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Crop balances Handbook 2018 Edition
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Preface Following the developments on the cereal crops market and on the oil seed crops market is essential. Reliable high quality statistics on crop balances provide an important tool for agricultural decision makers.
Annual crop production statistics, information on cereal and oilseed stocks, agricultural trade
statistics and statistics on utilization are the main pillars for crop balance sheets.
The European Statistical System Committee endorsed in its 34th meeting on 22 September 2017 the
ESS Agreement on Crop Balance Data on Main Cereals and Oilseeds. The purpose of this ESS
Agreement is to guarantee that the European Commission has at its disposal harmonised high
quality data on the supply and use of main cereals and oilseeds. Based on this ESS agreement
Eurostat collects the final balance sheets for the main cereal crops and oil seed crops.
This handbook is meant to serve as a practical reference document for all national statistical
authorities involved in the compilation of crop balance sheets.
Luxembourg, May 2018
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Table of contents
1 Introduction ................................................................................................................................. 5
1.1 General Introduction .................................................................................................................. 5
1.2 User needs assessment ........................................................................................................... 5
1.3 Legal basis for Crop balance sheets ....................................................................................... 6
2 Methodology ............................................................................................................................... 7
2.1 General information ................................................................................................................... 7 2.1.1 Crop balance sheets .......................................................................................................... 7 2.1.2 Cereal crops ....................................................................................................................... 7 2.1.3 Oilseed crops ...................................................................................................................... 7 2.1.4 Unprocessed products ...................................................................................................... 8 2.1.5 Processed products ........................................................................................................... 8
2.2 Coverage ..................................................................................................................................... 8 2.2.1 Cereals ................................................................................................................................ 8 2.2.2 Oilseeds............................................................................................................................... 9
2.3 Reference area ........................................................................................................................... 9
2.4 Reference period ....................................................................................................................... 9
2.5 Reporting frequencies ............................................................................................................... 9
2.6 Units of measurement ............................................................................................................. 10 2.6.1 Metric tonnes in standard humidity................................................................................ 10 2.6.2 Grain equivalents for processed products (cereals) ................................................... 10
3 Classification ............................................................................................................................ 11
3.1 Crop balance classification ..................................................................................................... 11
3.2 Hierarchy of crop balance sheets .......................................................................................... 12 3.2.1 Cereals .............................................................................................................................. 12 3.2.2 Oilseeds............................................................................................................................. 13
3.3 Definitions of the balance entries .......................................................................................... 14 3.3.1 Usable production ............................................................................................................ 15 3.3.2 Humidity............................................................................................................................. 16 3.3.3 Imports ............................................................................................................................... 16 3.3.4 Exports .............................................................................................................................. 17 3.3.5 Stocks ................................................................................................................................ 18 3.3.6 Domestic use .................................................................................................................... 20
4 Data processing ........................................................................................................................ 27
4.1 Calculation of aggregates ....................................................................................................... 27 4.1.1 Calculation of aggregates (cereals) .............................................................................. 27 4.1.2 Calculation of aggregates (oilseeds) ............................................................................. 28
4.2 Imputation ................................................................................................................................. 28 4.2.1 Calculating an entry as a balance ................................................................................. 28
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5 Data structure ........................................................................................................................... 29
5.1 General information ................................................................................................................. 29
5.2 SDMX ........................................................................................................................................ 29
5.3 Code lists .................................................................................................................................. 29 5.3.1 Crop products ................................................................................................................... 29 5.3.2 Balance items ................................................................................................................... 30 5.3.3 Reference year ................................................................................................................. 30 5.3.4 Observation status ........................................................................................................... 31 5.3.5 Observation confidentiality ............................................................................................. 31
6 Data transmission..................................................................................................................... 33
6.1 Transmission method (EDAMIS) ........................................................................................... 33
6.2 File naming conventions ......................................................................................................... 34
6.3 Completeness........................................................................................................................... 34
6.4 Flags for data transmission .................................................................................................... 34 6.4.1 Observation status flags ................................................................................................. 35 6.4.2 Confidentiality flags.......................................................................................................... 36
7 Data validation .......................................................................................................................... 37
7.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................... 37
7.2 Validation procedure................................................................................................................ 38
7.3 Validation rules ......................................................................................................................... 39
8 Quality reports .......................................................................................................................... 41
8.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................... 41
8.2 Communication of methodological changes ........................................................................ 41
8.3 Quality reports .......................................................................................................................... 41 8.3.1 ESS Standard for Quality Reports (ESQRS 2.0) ........................................................ 42 8.3.2 Updates to the quality reports ........................................................................................ 47
8.4. Transmission method (ESS-MH) ........................................................................................... 47
9 Data dissemination ................................................................................................................... 49
9.1 Confidentiality ........................................................................................................................... 49
9.2 Dissemination tables ............................................................................................................... 49
9.3 Dissemination of EU aggregates ........................................................................................... 49
Annex I .............................................................................................................................................. 51
Conversion coefficients for the revised list of the 2016 combined nomenclature ...................... 51 Coefficients for cereal crops ........................................................................................................... 51 Coefficients for oilseed crops ......................................................................................................... 54
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1 Introduction
1.1 General Introduction Crop Balances for cereals cover supply and use of the main cereals (common wheat & spelt, durum
wheat, barley and grain maize & corn-cob-mix) in a reference area during a reference period. Crop
Balances are also done for the main oilseeds rape and turnip rape seeds, sunflower seed and soya
in an equivalent way.
Those balance sheets constitute a synthesis of a large number of quantitative data available for
agriculture, trade and food and other processing industry. The crop balances are balanced when
total supply equals total use. Total supply is defined as the sum of usable production, initial stocks
and imports; total use as the sum of domestic use, final stocks and exports.
Crop Balance data are used by the Commission, mainly DG Agriculture and Rural Development, for
agricultural market management purposes.
The national crop balances for main cereals and main oilseeds are worked out by the Member States
on the basis of common EU concepts described in this handbook.
1.2 User needs assessment The Crop Balances for the main crop products are an important tool to monitor the food security and
the functioning of the crop product markets. The purpose of the supply balance is twofold: on the one
side in the mean of the prediction (prospective) for the next harvest year and on the other side
retrospective for the harvest year done. Eurostat collects the final balance sheets.
Eurostat has collected the supply balance sheet data for a large number of crop products (cereals,
oilseeds and fats, root crops, dry pulses, vegetables and permanent crops) on voluntary basis from
the 1950's up until 2013, when the data collection was stopped due to the lack of legal basis and
data quality issues.
Food security issues are increasingly becoming a political priority, in particular since the price peak
of 2007-2008 and 2010. The G-20 agricultural Ministers have identified market transparency as a key
feature for avoiding excessive price volatility. In this context, the EU has committed itself to send
regular updates of the crop balances for main cereals, oilseeds and rice to the AMIS1 (Agricultural
1 AMIS (Agricultural Market Information System) was established at the request of the Agriculture Ministers of the G20 in 2011. It is an inter-agency platform to enhance food market transparency and encourage coordination of policy actions in response to market uncertainty.
1 Introduction
6
1 Introduction
Market Information System) secretariat in the framework of the G-20 initiative. In addition, individual
Member States participating to the G-20 (Germany, France, the United Kingdom and Italy plus Spain
as an observer) have committed themselves to provide their balance data to AMIS but then agreed
that the European Commission will transmit balance data at EU level on their behalf. Therefore,
having access to solid and timely information on balance data both at EU and Member State level is
of critical importance for monitoring market developments and for fulfilling the policy commitments
towards G-20.
1.3 Legal basis for Crop balance sheets The European Statistical System Committee endorsed in its 34th meeting on 22 September 2017 the
ESS Agreement on Crop Balance Data on Main Cereals and Oilseeds. The purpose of this ESS
Agreement is to guarantee that the European Commission has at its disposal harmonised high
quality data on the supply and use of main cereals and oilseeds.
AMIS is structured around five main pillars that are interlinked and mutually reinforcing: market monitoring, analysis, collection of the latest and most reliable data on crop balances, capacity building for improved statistical information and policy dialogue for disseminating the key market information.
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2 Methodology
2.1 General information
2.1.1 Crop balance sheets
The crop balance sheets can be seen as a commodity counter-part to financial balance sheets which
center on the supply and demand for money available to a business. For the domain of agriculture
Eurostat collects the final crop balance sheets for selected cereal crops and oilseed crops.
2.1.2 Cereal crops
Cereals are herbaceous plants of the graminaceous family (with some exceptions, such as
buckwheat) cultivated mainly for their grain.
Whole cereals are used primarily for human consumption and animal feed and increasingly to
produce bioenergy. They are also used to produce drinks and industrial products (for example,
adhesives and starch). They are generally stored whole and, to a lesser extent, in the form of
processed products such as flour. They are mostly traded whole. The market for the by-products of
the second stage processing of cereals is in general a different market from the cereal market itself.
This applies in particular to products intended for human consumption.
The crop balances ‘cereals’ include both cereals harvested dry for grain (raw product) regardless of
use and the by-products of grain (but only those after first-stage processing, which are mentioned in
section 11 of the combined nomenclature CN). Second stage processing is excluded from the crop
balance.
2.1.3 Oilseed crops
Oilseeds are cultivated both for their high levels of fatty matter (oils intended for human consumption
and industrial use) and for their high levels of protein (cakes for animal feed).
Rape and turnip rape seeds, sunflower seed and soya harvested dry, regardless of the use, are
included in the oilseeds balances. A number of Member States only produce a few types of oilseeds.
That implies that in a non-producing country's balance data, the supply side only covers imports and
initial stocks.
2 Methodology
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2 Methodology
The oilseeds are used primarily for processing (crushing), with the goal of producing oils for human
consumption and industrial use (e.g. soap, biofuels). Crushing results in a by-product: cakes. These
are mainly used as animal feed.
The oilseeds supply balances include only the raw product.
2.1.4 Unprocessed products
An unprocessed (raw) product is a product in its initial stage. Both agricultural products 'Cereals' and
'Oilseeds' refer to (naked) healthy, fair and average grain with characteristics in accordance with
current legislation on the standard qualities of crop production and any marketing standards in force.
These characteristics include humidity and impurity content. The humidity must therefore be
provided. It needs to correspond to the standard EU-humidity.
2.1.5 Processed products
Processed products are obtained by processing a raw product. There may be one or more
processing stages.
The Crop Balance data includes only the first stage processing products such as flour. By-products
of processing, i.e. bran, are not taken into account in the balance. Processed products are expressed
in grain equivalent by using technical conversion coefficients. Annex I provides a list of processed
products and Eurostat coefficients for converting them into grain equivalent, based on the combined
nomenclature.
If the balance data of a Member State includes a country specific processed product, that is not yet
included in the combined nomenclature, the Member State should inform Eurostat about this product
– so that it can be added to the annex with a proper conversion coefficient.
2.2 Coverage
2.2.1 Cereals
The crop balances for cereals are drawn up for four types of main cereals:
1. common wheat (Triticum aestivum L. emend. Fiori et Paol.) and spelt (Triticum spelta L.);
2. durum wheat (Triticum durum Desf.);
3. barley (Hordeum vulgare L.);
4. grain maize (Zea mays L.) and corn-cob-mix
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2 Methodology
2.2.2 Oilseeds
The Crop Balances for oil seeds are drawn up for three types of oilseeds:
1. rape and turnip rape seeds (Brassica napus L. and Brassica rapa L. var. oleifera (Lam.));
2. sunflower seed (Helianthus annus L.);
3. soya (Glycine max (L.) Merril).
2.3 Reference area The Crop Balance data are worked out for the customs territory of the Member States, defined in
accordance with Regulation (EC) No 471/2009 on Community statistics relating to external trade with
non-member countries and with the implementing regulations linked to the main regulation.
2.4 Reference period The reference period for both cereals and oilseeds crop balances is a calendar year: 1st January –
31st December. It corresponds to the crop harvest year concept in Annual Crop Statistics.
In addition to the initial stock (1st of January) and final stock (31st of December), the end of marketing
year stocks (30th June) are included in the data collections.
2.5 Reporting frequencies The Member States shall transmit to the Commission (Eurostat) the data relative to crop balances on
the 30th November n+1 for the crop harvest year n.
The transmission schedule up to crop harvest year 2020 is presented in Table 1
Table 1 – Transmission schedule
Crop harvest year2 Reference period Final data
transmission: ACS
Data transmission:
CBS
2017 1.1.2017-31.12.2017 31.9.2018 30.11.2018
2018 1.1.2018-31.12.2018 31.9.2019 30.11.2019
2019 1.1.2019-31.12.2019 31.9.2020 30.11.2020
2020 1.1.2020-31.12.2020 31.9.2021 30.11.2021
2 Crop harvest year is the calendar year in which the harvest begins (Regulation (EC) No 543/2009). This definition is used in Annual crop statistics.
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2 Methodology
2.6 Units of measurement
2.6.1 Metric tonnes in standard humidity
All items in the Crop Balance for main cereals must be established in thousands of metric tonnes
(1000 t) in the standard humidity, which is:
14% for cereals
9% for rape and turnip rape
9% for sunflower seeds
14% for soya seed
2.6.2 Grain equivalents for processed products (cereals)
In order to be included in the balance, processed products are quantified in terms of grain equivalent.
Their weight is converted into grain weight necessary for their production by using technical
coefficients.
A list of processed products and technical coefficients for conversion into grain weight is given in
Annex I.
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3 Classification
3.1 Crop balance classification
For each agricultural commodity the final crop balance sheet has in principle the same structure.
For a balanced sheet 'supply' equals 'use'. Related to terminology it should be mentioned that in
publications sometimes for 'use' also 'demand' is used. 'Change in stocks' corresponds to the
difference between closing stocks and opening stocks.
Opening stock (1.Jan)
Usable Production
Imports
Domestic
Exports
Closing stock (31.Dec)
Supply
Use
3 Classification
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3 Classification
3.2 Hierarchy of crop balance sheets
3.2.1 Cereals
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3 Classification
3.2.2 Oilseeds
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3 Classification
3.3 Definitions of the balance entries
For the definition of the different entries always the same structure is used.
Note that in case a Member State applies a different methodological approach or if the definitions are
different than the ones presented in this handbook, this needs be explained in the Quality Report,
and the impact on the comparability of results needs be assessed.
3.3.i balance item
Code Label Unit
Definition of the item
Followed by general explanations related to the item.
In the fields below some examples are given, what should be included or excluded.
Important: those lists are indicative, but not exhaustive; i.e. the definition does not restrict itself to
those examples that are being mentioned in there!
Includes
Excludes
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3 Classification
3.3.1 Usable production
Code Label Unit
PROD_U Usable production 1000 ton (in ref. EU humidity)
Usable production is defined as harvested production minus on-holding losses and wastage, as
mentioned in the Eurostat Handbook for annual crop statistics (Regulation (EC) No 543/2009
amended by Commission Regulation (EU) 2015/1557 & ESS agreement on annual crops).
Table 2 - Production terms
Biological (real) production
Harvested production
Usable production
Marketed production Direct
consumption
On-holding losses
and wastage
Harvesting
losses
Non-
harvested
Includes
For cereals: only grain produced from the soil of the country itself during the reference
period (1st January to 31st December year n)
For oilseeds: only oilseeds produced from the soil of the country itself during the reference
period (1st January to 31st December year n)
For both cereals and oilseeds: the harvest of late crops in southern countries, which can
take place during the first months of year n+1 (Figure 1).
Figure 1 – Reference period
Tip
The usable production can be estimated by extracting an estimate of the amount of on-holding
losses from the harvested production provided to Eurostat in the scope of the Crop Statistics
(according to Reg. 543/2009/EC)
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3 Classification
3.3.2 Humidity
Code Label Unit
HUMD Humidity (predefined) 1000 ton (in ref. EU humidity)
In order to be able to draw the EU-level balance, the production needs to be reported in the standard
EU-humidity
Humidity of oilseeds at harvest may vary between EU Member States. The standard EU-humidity
values are indicated in chapter 2.6 above .
3.3.3 Imports
Code Label Unit
IMP Imports 1000 ton (in ref. EU humidity)
IMP_IEU28 Imports intra-EU-28 1000 ton (in ref. EU humidity)
IMP_XEU28 Imports extra-EU-28 1000 ton (in ref. EU humidity)
3.3.3.1 IMPORTS OF CEREALS
Corresponds to the sum of intra-EU28 imports (IMP_IEU28) and extra-EU28 imports (IMP_XEU28)
They need to be reported in grain equivalent.
Includes
Grain
First stage processed products of grain, which are used for human consumption (exceptions
apply)
Excludes
Beer
Alcohol for human consumption
By-products of processing (in order to avoid double counting)
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3 Classification
3.3.3.2 IMPORTS OF OILSEEDS
Corresponds to the sum of intra-EU28 imports (IMP_IEU28) and extra-EU28 imports (IMP_XEU28)
They need to be reported in grain equivalent.
Includes
Raw products (seeds and beans) for sowing
Raw products (seeds and beans) for direct human consumption
Raw products (seeds and beans) for crushing
Excludes
Processed products
3.3.4 Exports
Code Label Unit
EXP Exports 1000 ton (in ref. EU humidity)
EXP_IEU28 Exports intra-EU-28 1000 ton (in ref. EU humidity)
EXP_XEU28 Exports extra-EU-28 1000 ton (in ref. EU humidity)
3.3.4.1 EXPORTS OF CEREALS
Corresponds to the sum of intra-EU28 exports (EXP_IEU28) and extra-EU28 exports (EXP_XEU28)
Includes
Grain
First stage processed products of grain, which are used for human consumption (exceptions
apply)
Quantities provided as food aid
Excludes
Beer
Alcohol for human consumption
By-products of processing (in order to avoid double counting)
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3 Classification
3.3.4.2 EXPORTS OF OILSEEDS
Corresponds to the sum of intra-EU28 exports (EXP_IEU28) and extra-EU28 exports (EXP_XEU28)
Includes
Raw products (seeds and beans) for sowing
Raw products (seeds and beans) for direct human consumption
Raw products (seeds and beans) for crushing
Quantities provided as food aid
Excludes
Processed products
3.3.5 Stocks
Code Label Unit
STK_I Initial stock 1000 ton (in ref. EU humidity)
STK_F Final stock 1000 ton (in ref. EU humidity)
STK_CH Change in stock 1000 ton (in ref. EU humidity)
STK_ECY Stock at the end of crop marketing year 1000 ton (in ref. EU humidity)
In the balance data collection stock needs to be assessed at three points in time:
initial stock (1st January year n = 31st December year n-1)
stock at end of the crop marketing year (30th June year n)
final stock (31st December year n)
The 'Change in stock' item is the difference between the final and initial stock.
For cereals, stocks cover both unprocessed and processed products. The stock of first stage
processing products is measured in grain equivalent (see Annex I).
Includes
Farm stocks (grain only)
Stocks of collection organisations, intervention or storage bodies
Wholesale trade stocks: importers, exporters, warehouses, trade
Stocks of seed organisations (grain only)
Stocks for denaturing (grain only)
Stocks of processing plants: flour mills, mills, semolina factories, producers of cattle feed,
starch mills, food industries, other processing industries
Government and strategic stocks
Excludes
Stocks at retail level (DOM_HCN)
Household stocks (DOM_HCN)
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3 Classification
3.3.5.1 INITIAL STOCK (STK_I)
Initial stock (or opening stock or beginning stock) is defined as all cereals (in grain equivalent) or
oilseeds (in grain equivalent) available on the farm or on the market at the beginning of the calendar
year (1st January year n).
The initial stock corresponds to the final stock of the previous reference period (31st Dec. year n-1).
Tip
Sometimes, industrial firms are obliged to declare their stocks on a monthly or annual base to a
public institute or a private association of producers. These data can be used for the crop balances.
If this is not the case a data collection/estimation needs to be planned (e.g. a survey).
3.3.5.2 STOCK AT THE END OF THE CROP MARKETING YEAR (STK_ECY)
The stock at end of the crop marketing year (30 June year n) is defined as all cereals (in grain
equivalent) or all oilseeds (in grain equivalent) available on the farm or on the market on that day.
Tip
Sometimes, industrial firms are obliged to declare their stocks on a monthly or annual base to a
public institute or a private association of producers. These data can be used. If this is not the case,
a data collection/estimation needs to be planned (e.g. a survey)
3.3.5.3 FINAL STOCK (STK_F)
Final stock (or closing stock or ending stock) is defined as all cereals (in grain equivalent) or all
oilseeds (in grain equivalent) available the stock at the end of the calendar year (31st Dec., year n)
which is equal to the initial stock of the next reference period.
The final stock is equal to the initial stock of the next reference period.
3.3.5.4 CHANGE IN STOCK (STK_CH)
The 'Change in stock' item is the difference between the final and the initial stock.
Tip
For imports and exports, use the data that are provided to Eurostat in the scope of COMEXT. If more
precise data are available, they can also be used
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3 Classification
3.3.6 Domestic use
3.3.6.1 DOMESTIC USE OF CEREALS (DOM)
‘Domestic’ includes all possible uses of cereals (excluding exports and final stock) in the reference
area during the reference period.
Includes
Human consumption
Industrial use
Industrial bioethanol or biofuel use
Animal feed
Seeds (for sowing)
Losses
3.3.6.1.1 Human consumption (DOM_HCN)
As the crop balance has no entry for processing, the entry of human consumption is quite extensive.
Includes
Quantities of unprocessed cereals for human consumption, on the territory, during the
reference period
Quantities of processed cereals (only 1st stage of processing) for human consumption, on
the territory, during the reference period. (e.g. wheat flour or wheat starch)
Quantities consumed directly by producers and their families
Quantities delivered by the wholesalers to processors, retailers, canteens, restaurants,
hospitals, etc.
The losses and variations in stocks of retailers, collectives and consumers
Excludes
Quantities entered in ‘industrial use’ (DOM_IND)
Code Label Unit
DOM Domestic use 1000 ton (in ref. EU humidity)
DOM_HCN Human consumption 1000 ton (in ref. EU humidity)
DOM_IND Industrial use 1000 ton (in ref. EU humidity)
DOM_IND_BIO Industrial bioethanol or biofuel use 1000 ton (in ref. EU humidity)
DOM_ANF Animal feed 1000 ton (in ref. EU humidity)
DOM_SEED Seeds 1000 ton (in ref. EU humidity)
DOM_LOSS Losses 1000 ton (in ref. EU humidity)
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3 Classification
Example of a raw product and processed products classification:
Raw, unprocessed product: maize
1st processing stage starch
2nd processing stage glucose
3rd processing stage isoglucose
Tip
Data from a panel household survey on expenditure on food can give some guidelines, but likely this
needs to be estimated.
3.3.6.1.2 Industrial use (DOM_IND)
The industrial use of cereals is defined as the quantity used by the industry to produce industrial
products other than those intended for human consumption.
By convention, beer and alcoholic drinks are regarded as industrial products, which do not enter into
the entry of human consumption.
Includes
Wheat for the production of bio-ethanol
Wheat for the production of industrial starch
Wheat for the production of dextrin
Wheat for the production of alcohol
Barley for the production of beer
Excludes
Quantities intended for producing products for human consumption (DOM_HCN)
Quantities intended for producing products for animal feed (DOM_ANF)
Tip
Several data sources could be used:
company data on output of processed products for industrial use (PRODCOM data);
in several Member States firms are obliged to declare the volume of alcohol production
derived from cereals. These data can be used, if the declaration includes information on the
used cereal type.
Not included in Crop Balance sheets
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3 Classification
3.3.6.1.3 Industrial bioethanol or biofuel use (DOM_IND_BIO)
Includes
Quantity of cereals used by the industry to produce bioethanol
Quantity of cereals used by the industry to produce biofuel
Tip
Several data sources could be used:
company data on the use of cereals for biofuel;
farmers’ data on the amount of cereals grown for the production of biofuel.
In some Member States, cereals are not used for biofuel production; in others only a few cereal
commodities are used for biofuel production.
3.3.6.1.4 Animal feed (DOM_ANF)
Includes
Quantities of grain (raw or processed products) used for direct animal feed on the farm
Quantities of grain (raw or processed products) used by the feeding stuff industry
Excludes
By-products of industrially used grains that are further used as animal feed
Tip
Several data sources could be used:
the number of animals in the country and the feed input ratio;
company data of the animal feed industry.
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3 Classification
3.3.6.1.5 Seeds (DOM_SEED)
Quantities of grain used for sowing during the next production cycle.
Includes
Seed directly used on the farm (taken from own production)
Seed bought on the market
The amount of cereals needed for seed can easily be calculated by using readily available data (e.g.
sown area); for estimating the amount of cereals that is lost (entry of losses) a fixed rule can be
applied, but should be adapted to national circumstances.
Tip
Use data for the area seeded in the next cropping year and multiply this by the amount of seed
needed per ha.
3.3.6.1.6 Losses (DOM_LOSS)
Losses from the use of cereals for human consumption, industrial use, animal feed and seeds.
Includes
Losses during storage, transport, processing and packing
Losses due to denaturation3
Excludes
On-the-farm losses and wastage (as they are not part of the usable production)
Tip
Use a fixed percentage (known percentage or e.g. 1-2%, if not known) of domestic use.
3 Denaturation is a process in which proteins lose their original state by application of some external stress or compound such as a strong acid or base, a concentrated inorganic salt, an organic solvent (e.g., alcohol or chloroform), radiation or heat.
24
3 Classification
3.3.6.2 DOMESTIC USE OF OILSEEDS (DOM)
Code Label Unit
DOM Domestic use 1000 ton (in ref. EU humidity)
DOM_CRU Crushing 1000 ton (in ref. EU humidity)
DOM_SEED Seeds 1000 ton (in ref. EU humidity)
DOM_LOSS Losses 1000 ton (in ref. EU humidity)
‘Domestic’ includes all possible uses of oilseeds (excluding exports and final stock) in the reference
area during the reference period.
In the balance data for oilseeds as described in this handbook only the entries of crushing, seeds
and losses have to be specified.
Includes
Crushing
Seeds (for sowing)
Losses
Excludes
Human consumption
Animal feed
3.3.6.2.1 Crushing (DOM_CRU)
Crushing refers to the quantities of oilseeds used for crushing (processing) in order to produce
vegetable oils and cakes.
The oils are used either for human consumption or for industrial use; the by-product cakes are an
important ingredient of animal feed.
Usually, if a balance data for a raw product includes the entry of processing (crushing), such a
balance is accompanied by one or more sub-balances for the processed products, for example for
vegetable oils and for cakes. However, in the oilseeds balance as described in this handbook, this
practice is not applied.
Tip
Several data sources could be used:
company data on the crushed amount of oilseeds (PRODCOM data);
company data on output of processed products of oils and cakes;
calculated as fixed percentage of domestic use.
25
3 Classification
3.3.6.2.2 Seeds (DOM_SEED)
Seeds refer to the quantities of oilseeds used for sowing during the next production cycle.
Includes
Seed directly used on the farm (taken from own production)
Seed bought on the market
Tip
Use data for the area seeded in the next cropping year and multiply this by the amount of seed
needed per ha.
3.3.6.2.3 Losses (DOM_LOSS)
This entry refers to the losses in the use and marketing of oilseeds.
Includes
Losses during storage, transport, crushing and packing
Losses due to denaturation4
Excludes
On-the-farm losses and wastage (as they are not part of the usable production)
Tip
Use a fixed percentage (known percentage or e.g. 1-2%, if not known) of domestic use.
4 Denaturation is a process in which proteins lose their original state by application of some external stress or compound such as a strong acid or base, a concentrated inorganic salt, an organic solvent (e.g., alcohol or chloroform), radiation or heat.
26
3 Classification
27
4 Data processing
4.1 Calculation of aggregates
4.1.1 Calculation of aggregates (cereals)
Code Label Aggregate
PROD_U Usable production
HUMD Humidity (predefined)
IMP Imports IMP_IEU28 + IMP_XEU28
IMP_IEU28 Imports intra-EU-28
IMP_XEU28 Imports extra-EU-28
STK_I Initial stock
SUPPLY Supply PROD_USE + IMP + STK_I
DOM Domestic use DOM_HCN + DOM_IND + DOM_ANF + DOM_SEED + DOM_LOSS
DOM_HCN Human consumption
DOM_IND Industrial use
DOM_IND_BIO Industrial bioethanol or biofuel use
DOM_ANF Animal feed
DOM_SEED Seeds
DOM_LOSS Losses
EXP Exports EXP_IEU28 + EXP_XEU28
EXP_IEU28 Exports intra-EU-28
EXP_XEU28 Exports extra-EU-28
STK_F Final stock
USE Use DOM + EXP + STK_F
STK_CH Change in stock STK_F - STK_I
STK_ECY Stock at the end of the crop marketing year
4 Data processing
28
4 Data processing
4.1.2 Calculation of aggregates (oilseeds)
Code Label Aggregate
PROD_U Usable production
HUMD Humidity (predefined)
IMP Imports IMP_IEU28 + IMPXEU28
IMP_IEU28 Imports intra-EU-28
IMP_XEU28 Imports extra-EU-28
STK_I Initial stock
SUPPLY Supply PROD_USE + IMP + STK_I
DOM Domestic use DOM_CRU + DOM_SEED + DOM_LOSS
DOM_CRU Human consumption
DOM_SEED Seeds
DOM_LOSS Losses
EXP Exports EXP_IEU28 + EXP_XEU28
EXP_IEU28 Exports intra-EU-28
EXP_XEU28 Exports extra-EU-28
STK_F Final stock
USE Use DOM + EXP + STK_F
STK_CH Change in stock STK_F - STK_I
STK_ECY Stock at the end of crop marketing year
4.2 Imputation Member States have to deliver the complete balance. Eurostat will not perform any imputation for
missing values on Member States data.
4.2.1 Calculating an entry as a balance
The Crop Balance is balanced when total supply equals total use. This implies that one entry of the
balance data can be derived as balance calculation. This could be a way of filling an entry for which
no data are available or for which it is complicated to collect data.
This approach should only be applied for entries with a fairly large size.
For example, in the case of the balance for oilseeds the entry of domestic use can easily be derived
as balance calculation if data for all remaining entries are available.
29
5 Data structure
5.1 General information By using EDAMIS web forms the corresponding SDMX files are generated automatically. So it is
guaranteed that the three files for structure definition, stylesheet definition and the XML file
containing the data, arrive as well-formed, syntactically correct files.
5.2 SDMX SDMX, which stands for Statistical Data and Metadata eXchange, is an ISO standard designed to
describe statistical data and metadata, normalise their exchange, and improve their efficient sharing
across statistical and similar organisations. It provides an integrated approach to facilitating statistical
data and metadata exchange, enabling interoperable implementations within and between systems
concerned with the exchange, reporting and dissemination of statistical data and their related meta-
information. (www.sdmx.org)
More Information on SDMX can be found on the following Eurostat webpage
http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/web/sdmx-infospace/welcome.
5.3 Code lists
5.3.1 Crop products
From the code list for crop products only the following subset is used:
CODE DESCRIPTION
C1110 Common wheat and spelt
C1120 Durum wheat
C1300 Barley
C1500 Grain maize and Corn Cob Mix
I1110 Rape and turnip rape seeds
I1120 Sunflower seed
I1130 Soya
5 Data structure
30
5 Data structure
5.3.2 Balance items
From the codelist for the balance items the following subset of the codelist STK_FLOW is used:
CODE DESCRIPTION
BAL Balance
SUP Supply
PROD_U Usable production
HUMD_PC Humidity (%)
IMP Imports
IMP_IEU28 Imports intra-EU-28
IMP_XEU28 Imports extra-EU-28
STK_OP Opening stock (1st Jan year n)
USE Use
DOM Domestic
DOM_HCN Domestic - human consumption
DOM_IND Domestic - industrial use
DOM_IND_BIO Domestic - industrial bioethanol or biofuel use
DOM_ANF Domestic - animal feed
DOM_CRU Domestic - crushing
DOM_SEED Domestic – seeds
DOM_LOSS Domestic – losses
EXP Exports
EXP_IEU28 Exports intra-EU-28
EXP_XEU28 Exports extra-EU-28
STK_CL Closing stock (31st Dec N )
STK_CH Change in stock
STK_BMY Stock at the beginning of the marketing year (1st Jul year n-1 )
STK_EMY Stock at the end of the marketing year ( 30th
Jun year n)
5.3.3 Reference year
For the reference year the codelist for TIME is used.
CODE DESCRIPTION
2016 Year 2016
2017 Year 2017
2018 Year 2018
2019 Year 2019
2020 Year 2020
2021 Year 2021
2022 Year 2022
2023 Year 2023
2024 Year 2024
2025 Year 2025
2026 Year 2026
31
5 Data structure
5.3.4 Observation status
For flagging an observation value the following observation status flags (Obs_status) are available:
CODE DESCRIPTION
B Time series break
D Definition differs
E Estimated value
L Data exists but not collected
N Not significant
P Provisional value
U Low reliability
(empty) without flag
5.3.5 Observation confidentiality
In case that an observation value is either 'Not for publication' or for the case that statistical
confidentiality applies, they can be flagged with the appropriate flag (Obs_Conf) from below.
CODE DESCRIPTION
C Confidential statistical information
32
5 Data structure
33
5 Data structure
6.1 Transmission method (EDAMIS) The data are to be delivered in Web-Forms via EDAMIS (https://webgate.ec.europa.eu/edamis).
For information concerning EDAMIS, or data transmission to Eurostat in general, you can check the
EDAMIS Help Centre online for a user guide for data transmission
(https://webgate.ec.europa.eu/edamis/helpcenter/website/tools/ewp/index.htm) or contact directly the
relevant support team – [email protected].
Figure 2 – EDAMIS data transmission window
6 Data transmission
34
6 Data transmission
Figure 3 – EDAMIS Web Portal – Crop balances web form
6.2 File naming conventions As stated in 5.1, the SDMX files are created automatically, respecting the EDAMIS naming
convention.
6.3 Completeness Please report all balance items.
6.4 Flags for data transmission The data providers can use flags to communicate to Eurostat and to the data users some
specificities linked to the data. There are two types of flags available:
1. observation status flags
2. confidentiality status flags
35
6 Data transmission
6.4.1 Observation status flags
Observation status refers to particular information linked to the status of a single value in the data
transmission. It transfers important information both to Eurostat and the end users of the data. The
observation status flags are listed and explained in Table 3.
Table 3 – Observation status flags
Code value Code description Detailed explanation Visible on
the website
B Time series break This flag should be used to indicate a
break in the time-series due to e.g. change
in methodology or definition. The break
has to be described in the Quality Report.
(Value) b
D Definition differs Used to indicate slight deviations from the
established methodology (footnote-type
information); these divergences do not
imply a break in time series. This flag
should be used in cases where the
definition differs from the Eurostat
handbook definition. The definition has to
be defined in the Quality Report.
(Value) d
E Estimated value Observation obtained through an
estimation methodology (e.g. to produce
back-casts) or based on the use of a
limited amount of data or ad hoc sampling
and through additional calculations (e.g. to
produce a value at an early stage of the
production stage while not all data are
available). This flag is used for both MS
and Eurostat estimates in situations when
estimates are calculated for missing data.
(Value) e
L Missing value; data
exist but were not
collected
Used, for example, when some data are
not reported/disseminated because the
data is not collected.
:z
N Not significant Used to indicate an item which has a low
prevalence and is hence considered as
non-significant.
0n
P Provisional value An observation is characterized as
"provisional" when the source agency –
while it bases its calculations on its
standard production methodology –
considers that the data, almost certainly,
are expected to be revised.
(Value) p
U Low reliability This indicates existing observations, but
for which the user should also be aware of
the low quality assigned. These values are
taken into account in calculation the EU-
aggregates but not disseminated as
national values.
:u
36
6 Data transmission
6.4.2 Confidentiality flags
The confidentiality flag list is presented in Table 7.
Table 4 – Confidentiality flags
Code value Code description Detailed explanation Visible on the
website
C Confidential statistical
information
Confidential statistical information
(primary confidentiality) due to
identifiable respondents. Measures
also should be taken to prevent not
only direct access, but also indirect
deduction or calculation by other
users and parties, probably by
considering and treating additional
observations as “confidential”
(secondary confidentiality
management). No other use than
the above mentioned is allowed.
:c
37
7 Data validation
7.1 Introduction Validation is a key task performed in all statistical domains. It is important to have a common data
validation policy for the different statistical domains. Efficient data validation is essential for high
quality statistics. Guidelines for assigning validation responsibilities within the whole production
chain, standard validation levels, a good selection of validation rules, standards for validation reports
and error/warning messages and common documentation standards of the validation process are
important elements of a good data validation policy.
In principle all data validation processes share a common approach, which is shown in the diagram
below.
For the future it is an objective to document and formalize all validation and transformation rules
using only one standard language like VTL (Validation and Transformation Language). For the
moment each validation step is still documented in a specific not standardized way.
7 Data validation
38
7 Data validation
7.2 Validation procedure The data supplied to Eurostat are validated according to the following procedure:
Figure 4 - Validation in the Crop balance sheet process (GSBPM notation)
Step 4.3 is the first sub process of GSBPM where validation checks are done. Those checks are
purely related to one instance of a dataset. Due to the fact that Eurostat's Edamis web portal and
web forms are used the corresponding SDMX files, which include the data file, are created
automatically. This implies that they are syntactically correct and well formed, which corresponds to a
level 0 structural validation. Closely linked is a level 1 validation, which is a basic content validation.
There a basic checking of the records within the data file is done. Firstly a semantic check of the
records itself is made. Then a set of validation rules for an intra-file check is applied.
Step 5.3 is the part of the process where a level 2 validation takes place. In GSBPM this sub-process
is specifically referred to validation, it is in fact named ‘review & validate’. This sub-process examines
data to try to identify potential problems, errors and discrepancies. It can also be referred to as input
data validation. At this stage of the process the new data file is checked against the corresponding
time series. The new data are checked using predefined validation rules in a set order. In case
problems are found, suspicious or erroneous data are marked for manual inspection. At this stage it
is also checked whether all data for the reference year were reported, i.e. a check for completeness.
Step 6.2 is named 'Validate outputs'. In this sub-process statisticians validate the quality of the
outputs produced in accordance with a general quality framework and with expectations. For crop
balance data mirror checks (Validation Level 3) and consistency checks (Validation Level 4) are
done at this stage of the process. The crop balance data are compared with other agricultural
statistics and trade statistics.
In practice this is an iterative process. After those validation steps data are disseminated.
39
7 Data validation
7.3 Validation rules
Certain basic checks are done already very early in the process. For example: the absolute value of
a reported number has to be within the interval [0, 500 000]. Only for code 'Change in stock'
(STK_CH) the sign of the number can be negative.
Afterwards the following validation rules are currently used in MDT for level 2 validation:
IMP = IMP_IEU28 + IMP_XEU28
EXP = EXP_IEU28 + EXP_XEU28
DOM_IND >= DOM_IND_BIO
DOM = DOM_HCN + DOM_IND + DOM_ANF + DOM_CRU + DOM_SEED + DOM_LOSS
Remark: If a subitem is not defined for a certain crop product it is not considered for the
sum. E.g. for cereals DOM_CRU is not considered for the sum.
SUP = PROD_U + HUMD_PC + IMP + STK_OP
USE = DOM + EXP + STK_CL
STK_CH = STK_CL - STK_OP
Further validation rules for cross validation against Annual Crop Statistics and Trade statistics are
currently under development.
40
7 Data validation
41
8 Quality reports
8.1 Introduction Regulation (EC) No 223/2009 provides a reference framework for European statistics and requires
Member States to comply with the statistical principles and quality criteria specified in that
Regulation. Quality reports are essential for assessing, improving and communicating on the quality
of European statistics. The ESSC has endorsed a European Statistical System (ESS) standard for
Quality Reports Structure, in accordance with Article 12 of Regulation (EC) No 223/2009.
8.2 Communication of methodological changes
Member States are required to inform the Commission of methodological or other changes which
would have a considerable effect on the statistics.
This should be done by e-mail to [email protected] and updating the
corresponding quality report.
8.3 Quality reports The ESS Agreement on Crop Balances stipulates the obligation for the Member States to provide the
Commission (Eurostat) with a report on the quality of the data transmitted.
The first report is to be submitted before 30th November
In 2018 for reference year 2017
In 2021 for reference year 2020
In 2024 for reference year 2023
The reports will published on Eurostat website which follows the ESS Standard for quality reports.
8 Quality reports
42
8 Quality reports
8.3.1 ESS Standard for Quality Reports (ESQRS 2.0)
The ESS Standard for Quality Reports Structure (ESQRS) contains the description and
representation of statistical metadata concepts to be used for providing detailed information for
assessing data quality. The broad concepts used are compatible with the SDMX cross-domain
concepts and with the common terminology as published within the SDMX Glossary (2016). The
detailed quality concepts are based on the ESS Standard for Quality Reports (ESQR) from 2009.
The ESQRS is addressed to the European Statistical System. It is implemented at Eurostat and at
national level: the application of the concepts and sub concepts at European level and at national
level are provided in the ESS Handbook for Quality Reports (EHQR) from 2014 and the ESS
Guidelines for the implementation of the ESS Quality and Performance Indicators from 2014.
Table 5. Main headings of the ESS Standard for Quality Reports
Concept Name Descriptions
1 Contact
Individual or organisational contact points for the data or
metadata, including information on how to reach the contact
points.
1.1 Contact organisation The name of the organisation of the contact points for the data
or metadata.
1.2 Contact organisation unit An addressable subdivision of an organisation
1.3 Contact name The name of the contact points for the data or metadata.
1.4 Contact person function The area of technical responsibility of the contact, such as
"methodology", "database management" or "dissemination".
1.5 Contact mail address The postal address of the contact points for the data or
metadata.
1.6 Contact email address
1.7 Contact phone number The telephone number of the contact points for the data or
metadata.
1.8 Contact fax number Fax number of the contact points for the data or metadata.
2 Statistical presentation A general description of the statistical process, its outputs,
and their evolution over time
2.1 Data description
Main characteristics of the data set described in an easily
understandable manner, referring to the data and indicators
disseminated.
2.2 Classification system Arrangement or division of objects into groups based on
characteristics which the objects have in common.
2.3 Sector coverage Main economic or other sectors covered by the statistics.
2.4 Statistical concepts and
definitions Statistical characteristics of statistical observations.
2.5 Statistical unit Entity for which information is sought and for which statistics
are ultimately compiled.
2.6 Statistical population The total membership or population or "universe" of a defined
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8 Quality reports
Concept Name Descriptions
class of people, objects or events.
2.7 Reference area The country or geographic area to which the measured
statistical phenomenon relates.
2.8 Time coverage The length of time for which data are available.
2.9 Base period The period of time used as the base of an index number, or to
which a constant series refers.
3 Statistical processing Operations performed on data to derive new information
according to a given set of rules
3.1 Source data Characteristics and components of the raw statistical data
used for compiling statistical aggregates.
3.2 Frequency of data
collection Frequency with which the source data are collected.
3.3 Data collection Systematic process of gathering data for official statistics.
3.4 Data validation Process of monitoring the results of data compilation and
ensuring the quality of the statistical results.
3.5 Data compilation Operations performed on data to derive new information
according to a given set of rules.
3.6 Adjustment
The set of procedures employed to modify statistical data to
enable it to conform to national or international standards or to
address data quality differences when compiling specific data
sets.
4 Quality management Systems and frameworks in place within an organisation to
manage the quality of statistical products and processes.
4.1 Quality assurance
All systematic activities implemented that can be
demonstrated to provide confidence that the processes will
fulfil the requirements for the statistical output.
4.2 Quality assessment Overall assessment of data quality, based on standard quality
criteria.
5 Relevance The degree to which statistical information meets the real or
perceived needs of clients.
5.1 User Needs Description of users and their respective needs with respect to
the statistical data.
5.2 User Satisfaction Measures to determine user satisfaction.
5.3 Completeness The extent to which all statistics that are needed are available.
5.3.1 Data completeness - rate The ratio of the number of data cells provided to the number
of data cells required.
44
8 Quality reports
Concept Name Descriptions
6 Accuracy and reliability
Accuracy: closeness of computations or estimates to the exact
or true values that the statistics were intended to measure
Reliability: closeness of the initial estimated value to the
subsequent value.
6.1 Accuracy - overall
Assessment of accuracy, linked to a certain data set or
domain, which is summarising the various components into
one single measure.
6.2 Sampling error
That part of the difference between a population value and an
estimate thereof, derived from a random sample, which is due
to the fact that only a subset of the population is enumerated.
6.2.1 Sampling error -
indicators
Precision measures for estimating the random variation of an
estimator due to sampling.
6.3 Non-sampling error Error in sample estimates which cannot be attributed to
sampling fluctuations.
6.3.1 Coverage error Divergence between the frame population and the target
population.
6.3.1.1 Over-coverage - rate The proportion of units accessible via the frame that do not
belong to the target population.
6.3.1.2 Common units -
proportion
The proportion of common units covered by both the survey
and the administrative sources in relation to the total number
of units in the survey.
6.3.2 Measurement error Error in reading, calculating or recording numerical value.
6.3.3 Non response error
The difference between the statistics computed from the
collected data and those that would be computed if there were
no missing values.
6.3.3.1 Unit non-response - rate
The ratio of the number of units with no information or not
usable information to the total number of in-scope (eligible)
units.
6.3.3.2 Item non-response - rate
The ratio of the in-scope (eligible) units which have not
responded to a particular item and the in-scope units that are
required to respond to that particular item
6.3.4 Processing error
The error in final data collection process results arising from
the faulty implementation of correctly planned information
methods.
6.3.4.1 Imputation - rate The ratio of the number of replaced values to the total number
of values for a given variable.
6.3.5 Model assumption error Error due to domain specific models needed to define the
target of estimation.
6.4 Seasonal adjustment The statistical technique used to remove the effects of
seasonal calendar influences operating on a series.
6.5 Data revision - policy Policy aimed at ensuring the transparency of disseminated
45
8 Quality reports
Concept Name Descriptions
data, whereby preliminary data are compiled that are later
revised.
6.6 Data revision - practice Information on the data revision practice.
6.6.1 Data revision - average
size
The average over a time period of the revisions of a key item.
The 'revision' is defined as the difference between a later and
an earlier estimate of the key item.
7 Timeliness and
punctuality Timeliness and punctuality
7.1 Timeliness Length of time between data availability and the event or
phenomenon they describe
7.1.1 Time lag - first result The number of days (or weeks or months) from the last day of
the reference period to the day of publication of first results.
7.1.2 Time lag - final result
The number of days (or weeks or months) from the last day of
the reference period to the day of publication of complete and
final results.
7.2 Punctuality Time lag between the actual delivery of the data and the
target date when it should have been delivered.
7.2.1 Punctuality - delivery and
publication
The number of days between the delivery/release date of data
and the target date on which they were scheduled for
delivery/release.
8 Coherence and
comparability
Coherence: adequacy of statistics to be reliably combined in
different ways and for various uses. Comparability: the extent
to which differences between statistics can be attributed to
differences between the true values of the statistical
characteristics.
8.1 Comparability -
geographical
Extent to which statistics are comparable between
geographical areas.
8.1.1 Asymmetry for mirror flow
statistics - coefficient
The difference or the absolute difference of inbound and
outbound flows between a pair of countries divided by the
average of these two values.
8.2 Comparability - over time Extent to which statistics are comparable or reconcilable over
time.
8.2.1 Length of comparable
time series
The number of reference periods in time series from last
break.
8.3 Coherence - cross
domain
Extent to which statistics are reconcilable with those obtained
through other data sources or statistical domains.
8.4 Coherence - sub annual
and annual statistics
The extent to which statistics of different frequencies are
reconcilable
8.5 Coherence - National
Accounts
The extent to which statistics are reconcilable with National
Accounts.
8.6 Coherence - internal Extent to which statistics are consistent within a given data
46
8 Quality reports
Concept Name Descriptions
set.
9 Accessibility and clarity The conditions and modalities by which users can obtain, use
and interpret data.
9.1 News release(s) Regular or ad-hoc press releases linked to the data.
9.2 Publications Regular or ad-hoc publications in which the data are made
available to the public.
9.3 Online database Information about on-line databases in which the
disseminated data can be accessed.
9.3.1 Data tables -
consultations
Number of consultations of data tables within a statistical
domain for a given time period displayed in a graph.
9.4 Microdata access Information on whether micro-data are also disseminated.
9.5 Other References to the most important other data dissemination
done.
9.6 Documentation on
methodology
Descriptive text and references to methodological documents
available.
9.7 Quality documentation Documentation on procedures applied for quality management
and quality assessment.
9.7.1 Metadata completeness -
rate
The ratio of the number of metadata elements provided to the
total number of metadata elements applicable.
9.7.2 Metadata - consultations Number of consultations within a statistical domain for a given
time period.
10 Cost and Burden Cost associated with the collection and production of a
statistical product and burden on respondents.
11 Confidentiality
A property of data indicating the extent to which their
unauthorised disclosure could be prejudicial or harmful to the
interest of the source or other relevant parties.
11.1 Confidentiality - policy
Legislative measures or other formal procedures which
prevent unauthorised disclosure of data that identify a person
or economic entity either directly or indirectly.
11.2 Confidentiality - data
treatment
Rules applied for treating the data set to ensure statistical
confidentiality and prevent unauthorised disclosure.
12 Comment Supplementary descriptive text which can be attached to data
or metadata
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8 Quality reports
8.3.2 Updates to the quality reports
Each Member State shall inform about the most important issues and deviations from the rules
expressed in the ESSC agreement and in the handbook.
The comments should include the following issues:
1. What kind of threshold is used for the survey?
2. Is there any deviation from the instructions in the ESSC agreement and in the handbook?
3. What are the differences in methodology?
4. What are the differences in definitions of variables?
5. Are there important changes in comparison to a previous quality report?
8.4. Transmission method (ESS-MH) The European Statistical System – Metadata Handler (ESS MH) is a web application which has been
developed for the production, management, exchange and dissemination of European and national
reference metadata files. Its main objective is to enable the ESS members (Eurostat, NSI’s, Banks,
International organizations) to produce reference metadata files based on common European
Standards.
The Metedata handler is available at the following link: //webgate.ec.europa.eu/estat/spe/metaconv/.
In order to be granted access to the application, all ESS-MH users must have a functional ECAS
account.
48
8 Quality reports
49
Annex 1
9.1 Confidentiality Statistical confidentiality is a fundamental principle of European statistics. EU Regulation 223/2009
on European statistics defines confidential data as: "…data which allow statistical units to be
identified, either directly or indirectly thereby disclosing individual information".
For the data collection of crop balance sheets it is not very likely to need to flag data as 'confidential',
but nevertheless the possibility for flagging those items with 'C' exists.
9.2 Dissemination tables There will be two tables on Eurobase:
o Crop balance data on cereals
o Crop balance data on oilseeds
9.3 Dissemination of EU aggregates Partial EU-aggregates are calculated at Eurostat. At the date of publication of the handbook, they are
not expected to be published as not all member states signed the agreement.
9 Data dissemination
50
9 Data dissemination
51
Annex I
Annex I
Conversion coefficients for the revised list of the 2016 combined nomenclature
COEFFICIENTS FOR CEREAL CROPS
All processed products in the Crop Balance data should be expressed in grain equivalent. For this
purpose, product specific conversion coefficients are used. For doing the conversion, the quantity of
processed products should be multiplied by the conversion coefficient.
Example
A conversion coefficient of 1.37 for wheat flour means that:
1 kg of wheat flour is obtained by processing 1.37 kg of wheat grain;
1 kg of wheat flour x 1.37 = 1.37 kg of common wheat
The list of products of the Combined Nomenclature is not static but dynamic. This means that in the
course of time some products have been disappeared whereas other products have been added.
The table below provides an overview of the changes in the list of cereal products of the Combined
Nomenclature. The updating of the list is done in co-operation with the Commission and the Member
States. The list is updated upon a need. The status of the list is checked at least every second year
in the Crop Statistics Working Group meeting.
Relevant codes are given in:
chapter 10 of the Combined Nomenclature for grain (http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-
content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=OJ:L:2016:294:FULL&from=EN p. 106)
chapter 11 of the combined nomenclature for products of first-stage processing (http://eur-
lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=OJ:L:2016:294:FULL&from=EN p. 111)
52
Annex I
List of Combined Nomenclature Codes for cereal products that have been modified since 1988
Conversion coefficients for common wheat and processed products
Code CN 2016
Conversion coefficient
Description Start of validity of the CN code
End of validity of the CN code
10019110 1.00 Spelt seed for sowing 01/01/2012 31/12/2500
10019120 1.00 Seed of common wheat or meslin, for sowing 01/01/2012 31/12/2500
10019190 1.00 Wheat seed for sowing (excl. durum, common wheat and spelt)
01/01/2012 31/12/2500
10019900 1.00 Wheat and meslin (excl. seed for sowing, and durum wheat)
01/01/2012 31/12/2500
11010015 1.37 Flour of common wheat and spelt 01/01/1995 31/12/2500
11031190 1.37 Common wheat and spelt groats and meal 01/01/1988 31/12/2500
11032060 1.00 Wheat pellets 01/01/2002 31/12/2500
11041910 1.00 Rolled or flaked wheat grains 01/01/1988 31/12/2500
11042917 1.00 Hulled [shelled or husked] wheat grains 01/01/1990 31/12/1994
11042930 1.00 Pearled cereal grains (excl. barley, oats, maize or rice)
01/01/1988 31/12/1989
11042951 1.00 Cereal grains of wheat, not otherwise worked than kibbled
01/01/1995 31/12/2500
11042981 1.00 Cereal grains of wheat (other than hulled [shelled or husked], sliced or kibbled, pearled or not otherwise worked than kibbled)
01/01/1995 31/12/2500
11043010 0.75 Wheat germ, whole, rolled, flaked or ground 01/01/1988 31/12/2500
11071011 1.78 Wheat malt in flour form (excl. roasted) 01/01/1988 31/12/2500
11071019 1.33 Wheat malt (excl. flour and roasted) 01/01/1988 31/12/2500
11081100 1.69 Wheat starch 01/01/1988 31/12/2500
11090000 2.30 Wheat gluten, whether or not dried 01/01/1988 31/12/2500
Conversion coefficients for durum wheat and processed products
Code CN 2016
Conversion coefficient
Description Start of validity of the CN code
End of validity of the CN code
10011100 1.00 Durum wheat seed for sowing 01/01/2012 31/12/2500
10011900 1.00 Durum wheat (excl. seed for sowing) 01/01/2012 31/12/2500
11010011 1.37 Durum wheat flour 01/01/1995 31/12/2500
11031110 1.5 Groats and meal, of durum wheat 01/01/1994 31/12/2500
1988-1990 1991 1992 1994 1995 1996 2005 2006 2007 2008 2012
10011100
10011900
10019010 10019110
10019091 10019120
10019190
10019900
10030010 10031000
10030090 10039000
10051011
10051019
11031110 11031110
11031311
11031319
11031910 11031910
11031930 11031930
11032010 11032010
11032020 11032020
11042310
11042330
11042390
11042399
11042901
11042903
11042907 11042908
11042909
11042931 11042931
11042935 11042935
11042939 11042939
10011000
10051018
19
96
-20
05
no
mo
dif
ica
tio
n
20
08
-20
12
no
mo
dif
ica
tio
n
20
12
-20
16
no
mo
dif
ica
tio
n
11042904
11042930 11042930 11042930
11031310
10019099
11031920
11032025
1042340
11042398
53
Annex I
Conversion coefficients for barley and processed products
Code CN 2016
Conversion coefficient
Description Start of validity of the CN code
End of validity of the CN code
10031000 1.00 Barley seed for sowing 01/01/2012 31/12/2500
10039000 1.00 Barley (excl. seed for sowing) 01/01/2012 31/12/2500
11029010 1.37 Barley flour 01/01/1988 31/12/2500
11031920 1.37 Groats and meal of rye and barley 01/01/2012 31/12/2500
11032025 1.00 Pellets of rye and barley 01/01/2012 31/12/2500
11041961 1.00 Rolled barley grains 01/01/2002 31/12/2500
11041969 1.00 Flaked barley grains 01/01/2002 31/12/2500
11042904 1.00 Hulled, even sliced or kibbled barley grains 01/01/2012 31/12/2500
11042905 1.00 Pearled barley grains 01/01/2002 31/12/2500
11042908 1.00 Sliced, kibbled or otherwise worked barley grains (excl. rolled, flaked, hulled, pearled, and pellets and flour)
01/01/2012 31/12/2500
11071091 1.27 Malt in flour form (excl. roasted and wheat) 01/01/1988 31/12/2500
11071099 1.27 Malt (excl. roasted, wheat and flour) 01/01/1988 31/12/2500
11072000 1.49 Roasted malt 01/01/1988 31/12/2500
Conversion coefficients for grain maize and processed products
Code CN 2016
Conversion coefficient
Description Start of validity of the CN code
End of validity of the CN code
10051013 1.00 Three-cross hybrid maize seed 01/01/1988 31/12/2500
10051015 1.00 Simple hybrid maize seed 01/01/1988 31/12/2500
10051018 1.00 Hybrid maize seed for sowing (excl. three-cross and simple hybrid seed)
01/01/2012 31/12/2500
10051019 1.00 Hybrid maize seed (excl. Double, top cross, three-cross and simple hybrid maize seed)
01/01/1988 31/12/2011
10051090 1.00 Maize seed (excl. hybrid) 01/01/1988 31/12/2500
10059000 1.00 Maize (excl. seed) 01/01/1988 31/12/2500
11022010 1.40 Maize flour, with fat content of <= 1,5% by weight 01/01/1988 31/12/2500
11022090 0.45 Maize flour, with fat content of > 1,5% by weight 01/01/1988 31/12/2500
11031310 1.37 Groats and meal of maize, "corn", with a fat content, by weight, of <= 1,5%
01/01/1992 31/12/2500
11031311 1.37 Groats and meal of maize, with fat content of =< 1.5 % by weight, for the brewing industry
01/01/1988 31/12/1991
11031319 1.37 Groats and meal of maize, with fat content of =< 1.5 % by weight (excl. For the brewing industry)
01/01/1988 31/12/1991
11031390 1.37 Groats and meal of maize, "corn", with a fat content, by weight, of > 1,5%
01/01/1988 31/12/2500
11032040 1.00 Maize pellets 01/01/2002 31/12/2500
11041950 1.00 Rolled or flaked maize grains 01/01/1988 31/12/2500
11042340 1.00 Hulled maize grains, even sliced or kibbled; pearled maize grains
01/01/2012 31/12/2500
11042398 1.00 Sliced, kibbled or otherwise worked maize grains (excl. rolled, flaked, hulled, pearled, and pellets and flour)
01/01/2012 31/12/2500
11043090 0.30 Cereal germ, whole, rolled, flaked or ground (excl. wheat)
01/01/1988 31/12/2500
11081200 1.51 Maize starch 01/01/1988 31/12/2500
54
Annex I
COEFFICIENTS FOR OILSEED CROPS
The list of products of the Combined Nomenclature is not static but dynamic. This means that in the
course of time some products have been disappeared whereas other products have been added.
The table below provides an overview of the changes in the list of oilseed products of the Combined
Nomenclature.
The updating of the list is done in co-operation with the Commission and the Member States. The list
is updated upon a need. The status of the list is checked at least every second year in the Crop
Statistics Working Group meeting.
The relevant codes to be used are given in Chapter 12 of the Combined Nomenclature (CN).
(http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=OJ:L:2016:294:FULL&from=EN p. 116).
List of Combined Nomenclature Codes for oilseed products that have been modified since 1988
Rape and turnip rape seeds
Code CN 2016
Conversion coefficient
Description of the CN code Start of validity of the CN code
End of validity of the CN code
12050010 1.00 Rape or colza seeds, for sowing 01/01/1988 31/12/2001
12050090 1.00 Rape or colza seeds (excl. for sowing) 01/01/1988 31/12/2001
12051010 1.00
Low erucic acid rape or colza seeds "yielding a fixed oil which has an erucic acid content of < 2% and yielding a solid component of glucosinolates of < 30 micromoles/g", for sowing
01/01/2002 31/12/2500
12051090 1.00
Low erucic rape or colza seeds "yielding a fixed oil which has an erucic acid content of < 2% and yielding a solid component of glucosinolates of < 30 micromoles/g", whether or not broken (excl. for sowing)
01/01/2002 31/12/2500
12059000 1.00
High erucic rape or colza seeds "yielding a fixed oil which has an erucic acid content of >= 2% and yielding a solid component of glucosinolates of >= 30 micromoles/g", whether or not broken
01/01/2002 31/12/2500
1988-1994 1994 2002 2012
12010010 12011000
12010090 12019000
12051010
12059000
12051090
12059000
12060091
12060099
12050090
12050010
19
94
-20
02
no
mo
dif
ica
tio
n
20
02
-20
12
no
mo
dif
ica
tio
n
20
12
-20
16
no
mo
dif
ica
tio
n
12060090
55
Annex I
Sunflower seed
Code CN 2016
Conversion coefficient
Description of the CN code Start of validity of the CN code
End of validity of the CN code
12060010 1.00 Sunflower seeds for sowing 01/01/1988 31/12/2500
12060090 1.00 Sunflower seeds (excl. for sowing) 01/01/1988 31/12/1993
12060091 1.00 Sunflower seeds, whether or not shelled and in grey and white striped shell (excl. for sowing)
01/01/1994 31/12/2500
12060099 1.00 Sunflower seeds, whether or not broken (excl. for sowing, whether or not shelled and in grey and white striped shell)
01/01/1994 31/12/2500
Soya
Code CN 2016
Conversion coefficient
Description of the CN code Start of validity of the CN code
End of validity of the CN code
12010010 1.00 Soya beans for sowing 01/01/1988 31/12/2011
12010090 1.00 Soya beans (excl. for sowing) 01/01/1988 31/12/2011
12011000 1.00 Soya bean seed, for sowing 01/01/2012 31/12/2500
12019000 1.00 Soya beans, whether or not broken (excl. seed for sowing)
01/01/2012 31/12/2500
12081000 1.00 Soya bean flour and meal 01/01/1988 31/12/2500
*
