1

CREST

22 10 28 3

CREST

127

2

( )

Taniguchi et al. (2007): Combined effects of urbanization and global warming on subsurface temperature in four Asian cities. Vadose Zone Journal

3

( )

Kooi (2008): Spatial variability in subsurface warming over the last three decades; insight from repeated borehole temperature measurements in the Netherland. Earth and Planetary Science Letters

4

GSHP

2012

CO2 5

GSHP : Ground Source Heat Pump ↓

ASHP : Air Source HP HP

2012

Closed Open

GSHP

6

: (1)

(2)

(3)

(4)

7

50 m Closed

50 m Closed Open

70 m

TAT

2

8

NU

1

2

SU 1

5

2

GSHP

5

8

9

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

7.

8. GSHP

10

1.

11

2012

GSHP

12

GSHP

GSHP

GSHP

Haehnlein et al., 2010; Bonte et al., 2011GSHP

13

2.

14

SU

Holocene ( 1 )

15

SU

NU

TAT 16

3.

17

(U )

1m W1

2m W2

5m W5

10m W10

18

U (40 )

50m

GL-17 m

→ U

13 2012.8.10 2013.9.10

GL-39 m

19 HP

W1 W2 W5 W10

Dept

h (m

)

20

Lower aquifer GL-39 m

Upper aquifer

GL-17 m

Apr 2012

Jul Oct Jan 2013

Apr Jul 21

( ) Temperature change, T [oC]

z[m

]2 4 6 8 10

-50

-40

-30

-20

-10

0

1 m

s s s sT T T TCt x x y y z z

U Q=58 W/m

22

W1

Time [d]

Tem

pera

ture

chan

ge,

T[o C

]

0 50 100 150 200 250 3000

2

4

6

8

10z=-39.5m

Time [d]

Tem

pera

ture

chan

ge,

T[o C

]

0 20 40 60 80 1000

2

4

6

8

10W1

W1

W2

W5

W10

z = -36 m

W1

z = -17 m

z = -23 m

z = -39.5 m

HCO3-

DOC

HCO3-

DOC HCO

3- (m

g/L)

DOC

(mg/

L)

Conc

entr

atio

n (m

g/L)

Na+

NH4+

K+

Mg2+

Ca2+

Cl-

, 40

30

20

10

0

0

100

200

300 10

8

6

4

2

0

50

150

250

← before thermal loading

thermal loading →

5/3 2012

12/13 2011

9/22 2012

2/11 2013

5/3 2012

12/13 2011

9/22 2012

2/11 2013

7/3 2013

Upper (GL-17 m): W1 Lower (GL-39 m): W1 23

Cr

Ni

As

Se

Al

B

Mn

Fe

Si

Upper (GL-17 m): W1 Lower (GL-39 m): W1

30

20

10

0

0

300

600

150

450

Conc

entr

atio

n (μ

g/L)

Si (m

g/L)

← before thermal loading

thermal loading →

40

30

20

10

0

Conc

entr

atio

n (μ

g/L)

5/3 2012

12/13 2011

9/22 2012

2/11 2013

5/3 2012

12/13 2011

9/22 2012

2/11 2013

7/3 2013

24

DO

C (m

g/L)

8

6

4

2

0

← before thermal loading

thermal loading →

5/3 2012

12/13 2011

9/22 2012

2/11 2013

7/3 2013

25

B (μ

g/L)

350

250

150

50

0

300

200

100

← before thermal loading

thermal loading →

5/3 2012

12/13 2011

9/22 2012

2/11 2013

7/3 2013

26

T / T(initial)

W10

95%

/

C / C

(W10

)

27

B increase↑

DOC increase↑

Mg2+ decrease↓ K+ increase↑

W10

C / C

(W10

)

T / T(initial) Saito et al., Groundwater

28

0

100

200

300

400

0 100 200 300 400

(μg/

L)

(h)

(17.55 17.65m )

B

15 15 40

29

40

7/28

8/

23

9/13

10

/15

11/7

12

/18

3/6

5/6

5/13

5/

22

5/27

6/

4 6/

17

7/28

8/

23

9/13

10

/15

11/7

12

/18

3/21

4/

15

5/22

5/

27

6/4

6/17

5/13

4/1

1 m 10 m

Paludibacter propionicigenes

Clostridium sp.

1 m

( ) , .

( )

Actinobacteria Bacteroidetes Firmicutes β-proteobacteria

30

4.

31

Perm

eabi

lity,

k (c

m2 )

Temperature dependency

Void ratio, e Temperature, T (oC)

Solu

te d

iffus

ion

coef

ficie

nt ,

D s (c

m2 /

s)

, , ,

Mon et al., Temperature Effects on Geotechnical Properties of Kaolin Clay: Simultaneous Measurements of Consolidation characteristics, Shear Stiffness, and Permeability Using a Modified Oedometer. GSTF International Journal of Geological Sciences, 2013 32

(TAT 24.9 m)

Pseudomonas sp. AMS8 (100%)

Pedobacter sp. B4a-b5 (97%)

Variovorax sp. Ms18 (100%)

Acidovorax defluvii strain SQ77-1 (100%)

Herbaspirillum sp. juv973 (99%)

Rhodobacter sp. Bca28 (99%)

Aquamicrobium sp. hun6 (100%)

Parvibaculum sp. MBNA2 (98%)

Polaromonas sp. R3.2 (100%)

Sphingobacterium sp. H-12 (97%)

β

γ

β β

β

α

α α

Bacteroidetes

Bacteroidetes

5ºC 15ºC 25ºC

6 40ºC

33

* 25 or 40 ºC

Temperaturecontroller

Triaxial compression test apparatus

34

5.

35

( )

( )

5km 5km

36

500m 500m 45m

↓

Takemura et al., Bulletin of Engineering Geology and the Environment

37

5km 5km

2000 5000 38

6.

39

TAT SU

10m

20m

30m

40m

50m

40

T T T T Tc cu St z x x y y z z

HDPE

, u

din dp

h0S

(Tago, 2004; Schiavi, 2009 Christodoulides, et al., 2012)

41

2 hours 12 hours 48 hours

42

7.

43

EC. ,

10 m ,

40 11 1 m 7-8

. ( GL-17m ) ( DOC )

.

3

TRT

44

Input Data

Output:

ex.

etc.

TRT

Time [s]

Tem

pera

ture

[o C]

0 50000 100000 150000

16

18

20

22

24

Observed Tout

grout = 1.8, Cgrout = 3.0

TRT

45

46

Bonte et al. (2011): Underground Thermal Energy Storage: Environmental Risks and Policy Developments in the Netherlands and European Union. Ecology and Society

GSHP ( )

47

GSHP

Bonte et al. (2011): Underground Thermal Energy Storage: Environmental Risks and Policy Developments in the Netherlands and European Union. Ecology and Society 48

Haehnlein et al. (2010): International Legal Status of the Use of Shallow Geothermal Energy. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews

GSHP

49

GSHP

Haehnlein et al. (2010): International Legal Status of the Use of Shallow Geothermal Energy. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews

50

2012

GSHP

51

http://www.mlit.go.jp/gobuild/gobuild_tk6_000063.html#Q3