
May 2009
October 2009
February 2010
! MOU in place with SKA-SA ! Excellent site support ! From no infrastructure to imaging PSA-32 in one year.
“MiniNTornado”%Strikes?%
PAPERN32:%Best%Upper%Limit%on%EoR%
Ruling%Out%NoNHeabng%Scenarios%
Pritchard%&%Loeb%(2012)%Mesinger%et%al.%(2013)%
Sensitivity vs. Foreground Removal
Area%(m2)% SNR%Pessimis0c%
SNR%Moderate%
SNR%Op0mis0c%
SKANlow% 8e5% 14% 98% 280%LOFARNcore% 3e4% 1.4% 2.8% 17%
MWAN128% 900% 0.6% 2.5% 6.4%
PAPERN128% 530% 1.7% 1.9% 8.9%
HERAN331%
Area%(m2)% SNR%Pessimis0c%
SNR%Moderate%
SNR%Op0mis0c%
SKANlow% 8e5% 14% 98% 280%HERA% 5e4% 19% 23% 80%LOFARNcore% 3e4% 1.4% 2.8% 17%
MWAN128% 900% 0.6% 2.5% 6.4%
PAPERN128% 530% 1.7% 1.9% 8.9%
HERA:%Mapping%from%the%Dark%Ages%%Through%Reionizabon%
0.01
0.1
1
10
100
1000
10000
7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19
170 140 120 100 80 6
212 [m
K2 ]
Redshift
Frequency [MHz]
HERA-331
LOFAR-Hi MWA LOFAR-LoPAPER
Fiducial ModelExtreme X-ray Heating
Cold Dark Matter AnnihilationWarm Dark Matter
21cm%Intensity%Mapping%
z%=%100%to%20%15%to%70%MHz%
z%=%20%to%5%70%to%240%MHz%
z%=%5%to%0%240%to%1400%MHz%
Don%Backer%(1943N2010)%
“All%you%need%[to%detect%the%first%stars]%are%paperclips%%and%a%supercomputer!”%
Paperclips% Supercomputers% Exploring%the%Universe!%
UC%Berkeley’s%Radio%Astronomy%Lab%Through%the%Ages!%
