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CHEMISTRYWritten examination
Tuesday 1 June 2021 Reading time: 10.00 am to 10.15 am (15 minutes) Writing time: 10.15 am to 12.45 pm (2 hours 30 minutes)
QUESTION AND ANSWER BOOK
Structure of bookSection Number of
questionsNumber of questions
to be answeredNumber of
marksA 30 30 30B 10 10 90
Total 120
• Studentsarepermittedtobringintotheexaminationroom:pens,pencils,highlighters,erasers, sharpeners,rulersandonescientificcalculator.
• StudentsareNOTpermittedtobringintotheexaminationroom:blanksheetsofpaperand/orcorrectionfluid/tape.
Materials supplied• Questionandanswerbookof39pages• Databook• Answersheetformultiple-choicequestionsInstructions• Writeyourstudent numberinthespaceprovidedaboveonthispage.• Checkthatyourname andstudent numberasprintedonyouranswersheetformultiple-choice
questionsarecorrect,andsignyournameinthespaceprovidedtoverifythis.• Unlessotherwiseindicated,thediagramsinthisbookarenotdrawntoscale.• AllwrittenresponsesmustbeinEnglish.At the end of the examination• Placetheanswersheetformultiple-choicequestionsinsidethefrontcoverofthisbook.• Youmaykeepthedatabook.
Students are NOT permitted to bring mobile phones and/or any other unauthorised electronic devices into the examination room.
©VICTORIANCURRICULUMANDASSESSMENTAUTHORITY2021
SUPERVISOR TO ATTACH PROCESSING LABEL HEREVictorian Certificate of Education 2021
STUDENT NUMBER
Letter
2021CHEMISTRYEXAM(NHT) 2
SECTION A – continued
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Question 1 Thefollowingtableshowsanumberoffuelsandacommonmethodofproductionorsourceforeachfuel.
Fuel Common method of production or source
liquefiedpetroleumgas(LPG) extractedduringproductionofnaturalgas
kerosene fractionaldistillationfromcrudeoil
biodiesel convertedfromfat
ethanol fermentationofcorn
hydrogen electrolysisofwater
naturalgas extractedfromshale
methane chemicalbreakdownoforganicmaterialbyanaerobicbacteria
Basedontheinformationprovidedinthetableabove,whichofthefollowinglistsonlyfossilfuels?A. hydrogen,kerosene,LPGB. kerosene,LPG,naturalgasC. ethanol,methane,naturalgasD. biodiesel,hydrogen,methane
Question 2 Calciummetalcanbeobtainedfromtheelectrolysisofmoltencalciumchloride.Duringthisprocess,calciumionsflowtotheA. anodeandarereducedtocalciummetal.B. anodeandareoxidisedtocalciummetal.C. cathodeandarereducedtocalciummetal.D. cathodeandareoxidisedtocalciummetal.
SECTION A – Multiple-choice questions
Instructions for Section AAnswerall questionsinpencilontheanswersheetprovidedformultiple-choicequestions.Choosetheresponsethatiscorrect orthatbest answers thequestion.Acorrectanswerscores1;anincorrectanswerscores0.Markswillnotbedeductedforincorrectanswers.Nomarkswillbegivenifmorethanoneansweriscompletedforanyquestion.Unlessotherwiseindicated,thediagramsinthisbookarenotdrawntoscale.
3 2021CHEMISTRYEXAM(NHT)
SECTION A – continuedTURN OVER
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Question 3 Whichoneofthefollowingstatementsaboutrechargeablebatteriesismostcorrect?A. Sidereactionsattheelectrodesreducebatterylife.B. Duringdischargethebatteryoperatesasanelectrolyticcell.C. Batterylifeisindirectproportiontothetemperaturewhenthebatteryisinuse.D. Duringdischargethecellvoltageishigherthanthevoltagebeingusedtorechargethecell.
Question 4 Wheneggwhitesarebeaten,changesintheirappearanceoccur.Theeggwhiteswillchangefromaclearliquidtoafirm,whitepeak.Whichproteinstructure(s)isalteredwhenthischangeoccurs?A. theprimary,secondaryandtertiarystructuresB. thesecondaryandtertiarystructuresC. theprimarystructureonlyD. thetertiarystructureonly
Question 5Asingle10gpieceofironmetaliscompletelysubmergedin50mLof0.2Mnitricacid,HNO3 ,containedina100mLbeaker.Theexperimentisperformedatstandardlaboratoryconditions(SLC).Thereactionthatoccursis
Fe(s)+2HNO3(aq)→Fe(NO3)2(aq)+H2(g)
TherateofthereactionwouldmostlikelyincreaseiftheA. reactionwasperformedinafumecupboardtoremovethehydrogengasformed.B. singlepieceofironmetalwasreplacedwith70pieces(0.1geach)ofironmetal.C. volumeoftheacidwasincreasedbyadding20mLofwater.D. experimentwasperformedat10°C.
Question 6 WhichoneofthefollowingformulasbestrepresentsglycineinasolutionatpH4?A. +NH3CH2COOHB. NH2CH2COOHC. +NH3CH2COO
– D. NH2CH2COO
−
Question 7 Ammoniumnitrate,NH4NO3 ,canbeusedinchemicalcoldpacksthatareoftenfoundinfirst-aidkits.Acalorimeterwaselectricallycalibratedusing100mLofpurewaterandwasthenusedtodeterminethemolarheatofsolutionofNH4NO3.Ifthewaterwasreplacedpriortodeterminationofthemolarheatofsolutionand,insteadof100mL,only 90mLwasaddedtothecalorimeter,themolarheatofsolutiondeterminedwouldbeA. lowerduetothetemperaturechangebeingsmaller.B. lowerduetothetemperaturechangebeinggreater.C. higherduetothetemperaturechangebeingsmaller.D. higherduetothetemperaturechangebeinggreater.
2021CHEMISTRYEXAM(NHT) 4
SECTION A – continued
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Question 8 WhichoneofthefollowingfuelsisexpectedtohavethehighestviscosityatSLC?A. petrodieselB. bioethanolC. biodieselD. petrol
Use the following information to answer Questions 9 and 10.Achemististitratingavolumeofanunknownmonoproticorganicacidagainst50mLof0.30Msodiumhydroxide,NaOH,usingmethylredasanindicator.Thechemistobservesthefirstpermanentcolourchangeat23.65mL.
Question 9 AvalidconclusionthatcanbedrawnfromthisinformationisthatA. theconcentrationoftheunknowncompoundis0.14M.B. aredoxtitrationontheunknowncompoundwillnotproduceacolourchange.C. usingphenolphthaleinasanindicatorwillproducethesametitre.D. if0.10MNaOHisusedinthetitration,theresultswillbemoreprecise.
Question 10 Ifthetitrationisrepeatedseveraltimes,averagingtheresultswillreducetheA. accuracyoftheresults.B. reliabilityoftheresults.C. effectofrandomerrors.D. effectofsystematicerrors.
Question 11
N C
H H
H
H
HH HC
H
C C O HH
H
WhatistheIUPACsystematicnameforthemoleculeshownabove?A. 3-aminobutan-1-olB. 4-hydroxybutan-2-amineC. 3-methyl-3-aminopropan-1-olD. 3-hydroxy-1-methylpropan-1-amine
Question 12 Whichoneofthefollowingmoleculescanbeoxidisedtoproduceacarboxylicacid?A. propan-2-olB. 1-chlorobutan-1-olC. 2,2-dichloroethanolD. 2-methylpropan-2-ol
5 2021CHEMISTRYEXAM(NHT)
SECTION A – continuedTURN OVER
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Question 13 Over40countriesaroundtheworlduseE10unleadedfuel,whichconsistsofablendof90%m/moctaneand10%m/methanol.AfulltankofE10unleadedfuelproduces2396MJofenergywhenitundergoescompletecombustionatSLC.ThemassoffuelthatproducesthisamountofenergyisA. 5.0×10–2tonnes.B. 5.2×10–2tonnes.C. 7.6×10–2tonnes.D. 8.1×10–2tonnes.
Question 14 Astudentinvestigatedtherateofreactionbetweendilutehydrochloricacid,HCl,andcalciumcarbonate,CaCO3 .ThestudentperformedtwoexperimentsusingtwopiecesofCaCO3ofdifferentshapes.Ineachexperiment,Experiment1andExperiment2,0.34gofCaCO3and12.0mLof0.50MHClwasusedandthevolumeofgasproducedatSLCwasmeasuredat10sintervals.Thefollowingreactiontakesplace.
CaCO3(s)+2HCl(aq)→CaCl2(aq)+H2O(l)+CO2(g)
ThemolarmassofCaCO3 is100.1gmol−1.
Thestudentplottedtheresultsandproducedthegraphshownbelow.
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
00 20 40 60 80 100
time (s)120 140 160 180 200
Volume of CO2 evolved over time
volume ofCO2 evolved
(mL)
KeyExperiment 1Experiment 2
At160sthetwolinesmeet.ThisisbecauseA. bothreactionshavereachedequilibrium.B. theCaCO3hascompletelyreactedandthereissomeacidremaining.C. theacidhascompletelyreactedandthereissomeCaCO3remaining.D. bothreactionshavestoppedbecauseallreactantshavebeenconsumed.
2021CHEMISTRYEXAM(NHT) 6
SECTION A – continued
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Question 15A20.00mLsampleofvinegarisdilutedinavolumetricflask.Thevolumetricflaskisthenfilleduptothelinemarkingitsdesignatedvolume.A20.00mLaliquotofthedilutedsampleofvinegaristitratedagainsta0.102Msolutionofpotassiumhydroxide,KOH,usingaphenolphthaleinindicator.Iftheundilutedsampleofvinegarhasaconcentrationof3.16%m/vaceticacid,CH3COOH,whichvolumetricflaskshouldbeselectedtobeabletodilutetheoriginalsampleofvinegarandobtaintitresofabout20mL?A. 100mLvolumetricflaskB. 200mLvolumetricflaskC. 250mLvolumetricflaskD. 1000mLvolumetricflask
Question 16 Carbonmonoxide,CO,andoxygen,O2,dissociatefromhaemoglobin,representedbyHb,inthebloodaccordingtotworeactions.
Reaction1 Hb(O2)4 ⇌Hb+4O2 K1
Reaction2 Hb(CO)4 ⇌Hb+4CO K2
Whichoneofthefollowingstatementsistrue?A. K2ismuchgreaterthanK1.B. O2bindsmorereadilytoHbthanCO.C. IncreasedlevelsofCOinthebloodfavourtheforwardreactionforReaction1.D. Breathing100%O2increasestheamountoffreeHbinapersonexposedtoCO.
7 2021CHEMISTRYEXAM(NHT)
SECTION A – continuedTURN OVER
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Use the following information to answer Questions 17 and 18.Thefollowingdiagramsshowtwogalvaniccells,Galvaniccell1andGalvaniccell2,withplatinum,Pt,electrodesand1.0Mconcentrationsofsaltsolutions.BothcellsweresetupatSLC.Avoltagewasproducedineachcell.Thedirectionofmovementoftheionsinthesaltbridgeisindicatedineachdiagram.
V
A
salt bridgecations anions
Pt(s) Pt(s) Pt(s) Pt(s)
IO3–(aq)/I2(aq) I2(aq)/I–(aq)
V
A
salt bridgeanions cations
Sn4+(aq)/Sn2+(aq) I2(aq)/I–(aq)
Galvanic cell 1 Galvanic cell 2
Question 17 Whichoneofthefollowingstatementsistrue?A. TheweakestreducingagentisSn2+.B. ThestrongestoxidisingagentisI –.C. ThestrongestoxidisingagentisIO3
–.D. TheweakestreducingagentisI –.
Question 18 Acorrectlybalancedhalf-equationoccurringinGalvaniccell1isA. IO3
–(aq)+6H+(aq)+6e– → I–(aq)+3H2O(l)B. I–(aq)+3H2O
+(l)→IO3–(aq)+6H+(aq)+6e–
C. I2(aq)+6H2O(l)→2IO3–(aq)+12H+(aq)+10e–
D. 2IO3–(aq)+12H+(aq)+10e– → I2(aq)+6H2O(l)
Question 19 ThenumberofunbranchedestersthathaveamolecularformulaofC4H8O2isA. 2B. 3C. 4D. 5
2021CHEMISTRYEXAM(NHT) 8
SECTION A – continued
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Question 20 ThevalueoftheequilibriumconstantKcat1000Kforthedissociationofiodinegas,I2,toiodineatoms,I,inasealedcontaineris3.76×10–3.Theequationisgivenbelow.
I2(g)⇌2I(g)
Whichoneofthefollowingstatementsappliestothissystemwhenithasreachedequilibriumat1000K?A. Addinganinertgaschangestheequilibriumconstant.B. ThedissociationofI2gastoIatomswilloccurcontinuously.C. Theequilibriumconstantisdependentonthepressureinthecontainer.D. Therateoftheforwardreactionisslowerthantherateofthereversereaction.
Question 21 Twocompounds,hexan-1-olanddi-isopropylamine,havesimilarmolarmasses,yettheyhavedifferentboilingpoints.Thisinformationissummarisedinthetablebelow.
Compound Molar mass (g mol–1) Boiling point (°C)
hexan-1-ol
CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2 OH
102 157
di-isopropylamine
CH3
CH
CH3
CHH3C NH CH3
101 83
Whichoneofthefollowingisthemainreasonforthedifferenceinboilingpoint?A. thenumberofcarbonatomsineachcompoundB. thestrengthofthedispersionforcesofeachcompoundC. thedifferentchemicalreactivitiesofeachcompoundD. theN–HbondislesspolarintheaminethantheO–Hbondinhexan-1-ol
9 2021CHEMISTRYEXAM(NHT)
SECTION A – continuedTURN OVER
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Use the following information to answer Questions 22 and 23.Thediagrambelowshowstheapparatusforabombcalorimeter.
thermometer
insulatedcontainer
sealed vessel 0.720 g ethanol
stirrer
ignition wire
500 g water
oxygen (excess)
Question 22 Thebombcalorimetercontaining500gofwaterwaschemicallycalibratedbycombusting0.720gofethanolwithanexcessofoxygen.Theincreaseintemperaturewasfoundtobe22.0°C.Whichoneofthefollowingbestexplainstheseresults?A. Thestirrerwasnotworking.B. Thecalorimeteractuallycontained450gofwater.C. Thetemperatureinthecalorimeterwasstillrisingafterthefinaltemperaturewasnoted.D. Someoftheethanolevaporatedafteritwasweighed,butbeforeitwasaddedtothecalorimeter.
Question 23 Thebombcalorimeterwasrecalibratedusingbenzoicacidandwasfoundtohaveacalibrationfactorof 1.67kJ°C–1.If1.5gofafoodcontaining63%m/mfatand37%m/mproteinwascombustedinthebombcalorimeter, byhowmuchwouldthetemperaturebeexpectedtorise?A. 33°CB. 27°CC. 17°CD. 15°C
2021CHEMISTRYEXAM(NHT) 10
SECTION A – continued
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Question 24 Belowisanenergyprofilediagramforanuncatalysedreversiblereaction.
4035302520151050
energy (kJ mol–1)
Y + 2Z
3X + W
Acatalystwasaddedtothesystem,causingtherateoftheforwardandreversereactionstoincrease.Whichoneofthefollowingcouldbetrueforthecatalysedreaction?A. Theactivationenergytoproduce1molofWis29kJ.B. Theactivationenergytoproduce1molofZis12kJ.C. Theactivationenergytoproduce0.5molofXis5kJ.D. Theactivationenergytoproduce9molofYis120kJ.
Question 25
CH3COOH + + Η2ΟReactant X Product Y
WhichofthefollowingidentifiesReactantXandProductYinthecondensationreactionshownabove?
Reactant X Product Y
A. CH3CH2OH CH3CHOHCH2CH3
B. CH3CH2NH2 CH3CH2CONHCH3
C. CH3CH3 CH3COCH2CH3
D. CH3NH2 CH3CONHCH3
Question 26 Considerallofthecomponentsinvolvedintheproductionofbiofuels.Themost accuratestatementaboutallbiofuelsisthattheyA. arenotsustainablesourcesofenergy.B. producegreenhousegasemissionswhenburnt.C. producethesameamountofenergyperunitofmassasfossilfuels.D. releaselesscarbondioxideperunitofenergyproducedthanfossilfuels.
11 2021CHEMISTRYEXAM(NHT)
SECTION A – continuedTURN OVER
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Question 27 Ahigh-performanceliquidchromatography(HPLC)columnhasanon-polarstationaryphaseandapolarsolventasthemobilephase.Whichoneofthefollowingsubstanceswouldhavethelowestretentiontime?A. tetrachloromethaneB. chloromethaneC. bromomethaneD. hexane
Use the following information to answer Questions 28 and 29.Scientistshavedevelopedanewtypeofhydrogenfuelcellforuseonalargescaleinfactoriesandmanufacturingplants,asshowninthediagrambelow.Thefuelcelloperatesat600°C.
electron flowe–
e–e–
O2
CO2
CO2
CO2
CO32–CO2
H2O
O2H2
H2O
electrolyte
anode cathode
e– e–
CO2
Question 28 Theequationforthehalf-cellreactionoccurringatthepositiveelectrodeinthediagramaboveisA. 2CO2+4H2O+4e
– →O2+2CO32–+8H+
B. H2+CO32– →CO2+H2O+2e
–
C. H2O+CO2+2e– →CO3
2–+H2D. O2+2CO2+4e
– →2CO32–
Question 29 Whichoneofthefollowingstatementsisaccurateforthistypeofhydrogenfuelcell?A. Heatisaby-productofthishydrogenfuelcell.B. O2isoxidisedtoproduceCO2.C. Theenthalpyofthereactantsislessthantheenthalpyoftheproducts.D. CO2isreleasedintotheenvironment.
2021CHEMISTRYEXAM(NHT) 12
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END OF SECTION A
Question 30 TheglycaemicindexofafoodcanbeA. determinedusingabombcalorimeter.B. calculatediftheamountofglucosepresentinthefoodisknown.C. determinedexperimentallyusinghumansubjectswithvariedratesofmetabolism.D. determinedinthelaboratorybyhydrolysingafoodsampleandmeasuringtheyieldofglucoseafter
twohours.
13 2021CHEMISTRYEXAM(NHT)
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TURN OVER
CONTINUES OVER PAGE
2021CHEMISTRYEXAM(NHT) 14
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SECTION B – Question 1–continued
SECTION B
Instructions for Section BAnswerallquestionsinthespacesprovided.Givesimplifiedanswerstoallnumericalquestions,withanappropriatenumberofsignificantfigures;unsimplifiedanswerswillnotbegivenfullmarks.Showallworkinginyouranswerstonumericalquestions;nomarkswillbegivenforanincorrectanswerunlessitisaccompaniedbydetailsoftheworking.Ensurechemicalequationsarebalancedandthattheformulasforindividualsubstancesincludeanindicationofstate,forexample,H2(g),NaCl(s).Unlessotherwiseindicated,thediagramsinthisbookarenotdrawntoscale.
Question 1 (9marks) Macromoleculesperformdifferentfunctionsinthehumanbody.
a. Whatisthenameofthemacromoleculethatisformedfromglucoseandisusedtostoreenergyinthehumanbody? 1mark
b. i. Whatisthefunctionofapeptidebondinthestructureofaprotein? 1mark
ii. Eachproteinisunique.
Describewhatmakeseachproteinunique. 1mark
c. DNApolymeraseisanexampleofaproteinthathasaquaternarystructure.
Describethequaternarystructureofaprotein. 2marks
15 2021CHEMISTRYEXAM(NHT)
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SECTION B – continuedTURN OVER
d. Enzymesarespecifictypesofproteins.
Explainhowtheinducedfitmodeldescribestheactionofanenzymeduringareaction.Youmayincludediagramsinyouranswer. 2marks
e. Someenzymesrequireacoenzymeinordertoperformtheirfunction.
Identifytwofunctionsofacoenzymeduringareaction. 2marks
2021CHEMISTRYEXAM(NHT) 16
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SECTION B – Question 2–continued
Question 2 (7marks)
liquid LPG
gaseous LPG
Liquefiedpetroleumgas(LPG)isfoundinthegasbottlesusedforbarbecuesandoutdoorheaters.LPGcanbepropane,butaneoramixtureofboth.LPGthatisuseddomesticallyinAustraliaistypicallypropane.Itissuppliedin17.00Lcylindersthatarefilledtoamassof8.50kg.LPGisstoredunderpressureandexistsinbothliquidandgasforminthecylinder.ThepressureinthecylinderwillremainthesamefromwhenthecylinderisfulluntilthelastoftheliquidLPGisvaporisedtogas.Itisimportanttohaveadequateventilationwheneverpropaneisburntinanenclosedarea.
a. Onacoldandrainyday,apropaneLPGheaterwasusedtoheatasmall,enclosed,outdoorarea.
Writeabalancedchemicalequationfortheincompletecombustionofpropanegas,wherecarbonmonoxideistheonlycarbonproduct. 1mark
17 2021CHEMISTRYEXAM(NHT)
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SECTION B – continuedTURN OVER
b. Atatemperatureof27.0°C,thepressureinadomesticpropaneLPGcylinderis883kPa.Thedensityofliquidpropaneis489.3gL–1.
Ifthecylinderisfilledto50%ofitscapacitybyvolumewithliquidpropane,determinethetotalmassofpropane,bothliquidandgas,inkilograms,inthecylinder. 4marks
c. AnLPGcylindercontainingapropaneliquidandgasmixtureismoresuitableforuseincoldweatherthanabutaneliquidandgasmixture.
Explainwhy,intermsofthestructureandpropertiesofthetwomolecules. 2marks
2021CHEMISTRYEXAM(NHT) 18
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SECTION B – Question 3–continued
Question 3 (8marks)ThereactionpathwaybelowrepresentsthesynthesisofCompoundU.
H
H
HC
H
H
H
CC
OH
HC
but-3-en-1-ol
1-chloropropane
Reagent(s)
Compound S Compound T
NH3
Compound U
19 2021CHEMISTRYEXAM(NHT)
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SECTION B – continuedTURN OVER
a. But-3-en-1-olhasthemolecularformulaC4H8O.
Excludingbut-3-en-1-ol,howmanyotherstereoisomersofthiscompoundexist?Giveyourreasoning. 2marks
b. WhenCompoundSismixedwithasolutionofsodiumcarbonate,Na2CO3,bubblesofgasareobserved.
Writethechemicalformula(s)ofthereagent(s)intheboxprovidedonpage18. 1mark
c. DrawthestructuralformulaofCompoundSintheboxprovidedonpage18. 1mark
d. IdentifythetypeofreactionthatformsCompoundT. 1mark
e. Writethesemi-structuralformulaofCompoundTintheboxprovidedonpage18. 1mark
f. WritetheskeletalformulaofCompoundUintheboxprovidedonpage18. 2marks
2021CHEMISTRYEXAM(NHT) 20
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SECTION B – Question 4–continued
Question 4 (9marks) ChiaisatypeofplantseedthatwasusedbytheAztecsandMayansinMexicoandGuatemalaover5000yearsagoasafoodsourcetoprovideenduranceandenergy.Thisseedhasbeencalleda‘superfood’anditisoneofthelatesthealthtrends,withchiaseedsbeingusedinjuices,smoothies,yoghurtsandsalads.Thetablebelowshowsthenutritioninformationfordriedchiaseeds.
Per 100 g of dried chia seeds
Protein 16.5g
Carbohydrates 42.1g(80%insolubledietaryfibre)
Saturated fat 3.33g
Monounsaturated fat 2.31g
Polyunsaturated fat 23.7g
Trans fat 0.14g
a. Calculatetheamountofenergy,inkilojoules,in100gofdriedchiaseeds,thatcanbeaccessedbythehumanbody. 2marks
b. Amyloseisacarbohydratethatisoneoftheconstituentsofchiaseeds.
Statewhyamylosecontributestochiaseedshavingalowglycaemicindex. 1mark
c. Fatshaveahighenergycontent.
Giveonereasonwhyamoderateintakeoffatsisrequiredinourdiets. 1mark
21 2021CHEMISTRYEXAM(NHT)
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SECTION B – continuedTURN OVER
d. Thechemicalstructureofafatmoleculefoundinchiaseedsisshownintheincompletehydrolysisequationbelow.
Writethetwomissingchemicalformulasintheboxesprovidedtocompletethehydrolysisequation. 2marks
OCOC17H29
OCOC17H29
OCOC17H29
H
C
C
C
H
H
H
H
+ glycerol +
e. Someunsaturatedfattyacidscanbeclassifiedasomega-3oromega-6fattyacids.
Whatisthedifferencebetweenthesefattyacidsintermsoftheirchemicalstructure? 1mark
f. ChiaseedscontainasmallamountofvitaminC.VitaminCisawater-solublecompoundwhereasvitaminDisafat-solublecompound.
Explainwhythereisadifferenceinthesolubilitiesofthesetwovitaminswithreferencetotheirchemicalstructures. 2marks
2021CHEMISTRYEXAM(NHT) 22
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SECTION B – Question 5–continued
Question 5 (10marks) Platinum,Pt,isapreciousmetalusedincatalyticconvertersincars.OnewayofrecoveringthisPtmaybetomeltscrapcatalyticconverterswithcopper,Cu,andthenelectrolysetheresultantCu–Ptalloy.ThediagrambelowshowsanelectrolysiscellsetuptorecoverPtfromanalloycontaining 99.4%m/mCuand0.6%m/mPt.ThePtisevenlydistributedthroughoutthealloy.
powersupply
CuSO4(aq)
pure Cu Cu–Pt alloy
ThereactionPt2+(aq)+2e– ⇌Pt(s)hasanE0of1.20Vat25°C.
a. Apowersupplyisconnectedacrosstheelectrodes.
LabelthepolarityoftheCu–Ptalloyelectrodeintheboxprovidedonthediagramabove. 1mark
b. WhathappensattheCu–Ptalloyelectrodeasthecurrentisappliedtotheelectrolysiscell?Giveyourreasoning. 2marks
c. Writethehalf-equationthatoccursatthecathode. 1mark
23 2021CHEMISTRYEXAM(NHT)
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SECTION B – continuedTURN OVER
d. Explainwhyanaqueoussolutionofcopper(II)sulfate,CuSO4,isusedastheelectrolyte. 2marks
e. Calculatehowlong,inhours,acurrentof2.00AwouldneedtobeappliedtorecoverthePtin356.0gofthealloy. 4marks
2021CHEMISTRYEXAM(NHT) 24
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SECTION B – Question 6–continued
Question 6 (9marks) 5.0molofoxygen,O2 ,and10.0molofsulfurdioxide,SO2 ,areinjectedintoa5.0Levacuatedandsealedcontaineratstandardlaboratoryconditions(SLC)andallowedtoachieveequilibrium.Theequationforthisreactionisgivenbelow.
O2(g)+2SO2(g)⇌2SO3(g)
a. Atequilibrium,theconcentrationofO2is0.32M.
Calculatetheequilibriumconstant,Kc. 3marks
25 2021CHEMISTRYEXAM(NHT)
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SECTION B – continuedTURN OVER
b. Attimet1afterequilibriumhasbeenachieved,thevolumeofthecontainerisexpandedto 10.0Latconstanttemperature.
i. Onthegraphbelow,drawtheconcentrationofO2aftertimet1untilequilibriumis re-established. 2marks
0 t1time elapsed
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
concentrationof O2 (M)
ii. Justifyyouranswertopart b.i.usingLeChatelier’sprinciple. 2marks
iii. Whatistheeffectoftheexpansionofthecontainerontherateoftheforwardreaction?Giveyourreasoningusingcollisiontheory. 2marks
2021CHEMISTRYEXAM(NHT) 26
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SECTION B – Question 7–continued
Question 7 (9marks) Researchershaveinvestigatedgeneratinghydrogen,H2 ,gasforhydrogenfuelcellsbyreactingzinc,Zn,andwater,H2O,inanelectrochemicalcellinserieswithanH2fuelcell.ThediagrambelowrepresentsanalkalineH2fuelcellinserieswithaZn–H2generatorcell.
electrode electrodeelectrode Zn electrode
KOH(aq)
airH2
H2O
H2 fuel cell Zn–H2 generator cell
load
ThereactionsthatoccurateachelectrodeintheZn–H2generatorcellaregivenbelow.
2H2O(l)+2e– →H2(g)+2OH
–(aq)
Zn(s)+2OH–(aq)→ZnO(s)+H2O(l)+2e–
a. WritetheoverallreactionfortheproductionofH2gasintheZn–H2generatorcell. 1mark
b. Writethehalf-equationthatoccursattheanodeofthealkalineH2fuelcell. 1mark
c. Intheboxprovidedinthediagramabove,drawanarrowtoshowthedirectionoftheflowofelectrons. 1mark
d. IntermsofH2gasflowandelectronflow,explainwhyitistheoreticallypossibletoconnecttheH2fuelcellinserieswiththeZn–H2generatorcell. 2marks
27 2021CHEMISTRYEXAM(NHT)
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SECTION B – continuedTURN OVER
e. ExplainwhytheZn–H2generatorcellmustbewell-sealedtopreventcontactwiththeatmosphereinordertoproduceH2.Includeanyrelevantequationsinyouranswer. 2marks
f. Assumingthesystemis100%efficient,describealloftheenergyconversionsthatoccurin acombinedZn–H2generatorcellandH2fuelcellsystem. 2marks
2021CHEMISTRYEXAM(NHT) 28
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SECTION B – continued
THIS PAGE IS BLANK
29 2021CHEMISTRYEXAM(NHT)
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SECTION B – Question 8–continuedTURN OVER
Question 8 (9marks) Achemisthasasampleofanunknownhydrocarbon,MoleculeL.ThediagrambelowshowsthemassspectrumofMoleculeL.
Mass spectrum
100
80
60
40
20
00 10 20 30
m/z40 50 60
relativeintensity
Data:NationalInstituteofStandardsandTechnology,NISTChemistryWebBook, <https://webbook.nist.gov/chemistry>
a. i. Whatisthem/zofthebasepeak? 1mark
ii. WhatisthemolecularformulaofMoleculeL? 1mark
iii. Identifythefragmentthatproducesthepeakat41m/z. 1mark
b. DrawthestructuralformulasfortwoisomersofMoleculeL. 2marks
2021CHEMISTRYEXAM(NHT) 30
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SECTION B – Question 8–continued
ThechemistfindsthatMoleculeLreactswithhydrogenbromide,HBr,toformtwoproductsthatareisomers.The13CNMRspectraofthetwoproductsareshownbelow.
Product 1
200 180 160 140 120 100ppm
80 60 40 20 0
Data:SDBSWeb,<https://sdbs.db.aist.go.jp>, NationalInstituteofAdvancedIndustrialScienceandTechnology
Product 2
200 180 160 140 120 100ppm
80 60 40 20 0
Data:SDBSWeb,<https://sdbs.db.aist.go.jp>, NationalInstituteofAdvancedIndustrialScienceandTechnology
31 2021CHEMISTRYEXAM(NHT)
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SECTION B – Question 8–continuedTURN OVER
c. i. DrawthestructuralformulaofMoleculeL. 1mark
ii. Theinformationforthe1HNMRspectrumofProduct1isshownbelow.
Chemical shift Relative peak area
3.4 2
1.8 2
1.5 2
0.9 3
UsethisinformationtogivetheIUPACsystematicnameforProduct1. 1mark
2021CHEMISTRYEXAM(NHT) 32
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SECTION B – Question 8–continued
d. MoleculeLundergoesahydrationreaction.SpectrumX,SpectrumYandSpectrumZarethespectraforthreedifferentcompounds.
Spectrum X
4000 3000 2000wave number (cm–1)
1500 1000 500
100
50
0
transmittance(%)
Data:SDBSWeb,<https://sdbs.db.aist.go.jp>, NationalInstituteofAdvancedIndustrialScienceandTechnology
Spectrum Y
4000 3000 2000wave number (cm–1)
1500 1000 500
100
50
0
transmittance(%)
Data:SDBSWeb,<https://sdbs.db.aist.go.jp>, NationalInstituteofAdvancedIndustrialScienceandTechnology
33 2021CHEMISTRYEXAM(NHT)
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SECTION B – continuedTURN OVER
Spectrum Z
4000 3000 2000wave number (cm–1)
1500 1000 500
100
50
0
transmittance(%)
Data:SDBSWeb,<https://sdbs.db.aist.go.jp>, NationalInstituteofAdvancedIndustrialScienceandTechnology
Whichofthespectrashownonpages32and33isconsistentwithaproductofthehydrationreactionforMoleculeL?Youranswershouldmakereferencetotheinformationinthespectra. 2marks
2021CHEMISTRYEXAM(NHT) 34
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SECTION B – Question 9–continued
Question 9 (12marks)Foranexperimentalextendedresearchinvestigation,agroupofstudentsperformedexperimentsoverthreedaystoinvestigatethestabilityofascorbicacid,C6H8O6,infreshlypreparedpineapplejuice.Partofthereportsubmittedbyoneofthestudentsisshownbelow.
ResearchTheconcentrationofC6H8O6inpineapplejuiceisdeterminedbyperformingatitrationwithastandardisediodine,I2 ,solution.TheC6H8O6reactswithI2toformdehydroascorbicacid,C6H6O6,andiodideions,I –.Thisreactionisrepresentedbythebalancedequation
C6H8O6(aq)+I2(aq)→ 2I –(aq)+C6H6O6(aq)+2H+(aq)
AimToinvestigatetheeffectoftemperatureonthestabilityofC6H8O6infreshlypreparedpineapplejuiceoverthreedays
MethodPart A – Preparation of fresh pineapple juice1. Cutawholepineappleinto2cmpieces.2. Blendthepineapplepiecesusingafoodprocessorfortwominutesandfilterthemixturethrough
amicrofibrecloth.
Part B – Determination of the concentration of C6H8O6 at the beginning of the investigation1. Accuratelyweigh5.00gofthefilteredpineapplejuiceinaclean100mLconicalflask.2. Add25mLofdeionisedwaterand10dropsof0.5%starchindicatorsolutiontotheconicalflask.3. Shaketheflasktoensurethatthecontentsaremixed.4. Fillacleanburettewitha2.50×10–4MsolutionofI2 .Recordtheinitialvolume.5. Carefullytitratethepineapplejuicesolutionwiththeiodinesolutionuntilapermanentbluecolour
isobserved.Recordthefinalvolumeandcalculatethetitre.6. Repeatsteps1–5untilconcordanttitresareobtained.
Part C – Set-up of pineapple juice samples, days 1–31. Wraptheoutsideofnineclean100mLconicalflaskswithaluminiumfoil.2. Labelthreeoftheconicalflasks‘5°C’,labelanotherthreeoftheconicalflasks‘15°C’andlabel
theremainingthreeconicalflasks‘30°C’.3. Accuratelyweigh40.00goffilteredpineapplejuiceintoeachofthenineconicalflasks.4. Sealeachconicalflaskwithsiliconefilm.5. Placeeachlabelledsetofthreeconicalflasksintotheappropriate5°C,15°Cand30°Cincubator.6. Attheendofeachday,removeaconicalflaskforthatdayfromeachincubatoranddeterminethe
concentrationofC6H8O6ineachofthethreeremovedflasks,asprescribedinsteps1to6inPartB.
ConclusionAnincreaseintemperaturedecreasesthestabilityofascorbicacidinfreshlypreparedpineapplejuice.
35 2021CHEMISTRYEXAM(NHT)
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SECTION B – Question 9–continuedTURN OVER
a. Identifyacontrolledvariableusedinthisinvestigation. 1mark
b. Identifythedependentvariableinthisinvestigation.Howwasthedependentvariablemeasured? 2marks
c. Considerthemethodperformedbythestudenttodeterminetheconcentrationofascorbicacidinthisinvestigation.Identifyonestepinthestatedmethodthatimprovesthereliabilityoftheresults. 1mark
2021CHEMISTRYEXAM(NHT) 36
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SECTION B – Question 9–continued
Part B – ResultsconcentrationofI2=2.50×10
–4M
Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3 Trial 4 Trial 5
Mass of pineapple juice (g)
5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00
Volume of titre of I2 (mL)
28.65 27.27 27.12 27.35 27.32
d. Usingtheresultsabove,calculatetheconcentration,inmilligramsper100g,ofascorbicacidinfreshpineapplejuiceatthebeginningoftheinvestigation. 3marks
e. Commentontheprecisionofthetitrationresults.Giveyourreasoning. 2marks
37 2021CHEMISTRYEXAM(NHT)
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SECTION B – continuedTURN OVER
Thestudentrepresentedtheresultsoftheinvestigationonagraph,asshownbelow.
Keyafter Day 1after Day 2after Day 3
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
concentration ofC6H8O6
(mg/100 g)
0 5 10 15temperature (°C)
20 25 30 35
Concentration of C6H8O6 in pineapple juice over three days
f. Howdoesthegraphsupportthestudent’sconclusion? 1mark
g. Whatisthemostappropriatewayofgraphingtheresultstoachievetheaimofthisinvestigation?Giveyourreasoning. 2marks
2021CHEMISTRYEXAM(NHT) 38
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SECTION B – Question 10–continued
Question 10 (8marks)Implantableglucosefuelcellscanbedesignedforuseinsidethebody.Implantableglucosefuelcellsusetheglucoseandoxygendissolvedinthebloodstreamasfuel.Inanalkalineglucosefuelcell,glucose,C6H12O6,reactstoformgluconicacid,C6H12O7,accordingtotheequation
C6H12O6(aq)+2OH–(aq)→C6H12O7(aq)+H2O(l)+2e
–
Source:adaptedfromOSantiago,ENavarro,MARasoandTJLeo,‘Reviewofimplantableandexternal abioticallycatalysedglucosefuelcellsandthedifferencesbetweentheirmembranesandcatalysts’,
Applied Energy,179,2016,pp.497–522
Theexcerptaboveoutlinessomeofthebenefitsanddifficultiesassociatedwithglucosefuelcells.Answerthefollowingquestionsusingtheinformationprovidedandyourknowledgeofchemistry.
a. Discusstheefficiencyoftheutilisationofthechemicalenergyofglucoseinimplantableglucosefuelcells.Comparethistotheefficiencyoftheutilisationofchemicalenergyinthemetabolismofglucoseinthehumanbodyandinexternalglucosefuelcells.Includeanyrelevantchemicalequationsinyouranswer. 3marks
Duetocopyrightrestrictions, thismaterialisnotsupplied.
39 2021CHEMISTRYEXAM(NHT)
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END OF QUESTION AND ANSWER BOOK
b. i. Comparethedesignofimplantableglucosefuelcellswiththedesignofexternalglucosefuelcells. 2marks
ii. Identifyonedesignchallenge,basedonthechemistrythatoccursinanalkalineglucosefuelcell,thatisuniquetoimplantableglucosefuelcellsandsuggesthowthischallengecouldbeovercome. 3marks
Instructions
This data book is provided for your reference. A question and answer book is provided with this data book.
Students are NOT permitted to bring mobile phones and/or any other unauthorised electronic devices into the examination room.
CHEMISTRYWritten examination
DATA BOOK
© VICTORIAN CURRICULUM AND ASSESSMENT AUTHORITY 2021
Victorian Certificate of Education 2021
CHEMISTRY DATA BOOK 2
Table of contents Page
1. Periodic table of the elements 3
2. Electrochemical series 4
3. Chemical relationships 5
4. Physical constants and standard values 5
5. Unit conversions 6
6. Metric(includingSI)prefixes 6
7. Acid-base indicators 6
8. Representations of organic molecules 7
9. Formulas of some fatty acids 7
10. Formulas of some biomolecules 8–9
11. Heats of combustion of common fuels 10
12. Heats of combustion of common blended fuels 10
13. Energy content of food groups 10
14. Characteristic ranges for infra-red absorption 11
15. 13C NMR data 11
16. 1H NMR data 12–13
17. 2-aminoacids(α-aminoacids) 14–15
3 CHEMISTRY DATA BOOK
TURN OVER
1. P
erio
dic t
able
of t
he el
emen
ts
1 H
1.0
hydr
ogen
2 He
4.0
heliu
m
3 Li
6.9
lithi
um
4 Be
9.0
bery
llium
5 B
10.8
bo
ron
6 C
12.0
ca
rbon
7 N
14.0
ni
troge
n
8 O
16.0
oxygen
9 F 19.0
fluorine
10
Ne
20.2
ne
on
11
Na
23.0
so
dium
12
Mg
24.3
m
agne
sium
13
Al
27.0
al
umin
ium
14
Si
28.1
si
licon
15
P 31.0
ph
osph
orus
16
S 32.1
su
lfur
17
Cl
35.5
ch
lorin
e
18
Ar
39.9
ar
gon
19
K
39.1
po
tass
ium
20
Ca
40.1
ca
lciu
m
21
Sc
45.0
sc
andi
um
22
Ti
47.9
tit
aniu
m
23
V
50.9
va
nadi
um
24
Cr
52.0
ch
rom
ium
25
Mn
54.9
m
anga
nese
26
Fe
55.8
iro
n
27
Co
58.9
co
balt
28
Ni
58.7
ni
ckel
29
Cu
63.5
co
pper
30
Zn
65.4
zi
nc
31
Ga
69.7
ga
llium
32
Ge
72.6
ge
rman
ium
33
As
74.9
ar
seni
c
34
Se
79.0
se
leni
um
35
Br
79.9
br
omin
e
36
Kr
83.8
kr
ypto
n
37
Rb
85.5
ru
bidi
um
38
Sr
87.6
st
ront
ium
39
Y
88.9
yt
trium
40
Zr
91.2
zi
rcon
ium
41
Nb
92.9
ni
obiu
m
42
Mo
96.0
m
olyb
denu
m
43
Tc
(98)
te
chne
tium
44
Ru
101.
1 ru
then
ium
45
Rh
102.
9 rh
odiu
m
46
Pd
106.
4 pa
lladi
um
47
Ag
107.
9 si
lver
48
Cd
112.
4 ca
dmiu
m
49
In
114.
8 in
dium
50
Sn
118.
7 tin
51
Sb
121.
8 an
timon
y
52
Te
127.
6 te
lluriu
m
53
I 12
6.9
iodi
ne
54
Xe
131.
3 xenon
55
Cs
132.
9 ca
esiu
m
56
Ba
137.
3 ba
rium
57–7
1 la
ntha
noid
s
72
Hf
178.
5 ha
fniu
m
73
Ta
180.
9 ta
ntal
um
74
W
183.
8 tu
ngst
en
75
Re
186.
2 rh
eniu
m
76
Os
190.
2 os
miu
m
77
Ir
192.
2 iri
dium
78
Pt
195.
1 pl
atin
um
79
Au
197.
0 go
ld
80
Hg
200.
6 m
ercu
ry
81
Tl
204.
4 th
alliu
m
82
Pb
207.
2 le
ad
83
Bi
209.
0 bi
smut
h
84
Po
(210
) po
loni
um
85
At
(210
) as
tatin
e
86
Rn
(222
) ra
don
87
Fr
(223
) fr
anci
um
88
Ra
(226
) ra
dium
89–1
03
actin
oids
104
Rf
(261
) ru
ther
ford
ium
105
Db
(262
) du
bniu
m
106
Sg
(266
) se
abor
gium
107
Bh
(264
) bo
hriu
m
108
Hs
(267
) ha
ssiu
m
109
Mt
(268
) m
eitn
eriu
m
110
Ds
(271
) da
rmst
adtiu
m
111
Rg
(272
) ro
entg
eniu
m
112
Cn
(285
) co
pern
iciu
m
113
Nh
(280
) ni
honi
um
114
Fl
(289
) flerovium
115
Mc
(289
) m
osco
vium
116
Lv
(292
) liv
erm
oriu
m
117
Ts
(294
) te
nnes
sine
118
Og
(294
) og
anes
son
57
La
138.
9 la
ntha
num
58
Ce
140.
1 ce
rium
59
Pr
140.
9 pr
aseo
dym
ium
60
Nd
144.
2 ne
odym
ium
61
Pm
(145
) pr
omet
hium
62
Sm
150.
4 sa
mar
ium
63
Eu
152.
0 eu
ropi
um
64
Gd
157.
3 ga
dolin
ium
65
Tb
158.
9 te
rbiu
m
66
Dy
162.
5 dy
spro
sium
67
Ho
164.
9 ho
lmiu
m
68
Er
167.
3 er
bium
69
Tm
16
8.9
thul
ium
70
Yb
173.
1 yt
terb
ium
71
Lu
175.
0 lu
tetiu
m
89
Ac
(227
) ac
tiniu
m
90
Th
232.
0 th
oriu
m
91
Pa
231.
0 pr
otac
tiniu
m
92
U
238.
0 ur
aniu
m
93
Np
(237
) ne
ptun
ium
94
Pu
(244
) pl
uton
ium
95
Am
(2
43)
amer
iciu
m
96
Cm
(2
47)
curiu
m
97
Bk
(247
) be
rkel
ium
98
Cf
(251
) ca
lifor
nium
99
Es
(252
) ei
nste
iniu
m
100
Fm
(257
) fe
rmiu
m
101
Md
(258
) m
ende
levi
um
102
No
(259
) no
beliu
m
103
Lr
(262
) la
wre
nciu
m
The
valu
e in
bra
cket
s ind
icat
es th
e m
ass n
umbe
r of t
he lo
nges
t-liv
ed is
otop
e.
79
Au
197.
0 go
ld
atom
ic n
umbe
r
rela
tive
atom
ic m
ass
sym
bol o
f ele
men
t
nam
e of
ele
men
t
CHEMISTRY DATA BOOK 4
2. Electrochemical series
Reaction Standard electrode potential (E0) in volts at 25 °C
F2(g) + 2e– ⇌ 2F–(aq) +2.87
H2O2(aq) + 2H+(aq) + 2e– ⇌ 2H2O(l) +1.77
Au+(aq) + e– ⇌ Au(s) +1.68
Cl2(g) + 2e– ⇌ 2Cl–(aq) +1.36
O2(g) + 4H+(aq) + 4e– ⇌ 2H2O(1) +1.23
Br2(l) + 2e– ⇌ 2Br–(aq) +1.09
Ag+(aq) + e– ⇌ Ag(s) +0.80
Fe3+(aq) + e– ⇌ Fe2+(aq) +0.77
O2(g) + 2H+(aq) + 2e– ⇌ H2O2(aq) +0.68
I2(s) + 2e– ⇌ 2I–(aq) +0.54
O2(g) + 2H2O(l) + 4e– ⇌ 4OH–(aq) +0.40
Cu2+(aq) + 2e– ⇌ Cu(s) +0.34
Sn4+(aq) + 2e– ⇌ Sn2+(aq) +0.15
S(s) + 2H+(aq) + 2e– ⇌ H2S(g) +0.14
2H+(aq) + 2e– ⇌ H2(g) 0.00
Pb2+(aq) + 2e– ⇌ Pb(s) –0.13
Sn2+(aq) + 2e– ⇌ Sn(s) –0.14
Ni2+(aq) + 2e– ⇌ Ni(s) –0.25
Co2+(aq) + 2e– ⇌ Co(s) –0.28
Cd2+(aq) + 2e– ⇌ Cd(s) –0.40
Fe2+(aq) + 2e– ⇌ Fe(s) –0.44
Zn2+(aq) + 2e– ⇌ Zn(s) –0.76
2H2O(l) + 2e– ⇌ H2(g) + 2OH–(aq) –0.83
Mn2+(aq) + 2e– ⇌ Mn(s) –1.18
Al3+(aq) + 3e– ⇌ Al(s) –1.66
Mg2+(aq) + 2e– ⇌ Mg(s) –2.37
Na+(aq) + e– ⇌ Na(s) –2.71
Ca2+(aq) + 2e– ⇌ Ca(s) –2.87
K+(aq) + e– ⇌ K(s) –2.93
Li+(aq) + e– ⇌ Li(s) –3.04
5 CHEMISTRY DATA BOOK
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3. Chemical relationships
Name Formula
number of moles of a substance n mM
n cV n VVm
= = =; ;
universal gas equation pV = nRT
calibration factor (CF) for bomb calorimetry CF � VItT�
heat energy released in the combustion of a fuel q = mc∆T
enthalpy of combustion �H qn
�
electric charge Q = It
number of moles of electrons n e QF
( )� �
% atom economymolar mass of desired product
molar mass of all reactants×
10001
% yieldactual yield
theoretical yield×
1001
4. Physical constants and standard values
Name Symbol Value
Avogadro constant NA or L 6.02 × 1023 mol–1
charge on one electron (elementary charge) e –1.60 × 10–19 C
Faraday constant F 96 500 C mol–1
molar gas constant R 8.31 J mol–1 K–1
molar volume of an ideal gas at SLC (25 °C and 100 kPa)
Vm 24.8 L mol–1
specificheatcapacityofwater c 4.18 kJ kg–1 K–1 or 4.18 J g–1 K–1
density of water at 25 °C d 997 kg m–3 or 0.997 g mL–1
CHEMISTRY DATA BOOK 6
5. Unit conversions
Measured value Conversion
0 °C 273 K
100 kPa 750 mm Hg or 0.987 atm
1 litre (L) 1 dm3 or 1 × 10–3 m3 or 1 × 103 cm3 or 1 × 103 mL
6. Metric (including SI) prefixes
Metric (including SI)
prefixes
Scientific notation Multiplying factor
giga (G) 109 1 000 000 000
mega (M) 106 1 000 000
kilo (k) 103 1000
deci (d) 10–1 0.1
centi (c) 10–2 0.01
milli (m) 10–3 0.001
micro (μ) 10–6 0.000001
nano (n) 10–9 0.000000001
pico (p) 10–12 0.000000000001
7. Acid-base indicators
Name pH range Colour change from lower pH to higher pH in range
thymol blue (1st change) 1.2–2.8 red → yellow
methyl orange 3.1– 4.4 red → yellow
bromophenol blue 3.0– 4.6 yellow → blue
methyl red 4.4– 6.2 red → yellow
bromothymol blue 6.0–7.6 yellow → blue
phenol red 6.8–8.4 yellow → red
thymol blue (2nd change) 8.0–9.6 yellow → blue
phenolphthalein 8.3–10.0 colourless → pink
7 CHEMISTRY DATA BOOK
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8. Representations of organic moleculesThefollowingtableshowsdifferentrepresentationsoforganicmolecules,usingbutanoicacidasanexample.
Formula Representation
molecular formula C4H8O2
structural formula
C
H
H
C
H
H
C
H
H
C
HO
O
H
semi-structural (condensed) formula CH3CH2CH2COOH or CH3(CH2)2COOH
skeletal structure O
OH
9. Formulas of some fatty acids
Name Formula Semi-structural formula
lauric C11H23COOH CH3(CH2)10COOH
myristic C13H27COOH CH3(CH2)12COOH
palmitic C15H31COOH CH3(CH2)14COOH
palmitoleic C15H29COOH CH3(CH2)4CH2CH=CHCH2 (CH2)5CH2COOH
stearic C17H35COOH CH3(CH2)16COOH
oleic C17H33COOH CH3(CH2)7CH=CH(CH2)7COOH
linoleic C17H31COOH CH3(CH2)4(CH=CHCH2)2(CH2)6COOH
linolenic C17H29COOH CH3CH2(CH=CHCH2)3(CH2)6COOH
arachidic C19H39COOH CH3(CH2)17CH2COOH
arachidonic C19H31COOH CH3(CH2)4(CH=CHCH2)3CH=CH(CH2)3COOH
CHEMISTRY DATA BOOK 8
10. Formulas of some biomolecules
C
C
C
H
H
OH
OH
OH
H
H
H
glycerol
sucrose
OH OH
OH OHHO
O O
O
CH2OH CH2OH
CH2OH
vitamin C (ascorbic acid)
O
OH
O
HO
CH
OH
CH2
HO
vitamin D2 (ergocalciferol)HO
CHCH
CHCH3
CH2
H3C CH3
CH3
CHCH
CHCH3
CH
HO
β-fructose
OH
OH
OCH2OH
CH2OH
vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol)HO
CHCH
CH3
CH2
CHH3C CH3CH2
CH2
CHCH3
CH2
α-glucose
OH
OHHO
O
OH
CH2OH
α-lactoseOH
OH
HO O OCH2OH
OH
OHOH
OCH2OH
9 CHEMISTRY DATA BOOK
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OH
OH
O
O O
CH2OH
OH
OH
O
O
CH2OH
OH
OH
O
O
CH2
OH
OH
O
O
CH2OH
amylopectin (starch)
O
OH
OH
O
O O
CH2OH
OH
OH
O
O
CH2OH
OH
OH
O
O
CH2OH
amylose (starch)
n
O
HO
O
O
O
N CH3
aspartame
H
H2N OH
OH
n
cellulose
OH
OH
O
O
O
O
CH2OH
CH2OH
CHEMISTRY DATA BOOK 10
11. Heats of combustion of common fuelsThe heats of combustion in the following table are calculated at SLC (25 °C and 100 kPa) with combustion products being CO2 and H2O.Heatofcombustionmaybedefinedastheheatenergyreleasedwhenaspecifiedamountofasubstanceburnscompletelyinoxygenandis,therefore,reportedasapositivevalue,indicatingamagnitude.Enthalpyofcombustion,∆H,forthesubstancesinthistablewouldbereportedasnegativevalues,indicatingtheexothermicnatureofthecombustionreaction.
Fuel Formula State Heat of combustion (kJ g–1)
Molar heat of combustion (kJ mol–1)
hydrogen H2 gas 141 282
methane CH4 gas 55.6 890
ethane C2H6 gas 51.9 1560
propane C3H8 gas 50.5 2220
butane C4H10 gas 49.7 2880
octane C8H18 liquid 47.9 5460
ethyne (acetylene) C2H2 gas 49.9 1300
methanol CH3OH liquid 22.7 726
ethanol C2H5OH liquid 29.6 1360
12. Heats of combustion of common blended fuelsBlendedfuelsaremixturesofcompoundswithdifferentmixtureratiosand,hence,determinationofagenericmolar enthalpy of combustion is not realistic. The values provided in the following table are typical values for heats of combustion at SLC (25 °C and 100 kPa) with combustion products being CO2 and H2O. Values for heats of combustion will vary depending on the source and composition of the fuel.
Fuel State Heat of combustion (kJ g–1)
kerosene liquid 46.2
diesel liquid 45.0
natural gas gas 54.0
13. Energy content of food groups
Food Heat of combustion (kJ g–1)
fats and oils 37
protein 17
carbohydrate 16
11 CHEMISTRY DATA BOOK
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14. Characteristic ranges for infra-red absorption
Bond Wave number (cm–1)
Bond Wave number (cm–1)
C–Cl (chloroalkanes) 600–800 C=O (ketones) 1680–1850
C–O(alcohols,esters,ethers) 1050–1410 C=O (esters) 1720–1840
C=C (alkenes) 1620–1680 C–H(alkanes,alkenes,arenes) 2850–3090
C=O (amides) 1630–1680 O–H (acids) 2500–3500
C=O (aldehydes) 1660–1745 O–H (alcohols) 3200–3600
C=O (acids) 1680–1740 N–H (amines and amides) 3300–3500
15. 13C NMR dataTypical 13C shift values relative to TMS = 0Thesecandifferslightlyindifferentsolvents.
Type of carbon Chemical shift (ppm)
R–CH3 8–25
R–CH2–R 20– 45
R3–CH 40–60
R4–C 36– 45
R–CH2–X 15–80
R3C–NH2,R3C–NR 35–70
R–CH2–OH 50–90
RC CR 75–95
R2C=CR2 110–150
RCOOH 160–185
OR
ROC
165–175
OR
HC
190–200
R2C O 205–220
CHEMISTRY DATA BOOK 12
16. 1H NMR dataTypical proton shift values relative to TMS = 0Thesecandifferslightlyindifferentsolvents.Theshiftreferstotheprotonenvironmentthatisindicatedinbold letters in the formula.
Type of proton Chemical shift (ppm)
R–CH3 0.9–1.0
R–CH2–R 1.3–1.4
RCH=CH–CH3 1.6–1.9
R3–CH 1.5
or CH3
ORC
OCH3
NHR
CO
2.0
CH3R
C
O
2.1–2.7
R–CH2–X(X=F,Cl,BrorI) 3.0– 4.5
R–CH2–OH,R2–CH–OH 3.3– 4.5
R
NHCH2R
CO
3.2
R—O—CH3 or R—O—CH2R 3.3–3.7
O C
O
CH32.3
R
OCH2R
CO
3.7– 4.8
R–O–H 1–6(variesconsiderablyunderdifferentconditions)
R–NH2 1–5
RHC=CHR 4.5–7.0
OH 4.0–12.0
13 CHEMISTRY DATA BOOK
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Type of proton Chemical shift (ppm)
H 6.9–9.0
R
NHCH2R
CO
8.1
R
H
CO
9.4 –10.0
RH
CO
O9.0–13.0
CHEMISTRY DATA BOOK 14
17. 2-amino acids (α-amino acids)Thetablebelowprovidessimplifiedstructurestoenablethedrawingofzwitterions,theidentificationofproducts of protein hydrolysis and the drawing of structures involving condensation polymerisation of amino acid monomers.
Name Symbol Structure
alanine Ala
H2N CH COOH
CH3
arginine Arg
H2N CH COOH
CH2 CH2 CH2 NH
NH
C NH2
asparagine Asn
H2N CH COOH
CH2
O
C NH2
aspartic acid Asp
H2N CH COOH
CH2 COOH
cysteine Cys
H2N CH COOH
CH2 SH
glutamic acid Glu
H2N CH COOH
CH2 CH2 COOH
glutamine Gln
H2N CH COOH
CH2 CH2
O
C NH2
glycine Gly H2N CH2 COOH
histidine His
H2N CH COOH
CH2 NH
N
isoleucine Ile
H2N CH COOH
CH3 CH CH2 CH3
15 CHEMISTRY DATA BOOK
END OF DATA BOOK
Name Symbol Structure
leucine Leu
H2N CH COOH
CH2
CH3 CH CH3
lysine Lys
H2N CH COOH
CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 NH2
methionine Met
H2N CH COOH
CH2 CH2 S CH3
phenylalanine Phe
H2N CH
CH2
COOH
proline Pro COOH
HN
serine Ser
H2N CH COOH
CH2 OH
threonine Thr
H2N CH COOH
CH3 CH OH
tryptophan Trp
H2N CH
CH2
COOH
HN
tyrosine Tyr OH
H2N CH
CH2
COOH
valine Val
H2N CH COOH
CH3 CH CH3