feronia.com · 2018-02-08 · Digby Wells Environmental (Digby Wells) has been requested by Feronia PHC (Feronia) to assess its High Conservation (HCVValue ) areas within Botekaits

_______________________________________________________________________________________ Digby Wells and Associates (International) Limited (Subsidiary of Digby Wells & Associates (Pty) Ltd). Co. Reg. No. 07264148. Henwood House, Henwood, Ashford, Kent, TN24 8DH, United Kingdom Tel: +44 123 363 1062, Fax: +44 123 361 9270, [email protected], www.digbywells.com _______________________________________________________________________________________ Directors: AJ Reynolds, GE Trusler (C.E.O) (South African) _______________________________________________________________________________________

Mammal and Avifaunal Study for Feronia, Boteka oil palm Plantation, DRC

High Conservation Value Assessment

Project Number:

CDC2950

Prepared for:

Feronia PHC

June 2015

Digby Wells Environmental i

This document has been prepared by Digby Wells Environmental.

Report Type: High Conservation Value Assessment

Project Name: Mammal and Avifaunal Study for Feronia, Boteka Oil palm Plantation, DRC

Project Code: CDC2950

Name Responsibility Signature Date

Phil Patton (Pr.Sci.Nat)

Report Writer

April 2015

Rudi Greffrath (Cert.Sci. Nat) Report Review

April 2015

Marion Thomas Report Review

May 2015

This report is provided solely for the purposes set out in it and may not, in whole or in part, be used for any other purpose

without Digby Wells Environmental prior written consent.


Mammal and Avifaunal Study for Feronia, Boteka Oil palm Plantation, DRC

CDC2950

Digby Wells Environmental ii

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

Digby Wells Environmental (Digby Wells) has been requested by Feronia PHC (Feronia) to assess its High Conservation Value (HCV) areas within its Boteka Concession. This report focuses on the results from the Avifaunal and Mammal Survey conducted in Febuary 2015. The approach is based on a specialist conducting a site visit to the area in question in order to identify the receiving environment and bird and mammal species, and in doing so assist in determining the likelihood of Critical Habitat and areas of High Conservation Value occurring within that specific area.

The Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) has a surface area of 2,345,410 km²; making it the third largest country in Africa, and with diverse habitats the country has the highest bird count on the Continent. The majority of the country lies in the Congo basin, the ‘cuvette centrale’, a vast depression just 300 m above sea-level and by far the largest drainage basin in Africa.

The protection of biodiversity cannot be viewed as simply the protection of individual species of conservation concern. Effective preservation of biodiversity must focus on the full range of species and habitats, as well as the ecological and evolutionary processes that allow biodiversity to persist over time. Animals cannot survive in the absence of their preferred habitats, nor can species or habitats survive in the absence of the ecological processes which sustain them. Therefore, the approach followed in this study was to identify different habitat types and use these as surrogates to assess the suitability of the habitat for various species. The approach followed is therefore an “ecosystem approach”.

The Boteka Oil Palm Plantation (Boteka) lies in north-western DRC, within the Equateur Province. The area lies within the Central Congolian Lowland Forest, a remote and generally inaccessible area of low-lying dense wet forest and swamp in the Cuvette Centrale region of the Congo Basin). Boteka Oil Palm Plantation is located on the southern bank of the Momboyo River, a tributary of the Ruki River. The project area covers approximately 13,542 hectares (Ha).

Avifauna and Mammals have been viewed as good ecological indicators, since their presence or absence tends to represent conditions pertaining to the proper functioning of an ecosystem. Bird communities and their ecological condition are linked to land cover. As the land cover of an area changes, so do the types of birds in that area (Bird Community Index, 2007). Land cover is directly linked to habitats within the study area. The diversity of these habitats, which includes open water and riparian systems, swamp, secondary and dense natural forests as well as modified areas including oil palm plantations, will give rise to many different species. A number of these species will have their currently recorded (and published) distribution ranges extended.

This survey report presents an overview of the species diversity of both avifauna and mammals that are likely to occur, and that have been observed and identified within the



CDC2950

Digby Wells Environmental iii

Boteka Concession. The results of which will be utilised in the High Conservation Value (HCV) assessment which will incorporate the broader ecological status, the vegetation, herpetology and the aquatic ecology of the concession.



CDC2950

Digby Wells Environmental iv

TABLE OF CONTENTS

1 Introduction ....................................................................................................................... 1

1.1 Expertise of Specialist ............................................................................................. 1

2 Study Area ........................................................................................................................ 2

Geography........................................................................................................ 2

Climate ............................................................................................................. 4

3 Methodology...................................................................................................................... 4

3.1 Desktop Studies ...................................................................................................... 4

3.2 Field Survey ............................................................................................................ 5

Mammals .......................................................................................................... 5

Birds ................................................................................................................. 6

Red Data faunal assessment ............................................................................ 6

4 Study Limitations ............................................................................................................... 7

5 Findings ............................................................................................................................. 7

5.1 Mammals................................................................................................................. 7

5.2 Species of Special Concern .................................................................................... 8

Bushmeat and hunting ...................................................................................... 9

5.3 Birds ...................................................................................................................... 16

Habitat and Ecology ....................................................................................... 16

Species Richness ........................................................................................... 16

5.4 Field Survey .......................................................................................................... 17

Mammals ........................................................................................................ 17

Birds ............................................................................................................... 22

Distribution changes ....................................................................................... 28

5.5 Habitat Types and Associated Species ................................................................. 33

Forest Habitat ................................................................................................. 33

Riverine Forest, Reedbeds, River bank and Open Water ............................... 35

Plantations and modified Habitat .................................................................... 37

6 Discussion and Recommendations ................................................................................. 39



CDC2950

Digby Wells Environmental v

7 Conclusion ...................................................................................................................... 40

8 References ...................................................................................................................... 41

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1: Boteka Oil palm Concession, Democratic Republic of Congo ................................ 3

Figure 2: Motion sensitive nigh cameras were deployed in the Boteka Concession .............. 6

Figure 3: A) Black-billed Turaco (Philantomba maxwellii), B) African Grey Parrot (Psittacus erithacus), C) Straw-coloured fruit bat (Eidolon helvum), D) Great Blue Turaco (Corythaeola cristata), E) Wolfs Monkey (Cercopithecus wolfi), F) Red-tailed Monkey (Cercopithecus ascanius) ............................................................................................................................ 12

Figure 4: A) Marsh Mongoose (Potamogale velox) and B) Congo Clawless Otter (Aonyx capensis), C) African Palm Civit .......................................................................................... 19

Figure 5: A) Congo Sepent Eagle (Dryotriorchis spectabilis), B) Palmnut Vulture (Gypohierax angolensis), C) African Fish Eagle (Haliaeetus vocifer), D) Long-tailed Hawk (Urotriorchis macrourus) – Hardaker/Peterson 2005-2013 ...................................................................... 31

Figure 6: Boteka Concession Natural and Secondary Forest Habitat .................................. 35

Figure 7: Riverine Forest, River bank and Open Water Habitat ........................................... 36

Figure 8: Plantation areas with Secondary forest border ..................................................... 38

LIST OF TABLES

Table 1: Reference Sources for Species of Special Concern ................................................ 9

Table 2: Expected and possible Mammal Species for the Boteka Concession (Bold denoted species observed within the Concession in February 2015) ................................................ 12

Table 3: The Elevan Endemic or Near Endemic Species of Global Conservation Concern That Have Been Recorded in the Central Congo Basin ....................................................... 17

Table 4: Mammal Species identified during the Field Survey of the Boteka Concession ..... 20

Table 5: Bird species of interest identified during the field survey at Boteka Concession, ... 22

Table 6: Distribution changes for the DRC .......................................................................... 28

Table 7: Birds of Prey observed within the Boteka Concession ........................................... 30

Table 8: Species associated with various habitats within the Boteka Concession ............... 33



CDC2950

Digby Wells Environmental vi

LIST OF APPENDICES

Appendix A: Mammal Species

Appendix B: Mammal Species

LIST OF PLANS

Plan 1: Mammal Sample Sites ............................................................................................ 21

Plan 2: Bird Sample Sites ................................................................................................... 32



CDC2950

Digby Wells Environmental 1

1 Introduction The Feronia PHC (Feronia) project includes the development and operation of three oil palm concessions on the Congo River: Lokutu in the Orientale province, and Yaligimba and Boteka in the Equateur Province. Feronia targets an RSPO (Roundtable on Sustainable Palm Oil) certification for its three concessions and the aim of this study is to provide a mammal and avifauna baseline investigation for the Boteka Concession, from which a High Conservation Value (HCV) assessment can be carried out.

The biological context of the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) is highly complex. There are a number of species, which are extremely important, and in critical danger of becoming extinct (IUCN, 2008) whilst some others are unknown to science. High Conservation Value Assessments (such as this study) are critical in order to understand the habitats in which the oil palm plantations are growing. Understanding the habitats will enable Feronia to manage those which may be directly, or indirectly, affected by the operation. Further to this, the concessions have a number of rural communities who depend largely on the forest resources and it is critical to identify the resources they use and to define the degree of dependence on these resources (HCV, 2014).

Habitat loss is the most significant environmental driver threatening the Boteka Concession biodiversity. Extensive deforestation over the last century in the DRC has resulted in the large-scale loss of forest cover, and caused the fragmentation of the remaining habitat into numerous isolated patches.

1.1 Expertise of Specialist Phil Patton is the Manager of the Biophysical Department at Digby Wells. He holds a B.Sc Hons (Environmental and Geographical Science) from the University of Cape Town, and a B.Sc (Geology and Geography & Environmental Management) from the University of Port Elizabeth. He is an experienced Ornithologist, and has been registered as a Professional Natural Scientist since 2012. Phil has over 17 years of consulting experience in ecological assessments and environmental auditing within the mining, and other similar industries. He has ecological and environmental working experience across Africa, Europe and the Middle East.



CDC2950


2 Study Area

2.1 Geography The Boteka Feronia oil palm Plantation (Boteka) lies in the north-western part of the DRC, within the Equateur Province (Map 2-1). The area lies within the Central Congolian Lowland Forest. The vegetation consists of rainforest vegetation, which straddles the Congo River and its tributaries. This habitat type is regarded to be Vulnerable (WWF, 2015). The Boteka oil palm plantation is located on the southern bank of the Momboyo River, a tributary of the Ruki River that flows into the Congo River approximately 120 km to the west. The project covers approximately 13,542 hectares (Ha) of which approximately 4,000 Ha is covered with oil palm. The remaining area is lightly to heavily disturbed. Historically, the Boteka area was completely covered with Congolian Lowland Forest.



CDC2950


Map 2-1: Boteka oil palm Concession, Democratic Republic of Congo



CDC2950


2.2 Climate The study area experiences two seasons, the wet season, from March to December, and the dry season from January to February. The annual rainfall is moderately high over the whole of the area, ranging from 1,600 mm to as much as 2,000 mm per annum. Temperatures rarely fall below 18°C, even at night. Daytime maximum temperatures rarely rise above 35°C. Humidity remains high throughout the year and is not often low during the hottest part of the day.

3 Methodology Detailed desktop studies of possible species that occur on the Boteka Concession, and a site survey were undertaken for mammals and birds. Species encountered were identified and recorded. Faunal species encountered by local people on site have also been noted, and photographs used where possible.

In order to undertake the High Conservation Value (HCV) assessment for fauna a number of steps were undertaken; these are explained in Section 3.1 and its sub-sections.

3.1 Desktop Studies Desktop studies and research on fauna for the Boteka oil palm plantation concession included:

■ Analysis of aerial photography with regards to habitat types;

■ Review of all Feronia reports, and studies undertaken in the study area, or in close proximity to it; and

■ Species lists were obtained using the following resources:

World Wildlife Fund (WWF), the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), and African Bird Club online species distribution maps were used to obtain data for the distribution of mammals and birds within the greater study area, it is noted that this was severely limited for this part of the Congo Basin;

The potential occurrence of mammals was supplemented by the species distribution maps in Field Guide to African Mammals, Jonathan Kingdon (2007); and

Lists of birds found in the study area were determined using a number of field guide publications including Birds of Western and Central Africa (Van Perlo, 2002), and Birds of Africa South of the Sahara (Sinclair and Ryan, 2003).



CDC2950


3.2 Field Survey A field survey was undertaken from the 6th February to the 13th February 2015. The survey included vantage point surveys; dawn, dusk and night surveys; and transects surveys throughout the concession (refer to mammal and avifauna sample maps). The activities undertaken and the data collected during the avifaunal and mammal surveys included:

■ Identification of key species and Species of Special Concern (SSC);

■ Density surveys for certain key species;

■ Bird movements at various vantage points within the riparian system in particular;

■ Determine behavioral aspects of key species especially those that would be impacted upon by the project, e.g. breeding observations;

■ Identifying the distribution of species that were not known to previously occur in the Congo River Basin; and

■ Surveys were also conducted during boat trips on the Momboyo River.

Diurnal Point Surveys were carried out to estimate spatial and temporal use of the site by resident and migrant raptors and other diurnal passerines. Sampling intensity also assisted to document the movement of the larger species such as raptors, parrots and hornbills throughout the concession area (Section 5).

Mammals

Visual sightings and ecological indicators were used to identify the mammal inhabitants of the study area; this includes scats, tracks and habitat such as burrows and dens. Droppings and spoor were photographed (with a scale). For identification purposes field guides were used (Van Perlo, 2002 and Sinclair, 2012). The following was recorded:

■ All mammals encountered, noted or captured during the survey;

■ Motion sensitive night cameras were deployed at strategic positions within the concession (Figure 3-1);

■ Animals listed in previous studies or from the local villagers;

■ A list of the most prominent mammal species; and

■ A list of threatened or protected species encountered during the survey.



CDC2950


Map 3-1: Motion sensitive night cameras were deployed in the Boteka Concession

Birds

The principle ornithological field survey technique used was transect surveys. Transect surveys were planned and based in areas representative of different avifauna habitat, such as closed forest (thick canopy, where direct sunlight may not penetrate), and open secondary forest. Transect procedures involve slow attentive walks along transects during which any bird seen or heard is identified and recorded. Point sampling was also conducted for a period of at least one (1) hour at several localities throughout the site when opportunities were available. Species observed during the vegetation transect surveys were also recorded.

The following was recorded:

■ All birds encountered or noted during the survey;

■ The behaviour or preferred habitat of certain key species; and

■ A list of rare and endangered species encountered.

Red Data faunal assessment

The following parameters were used to assess the Probability of Occurrence of each Red Data species:

■ Habitat requirements (HR) – Most Red Data animals have very specific habitat requirements and the presence of these habitat characteristics in the study area was evaluated;

■ Habitat status (HS) – The status or ecological condition of available habitat in the area is assessed. Often a high level of habitat degradation prevalent in a specific habitat will negate the potential presence of Red Data species (this is especially evident in wetland and riparian habitats); and

■ Habitat linkage (HL) – Movement between areas for breeding and feeding forms an essential part of the existence of many species. Connectivity of the study area to



CDC2950


surrounding habitat and the adequacy of these linkages are evaluated for the ecological functioning of Red Data species habitat within the study area.

Probability of occurrence is presented in four categories, namely:

■ Low (will not occur);

■ Medium (could possibly occur);

■ High (most likely could occur); or

■ Recorded (does occur on site).

The IUCN Red Data categories are defined in Table 5-1 and are used for the status identification of mammals and birds globally.

4 Study Limitations The following limitations were encountered during the study:

■ The time of the study did not coincide with the flowering and fruiting of some prominent forest plant species, therefore limiting the food source for certain species and correlates to the intra-African migrating season;

■ It is generally recommended by ecologists that surveys are conducted in both winter and summer, for avifauna in particular;

■ Avifaunal activity is generally slightly lower during the months of November to March in equatorial countries due to the high number of inter-African migrant species that migrate south to the sub-tropical regions to breed;

■ Although much of the concession was accessed, time spent in the respective habitats was short due to the size of the concession and duration of the site visit; and

■ Access to some of the boundary forests was restricted during field surveys due to safety concerns expressed by Feronia staff.

5 Findings

5.1 Mammals The biodiversity contained in the forests within and surrounding the Boteka Concession is still relatively unknown due to;

■ The vast area (13,500 Ha);

■ The historic political status including civil wars; and

■ Harsh, largely inaccessible, forest environments.



CDC2950


The region south of the Congo River is known to support a rich primate diversity that can include Gracile Chimpanzee (or Bonobo) (Pan paniscus) and a variety of Colobid Monkey species, and other large mammals, such as African Elephant (Loxodonta africana) and African Buffalo (Syncerus caffer). The Boteka Concession is located in the Congo Basin High Biodiversity Wilderness Area (Myers et al., 2000), and the banks of the Congo River and its tributaries are regarded as international areas of ecological importance (RAMSAR, 2005).

African Elephant (Loxodonta africana) would have inhabited the Boteka Concession in the past, but there is no physical evidence of their presence today. A number of local community members do refer to the occasional elephant being observed close to the southern boundary, but this cannot be substantiated without further investigation. The general consenses is that the elephant populations did occur within the Boteka Concession, perhaps at the beginning of the 20th century when the oil palm plantation was being developed. Other species that could still occur near Boteka include: African Buffalo (Syncerus caffer), Leopard (Panthera pardus), African Golden Cat (Profelis aurata), and several species of primates, duikers (Cephalophus spp.), genets (Genetta spp.), and mongooses (Herpestidae).

5.2 Species of Special Concern The conservation statuses of fauna identified on site was determined using the following resources (Table 5-1):

■ The Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES) of Wild Fauna and Flora (also known as the Washington Convention) database;

■ The Red Data List for Central African fauna; and

■ The International IUCN Red Data List.

It is unlikely that any of the primates or large mammals still present on the Boteka Concession are listed as near threatened on the current IUCN Red List. However, local hunters reported seeing three primates in forests bordering the concession, including the Black Crested Mangabey (Lophocebus aterrimus), Red Colobus (Procolobus badius) and the Bonobo (Pan paniscus); these are listed on the 2006 Red List as Near Threatened and Endangered (IUCN, 2006). The Digby Wells team found no sightings or signs of these primates during the survey.



CDC2950


Table 5-1: Reference Sources for Species of Special Concern

Reference Document

Description

RED DATA List Listed species of flora and fauna are regarded as species whose representation in the wild, has declined to such an extent that drastic action is needed to ensure their survival.

IUCN

The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species provides taxonomic, conservation status and distribution information on plants and animals that have been globally evaluated using the IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria. This system is designed to determine the relative risk of extinction, and the main purpose of the IUCN Red List is to catalogue and highlight those plants and animals that are facing a higher risk of global extinction (e.g. those listed as Critically Endangered, Endangered and Vulnerable). Plants and animals that have been evaluated to have a low risk of extinction are classified as Least Concern. (IUCN.org).

CITES

Its aim is to ensure that international trade in specimens of wild animals and plants does not threaten their survival (CITES.org). CITES works by subjecting international trade in specimens of selected species to certain controls. All import, export, and introduction from the sea of species covered by the Convention has to be authorised through a licensing system. Each Party to the Convention must designate one or more Management Authorities in charge of administering a licensing system and one or more Scientific Authorities to advise them on the effects of trade on the status of the species. Specimens are divided into the following appendices according to the restriction on trade.

5.3 Bushmeat and hunting Bushmeat hunting rivals habitat loss as a major threat to the survival of mammals in Africa (Rose et al., 2003). Bushmeat is a critical protein source for many people in the region and a large number species are hunted. Antelopes, bats, pigs, primates and large rats dominate the bushmeat trade. The extent of bushmeat hunting has prompted governments to enact hunting bans, though the legislation to date has often been impractical and/or poorly enforced (Sayer et al., 1992). If bushmeat hunting is not controlled, Africa’s larger endemic mammalian species will be exterminated from vast areas and, possibly, driven to extinction.

The bushmeat and hunting trade within the Boteka Concession is extremely high and would be considered a major priority to address in order to conserve and sustain a number of different mammal and avifaunal species. The majority of mammal species observed were either caught in traps or already killed due to hunting by local residents. Figure 5-1 represents a few of the species that were observed, this included Wolf’s Monkey (Cercopithecus wolfi), Red-tailed Monkey (Cercopithecus ascanius) and a number of bat species.



CDC2950


Both monkey species are listed as Least Concern as they remain widespread and common within its historical range, adapting well to modified habitats, showing resiliency in the face of hunting pressure. When feeding, the Wolf's Monkey is mainly found in association with the Red-tailed Monkey (which generally forages at about 12 m) and the Black Crested Mangabey (Lophocebus aterrimus) (which forages at about 21.5 m), two species with similar diets to Wolf's Monkey. The Mangabey was not observed during the survey but is a species that is regarded as Near Threatened. This species is found south of the Congo River, in rainforest in lowland areas of the southwest Congo Basin and into Angola. All primate species have already been severely reduced in numbers within the Congo Basin or eliminated in those parts of their ranges with very high human population densities.

A number of fruit bat species were observed and caught in local village mist nets. Mist nets are used the local population to capture wild birds and bats to eat. Fruit bats in general are considered to be the natural host of the Ebola virus (WWF, 2005). Mist nets are typically made of nylon mesh suspended between two poles or trees. When properly deployed, the nets are virtually invisible. In Boteka three species of bats were identified including the Straw-coloured Fruit Bat (Eidolon helvum), Egyptian Fruit Bat (Rousettus aegyptiacus) and the Hammer-headed Bat (Hypsignathus monstrosus). The Hammer-headed Bat (Hypsignathus monstrosus), also known as the Big-lipped Bat, is a large bat species endemic to equatorial Africa. This species is found in riverine forests, mangroves, swamps, and palm forests at elevations less than 1,800 metres (5,900 ft).



CDC2950


A B

C D



CDC2950


E F

Map 5-1: A) Black-billed Turaco (Philantomba maxwellii), B) African Grey Parrot (Psittacus erithacus), C) Straw-coloured fruit bat (Eidolon helvum), D) Great Blue

Turaco (Corythaeola cristata), E) Wolfs Monkey (Cercopithecus wolfi), F) Red-tailed Monkey (Cercopithecus ascanius)

Table 5-2: Expected and possible Mammal Species for the Boteka Concession (highlighted rows denote species observed within the Concession in February 2015)

Species Scientific name Status IUCN Location or probability of Occurence

Bonobo Pan paniscus Endangered Natural forest, edge of Boteka Concession, historic reports from some of the more remote villages. LOW

Guereza Colobus Colobus guereza

Least concern Natural forest, edge of Boteka Concession, occasional. LOW

Southern Talapoin Miopithecus talapoin

Least concern Strictly riverine

LOW

De Brazzas Monkey Cercopithecus neglectus

Least concern in DRC

Swamp forest areas on edge of Concession HIGH



CDC2950



Blue Monkey Cercopithecus mitis ssp elgonis

Least concern Natural forest, edge of Boteka Concession, occasional HIGH

Red Tailed Monkey Cercopithecus ascanius

Least concern

Recorded and photographed in Boteka 20.01.2015, caught in southern forest

Black Crested Mangabey

Lophocebus aterrimus

Near Threatened

Lowland natural forest, MEDIUM

Poto Perodicticus potto

Least concern Swamp forest areas within Concession. MEDIUM

Greater galago Otolemur crasscaudatus

Least concern Throughout Concession, HIGH

Straw-coloured Fruit Bat

Eidolon helvum

Near Threatened

Recorded and photographed on Congo River village, Central region. Caught in mist net for food

Hammer Bat Hypsignathus monstrosus

Least concern - locally common

HIGH throughout concession

Golden Fruit Bat Casinycteris argynnis

Least concern Members of community believe this species to be found in forest. HIGH

Black Hawk Bat Saccolaimus peli

Least concern Discussed with villagers. HIGH

Giant Otter Shrew Potamogale velox

Least concern - sporadic distribution

Congo river and tributaries, HIGH

Four-toed Elephant Shrew

Petrodromus tetradactylus

Least concern Forest corridors, HIGH

African Pygmy Squirrel

Myosciurus pumilio

Least concern but declining

Natural forest, edge of Boteka Concession, occassional HIGH

Congo Rope Squirrel

Funisciurus congicus

Least concern Recorded. Forest corridors

African Giant Squirrel

Protoxerus stangeri

Least concern Secondary and natural forests, HIGH

Thomas's Rope Squirrel

Funisciurus anerythrus

Least concern Forest corridors, HIGH

Lord Derby's Anomalure

Anomalurus derbianus

Least concern Natural forest, edge of Boteka Concession, occasional HIGH



CDC2950



Beercroft's Anomalure

Anomalurus beecrofti

Least concern Natural forest, edge of Boteka Concession, occasional MEDIUM

Crested porcupine Hystrix cristata Least concern Forest corridors and observed and hunted by villagers HIGH

Brush Tailed Porcupine

Atherurus africanus

Least concern Valley bottom rainforest HIGH

Marsh Cane Rat Thryonomys gregorianus

Least concern Swamp forest and river

Giant Pouched Rat Cricetomys emini

Least concern Riverine forest, HIGH

Velvet Rat Colomys goslingi

Least concern Swamp forest, HIGH

Target Rat Stochomys longicaudatus

Least concern Lowland forest, HIGH

Zebra Mouse Lemniscomys sp

Least concern Throughout Concession, observed by Digby Wells Ecologist HIGH

Swamp Otter Aonyx congicus

Least concern

Spoor located on River bank within Concession HIGH

Long Snouted Mongoose

Herpestes naso Least concern Natural forest, edge of Boteka Concession

Slender Mongoose Herpestes sanguineus

Least concern

Observed throughout the Concession

Marsh Mongoose Atilax paludinosus

Least concern Riparian arian and river banks

HIGH

Blotched Genet Genetta tigrina Least concern Natural forest

HIGH

Servaline Genet Genetta servalina

Least concern Natural and secondary forest

MEDIUM

Central African Linsang

Poiana richardsonii

Least concern Natural and secondary forest

MEDIUM

African Civet Civettictis civetta

Least concern Throughout Concession

African Palm Civet Nandinia binotata

Least concern

Forest and plantations RECORDED

Golden Cat Caracal aurata Vulnerable Natural forest - presumed

LOW



CDC2950



Leopard Panthera pardus Near Threatened

Throughout Concession but prefers forest, LOW

Long Tailed Pangolin

Uromanis tetradactyla

Vulnerable Natural forest

LOW

Tree Pangolin Phataginus tricuspis

Vulnerable Natural and secondary forest

MEDIUM

Red River Hog Potamochoerus porcus

Least concern Natural forest on edge of Concession

MEDIUM

Hippopotamus Hippopotamus amphibius

Vulnerable in the DRC

Congo River and tributaries, UNLIKELY

Water Chevotain Hyemoschus aquaticus

Least concern Lowland rainforest, UNLIKELY

African (Forest) Buffalo

Syncerus caffer Least concern Natural forest and open glades, UNLIKELY

Bushbuck Tragelaphus scriptus

Least concern

Common throughout, HIGH

Black-fronted Duiker Cephalophus nigrifrons

Least concern Natural forest, UNLIKELY

Yellow-backed Duiker

Cephalophus silvicultor

Least concern Natural forest, MEDIUM

Ogilby’s duiker Cephalophus dorsalis

Least concern Natural and seconday forest areas, HIGH

Maxwells Duiker Philantomba maxwellii

Least concern Natural and seconday forest areas, HIGH



CDC2950


5.4 Birds

Habitat and Ecology

In quantifying the status of the avifaunal density and diversity within the Boteka Concession, a combination of scientific field methods and a desktop assessment was conducted to provide an understanding of the species and activity that may occur in the different habitats available within the concession.

An extensive and broad literature review on the Congo Basin including published articles, papers or any similar surveys was undertaken prior to the field survey; the field survey was conducted between the 6th to the 13th February 2015. The timing of the survey coincided with the lowest rainfall period of the year and although extremely hot and humid, many of the 88 intra-African migrants were not present during the survey. It is recommended, by Digby Wells, that a second-season survey is conducted in due course. The bird survey was undertaken using standard internationally accepted methods to understand bird habitat, interaction and distribution in relation to the existing oil palm plantations and forested areas located within the Boteka Concession. The concession has isolated patches of both natural and secondary forests within its boundaries.

Species Richness

A 1993 checklist for the central Congo Basin lists 877 species, of which 56 are Palearctic migrants and 88 are intra-African migrants and the remainder considered resident (Dowsett, 1993). Using a slightly different taxonomic treatment and taking into account 12 genuine additions (Demey et al., 2000), the total DRC list currently stands at around 1,117 species, the highest of any country in Africa. Although some parts of the country have been relatively well-studied ornithologically, many other areas such as the Boteka Concession have yet to be properly surveyed. The intra-country distribution of many species is therefore still relatively unknown and as this field survey suggests, a number of species found in the Boteka Concession need to have their existing distribution ranges updated.

A number of Species of Special Concern (SSC) are expected to occur within the Boteka Concession, however there are large gaps linked to Data Deficiency. Table 5-3 summarises the potential SSC, the highlighted rows denote the species which were recorded within the Boteka Concession.

Within the central Congo Basin, where the Boteka Concession is located, five species of global conservation concern are thought to occur. It must be emphasised that the area surrounding the Boteka Concession has not been properly surveyed and could potentially harbour further rare or endangered species. Three species are regarded as Vulnerable and two species are regarded as Near Threatened. These species of global conservation significance are dependent on riverine systems, swamp forest or forest-edge habitat, all of which occur within the Boteka Concession.



CDC2950


Table 5-3: The five Species of Global Conservation Concern that have been recorded in the Central Congo Basin near Boteka

Common Name Scientific Name Global Status

Congo peafowl Afropavo congensis Vulnerable

Great snipe Gallinago media Near Threatened

Black-winged pratincole Glareola nordmanni Near Threatened

White-headed robin-chat Cossypha heinrichi Vulnerable

African grey parrot Psittacus erithacus Vulnerable

5.5 Field Survey

Mammals

As discussed in Section 5.1 only two species of primate, the Red-tailed Monkey (Cercopithecus Ascanius) and Wolfs Monkey (Cercopithecus wolfi) were observed within the Boteka Concession. Both species are listed as Least Concern as they remain widespread and common within their historical range, adapting well to modified habitats and showing resiliency in the face of hunting pressure. When feeding, the Wolf's Monkey is mainly found in association with the Red-tailed Monkey (Cercopithecus Ascanius) and the Black Crested Mangabey (Lophocebus aterrimus), two species with similar diets to the Wolf's Monkey. The Mangabey was not observed during the survey but is a species that is regarded as Near Threatened and the likelihood that it is found within the concession is very high.

Historic and current smallscale logging (slash and burn) activity, and heavy hunting pressure were documented in remote parts of the concession by local villagers. Hunters and local community members claimed that they have only observed large mammals such as African elephants, African buffaloes, Leopards or gracile chimpanzees (bonobos) a large distance from the project area. The central portion of the Boteka concession is of little conservation value for the conservation of primates and large mammals due to a considerable decline in the biological richness of the site and the collapse of the primate and large mammal communities. However, the forests located on the boundary of the concession would have a Higher Conservation Value and if hunting was limited it is expected that a number of species would quickly return to these areas.

Along the banks of the Momboyo River a number of rodent and small mammal spoor was observed. Two species of note included; the first is the Marsh Mongoose (Atilax paludinosus) or the Congo Clawless Otter (Aonyx congicus). This species was originally described as, and is sometimes still referred to as a subspecies of African Clawless Otter (Aonyx capensis). Although this species is poorly known, it appears to be reasonably widespread within the Congo Basin (Hoffman, 2008), where there are currently no known major threats, and no reason to believe the species is undergoing any significant decline that would warrant it to be in a threatened category.



CDC2950


The second species, that had regular spoor along isolated patches on the mud banks of the river, was the Marsh Mongoose (Atilax paludinosus). These species are primarily aquatic-dwelling and reside near perennial and ephemeral springs, wetlands or rivers. Both species prefer shallow water with thick reed beds, and they feed on several favourable prey such as crab and fish. On land they would take shelter in underground burrows, under rocks, roots, or dense vegetation.

An African Palm Civet (Nandinia binotata) was caught by local hunters in the secondary forest close to the Boteka accommodation. This species generally occurs in deciduous forests, lowland rainforests, gallery and riverine forests, savanna woodlands, and logged and second-growth forests. It is known to visit cultivated fields and palm plantations bordering the forest edge, it is widespread and locally abundant, and probably the most common African forest small carnivore (IUCN).



CDC2950


A B

C

Map 5-2: A) Marsh Mongoose (Potamogale velox) and B) Congo Clawless Otter (Aonyx capensis), C) African Palm Civet



CDC2950


Table 5-4: Mammal Species identified during the Field Survey of the Boteka Concession

Species Scientific name Status IUCN Location

Red Tailed Monkey Cercopithecus ascanius

Least concern Photographed in Boteka, caught in southern forest

Wolfs Monkey Cercopithecus pogonias ssp. wolfi

Least concern Photographed in Boteka, caught in southern forest

Straw-coloured fruit bat

Eidolon helvum Near Threatened

Photographed in Boteka, caught in southern forest

Hammer Bat Hypsignathus monstrosus

Least concern - locally common

Photographed in Boteka, caught in southern forest

Egyptian Fruit Bat Casinycteris argynnis

Least concern Members of community believe this species to be found in forest

Congo Rope Squirrel Funisciurus congicus

Least concern Forest corridors

Thomas's Rope Squirrel

Funisciurus anerythrus

Least concern Forest corridors observed next to village in central area

Swamp Otter Aonyx congicus Least concern Spoor located on River bank within Concession

Slender Mongoose Herpestes sanguineus

Least concern Observed throughout the Concession

Marsh Mongoose Atilax paludinosus

Least concern Spoor located on Congo River bank within Concession

African Palm Civet Nandinia binotata

Least concern Photographed in Boteka, caught in village

The findings within the Boteka Concession are consistent with the ‘empty forest syndrome’ whereby populations of larger mammals are reduced in density and become ‘ecologically extinct’ from large areas (Redford, 1992). The biologically rich community of larger mammals that must have once been present within the Boteka Concession is now gone and will inevitably disappear over a much larger area if conversion of natural habitats and bushmeat hunting persists.



CDC2950


Map 5-3: Mammal Sample Sites



CDC2950


Birds

A total of 133 species of birds were found within the Boteka Concession area (including the Congo River areas), of which 13 species are Afro-Palearctic migrants (Demey, 2005). One bird species, the African Grey Parrot (Psittacus erithacus) was regularly observed along the riparian forests of the Momboyo River and is listed as a vulnerable species according to the IUCN Red List. Furthermore, geographical distribution and range extensions for five species were documented (Table 5-5).

Previous and current slash and burn activity in the region for small scale agriculture purposes, the conversion of forests to oil palm plantations and ongoing hunting pressure were all observed within the concession. The findings indicate that the Boteka Concession area, in general, is of relatively low value as a site for the conservation of birds. However, the Momboyo River riparian forests and the dense natural forests on the south western boundary are important avifaunal zones. The generally low value within the concession is due, in part, to a decline in the bird species richness of the site as a result of forest degradation, fragmentation and clearance, together with unsustainable levels of hunting of some species.

Table 5-5: Bird species of interest identified during the field survey at the Boteka Concession

Common Name Scientific Name Status and Comments

Afep Pigeon Columba unicincta Locally common and heard in the forests within the Concession

African Black Swift Apus Barbatus A number of birds constantly flying over Boteka camp

African Cuckoo Hawk Aviceda cuculoides Single bird located in secondary forest

African Dwarf Kingfisher Ispidina lecontei Single species observed adjacent to stream system close to village

African Harrier-hawk Polyboroides typus Many individuals observed within the plantation areas,

African Grey Parrot Psittacus erithacus A small flock observed along riparian forest near camp. Listed as Vulnerable on IUCN.

African Jacana Actophilornis africanus A number of species along the Black River back waters

African Palm-swift Cypsiurus parvus A number of individuals within the plantations



CDC2950



African Paradise-flycatcher Terpsiphone viridis Common throughout but specifically in the plantations

African Pied Hornbill Lophoceros semifasciatus Numerous throughout the area both in the forest and heavily disturbed areas

African Pied Wagtail Motacilla aguimp A number of individuals observed along the Congo River

African Pygmy-Kingfisher Ispidina picta Common species observed in camp gardens

African Thrush Turdus pelios Observed in Secondary forest adjacent to village

Ansorges Greenbul Andropadus ansorgei A single species observed in natural forest on southern boundary

Ashy Flycatcher Muscicapa caerulescens Single species observed in Boteka camp garden

Barn Swallow Hirundo rustica Very common in open areas throughout the Concession.

Bates's Paradise-Flycatcher Terpsiphone batesi Observed throughout forested areas

Black Crake Amaurornis flavirostra A number of individuals along the Congo River in undergrowth

Black Bee-eater Merops gularis A pair observed hawking along the river

Black Cuckoo Cuculus clamosus Fairly common throughout plantations and settlements

Black Kite Milvus migrans Extremely common around camp and in plantations

Black Sawwing Psalidoprocne pristoptera A number of species observed in Boteka camp

Black-and-white Manikin Spermestes bicolor Very common in Boteka camp and plantations

Black-billed Turaco Tauraco schuettii A single species hunted and killed within Boteka village

Black-shouldered Kite Elanus caeruleus One individual located within higher sections of the plantations



CDC2950



Blue-headed Wood-dove Turtur brehmeri Endemic to central Africa and observed in the secondary forest

Bristle-nosed Barbet Gymnobucco peli Nesting flock adjacent to natural forest area in dead tree

Broad-billed Roller Eurystomus glaucurus A number of individuals observed on forest edge.

Cattle Egret Bubulcus ibis Common throughout Concession. Several large flocks of flying along Momboyo River.

Chattering Cisticola Cisticola anonymus Very common throughout plantation and reeded area

Chestnut-winged Starling Onychognathus fulgidus Fairly common throughout concession in secondary forest

Collared Sunbird Hedydipna collaris One species observed in central section in secondary forest adjacent to village.

Congo Serpent-eagle Dryotriorchis spectabilis A few species observed throughout concession

Emerald Cuckoo Chrysococcyx cupreus Common in thick forest and secondary growth

Forest White-eye Zosterops senegalensis Small flock of ¾ in secondary forest adjacent to village

Grant's Bluebill Spermophaga poliogenys A single species calling in Natural Forest

Grauer's Warbler Graueria vittata A single individual observed

Grey Heron Ardea cinerea A number of scattered individuals along the Congo River

Grey Tit-Flycatcher Myioparus plumbeus A single species calling in Natural Forest

Grey-headed Nigrita Nigrita canicapillus A single species observed in forest next to village

Great Blue Turaco Corythaeola cristata Common throughout Concession both in forest and in disturbed habitats. Heavily hunted species.

Greater Striped-Swallow Cecropis cucullata Common throughout modified areas



CDC2950



Green-throated Sunbird Chalcomitra rubescens A single species calling in Natural Forest

Hamerkop Scopus umbretta A single species observed over the Momboyo River

Hartlaubs Duck Pteronetta hartlaubii A small flock flying over swamp are west of Boteka camp

Honeyguide Greenbul Baeopogon indicator A single species calling in Natural Forest

House Sparrow Passer domesticus Common throughout plantations and villages

Icterine Warbler Hippolais icterina A single species observed in village garden

Least Honeyguide Indicator exilis A single species observed in the western section of the Concession in natural forest

Little Egret Egretta garzetta Observed a number of times at all three sites along the major water courses

Lizard Buzzard Kaupifalco monogrammicus A number of species observed throughoutthe plantations

Long-crested Eagle Lophaetus occipitalis Common throughout plantations and in secondary forest

Long-legged Pipit Anthus pallidiventris

A pair common throughout the camp gardens – anthropogenic and new distribution

Magpie Mannikin Spermestes fringilloides Common throughout plantations and Boteka town

Malachite Kingfisher Corythornis cristatus A single species observed along the Momboyo River.

Mosque Swallow Cecropis senegalensis A number observed within plantation area

Mottled Spinetail Telacanthura ussheri A number of species located flying above the Boteka camp garden

Narina Trogon Apaloderma narina A single species calling in Natural Forest



CDC2950



Orange-cheeked Waxbill Estrilda melpoda Extremely common throughout plantations and grass’s

Pale-fronted Nigrita Nigrita luteifrons A single species observed in Natural Forest

Palm-nut Vulture Gypohierax angolensis A number of species observed along the Momboyo River.

Pied Crow Corvus albus Very common in the plantations, Anthropogenic related

Pied Kingfisher Ceryle rudis A number of species observed along the Momboyo River.

Pin-tailed Whydah Vidua macroura Very common in the plantations, Anthropogenic related

Piping Hornbill Ceratogymna fistulator Common throughout the concession

Plain Greenbul Eurillas curvirostris A number of individuals observed in secondary forests

Red-billed Quelea Quelea quelea A number of flocks located within the plantations

Red-eyed Puffback Dryoscopus senegalensis A single species observed in the Boteka camp garden

Red-faced Cisticola Cisticola erythrops Failry common throughout reedbeds along river

Scaly Francolin Francolinus squamatus A single species observed in the old plantations

Sladen’s Barbet Gymnobucco sladeni Congo Basin endemic located nesting in dead tree near Boteka camp

Senegal Coucal Centropus sengalensis Common around Boteka in heavily disturbed areas and scrubby growth

Splendid Starling Lamprotornis splendidus Small flocks throughout gardens and villages

Square-tailed Sawwing Psalidoprocne nitens A single species located in the Boteka camp garden

Speckled Tinkerbird Pogoniulus scolopaceus A single bird located in Natural Forest



CDC2950



Spectacled Weaver Ploceus ocularis Fairly common along riparian forest and reeds

Superb Sunbird Cinnyris superbus A single species located in the Boteka camp garden

Tambourine Dove Turtur tympanistria A number of species observed in forest areas

Tawny-flanked Prinia Prinia subflava Common in rank undergrowth, riverine edge, and settled areas throughout.

Tiny Sunbird Cinnyris minullus A number of individual species around the camp

Velvet-mantled Drongo Dicrurus modestus A pair mobbing a African Harrier Hawk within the plantations

Vieillot's Weaver Ploceus nigerrimus Nesting flock adjacent to village in central region

Weyne’s Weaver Ploceus weynsi Nesting flock near village in central west section of Boteka

Western Nicator Nicator chloris Common species throughout secondary and natural forest

Western Yellow Wagtail Motacilla flava Very common throughout the plantation roads

White-breasted Nigrita Nigrita fusconotus A single species observed in secondary forest adjacent to central village

White-crested Hornbill Tockus albocristatus Small flocks observed in natural forest

White-spotted Flufftail Sarothrura pulchra A single species heard in the secondary forest areas between plantations

White-tailed Ant-thrush Neocossyphus poensis Breeding pair in natural forest on southern boundary

White-thighed Hornbill Ceratogymna albotibialis Common throughout the riverine forests of the Momboyo River

White-throated Greenbul Phyllastrephus albigularis Observed in a bird party mobbing a snake species in secondary forest



CDC2950



Willow Warbler Phylloscopus trochilus Fairly common throughout secondary forest and close to villages

Winding Cisticola Cisticola galagtotes Found in rank grass or reeds along the black river

Woodland Kingfisher Halcyon senegalensis Common around Boteka. Present due to clearance of forest.

Yellow-throated Tinkerbird Pogoniulus subsulphureus Common in forest and fairly common in heavily disturbed areas.

Distribution changes

Very few avifaunal surveys have ever taken place in the Boteka Concession, or in its near vicinity, which means that there is a lack of information on species in the area. Distribution ranges of a number of species will require their recorded distribution ranges to be extended. This is based on observations made by the Digby Wells team in February 2015.

A number of field guides were used for this survey including Sinclair and Ryan (2008) and Van Perlo (Revised 2012). The following species were observed within the Boteka Concession that were not previously known to occur within this region of the Congo River Basin (Table 5-6).



CDC2950


Table 5-6: Distribution changes for the DRC

Common Name (Scientific Name) Comments

Little Egret (Egretta garzetta)

*Photograph by Perry Owen

Little Egret (Egretta garzetta) is a white egret with black legs and contrasting yellow feet. Common throughout southern and north central Africa (South of the Sahara), this species was generally not known to occur within the Congo River Basin. It was observed a number of times along the major water courses.

Long-legged Pipit (Anthus pallidiventris)

An apparent breeding pair located within the Boteka camp gardens. This species is well out of its range and preferred habitat, but due to anthropogenic modification has settled in the Boteka suburbia. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical dry lowland grassland.

Collared Sunbird (Hedydipna collaris)

One species was observed in the central section of the concession in secondary forest adjacent to a village. The Collared Sunbird (Hedydipna collaris) is a common breeding resident across most of sub-Saharan Africa, however if was previously not known to exist in the central Congo Basin.



CDC2950


Common Name (Scientific Name) Comments

Wayne’s Weaver (Ploceus weynsi)

*Photo by Tessitore di Weyn

The Wayne’s Weaver (Ploceus weynsi) is generally found in the DRC, Tanzania, and Uganda. It is regarded as Least Concern according to the latest IUCN status and is a common resident, however the current range was restricted to the eastern area of the DRC and the Boteka observations would extend its current range.

Forest White-eye (Zosterops stenocricotus)

*Photo by Warick Tarboton

Flock of 3 to 4 individuals in secondary forest. The species from Central Africa, by most authorities is considered a subspecies of the African yellow white-eye, they are occasionally considered separate species, the Cameroon green white-eye or Forest white-eye (Zosterops stenocricotus).

A total of ten raptor species were recorded during the survey in Boteka (Table 5-7). The raptors use the area mainly for foraging and passage during migration. The species in the area are dictated by the nature of habitat and landscapes with passerines being the most abundant. The passerine species present in the area could be broadly categorised into woodland and grassland species. Breeding birds recorded were mainly resident species with nests localised within specific areas. The passerines mostly utilised the area for roosting mainly within the valleys. Colonial nesting or roosting species were not recorded.

Table 5-7: Birds of Prey observed in the Boteka Concession

Common Name Scientific Name Status

African Cuckoo-Hawk Aviceda cuculoides Least Concern

African Fish-eagle Haliaeetus vocifer Least Concern

African Harrier-hawk Polyboroides typus Least Concern

Black Kite Milvus migrans Least Concern

Yellow-billed Kite Milvus aegyptius Not Evaluated



CDC2950


Common Name Scientific Name Status

Black-shouldered Kite Elanus caeruleus Least Concern

Congo Serpent-eagle Dryotriorchis spectabilis Least Concern / Near Endemic

Lizard Buzzard Kaupifalco monogrammicus Least Concern

Long-tailed Hawk Urotriorchis macrourus Least Concern / Near Endemic

Palmnut Vulture Gypohierax angolensis Least Concern

A B C D

Map 5-4: A) Congo Serpent Eagle (Dryotriorchis spectabilis), B) Palmnut Vulture (Gypohierax angolensis), C) African Fish Eagle (Haliaeetus vocifer), D) Long-tailed

Hawk (Urotriorchis macrourus) – Hardaker/Peterson 2005-2013

Birds of prey encountered within the Boteka Concession (including the riparian forests and plantations) included species such as the Congo serpent eagle (Dryotriorchis spectabilis) and the Long-tailed Hawk (Urotriorchis macrourus) (Figure 5-3). Both species are from the family Accipitridae and are endemic to western and central Africa, with their range stretching from Sierra Leone southwards to Angola and west to the DRC. They occur in upper and lower Guinean and Congolian rainforests.



CDC2950


Map 5-5: Bird Sample Sites



CDC2950


5.6 Habitat Types and Associated Species Three broad habitat types were identified in the Boteka Concession, these included terrestrial and aquatic habitat:

■ Forest (including natural, secondary and swamp);

■ Riverine Forest, River Bank and Open Water; and

■ Plantations, villages and modified areas.

Of all the species observed it must be noted that some species will overlap with habitat preferences; for example, the African Paradise Flycatcher was observed in Secondary Forest, Riparian Forest and in the Plantations.

Table 5-8: Species associated with various habitats within the Boteka Concession

Habitat Typical Near endemic

SSC (incl. new distributions)

Mammals Birds Mammals Birds Mammals Birds

Natural and Secondary Forests 5 78 5 11 - 5

Riverine Banks/ Water 3 51 2 11 2 4

Modified Areas (Plantations) 4 39 - 2 - 2

Forest Habitat

5.6.1.1 Description

The forest habitat comprises closed canopy at a height of approx. 35 to 40 metres. Epiphytes, lianes and vines provide shelter at lower levels within the trees. The understory is not well developed as a result of the low lux. Grasses and large leaved plants occur in areas where there is light penetration. There is an extremely thick layer of leaf litter and little to no soil. Buttress roots and exposed root structures provide ideal habitat for multiple mammal and bird species. Swamp forest is common throughout the study area and occurs in both seasonally and permanently inundated areas. This forest can range in height from 10 to 20 m to very tall (up to 40 m), depending on the level of saturation (where land is seasonally inundated, larger trees tend to grow). Swamps are restricted to the shallow banks of rivers and streams and due to the low-lying nature of the study are. Where they are permanently inundated swamp areas are dominated by Raphia palm, which is used by the local people to make palm wine. These permanently inundated areas also house some water-loving species such as Nymphaea species and the invasive aquatic weed Eichhornia crassipes.



CDC2950


Two types of stream habitat occur in the forests; very shallow sand substrate streams within these forests provide habitat to a number of aquatic or amphibian species and a deeper sand substrate stream with a thick layer of leaves over 20 cm in depth.

5.6.1.2 Typical Species

5.6.1.2.1 Mammals

The majority of the mega fauna occur within the forest habitat. The biodiversity contained within the secondary and dense natural forests within and surrounding the Boteka Concession is still relatively unknown. The region south of the Congo River is generally known to support a rich primate diversity that can include the gracile chimpanzee (or bonobo) (Pan paniscus), and other large mammals, such as African Elephant (Loxodonta africana) and African Buffalo (Syncerus caffer). It must be noted however that no large species of mammals were recorded in the Boteka Concession during the February 2015 survey. This is not to suggest they do not exist, but may be due to the expansive nature of the habitat and large distances required to travel in order to reach preferred habitat; the survey did not yield many positive results for mammals.

5.6.1.2.2 Birds

Seventy eight (78) of the 133 bird species observed are associated with both natural and secondary forest type (Figure 5-4). Some of these species occur in lowland rainforest, secondary and agricultural habitats, while others are extremely sensitive and cannot survive in disturbed conditions as they require closed canopy. Of the 78 species observed, the majority forage and move quickly through the middle to upper storey of the canopy thus making them extremely difficult to identify. Approximately 30 further species were heard, or seen in the forest habitat, but not properly identified from this habitat.

Biologically functional undisturbed forest patches occur on the eastern and southern boundary of the Boteka Concession but are not easily accessed. Hunting trails were followed where possible in order to access the less disturbed forests. These forested areas included a number of fairly common species that were easily detected including a number of Honeyguide and Greenbul species and the Western Nicator (Nicator chloris), Forest Robin (Stiphrornis erythrothorax), Blue-headed Wood Dove (Turtur brehmeri), Great Blue Turaco (Corythaeola cristata), African Pied Hornbill (Tockus fasciatus) and Yellow-rumped Tinkerbird (Pogoniulus atroflavus).

Single individuals of some of the less common species were observed or heard and included: Narina Trogon (Apaloderma narina), Sladen's Barbet (Gymnobucco sladeni) and Western Bluebill (Spermophaga haematina). Grey-headed Nigrita (Nigrita canicapillus), Speckled Tinkerbird (Pogoniulus scolopaceus) and Yellowbill (Ceuthmochares aereus) was widespread throughout the forest edges and in secondary forest near villages.



CDC2950


Map 5-6: Boteka Concession Natural and Secondary Forest Habitat

Riverine Forest, Reedbeds, River bank and Open Water

5.6.2.1 Description

Riparian forest occurs throughout the study area, mainly along steep banks of rivers or streams (Figure 5-5). Although it may have many of the same species as the surrounding swamp forest, it is distinct in that it has a few typical species and occurs in areas that tend not to be saturated (either seasonally or permanently). This forest type is tall, up to about 40 m and occurs as a narrow strip, not usually exceeding 50 meters from the bank of the rivers. Although it may sometimes occur along the banks of small rivers, it mainly occurs along the banks of the larger rivers of the study area.

The forest type is not particularly diverse, but does contain some diagnostic species including the rapid-growing bamboo (Bambusa vulgaris). Very typical of this vegetation type are two Trichilia species: Trichilia retusa and Trichilia welwitschii, as well as Uapaca guineensis. Berlinia bruneelii and Anthocleista spp. are also commonly found in the riparian forest of the study area.



CDC2950


Map 5-7: Riverine Forest, River bank and Open Water Habitat

5.6.2.2 Typical Species

5.6.2.2.1 Mammals

The only signs of mammals that were observed within this habitat type included the spoor of the Congo Clawless Otter (Aonyx congicus). This species was originally described as, and is sometimes still included as, a subspecies of African Clawless Otter (Aonyx capensis). The second species that had regular spoor along isolated patches on the mud banks of the river was the Marsh Mongoose (Atilax paludinosus).



CDC2950


5.6.2.2.2 Birds

The taller, rank grass and reedbeds adjacent to the river had species such as Black Bee-eater (Merops gularis) and Spectacled Weaver (Ploceus ocularis). Common species of the Momboyo River system include: Little Egret (Egretta garzetta), Palm-nut Vulture (Gypohierax angolensis), Shining-blue Kingfisher (Alcedo quadribraches) and in particular in the clumps of thickets a number of sunbirds were observed including the Olive-bellied Sunbird (Cinnyris chloropygius) and the Tiny Sunbird (Cinnyris minullus).

Most of the species encountered on the Momboyo River surveys on the concession boundary were typical large water birds, the density of which was surprisingly low compared with other large African rivers. Common species include: Hartlaub's duck (Pteronetta hartlaubii), Little Egret (Egretta garzetta) which is previously not known to occur within the central Congo Basin, Hamerkop (Scopus umbretta), Hadeda Ibis (Bostrychia hagedash), African Fish Eagle (Haliaeetus vocifer), Common Sandpiper (Actitis hypoleucos) and Yellow Wagtail (Motacilla flava). Three species were confined to flooded thickets which border the streams located within the Boteka Concession, these included: Chattering Cisticola (Cisticola anonymus), Weyne’s Weaver (Ploceus weynsi) and Reichenbach’s Sunbird (Anabathmis reichenbachii).

Plantations and Modified Habitat

Disturbed areas are any areas that have been modified, including the oil palm plantations (Figure 5-6). They no longer contain indigenous forest and although some of these areas do contain secondary forest, which, when old, approximates to the natural forest of the region. These areas have generally been cleared, or are currently under plantations. They typically contain weeds and fast-growing ruderal indigenous species that would normally colonise gaps in the forest caused by tree falls. The mosaic of secondary forest and agriculture which results from local slash and burn agriculture practices also forms some of these areas.



CDC2950


Map 5-8: Plantation areas with Secondary forest border

5.6.3.1.1 Mammals

Rodents, including exotic and common rat species are the most common wild mammals found within the oil palm plantations. They are attracted to the plantations to feed on the oil palm seeds, and flourish because all their natural predators have been removed during the initial forest clearing. Snakes and other potential predators are traditionally systematically eliminated if they make any attempt to recolonise oil palm plantations.

The only wild mammal species observed within the Boteka plantations during the February 2015 survey was the Slender Mongoose (Herpestes sanguineus) and the African Palm Civit (Nandinia binotata) which was caught by local hunters close to the Boteka accommodation. This species generally occurs in deciduous forests, lowland rainforests, gallery and riverine forests, savanna woodlands, and logged and second-growth forests. It is also known to visit cultivated fields and palm plantations bordering the forest edge.



CDC2950


5.6.3.1.2 Birds

More so than any other mega-faunal type, bird species have adapted well to the increasing human populations, habitat modification, deforestation and the approximately 6,000 ha of oil palm plantations in the Boteka Concession. 39 different species were observed throughout this habitat during the February 2015 survey.

This habitat type included the village areas, Boteka worker village gardens, plantations and other agricultural fields located throughout the concession. Species such as Red-chested Cuckoo (Cuculus solitarius), African Emerald Cuckoo (Chrysococcyx cupreus), Klaas’s Cuckoo (Chrysococcyx klaas), Chestnut-winged Starling (Onychognathus fulgidus), Piping hornbill (Bycanistes fistulator), African Pygmy Kingfisher (Ispidina picta), Woodland Kingfisher (Halcyon senegalensis) all used the large trees within the village gardens for general roosting.

The plantations were generally quiet but provided a constant flow of some of the more common anthropogenic bird species that have adapted over the last century. These species included the: Barn Swallow (Hirundo rustica), African Paradise Flycatcher (Terpsiphone viridis), Yellow Wagtail (Motacilla flava), Long-tailed Pipit (Anthus longicaudatus), Red-billed Quelea (Quelea quelea) and the extremely common Orange-cheeked Waxbill (Estrilda melpoda). As discussed in Section 5.3, a number of birds of prey were in the plantations presumably due to the increased amount of rodent species available as prey.

6 Discussion and Recommendations The negative influence on the number of forest-dependent (Riparian, Natural and Secondary) bird species in the Boteka Concession relates to what has happened to the forests of the area over the past 100 years. Forest degradation and modification, fragmentation and loss occurred as a result of the historical establishment and operation of the oil palm plantations. However, the impacts on the forests can also be attributed to population influx when job-seekers, and their dependents, arrived in hope of finding employment on the plantation. In meeting their needs for food, fuel, and shelter, they converted large areas of natural forest to cropland and harvested resources from the forests (e.g., wood and bush meat, such as prominent mammal and bird species).

Feronia must adopt a hands-on approach in conserving the existing habitat that could harbour many of these species, in order for them to return over time. Although the habitat is conducive for rare and endangered species, the practices of hunting and forest clearing must be addressed.

It is recommended that a second (summer) season survey is conducted for mammals and avifauna, alternatively the Boteka management should employ an individual (Environmental Control Officer) who can seasonally monitor the fauna and flora within the concession and assist in education programmes to further reduce any illegal hunting. This will also assist in getting to areas of the concession that were previously inaccessible due to safety concerns or time constraints.



CDC2950


7 Conclusion The DRC is party to a number of international treaties that directly relate to the fauna and flora of the country. These include Biodiversity, Desertification, Endangered Species, Tropical Timber, Rivers and Wetlands (WWF, 2008). With these treaties and general environmental best practices, Feronia PHC is in a strong position to be a leader in the field of conservation within its concessions.

Only two species of primate, the Red-tailed Monkey (Cercopithecus ascanius) and the Wolf’s Monkey (Cercopithecus pogonias ssp wolfi) were observed within the Boteka Concession. However, during the survey of the dense natural forest on the southwestern boundary, other primate species were heard, but they are very nervous and fled deeper into the forest when hearing human movement. Three bat, two squirrel and two mongoose species were observed.

A total of 133 species of birds were found in the Boteka Concession (including the boundary river areas) over a six day period, of which 13 species are Afro-Palearctic migrants. One species, the African Grey Parrot (Psittacus erithacus), was seen regularly, and is listed as a “Vulnerable” species according to the IUCN Red List. This species has been listed to “Vulnerable” primarily because of the extent of the annual harvest for international trade, in combination with the rate of ongoing habitat loss.

Five species observed need to have their currently recorded (and published) distribution ranges extended. Site-specific avifaunal surveys have not taken place previously in the Boteka Concession; this survey has therefore brought existing avifaunal data into question. It would however be recommended that a second season survey is conducted in due course.

It is Feronia’s plan to replant palms in already modified habitat to avoid disturbing existing natural, secondary or riparian forest. Planting in disturbed habitat, addresses concerns about larger mammals and some of the SSC avifaunal species which mostly live in natural forests and are among the most commonly hunted taxonomic groups (especially primates). Commercial bushmeat hunting in the concession remains a factor that will hinder any conservation efforts that Boteka and Feronia initiates, and will need to be addressed with education campaigns and help from other parties (e.g., the authorties, consultants, local communities and NGOs).



CDC2950


8 References ABERNETHY, K. and NDONG OBIANG, A.M. 2013. Bushmeat in Gabon/La viande de

Brousse au Gabon. Technical Report to the Directeur Général des Eaux et Forets.

International Union for the Council of Nature (IUCN) Redlist of Threatened Species, available online at www.iucnredlist.org

DEMEY, R., HERROELEN, P. AND PEDERSEN, T. (2000) Additions and annotations to the avifauna of Congo-Kinshasa (ex-Zaïre). Bull. Brit. Orn.

SINCLAIR, I and RYAN, P, Birds of Africa South of the Sahara (2003 – 2008)

VAN KRUNKELSVEN, E., BILI-ISIA, I. AND DRAULANS, D. (2000) A survey of bonobos and other large mammals in Salonga National Park, Democratic Republic of Congo.

https://ic.fsc.org/high-conservation-values-and-biodiversity.213.htm

IUCN Red Data List of Threatened Species List 2014.3

Nik Borrow and Ron Demey: Birds of Western Africa (Princeton Field Guides) Paperback – October 26, 2014

REDFORD, K.H. 1992. The empty forest. Bioscience 42: 412–422.

ROSE, A. L. (2001) Social change and social values in mitigating bushmeat commerce. In M.I. Bakarr, G.A.B.d. Fonseca, R.A. Mittermeier, A.B. Rylands & K.W. Painemilla (Eds), Hunting and bushmeat Utilization in the African Rain Forest. Washington DC: Conservation International.

SAYER, A. J.et al (Revised 2004 – Chapter 8) Wildlife, Loggers and Livelihoods in the Congo Basin

Van Perlo (Revised 2012); Birds of West Africa

World Wildlife Fund and Proforest, Juillet 2008 - 2015. Forêts de Haute Valeur pour la Conservation en RDC, available online at www.proforest.net

http://www.proforest.net/



CDC2950

Appendix A: Mammal Species



CDC2950


Species Scientific name Status IUCN

Bonobo Pan paniscus Endangered

Guereza Colobus Colobus guereza Least concern

Southern Talapoin Miopithecus talapoin Least concern

De Brazzas Monkey Cercopithecus neglectus Least concern in DRC

Blue Monkey Cercopithecus mitis ssp elgonis

Least concern

Red-tailed Monkey Cercopithecus ascanius Least concern

Poto Perodicticus potto Least concern

Greater Galago Otolemur crassicaudatus Least concern

Straw-coloured Fruit Bat Eidolon helvum Near Threatened

Hammer Bat Hypsignathus monstrosus Least concern - locally common

Golden Fruit Bat Casinycteris argynnis Least concern

Black Hawk Bat Saccolaimus peli Widely distributed but low density

Giant Otter Shrew Potamogale velox Least concern - sporadic distribution

Four Toed Elephant Shrew

Petrodromus tetradactylus Least concern

African Pygmy Squirrel Myosciurus pumilio Least concern but declining

Congo Rope Squirrel Funisciurus congicus Least concern

African Giant Squirrel Protoxerus stangeri Least concern

Thomas's Rope Squirrel Funisciurus anerythrus Least concern

Lord Derby's Anomalure Anomalurus derbianus Least concern

Beercroft's Anomalure Anomalurus beecrofti Least concern

Crested Porcupine Hystrix cristata Least concern

Brush Tailed Porcupine Atherurus africanus Least concern hunted

Marsh Cane Rat Thryonomys gregorianus Least concern

Giant Pouched Rat Cricetomys emini Least concern

Velvet Rat Colomys goslingi Least concern

Target Rat Stochomys longicaudatus Least concern

Zebra Mouse Lemniscomys sp Least concern

Swamp Otter Aonyx congicus Vulnerable

Long Snouted Mongoose

Herpestes naso Least Concern



CDC2950


Species Scientific name Status IUCN

Slender Mongoose Herpestes sanguineus Least concern

Marsh Mongoose Atilax paludinosus Least concern

Blotched Genet Genetta tigrina Least concern

Servaline Genet Genetta servalina Least concern

Central African Linsang Poiana richardsonii Least concern

African Civet Civettictis civetta Least concern

African Palm Civet Nandinia binotata Least concern

African Golden Cat Caracal aurata Vulnerable

Leopard Panthera pardus Near Threatened

Long Tailed Pangolin Uromanis tetradactyla Vulnerable

Tree Pangolin Phataginus tricuspis Vulnerable

Red River Hog Potamochoerus porcus Least concern

Hippopotamus Hippopotamus amphibus Vulnerable in the DRC

Water Chevotain Hyemoschus aquaticus Vulnerable

African (Forest) Buffalo Syncerus caffer Least concern

Bushbuck Tragelaphus scriptus Least concern

Black-fronted Duiker Cephalophus nigrifrons Least concern

Yellow-backed Duiker Cephalophus silvicultor Least concern

Ogilby’s duiker Cephalophus dorsalis Least concern

Maxwells Duiker Philantomba maxwellii Least concern



CDC2950

Appendix B: Bird Species of the Central Congo Basin



CDC2950

Checklist of the birds of the central DRC

Key to status information

B - Breeding record confirmed M - Migrant including on passage through this country P - breeds in Palearctic

E - locally Extinct including former breeding records N – Nearctic R - Resident

I - Introduced species O – Oceanic V - Vagrant

2 RB Little Grebe Tachybaptus ruficollis 389 AV Nyanza Swift Apus niansae 778 RB Wing-snapping Cisticola Cisticola ayresii

3 R Great Crested Grebe Podiceps cristatus 390 P Common Swift Apus apus 779 RB Buff-bellied Warbler Phyllolais pulchella

7 R Reed Cormorant Phalacrocorax africanus 391 R Bates's Swift Apus batesi 780 RB Tawny-flanked Prinia Prinia subflava

8 RB African Darter Anhinga rufa 392 RB White-rumped Swift Apus caffer 781 RB Banded Prinia Prinia bairdii

9 R Great White Pelican Pelecanus onocrotalus 393 R Horus Swift Apus horus 782 RB White-chinned Prinia Schistolais leucopogon

10 RB Pink-backed Pelican Pelecanus rufescens 394 RB Little Swift Apus affinis 783 RB Red-winged Warbler Heliolais erythropterus

12 PV Eurasian Bittern Botaurus stellaris 395 RB Mottled Swift Tachymarptis aequatorialis 784 RB Red-winged Grey Warbler Drymocichla incana

13 R/P Little Bittern Ixobrychus minutus 405 RB Brown-hooded Kingfisher Halcyon albiventris 785 RB Black-collared Apalis Apalis pulchra

14 M Dwarf Bittern Ixobrychus sturmii 406 MB Grey-headed Kingfisher Halcyon leucocephala 786 RB Ruwenzori Apalis Apalis ruwenzorii

15 R White-crested Tiger Heron Tigriornis leucolopha 407 R Blue-breasted Kingfisher Halcyon malimbica 787 RB Yellow-breasted Apalis Apalis flavida

16 RB White-backed Night Heron Gorsachius leuconotus 408 MB Woodland Kingfisher Halcyon senegalensis 788 R Masked Apalis Apalis binotata

17 RB Black-crowned Night Heron Nycticorax nycticorax 409 R Striped Kingfisher Halcyon chelicuti 789 RB Mountain Masked Apalis Apalis personata

18 RB/P Squacco Heron Ardeola ralloides 410 RB African Dwarf Kingfisher Ceyx lecontei 790 RB Black-throated Apalis Apalis jacksoni

19 M Madagascar Pond Heron Ardeola idae 411 MB African Pygmy Kingfisher Ceyx pictus 791 RB Black-capped Apalis Apalis nigriceps

20 RB Rufous-bellied Heron Ardeola rufiventris 412 R White-bellied Kingfisher Alcedo leucogaster 792 RB Chestnut-throated Apalis Apalis porphyrolaema

21 MB Cattle Egret Bubulcus ibis 413 RB Malachite Kingfisher Alcedo cristata 793 RB Buff-throated Apalis Apalis rufogularis

22 RB Striated Heron Butorides striata 414 RB Shining-blue Kingfisher Alcedo quadribrachys 794 RB Gosling's Apalis Apalis goslingi

23 R Black Heron Egretta ardesiaca 415 R Half-collared Kingfisher Alcedo semitorquata 795 RB Grey Apalis Apalis cinerea

24 R Little Egret Egretta garzetta 416 RB Giant Kingfisher Megaceryle maxima 796 RB Brown-headed Apalis Apalis alticola

25 RB Intermediate Egret Egretta intermedia 417 RB Pied Kingfisher Ceryle rudis 797 RB Green-backed Camaroptera Camaroptera brachyura

26 R Great Egret Egretta alba 418 RB Black-headed Bee-eater Merops breweri 798 RB Yelowbrowed Camaroptera Camaroptera superilaris

27 RB Purple Heron Ardea purpurea 419 RB Blue-headed Bee-eater Merops muelleri 799 RB Olive-green Camaroptera Camaroptera chloronota



CDC2950


28 R Grey Heron Ardea cinerea 420 RB Black Bee-eater Merops gularis 800 RB Miombo Wren-Warbler Calamonastes undosus

29 R Black-headed Heron Ardea melanocephala 421 RB Little Bee-eater Merops pusillus 801 RB Grey-capped Warbler Eminia lepida

30 R Goliath Heron Ardea goliath 422 RB Blue-breasted Bee-eater Merops variegatus 802 R Oriole Warbler Hypergerus atriceps

31 RB Hamerkop Scopus umbretta 423 RB Cinnamon-chested Bee-eater Merops oreobates 803 RB Fraser's Forest Flycatcher Fraseria ocreata

32 RB Yellow-billed Stork Mycteria ibis 424 RB Swallow-tailed Bee-eater Merops hirundineus 804 RB Whitebrowed Forest Flycatcher Fraseria cinerascens

33 MB African Openbill Anastomus lamelligerus 425 RB Red-throated Bee-eater Merops bulocki 805 RB White-eyed Slaty Flycatcher Melaenornis fischeri

34 PV Black Stork Ciconia nigra 426 RB White-fronted Bee-eater Merops bullockoides 806 RB Yelloweyed Flycatcher Melaenornis ardesiacus

35 M Abdim's Stork Ciconia abdimii 427 M White-throated Bee-eater Merops albicollis 807 RB Northern Black Flycatcher Melaenornis edolioides

36 RB Woolly-necked Stork Ciconia episcopus 428 RB Boehm's Bee-eater Merops boehmi 808 RB Southern Black Flycatcher Melaenornis pammelaina

37 PW White Stork Ciconia ciconia 429 PW Blue-cheeked Bee-eater Merops persicus 809 RB Pale Flycatcher Bradornis pallidus

38 RB Saddlebilled Stork Ephippiorhynchus senegalensis 430 M Madagascar Bee-eater Merops superciliosus 810 PW Spotted Flycatcher Muscicapa striata

39 RB Marabou Stork Leptoptilos crumeniferus 431 P European Bee-eater Merops apiaster 811 MB Gambaga Flycatcher Muscicapa gambagae

40 RB Shoebill Balaeniceps rex 432 RB Rosy Bee-eater Merops malimbicus 812 RB Ashy Flycatcher Muscicapa caerulescens

41 M Glossy Ibis Plegadis falcinellus 433 MB Northern Carmine Bee-eater Merops nubicus 813 RB Swamp Flycatcher Muscicapa aquatica

42 R Hadada Ibis Bostrychia hagedash 434 M Southern Carmine Bee-eater Merops nubicoides 814 RB Cassin's Flycatcher Muscicapa cassini

43 R Olive Ibis Bostrychia olivacea 435 M Rufous-crowned Roller Coracias naevius 815 RB Olivaceous Flycatcher Muscicapa olivascens

44 RB Spot-breasted Ibis Bostrychia rara 436 R Blue-bellied Roller Coracias cyanogaster 816 RB Chapin's Flycatcher Muscicapa lendu

45 M Sacred Ibis Threskiornis aethiopicus 437 R Abyssinian Roller Coracias abyssinicus 817 RB African Dusky Flycatcher Muscicapa adusta

46 PV Eurasian Spoonbill Platalea leucorodia 438 P European Roller Coracias garrulus 818 R Little Grey Flycatcher Muscicapa epulata

47 R African Spoonbill Platalea alba 439 R Lilac-breasted Roller Coracias caudatus 819 RB Yellow-footed Flycatcher Muscicapa sethsmithi

48 AV Greater Flamingo Phoenicopterus ruber 440 R Racket-tailed Roller Coracias spatulatus 820 RB Dusky-blue Flycatcher Muscicapa comitata

49 MB Lesser Flamingo Phoeniconaias minor 441 RB Blue-throated Roller Eurystomus gularis 821 R Tessmann's Flycatcher Muscicapa tessmanni

50 MB Fulvous Whistling Duck Dendrocygna bicolor 442 MB Broad-billed Roller Eurystomus glaucurus 822 RB Sooty Flycatcher Muscicapa infuscata

51 RB White-faced Whistling Duck Dendrocygna viduata 443 RB Forest Wood-hoopoe Phoeniculus castaneiceps 823 RB Böhm's Flycatcher Muscicapa boehmi

52 R White-backed Duck Thalassornis leuconotus 444 R White-headed Wood-hoopoe Phoeniculus bollei 824 RB Grey-throated Tit-Flycatcher Myioparus griseigularis

53 RB Egyptian Goose Alopochen aegyptiaca 445 RB Green Wood-hoopoe Phoeniculus purpureus 825 RB Grey Tit-Flycatcher Myioparus plumbeus



CDC2950


54 RB Spur-winged Goose Plectropterus gambensis 446 RB Common Scimitarbill Rhinopomastus cyanomelas 826 PW European Pied Flycatcher Ficedula hypoleuca

55 RB Hartlaub's Duck Pteronetta hartlaubii 447 RB Black Scimitarbill Rhinopomastus aterrimus 827 PW Collared Flycatcher Ficedula albicollis

56 MB Comb Duck Sarkidiornis melanotos 449 R Abyssinian Ground Hornbill Bucorvus abyssinicus 828 PW Semi-collared Flycatcher Ficedula semitorquata

57 RB African Pygmy Goose Nettapus auritus 450 RB Southern Ground Hornbill Bucorvus leadbeateri 829 RB Chestnut-capped Flycatcher Erythrocercus mccallii

58 PV Eurasian Wigeon Anas penelope 451 RB White-crested Hornbill Tropicranus albocristatus 830 RB African Blue Flycatcher Elminia longicauda

59 PV Gadwall Anas strepera 452 R Black Dwarf Hornbill Tockus hartlaubi 831 RB White-tailed Blue Flycatcher Elminia albicauda

60 PV Common Teal Anas crecca 453 RB Red-billed Dwarf Hornbill Tockus camurus 832 RB Dusky Crested Flycatcher Elminia nigromitrata

61 AV Cape Teal Anas capensis 454 RB African Pied Hornbill Tockus fasciatus 833 RB White-bellied Crested Flycatcher Elminia albiventris

62 RB Yellow-billed Duck Anas undulata 455 RB Crowned Hornbill Tockus alboterminatus 834 RB White-tailed Crested Flycatcher Elminia albonotata

63 RB African Black Duck Anas sparsa 456 RB Pale-billed Hornbill Tockus pallidirostris 835 RB Blue-mantled Flycatcher Trochocercus cyanomelas

64 P Northern Pintail Anas acuta 457 M African Grey Hornbill Tockus nasutus 836 RB Blueheaded Crested Flycatcher Trochocercus nitens

65 R Red-billed Duck Anas erythrorhyncha 458 RB Piping Hornbill Bycanistes fistulator 837 MB African Paradise Flycatcher Terpsiphone viridis

66 RB Hottentot Teal Anas hottentota 459 RB Trumpeter Hornbill Bycanistes bucinator 838 RB Rufous-vented Flycatcher Terpsiphone rufocinerea

67 PW Garganey Anas querquedula 460 R Blackwhitecasqued Hornbill Bycanistes subcylindricus 839 R Bates's Paradise Flycatcher Terpsiphone batesi

68 AV Cape Shoveler Anas smithii 461 RB White-thighed Hornbill Bycanistes albotibialis 840 RB Redbellied Flycatcher Terpsiphone rufventer

69 PW Northern Shoveler Anas clypeata 462 RB Black-casqued Hornbill Ceratogymna atrata 841 RB Bedford's Paradise Flycatcher Terpsiphone bedfordi

70 MB Southern Pochard Netta erythrophthalma 463 RB Grey-throated Barbet Gymnobucco bonapartei 842 RB Shrike-Flycatcher Megabyas flammulatus

71 § Common Pochard Aythya ferina 464 RB Sladen's Barbet Gymnobucco sladeni 843 RB Black-and-white Flycatcher Bias musicus

72 PV Tufted Duck Aythya fuligula 465 R Bristle-nosed Barbet Gymnobucco peli 844 RB Chestnut Wattle-eye Dyaphorophyia castanea

73 R Maccoa Duck Oxyura maccoa 466 R Naked-faced Barbet Gymnobucco calvus 845 RB White-spotted Wattle-eye Dyaphorophyia tonsa

74 PW Osprey Pandion haliaetus 467 RB Anchieta's Barbet Stactolaema anchietae 846 RB Jameson's Wattle-eye Dyaphorophyia jamesoni

75 RB African Cuckoo Hawk Aviceda cuculoides 468 RB Speckled Tinkerbird Pogoniulus scolopaceus 847 RB Yellow-bellied Wattle-eye Dyaphorophyia concreta

76 PW European Honey Buzzard Pernis apivorus 469 R Western Green Tinkerbird Pogoniulus coryphaeus 848 RB Brown-throated Wattle-eye Platysteira cyanea

77 R Bat Hawk Macheiramphus alcinus 470 RB Red-rumped Tinkerbird Pogoniulus atroflavus 849 RB Black-throated Wattle-eye Platysteira peltata

78 RB Black-shouldered Kite Elanus caeruleus 471 RB Yellow-throated Tinkerbird Pogoniulus susulphureus 850 RB Rwenzori Batis Batis diops

79 MB Black Kite Milvus migrans 472 RB Yellow-rumped Tinkerbird Pogoniulus bilineatus 851 R Margaret's Batis Batis margaritae



CDC2950


80 RB African Fish Eagle Haliaeetus vocifer 473 RB Yellow-fronted Tinkerbird Pogoniulus chrysoconus 852 RB Chinspot Batis Batis molitor

81 RB Palm-nut Vulture Gypohierax angolensis 474 R Yellow-spotted Barbet Buccanodon duchaillui 853 RB Black-headed Batis Batis minor

82 § Egyptian Vulture Neophron percnopterus 475 RB Hairy-breasted Barbet Tricholaema hirsuta 854 RB Angola Batis Batis minulla

83 RB Hooded Vulture Necrosyrtes monachus 476 § Red-fronted Barbet Tricholaema diademata 855 RB Ituri Batis Batis ituriensis

84 RB White-backed Vulture Gyps africanus 477 RB Miombo Pied Barbet Tricholaema frontata 856 RB Pale-breasted Illadopsis Illadopsis rufipennis

85 AV Rüppell's Vulture Gyps rueppellii 478 RB Spot-flanked Barbet Tricholaema lacrymosa 857 RB Brown Illadopsis Illadopsis fulvescens

86 § Cape Vulture Gyps coprotheres 479 RB Vieillot's Barbet Lybius vieilloti 858 RB Mountain Illadopsis Illadopsis pyrrhoptera

87 RB Lappet-faced Vulture Torgos tracheliotus 480 RB White-headed Barbet Lybius leucocephalus 859 RB Scaly-breasted Illadopsis Illadopsis albipectus

88 RB White-headed Vulture Trigonoceps occipitalis 481 RB Black-billed Barbet Lybius guifsobalito 860 RB Puvel's Illadopsis Illadopsis puveli

89 § Short-toed Snake Eagle Circaetus gallicus 482 RB Black-collared Barbet Lybius torquatus 861 RB Grey-chested Illadopsis Kakamega poliothorax

90 R/M Black-chested Snake Eagle Circaetus pectoralis 483 RB Black-backed Barbet Lybius minor 862 RB African Hill Babbler Pseudoalcippe abyssinica

91 RB Brown Snake Eagle Circaetus cinereus 484 RB Double-toothed Barbet Lybius bidentatus 863 RB Spotted Thrush-Babbler Ptyrticus turdinus

92 R WesternBanded Snake Eagle Circaetus cinerscens 485 R Black-breasted Barbet Lybius rolleti 864 RB Brown Babbler Turdoides plebejus

93 R Bateleur Terathopius ecaudatus 486 R Yellow-billed Barbet Trachyphonus purpuratus 865 RB Arrow-marked Babbler Turdoides jardineii

94 RB Congo Serpent Eagle Dryotriorchis spectabilis 487 RB Crested Barbet Trachyphonus vaillantii 866 AV Blackcap Babbler Turdoides reinwardtii

95 RB African Harrier Hawk Polyboroides typus 488 RB Cassin's Honeybird Prodotiscus insignis 867 RB Dusky Babbler Turdoides tenebrosa

96 PW Pallid Harrier Circus macrourus 489 R Green-backed Honeybird Prodotiscus zambesiae 868 RB Hartlaub's Babbler Turdoides hartlaubii

97 PW Montagu's Harrier Circus pygargus 490 R Brown-backed Honeybird Prodotiscus regulus 869 R Black-lored Babbler Turdoides sharpei

98 R African Marsh Harrier Circus ranivorus 491 RB Zenker's Honeyguide Melignomon zenkeri 870 RB Capuchin Babbler Phyllanthus atripennis

99 P Western Marsh Harrier Circus aeruginosus 492 RB Lyre-tailed Honeyguide Melichneutes robustus 871 RB Red-collared Babbler Kupeornis rufocinctus

100 RB Gabar Goshawk Micronisus gabar 493 RB Spotted Honeyguide Indicator maculatus 872 RB Chapin's Babbler Kupeornis chapini

101 R Dark Chanting Goshawk Melierax metabates 494 RB Scaly-throated Honeyguide Indicator variegatus 873 RB Stripe-breasted Tit Parus fasciiventer

102 RB African Goshawk Accipiter tachiro 495 RB Greater Honeyguide Indicator indicator 874 RB Miombo Tit Parus griseiventris

103 RB Red-chested Goshawk Accipiter toussenelii 496 RB Lesser Honeyguide Indicator minor 875 RB Dusky Tit Parus funereus

104 RB Chestnutflanked Sparowhawk Acipiter castanilius 497 RB Thick-billed Honeyguide Indicator conirostris 876 RB Rufous-bellied Tit Parus rufiventris

105 RB Shikra Accipiter badius 498 RB Least Honeyguide Indicator exilis 877 RB White-winged Black Tit Parus leucomelas



CDC2950


106 PV Levant Sparrowhawk Accipiter brevipes 499 R Willcocks's Honeyguide Indicator willcocksi 878 RB Forest Penduline Tit Anthoscopus flavifrons

107 R Red-thighed Sparrowhawk Accipiter erythropus 500 R Dwarf Honeyguide Indicator pumilio 879 R Yellow Penduline Tit Anthoscopus parvulus

108 R Little Sparrowhawk Accipiter minullus 501 R Pallid Honeyguide Indicator meliphilus 880 RB Grey Penduline Tit Anthoscopus caroli

109 R Ovampo Sparrowhawk Accipiter ovampensis 502 PV Eurasian Wryneck Jynx torquilla 881 RB Tit-hylia Pholidornis rushiae

110 R Rufous-chested Sparrowhawk Accipiter rufiventris 503 RB Red-throated Wryneck Jynx ruficollis 882 RB Spotted Creeper Salpornis spilonotus

111 RB Black Sparrowhawk Accipiter melanoleucus 504 R African Piculet Sasia africana 883 RB West Violetbacked Sunbird Anthreptes longuemari

112 RB Long-tailed Hawk Urotriorchis macrourus 505 RB Fine-spotted Woodpecker Campethera punctulig 884 RB Violet-tailed Sunbird Anthreptes aurantium

113 M Grasshopper Buzzard Butastur rufipennis 506 RB Nubian Woodpecker Campethera nubica 885 RB Mouse-brown Sunbird Anthreptes gabonicus

114 RB Lizard Buzzard Kaupifalco monogrammicus 507 R Bennett's Woodpecker Campethera bennettii 886 RB Green Sunbird Anthreptes rectirostris

115 P Common Buzzard Buteo buteo 508 R Golden-tailed Woodpecker Campethera abingoni 887 RB Little Green Sunbird Anthreptes seimundi

116 RB Mountain Buzzard Buteo oreophilus 509 RB Green-backed Woodpecker Campethera cailliautii 888 R Anchieta's Sunbird Anthreptes anchietae

117 RB Red-necked Buzzard Buteo auguralis 510 RB Tullberg's Woodpecker Campethera tullbergi 889 RB Fraser's Sunbird Deleornis fraseri

118 RB Augur Buzzard Buteo augur 511 RB Buff-spotted Woodpecker Campethera nivosa 890 R Reichenbach's Sunbird Anabathmis reichenbachii

119 SAT Lesser Spotted Eagle Aquila pomarina 512 RB Brown-eared Woodpecker Campethera caroli 891 RB Green-headed Sunbird Cyanomitra verticalis

120 R Tawny Eagle Aquila rapax 513 RB Speck-breasted Woodpecker Dendropicos poecilola 892 R Bannerman's Sunbird Cyanomitra bannermani

121 P Steppe Eagle Aquila nipalensis 514 RB Gabon Woodpecker Dendropicos gabonensis 893 RB Blue-throated Brown Sunbird Cyanomitra cyanolaema

122 AV Verreauxs' Eagle Aquila verreauxii 515 RB Cardinal Woodpecker Dendropicos fuscescens 894 RB Blue-headed Sunbird Cyanomitra alinae

123 MB Wahlberg's Eagle Aquila wahlbergi 516 RB Bearded Woodpecker Dendropicos namaquus 895 RB Western Olive Sunbird Cyanomitra obscura

124 R African Hawk Eagle Hieraaetus spilogaster 517 RB Yellowcrested Woodpecker Dendropicosxantolophus 896 RB Green-throated Sunbird Chalcomitra rubescens

125 P Booted Eagle Hieraaetus pennatus 518 RB Elliot's Woodpecker Dendropicos elliotii 897 RB Carmelite Sunbird Chalcomitra fuliginosa

126 R Ayres's Hawk Eagle Hieraaetus ayresii 519 RB Grey Woodpecker Dendropicos goertae 898 RB Amethyst Sunbird Chalcomitra amethystina

127 RB Long-crested Eagle Lophaetus occipitalis 520 RB Olive Woodpecker Dendropicos griseocephalus 899 RB Scarlet-chested Sunbird Chalcomitra senegalensis

128 R Cassin's Hawk Eagle Spizaetus africanus 521 RB Brown-backed Woodpecker Picoides obsoletus 900 RB Goldenwinged Sunbird Drepanorhynchus reichenowi

129 R Crowned Eagle Stephanoaetus coronatus 522 RB Grauer's Broadbill Pseudocalyptomena graueri 901 RB Bocage's Sunbird Nectarinia bocagii

130 R Martial Eagle Polemaetus bellicosus 523 RB Grey-headed Broadbill Smithornis sharpei 902 R Purple-breasted Sunbird Nectarinia purpureiventris

131 R Secretary Bird Sagittarius serpentarius 524 RB Rufous-sided Broadbill Smithornis rufolateralis 903 RB Bronzy Sunbird Nectarinia kilimensis



CDC2950


132 PW Lesser Kestrel Falco naumanni 525 RB African Broadbill Smithornis capensis 904 RB Scarlet-tufted Malachite Sunbird Nectarinia johnstoni

133 PW/RB Common Kestrel Falco tinnunculus 526 RB Green-breasted Pitta Pitta reichenowi 905 RB Malachite Sunbird Nectarinia famosa

134 M Fox Kestrel Falco alopex 527 RB African Pitta Pitta angolensis 906 RB Collared Sunbird Hedydipna collaris

135 R Grey Kestrel Falco ardosiaceus 528 RB White-tailed Lark Mirafra albicauda 907 RB Pygmy Sunbird Hedydipna platura

136 R Dickinson's Kestrel Falco dickinsoni 529 RB Rufous-naped Lark Mirafra africana 908 RB Olive-bellied Sunbird Cinnyris chloropygius

137 R Red-necked Falcon Falco chicquera 530 RB Angola Lark Mirafra angolensis 909 RB Tiny Sunbird Cinnyris minullus

138 P Red-footed Falcon Falco vespertinus 531 RB Flappet Lark Mirafra rufocinnamomea 910 RB Miombo Double-collared Sunbird Cinyris manoensis

139 PV Amur Falcon Falco amurensis 532 M Rufous-rumped Lark Pinarocorys erythropygia 911 RB Ruwenzori Double-collared Sunbird Cinyris stulmani

140 SAT Eleonora's Falcon Falco eleonorae 533 MB Dusky Lark Pinarocorys nigricans 912 RB Northern Double-collared Sunbird Cinyris reichenowi

141 § Sooty Falcon Falco concolor 534 AV Spike-heeled Lark Chersomanes albofasciata 913 RB Regal Sunbird Cinnyris regius

142 P Eurasian Hobby Falco subbuteo 535 PV Greater Short-toed Lark Calandrella brachydactyla 914 R Rockefeller's Sunbird Cinnyris rockefelleri

143 RB African Hobby Falco cuvierii 536 MB Red-capped Lark Calandrella cinerea 915 RB Beautiful Sunbird Cinnyris pulchellus

144 R Lanner Falcon Falco biarmicus 537 RB Sun Lark Galerida modesta 916 R Shelley's Sunbird Cinnyris shelleyi

145 R/P Peregrine Falcon Falco peregrinus 538 AV Grey-backed Sparrow Lark Eremopterix verticalis 917 RB Congo Sunbird Cinnyris congensis

146 RB Black Guineafowl Agelastes niger 539 RB Fischer's Sparrow Lark Eremopterix leucopareia 918 RB Red-chested Sunbird Cinnyris erythrocercus

147 R Plumed Guineafowl Guttera plumifera 540 MB African River Martin Pseudochelidon eurystomina 919 RB Purple-banded Sunbird Cinnyris bifasciatus

148 RB Crested Guineafowl Guttera pucherani 541 RB Square-tailed Saw-wing Psalidoprocne nitens 920 RB Orange-tufted Sunbird Cinnyris bouvieri

149 RB Helmeted Guineafowl Numida meleagris 542 RB Black Saw-wing Psalidoprocne pristoptera 921 M Palestine Sunbird Cinnyris osea

150 RB Congo Peacock Afropavo congensis 543 MB White-headed Saw-wing Psalidoprocne albiceps 922 R White-bellied Sunbird Cinnyris talatala

151 RB/PW Common Quail Coturnix coturnix 544 RB Brazza's Martin Phedina brazzae 923 RB Variable Sunbird Cinnyris venustus

152 MB Blue Quail Coturnix adansonii 545 RB Plain Martin Riparia paludicola 924 RB Johanna's Sunbird Cinnyris johannae

153 M Harlequin Quail Coturnix delegorguei 546 RB Congo Sand Martin Riparia congica 925 RB Superb Sunbird Cinnyris superbus

154 R Stone Partridge Ptilopachus petrosus 547 PW Common Sand Martin Riparia riparia 926 RB Splendid Sunbird Cinnyris coccinigastrus

155 R Forest Francolin Francolinus lathami 548 MB Banded Martin Riparia cincta 927 RB Bates's Sunbird Cinnyris batesi

156 RB Coqui Francolin Francolinus coqui 549 RB Grey-rumped Swallow Pseudhirundo griseopyga 928 RB Copper Sunbird Cinnyris cupreus

157 RB White-throated Francolin Francolinus albogularis 550 MB Red-breasted Swallow Cecropis semirufa 929 RB African Yellow White-eye Zosterops senegalensis



CDC2950


158 RB Red-winged Francolin Francolinus levaillantii 551 RB Mosque Swallow Cecropis senegalensis 930 RB Common Fiscal Lanius collaris

159 RB Finsch's Francolin Francolinus finschi 552 RB Lesser Striped Swallow Cecropis abyssinica 931 RB Mackinnon's Shrike Lanius mackinnoni

160 R Shelley's Francolin Francolinus shelleyi 553 M Greater Striped Swallow Cecropis cucullata 932 PV Masked Shrike Lanius nubicus

161 R Crested Francolin Francolinus sephaena 554 MB Red-rumped Swallow Cecropis daurica 933 RB Grey-backed Fiscal Lanius excubitorius

162 RB Scaly Francolin Francolinus squamatus 555 R Preuss's Cliff Swallow Petrochelidon preussi 934 P Lesser Grey Shrike Lanius minor

163 RB Nahan's Francolin Francolinus nahani 556 MB Red-throated Cliff Swallow Petrochelidon rufigula 935 P Isabelline Shrike Lanius isabellinus

164 R Hildebrandt's Francolin Francolinus hildebrandti 557 M South African Cliff Swallow Petrochelidon spilodera 936 P Red-backed Shrike Lanius collurio

165 RB Heuglin's Francolin Francolinus icterorhynchus 558 RB Rock Martin Ptyonoprogne fuligula 937 RB Emin's Shrike Lanius gubernator

166 RB Handsome Francolin Francolinus nobilis 559 M Blue Swallow Hirundo atrocaerulea 938 RB Souza's Shrike Lanius souzae

167 RB Red-necked Spurfowl Francolinus afer 560 RB Black-and-Rufous Swallow Hirundo nigrorufa 939 PW Woodchat Shrike Lanius senator

168 RB Kurrichane Buttonquail Turnix sylvaticus 561 RB Wire-tailed Swallow Hirundo smithii 940 R Yellow-billed Shrike Corvinella corvina

169 MB Black-rumped Buttonquail Turnix hottentottus 562 RB White-throated Blue Swallow Hirundo nigrita 941 RB Fiery-breasted Bush-Shrike Malacanotus cruentus

170 RB Nkulengu Rail Himantornis haematopus 563 RB Pearl-breasted Swallow Hirundo dimidiata 942 RB Grey-headed Bush-Shrike Malacanotus blanchoti

171 RB Grey-throated Rail Canirallus oculeus 564 § Ethiopian Swallow Hirundo aethiopica 943 RB Lagden's Bush-Shrike Malacanotus lagdeni

172 RB White-spotted Flufftail Sarothrura pulchra 565 M White-throated Swallow Hirundo albigularis 944 RB Many-coloured Bush-Shrike Telophorus multicolor

173 MB Buff-spotted Flufftail Sarothrura elegans 566 RB Angola Swallow Hirundo angolensis 945 RB Black-fronted Bush-Shrike Telophorus nigrifrons

174 RB Red-chested Flufftail Sarothrura rufa 567 R Red-chested Swallow Hirundo lucida 946 RB Grey-green Bush-Shrike Telophorus bocagei

175 R Chestnut-headed Flufftail Sarothrura lugens 568 PW Barn Swallow Hirundo rustica 947 RB Orangebreasted BushShrike Teloporus sulfurpectus

176 MB Streaky-breasted Flufftail Sarothrura boehmi 569 P Common House Martin Delichon urbicum 948 RB Gorgeous Bush-Shrike Telophorus viridis

177 MB African Crake Crex egregia 570 PW Yellow Wagtail Motacilla flava 949 RB Doherty's Bush-Shrike Telophorus dohertyi

178 P Corncrake Crex crex 571 RB Cape Wagtail Motacilla capensis 950 RB Marsh Tchagra Tchagra minutus

179 R African Rail Rallus caerulescens 572 PW Grey Wagtail Motacilla cinerea 951 R Brown-crowned Tchagra Tchagra australis

180 R Baillon's Crake Porzana pusilla 573 RB Mountain Wagtail Motacilla clara 952 RB Black-crowned Tchagra Tchagra senegalus

181 P Spotted Crake Porzana porzana 574 PW White Wagtail Motacilla alba 953 R Sabine's Puffback Dryoscopus sabini

182 M Striped Crake Aenigmatolimnas marginalis 575 RB African Pied Wagtail Motacilla aguimp 954 R Pink-footed Puffback Dryoscopus angolensis

183 RB Black Crake Amaurornis flavirostra 576 RB African Pipit Anthus cinnamomeus 955 RB Red-eyed Puffback Dryoscopus senegalensis



CDC2950


184 M Allen's Gallinule Porphyrio alleni 577 R Jackson's Pipit Anthus latistriatus 956 RB Black-backed Puffback Dryoscopus cubla

185 RB Purple Swamphen Porphyrio porphyrio 578 RB Long-billed Pipit Anthus similis 957 RB Northern Puffback Dryoscopus gambensis

186 RB Common Moorhen Gallinula chloropus 579 RB Woodland Pipit Anthus nyassae 958 RB Sooty Boubou Laniarius leucorhynchus

187 M Lesser Moorhen Gallinula angulata 580 RB Plain-backed Pipit Anthus leucophrys 959 R Mountain Sooty Boubou Laniarius poensis

188 R Red-knobbed Coot Fulica cristata 581 MB Buffy Pipit Anthus vaalensis 960 RB Lühder's Bush-Shrike Laniarius luehderi

189 RB Wattled Crane Bugeranus carunculatus 582 RB Long-legged Pipit Anthus pallidiventris 961 RB Tropical Boubou Laniarius aethiopicus

190 AV Black Crowned Crane Balearica pavonina 583 RB Short-tailed Pipit Anthus brachyurus 962 R Swamp Boubou Laniarius bicolor

191 RB Grey Crowned Crane Balearica regulorum 584 § Bush Pipit Anthus caffer 963 R Papyrus Gonolek Laniarius mufumbiri

192 RB African Finfoot Podica senegalensis 585 PW Tree Pipit Anthus trivialis 964 RB Black-headed Gonolek Laniarius erythrogaster

193 MB Denham's Bustard Neotis denhami 586 P Red-throated Pipit Anthus cervinus 965 RB Brubru Nilaus afer

194 R White-bellied Bustard Eupodotis senegalensis 587 RB Striped Pipit Anthus lineiventris 966 RB White Helmet-Shrike Prionops plumatus

195 RB Black-bellied Bustard Lissotis melanogaster 588 RB Fülleborn's Longclaw Macronyx fuellebornii 967 RB Yellow-crested Helmet-Shrike Prionops alberti

196 RB African Jacana Actophilornis africanus 589 RB Yellow-throated Longclaw Macronyx croceus 968 RB Rufous-bellied Helmet-Shrike Prionops rufiventris

197 RB Lesser Jacana Microparra capensis 590 RB Rosy-throated Longclaw Macronyx ameliae 969 RB Retz's Helmet-Shrike Prionops retzii

198 RB Greater Painted-snipe Rostratula benghalensis 591 RB Grimwood's Longclaw Macronyx grimwoodi 970 RB Black-winged Oriole Oriolus nigripennis

199 PV Eurasian Oystercatcher Haematopus ostralegus 592 RB Red-shouldered Cuckoo-Shrike Campephaga phone 971 RB Western Black-headed Oriole Oriolus brachyrynchus

200 R Black-winged Stilt Himantopus himantopus 593 MB Black Cuckoo-Shrike Campephaga flava 972 RB Mountain Oriole Oriolus percivali

201 AV Pied Avocet Recurvirostra avosetta 594 RB Petit's Cuckoo-Shrike Campephaga petiti 973 RB Eastern Black-headed Oriole Oriolus larvatus

202 PV Eurasian Thick-knee Burhinus oedicnemus 595 RB Purple-throated CuckooShrike Campephaga quisca 974 MB African Golden Oriole Oriolus auratus

203 RB Senegal Thick-knee Burhinus senegalensis 596 RB Eastern Wattled Cuckoo-Shrike Lobotos oriolinus 975 P Eurasian Golden Oriole Oriolus oriolus

204 RB Water Thick-knee Burhinus vermiculatus 597 RB Grey Cuckoo-Shrike Coracina caesia 976 RB Square-tailed Drongo Dicrurus ludwigii

205 R Spotted Thick-knee Burhinus capensis 598 RB White-breasted Cuckoo-Shrike Coracina pectoralis 977 RB Shining Drongo Dicrurus atripennis

206 M Egyptian Plover Pluvianus aegyptius 599 RB Grauer's Cuckoo-Shrike Coracina graueri 978 RB Fork-tailed Drongo Dicrurus adsimilis

207 RB Temminck's Courser Cursorius temminckii 600 RB Blue Cuckoo-Shrike Coracina azurea 979 RB Velvet-mantled Drongo Dicrurus modestus

208 M Bronze-winged Courser Rhinoptilus chalcopterus 601 R Shelley's Greenbul Andropadus masukuensis 980 R Cape Crow Corvus capensis

209 RB Collared Pratincole Glareola pratincola 602 RB Eastern Mountain Greenbul Andropadus nigriceps 981 RB Pied Crow Corvus albus



CDC2950


210 P Black-winged Pratincole Glareola nordmanni 603 RB Little Greenbul Andropadus virens 982 RB White-necked Raven Corvus albicollis

211 MB Rock Pratincole Glareola nuchalis 604 R Little Grey Greenbul Andropadus gracilis 983 R Piapiac Ptilostomus afer

212 MB Grey Pratincole Glareola cinerea 605 R Ansorge's Greenbul Andropadus ansorgei 984 RB Narrow-tailed Starling Poeoptera lugubris

213 PW Little Ringed Plover Charadrius dubius 606 RB Plain Greenbul Andropadus curvirostris 985 RB Stuhlmann's Starling Poeoptera stuhlmanni

214 PW Common Ringed Plover Charadrius hiaticula 607 RB Slender-billed Greenbul Andropadus gracilirostris 986 RB Waller's Starling Onychognathus walleri

215 RB Kittlitz's Plover Charadrius pecuarius 608 RB Yellow-whiskered Greenbul Andropadus latirostris 987 RB Chestnut-winged Starling Onychognathus fulgidus

216 RB Three-banded Plover Charadrius tricollaris 609 RB Golden Greenbul Calyptocichla serina 988 RB Red-winged Starling Onychognathus morio

217 R Forbes's Plover Charadrius forbesi 610 RB Honeyguide Greenbul Baeopogon indicator 989 RB Slender-billed Starling Onychognathus tenuirostris

218 PV Kentish Plover Charadrius alexandrinus 611 RB Sjöstedt's Greenbul Baeopogon clamans 990 RB Purple-headed Starling Lamprotornis purpureiceps

219 RB White-fronted Plover Charadrius marginatus 612 R Spotted Greenbul Ixonotus guttatus 991 RB Purple Starling Lamprotornis purpureus

220 PV Lesser Sand Plover Charadrius mongolus 613 R Joyful Greenbul Chlorocichla laetissima 992 AV Cape Starling Lamprotornis nitens

221 P Caspian Plover Charadrius asiaticus 614 R Prigogine's Greenbul Chlorocichla prigoginei 993 RB Bronze-tailed Starling Lamprotornis chalcurus

222 PV Pacific Golden Plover Pluvialis fulva 615 RB Yellow-bellied Greenbul Chlorocichla flaviventris 994 RB Greater Blueeared Starling Lamprotornis chalybaeus

223 P Grey Plover Pluvialis squatarola 616 R Falkenstein's Greenbul Chlorocichla falkensteini 995 RB Lesser Blueeared Starling Lamprotornis chloropterus

224 RB African Wattled Lapwing Vanellus senegallus 617 RB Simple Greenbul Chlorocichla simplex 996 RB Sharp-tailed Starling Lamprotornis acuticaudus

225 RB White-headed Lapwing Vanellus albiceps 618 RB Yellow-throated Leaflove Chlorocichla flavicollis 997 RB Splendid Starling Lamprotornis splendidus

226 R Blacksmith Lapwing Vanellus armatus 619 R Swamp Palm Bulbul Thescelocichla leucopleura 998 RB Rüppell's Starling Lamprotornis purpuroptera

227 RB Spur-winged Lapwing Vanellus spinosus 620 RB Leaf-love Pyrrhurus scandens 999 R White-collared Starling Grafisia torquata

228 M Brown-chested Lapwing Vanellus superciliosus 621 R Terrestrial Brownbul Phyllastrephus terrestris 1000 RB Sharpe's Starling Pholia sharpii

229 MB Senegal Lapwing Vanellus lugubris 622 § Northern Brownbul Phyllastrephus strepitans 1001 MB Violet-backed Starling Cinnyricinclus leucogaster

230 MB Crowned Lapwing Vanellus coronatus 623 R Grey-olive Greenbul Phyllastrephus cerviniventris 1002 MB Wattled Starling Creatophora cinerea

231 R Long-toed Lapwing Vanellus crassirostris 624 R Pale-olive Greenbul Phyllastrephus fulviventris 1003 RB Yellow-billed Oxpecker Buphagus africanus

232 P Sanderling Calidris alba 625 R Toro Olive Greenbul Phyllastrephus hypochloris 1004 R Red-billed Oxpecker Buphagus erythrorhynchus

233 PW Little Stint Calidris minuta 626 RB Sassi's Olive Greenbul Phyllastrephus lorenzi 1005 RB Northern Grey-headed Sparrow Passer griseus

234 P Temminck's Stint Calidris temminckii 627 R Cabanis's Greenbul Phyllastrephus cabanisi 1006 R House Sparrow Passer domesticus

235 P Curlew Sandpiper Calidris ferruginea 628 RB Icterine Greenbul Phyllastrephus icterinus 1007 RB Yellow-throated Petronia Petronia superciliaris



CDC2950


236 PV Dunlin Calidris alpina 629 RB Xavier's Greenbul Phyllastrephus xavieri 1008 § White-headed Buffalo-Weaver Dinemellia dinemelli

237 PW Ruff Philomachus pugnax 630 R White-throated Greenbul Phyllastrephus albigularis 1009 R Chestnutcrowned -Weaver Plocepaser supercilosus

238 PW Jack Snipe Lymnocryptes minimus 631 RB Yellow-streaked Greenbul Phyllastflavostriatus 1010 RB Chestnut-backed Weaver Plocepaser rufosapulatus

239 PW Common Snipe Gallinago gallinago 632 RB Red-tailed Bristlebill Bleda syndactylus 1011 RB Cassin's Malimbe Malimbus cassini

240 R African Snipe Gallinago nigripennis 633 R Lesser Bristlebill Bleda notatus 1012 RB Red-bellied Malimbe Malimbus erythrogaster

241 P Great Snipe Gallinago media 634 R Eastern Bearded Greenbul Criniger chloronotus 1013 RB Red-crowned Malimbe Malimbus coronatus

242 P Black-tailed Godwit Limosa limosa 635 RB Red-tailed Greenbul Criniger calurus 1014 RB Crested Malimbe Malimbus malimbicus

243 PV Bar-tailed Godwit Limosa lapponica 636 R White-bearded Greenbul Criniger ndussumensis 1015 RB Blue-billed Malimbe Malimbus nitens

244 P Whimbrel Numenius phaeopus 637 RB Common Bulbul Pycnonotus barbatus 1016 RB Red-headed Malimbe Malimbus rubricollis

245 PW Eurasian Curlew Numenius arquata 638 RB Black-collared Bulbul Neolestes torquatus 1017 RB Red-headed Weaver Anaplectes rubriceps

246 P Spotted Redshank Tringa erythropus 639 RB Western Nicator Nicator chloris 1018 RB Yellow-legged Weaver Ploceus flavipes

247 P Common Redshank Tringa totanus 640 R Eastern Nicator Nicator gularis 1019 RB Baglafecht Weaver Ploceus baglafecht

248 PW Marsh Sandpiper Tringa stagnatilis 641 R Yellow-throated Nicator Nicator vireo 1020 R Black-chinned Weaver Ploceus nigrimentus

249 PW Common Greenshank Tringa nebularia 642 RB White-starred Robin Pogonocichla stellata 1021 RB Little Weaver Ploceus luteolus

250 PW Green Sandpiper Tringa ochropus 643 RB Forest Robin Stiphrornis erythrothorax 1022 RB Slender-billed Weaver Ploceus pelzelni

251 PW Wood Sandpiper Tringa glareola 644 RB Bocage's Akalat Sheppardia bocagei 1023 R Loango Weaver Ploceus subpersonatus

252 P Terek Sandpiper Xenus cinereus 645 RB Lowland Akalat Sheppardia cyornithopsis 1024 RB Black-necked Weaver Ploceus nigricollis

253 PW Common Sandpiper Actitis hypoleucos 646 R Equatorial Akalat Sheppardia aequatorialis 1025 RB Spectacled Weaver Ploceus ocularis

254 P Ruddy Turnstone Arenaria interpres 647 P Thrush Nightingale Luscinia luscinia 1026 RB Black-billed Weaver Ploceus melanogaster

261 AV/PV Caspian Tern Sterna caspia 648 PW Common Nightingale Luscinia megarhynchos 1027 RB Strange Weaver Ploceus alienus

262 M Royal Tern Sterna maxima 649 R White-bellied Robin-Chat Cossyphicula roberti 1028 R Bocage's Weaver Ploceus temporalis

263 P Sandwich Tern Sterna sandvicensis 650 R Archer's Robin-Chat Cossypha archeri 1029 RB Holub's Golden Weaver Ploceus xanthops

264 P Common Tern Sterna hirundo 651 RB Cape Robin-Chat Cossypha caffra 1030 RB Orange Weaver Ploceus aurantius

265 PV Arctic Tern Sterna paradisaea 652 R Grey-winged Robin-Chat Cossypha polioptera 1031 RB Nort Brown-throated Weaver Ploceus castanops

266 M Damara Tern Sterna balaenarum 653 RB Blue-shouldered Robin-Chat Cosypha cyanocampter 1032 RB Northern Masked Weaver Ploceus taeniopterus

267 PW Little Tern Sterna albifrons 654 RB White-browed Robin-Chat Cossypha heuglini 1033 RB Lesser Masked Weaver Ploceus intermedius



CDC2950


268 AV Whiskered Tern Chlidonias hybrida 655 MB Red-capped Robin-Chat Cossypha natalensis 1034 RB Vitelline Masked Weaver Ploceus vitellinus

269 PV Black Tern Chlidonias niger 656 R White-headed Robin-Chat Cossypha heinrichi 1035 RB Tanzania Masked Weaver Ploceus reichardi

270 PW White-winged Tern Chlidonias leucopterus 657 RB Snowy-crowned Robin-Chat Cossypha niveicapilla 1036 R Katanga Masked Weaver Ploceus katangae

271 § Brown Noddy Anous stolidus 658 RB Collared Palm-Thrush Cichladusa arquata 1037 RB Lake Lufira Weaver Ploceus ruweti

272 MB African Skimmer Rynchops flavirostris 659 RB Rufous-tailed Palm-Thrush Cichladusa ruficauda 1038 RB Heuglin's Masked Weaver Ploceus heuglini

273 RB African Green Pigeon Treron calvus 660 R Spotted Palm-Thrush Cichladusa guttata 1039 RB Vieillot's Black Weaver Ploceus nigerrimus

274 R Bruce's Green Pigeon Treron waalia 661 RB Forest Scrub Robin Cercotrichas leucosticta 1040 RB Village Weaver Ploceus cucullatus

275 RB Blue-headed Wood Dove Turtur brehmeri 662 RB Miombo Scrub Robin Cercotrichas barbata 1041 R Weyns's Weaver Ploceus weynsi

276 RB Tambourine Dove Turtur tympanistria 663 RB Brown-backed Scrub Robin Cercotrichas hartlaubii 1042 RB Black-headed Weaver Ploceus melanocephalus

277 RB Blue-spotted Wood Dove Turtur afer 664 RB White-browed Scrub Robin Cercotrichas leucophrys 1043 R Golden-naped Weaver Ploceus aureonucha

278 R Black-billed Wood Dove Turtur abyssinicus 665 PV Rufous-tailed Scrub Robin Cercotrichas galactotes 1044 RB Yellow-mantled Weaver Ploceus tricolor

279 RB Emerald-spotted Wood Dove Turtur chalcospilos 666 PW Common Redstart Phoenicurus phoenicurus 1045 RB Maxwell's Black Weaver Ploceus albinucha

280 M Namaqua Dove Oena capensis 667 RB Common Stonechat Saxicola torquatus 1046 RB Dark-backed Weaver Ploceus bicolor

281 RB Western Bronze-naped Pigeon Columba iriditorq 668 PW Whinchat Saxicola rubetra 1047 RB Brown-capped Weaver Ploceus insignis

282 RB Lemon Dove Columba larvata 669 PW Northern Wheatear Oenanthe oenanthe 1048 R Yellow-capped Weaver Ploceus dorsomaculatus

283 RB African Olive Pigeon Columba arquatrix 670 MB Capped Wheatear Oenanthe pileata 1049 RB Preuss's Weaver Ploceus preussi

284 RB White-naped Pigeon Columba albinucha 671 P Isabelline Wheatear Oenanthe isabellina 1050 R Bar-winged Weaver Ploceus angolensis

285 RB Afep Pigeon Columba unicincta 672 RB Familiar Chat Cercomela familiaris 1051 RB Compact Weaver Ploceus superciliosus

286 R Speckled Pigeon Columba guinea 673 RB Congo Moor Chat Myrmecocichla tholloni 1052 RB Grosbeak Weaver Amblyospiza albifrons

287 RB Rock Dove / Feral Pigeon Columba livia 674 RB Sooty Chat Myrmecocichla nigra 1053 RB Cardinal Quelea Quelea cardinalis

288 RB Red-eyed Dove Streptopelia semitorquata 675 RB White-fronted Black Chat Myrmecocichla albifrons 1054 MB Red-headed Quelea Quelea erythrops

289 RB African Mourning Dove Streptopelia decipiens 676 RB White-headed Black Chat Myrmecocichla arnotti 1055 MB Red-billed Quelea Quelea quelea

290 R Vinaceous Dove Streptopelia vinacea 677 RB Mocking Cliff Chat Thamnolaea cinnamomeiventris 1056 RB Bob-tailed Weaver Brachycope anomala

291 RB Ring-necked Dove Streptopelia capicola 678 RB Miombo Rock Thrush Monticola angolensis 1057 RB Northern Red Bishop Euplectes franciscanus

292 PV European Turtle Dove Streptopelia turtur 679 PW Rufous-tailed Rock Thrush Monticola saxatilis 1058 RB Southern Red Bishop Euplectes orix

293 R Dusky Turtle Dove Streptopelia lugens 680 RB Fire-crested Alethe Alethe diademata 1059 RB Black-winged Bishop Euplectes hordeaceus



CDC2950


294 RB Laughing Dove Streptopelia senegalensis 681 RB Red-throated Alethe Alethe poliophrys 1060 RB Black Bishop Euplectes gierowii

295 RB African Grey Parrot Psittacus erithacus 682 RB Brown-chested Alethe Alethe poliocephala 1061 RB Yellow-crowned Bishop Euplectes afer

296 RB Brown-necked Parrot Poicephalus robustus 683 RB Red-tailed Ant Thrush Neocossyphus rufus 1062 RB Yellow Bishop Euplectes capensis

297 RB Red-fronted Parrot Poicephalus gulielmi 684 R White-tailed Ant Thrush Neocossyphus poensis 1063 RB White-winged Widowbird Euplectes albonotatus

298 R Meyer's Parrot Poicephalus meyeri 685 R Rufous Flycatcher-Thrush Stizorhina fraseri 1064 RB Yellow-mantled Widowbird Euplectes macroura

299 R Niam-Niam Parrot Poicephalus crassus 686 RB Oberlaender's Ground Thrush Zoothera oberlaenderi 1065 RB Red-collared Widowbird Euplectes ardens

300 R Red-headed Lovebird Agapornis pullarius 687 R Black-eared Ground Thrush Zoothera cameronensis 1066 RB Fan-tailed Widowbird Euplectes axillaris

301 RB Black-collared Lovebird Agapornis swindernianus 688 RB Grey Ground Thrush Zoothera princei 1067 RB Marsh Widowbird Euplectes hartlaubi

302 RB Great Blue Turaco Corythaeola cristata 689 RB Crossley's Ground Thrush Zoothera crossleyi 1068 RB Long-tailed Widowbird Euplectes progne

303 R Green Turaco Tauraco persa 690 R Orange Ground Thrush Zoothera gurneyi 1069 R Pale-fronted Negrofinch Nigrita luteifrons

304 RB Schalow's Turaco Tauraco schalowi 691 R Abyssinian Ground Thrush Zoothera piaggiae 1070 RB Grey-headed Negrofinch Nigrita canicapillus

305 RB Black-billed Turaco Tauraco schuetti 692 AV Spotted Ground Thrush Zoothera guttata 1071 RB Chestnut-breasted Negrofinch Nigrita bicolor

306 R Yellow-billed Turaco Tauraco macrorhynchus 693 RB Groundscraper Thrush Psophocichla litsitsirupa 1072 RB White-breasted Negrofinch Nigrita fusconotus

307 RB White-crested Turaco Tauraco leucolophus 694 RB Olive Thrush Turdus olivaceus 1073 R Woodhouse's Antpecker Parmoptila woodhousei

308 RB Rwenzori Turaco Ruwenzorornis johnstoni 695 RB African Thrush Turdus pelios 1074 R Jameson's Antpecker Parmoptila jamesoni

309 RB Ross's Turaco Musophaga rossae 696 RB Kurrichane Thrush Turdus libonyanus 1075 RB White-collared Oliveback Nesocharis ansorgei

310 R Grey Go-away Bird Corythaixoides concolor 697 RB Neumann's Warbler Hemitesia neumanni 1076 RB Grey-headed Oliveback Nesocharis capistrata

311 R Barefacd Go-away Bird Corythaxoides personatus 698 RB Little Rush Warbler Bradypterus baboecala 1077 RB Green Twinspot Mandingoa nitidula

312 R Western Grey Plantain-eater Crinifer piscator 699 RB White-winged Swamp Warbler Bradypterus carpalis 1078 R Shelley's Crimsonwing Cryptospiza shelleyi

313 RB Eastern Grey Plantain-eater Crinifer zonurus 700 RB Grauer's Swamp Warbler Bradypterus graueri 1079 RB Dusky Crimsonwing Cryptopsiza jacksoni

314 M Jacobin Cuckoo Clamator jacobinus 701 R Bamboo Warbler Bradypterus alfredi 1080 R Abyssinian Crimsonwing Cryptospiza salvadorii

315 MB Levaillant's Cuckoo Clamator levaillantii 702 R Evergreen-Forest Warbler Bradypterus lopezi 1081 RB Red-faced Crimsonwing Cryptospiza reichenovii

316 M Great Spotted Cuckoo Clamator glandarius 703 RB Cinnamon Warbler Bradypterus cinnamomeus 1082 RB Yellow-bellied Waxbill Estrilda quartinia

317 RB Thick-billed Cuckoo Pachycoccyx audeberti 704 RB Black-faced Rufous Warbler Bathmocercus rufus 1083 RB Grey Waxbill Estrilda perreini

318 MB Red-chested Cuckoo Cuculus solitarius 705 RB Moustached Grass Warbler Melocichla mentalis 1084 RB Fawn-breasted Waxbill Estrilda paludicola

319 M Black Cuckoo Cuculus clamosus 706 RB Fan-tailed Grassbird Schoenicola brevirostris 1085 RB Orange-cheeked Waxbill Estrilda melpoda



CDC2950


320 P Common Cuckoo Cuculus canorus 707 PV River Warbler Locustella fluviatilis 1086 RB Crimson-rumped Waxbill Estrilda rhodopyga

321 M African Cuckoo Cuculus gularis 708 PW Sedge Warbler Acrocephalus schoenobaenus 1087 R Black-rumped Waxbill Estrilda troglodytes

322 P Lesser Cuckoo Cuculus poliocephalus 709 PW/RB Eurasian Reed Warbler Acrocephalus sirpaceus 1088 RB Common Waxbill Estrilda astrild

323 M Madagascar Cuckoo Cuculus rochii 710 RB African Reed Warbler Acrocephalus baeticatus 1089 RB Black-lored Waxbill Estrilda nigriloris

324 RB Dusky Long-tailed Cuckoo Cercococcyx mechowi 711 PW Marsh Warbler Acrocephalus palustris 1090 RB Black-crowned Waxbill Estrilda nonnula

325 RB Olive Long-tailed Cuckoo Cercococcyx olivinus 712 PW Great Reed Warbler Acrocephalus arundinaceus 1091 RB Black-headed Waxbill Estrilda atricapilla

326 R Barred Long-tailed Cuckoo Cercococcyx montanus 713 RB Greater Swamp Warbler Acrocephalus rufescens 1092 RB Grant's Bluebill Spermophaga poliogenys

327 RB African Emerald Cuckoo Chrysococcyx cupreus 714 RB Lesser Swamp Warbler Acrocephalus gracilirostris 1093 R Western Bluebill Spermophaga haematina

328 R Yellow-throated Cuckoo Chrysococcyx flavigularis 715 RB African Yellow Warbler Chloropeta natalensis 1094 RB Red-headed Bluebill Spermophaga ruficapilla

329 RB Klaas's Cuckoo Chrysococcyx klaas 716 RB Mountain Yellow Warbler Chloropeta similis 1095 RB Black-bellied Seedcracker Pyrenestes ostrinus

330 MB Dideric Cuckoo Chrysococcyx caprius 717 R Papyrus Yellow Warbler Chloropeta gracilirostris 1096 RB Blue Waxbill Uraeginthus angolensis

331 RB Yellowbill Ceuthmochares aereus 718 PW Eastern Olivaceous Warbler Hippolais pallida 1097 RB Red-cheeked Cordon-bleu Uraeginthus bengalus

332 RB Black-throated Coucal Centropus leucogaster 719 PV Olive-tree Warbler Hippolais olivetorum 1098 R Dybowski's Twinspot Euschistospiza dybowskii

333 RB Gabon Coucal Centropus anselli 720 PW Icterine Warbler Hippolais icterina 1099 RB Dusky Twinspot Euschistospiza cinereovinacea

334 R Coppery-tailed Coucal Centropus cupreicaudus 721 RB Grauer's Warbler Graueria vittata 1100 RB Peters's Twinspot Hypargos niveoguttatus

335 RB White-browed Coucal Centropus superciliosus 722 RB Yellow-bellied Eremomela Eremomela icteropygialis 1101 RB Brown Twinspot Clytospiza monteiri

336 RB Black Coucal Centropus grillii 723 RB Salvadori's Eremomela Eremomela salvadorii 1102 R Yellow-winged Pytilia Pytilia hypogrammica

337 RB Senegal Coucal Centropus senegalensis 724 RB Green-backed Eremomela Eremomela canescens 1103 R Red-winged Pytilia Pytilia phoenicoptera

338 RB Blue-headed Coucal Centropus monachus 725 RB Green-capped Eremomela Eremomela scotops 1104 RB Green-winged Pytilia Pytilia melba

339 R Congo Bay Owl Phodilus prigoginei 726 RB Rufous-crowned Eremomela Eremomela badiceps 1105 RB Orange-winged Pytilia Pytilia afra

340 RB African Grass Owl Tyto capensis 727 R Turner's Eremomela Eremomela turneri 1106 RB Red-billed Firefinch Lagonosticta senegala

341 R Barn Owl Tyto alba 728 RB Black-necked Eremomela Eremomela atricollis 1107 RB Bar-breasted Firefinch Lagonosticta rufopicta

342 RB Sandy Scops Owl Otus icterorhynchus 729 RB Northern Crombec Sylvietta brachyura 1108 RB Brown Firefinch Lagonosticta nitidula

343 P Eurasian Scops Owl Otus scops 730 RB Long-billed Crombec Sylvietta rufescens 1109 R Black-faced Firefinch Lagonosticta larvata

344 R African Scops Owl Otus senegalensis 731 RB Red-capped Crombec Sylvietta ruficapilla 1110 R Black-bellied Firefinch Lagonosticta rara

345 RB Northern White-faced Owl Ptilopsis leucotis 732 RB Green Crombec Sylvietta virens 1111 RB African Firefinch Lagonosticta rubricata



CDC2950


346 RB Southern White-faced Owl Ptilopsis granti 733 RB Lemon-bellied Crombec Sylvietta denti 1112 RB Jameson's Firefinch Lagonosticta rhodopareia

347 RB Maned Owl Jubula lettii 734 RB White-browed Crombec Sylvietta leucophrys 1113 R African Quailfinch Ortygospiza fuscocrissa

348 RB Spotted Eagle Owl Bubo africanus 735 PW Willow Warbler Phylloscopus trochilus 1114 RB Black-chinned Quailfinch Ortygospiza gabonensis

349 RB Greyish Eagle Owl Bubo cinerascens 736 PV Common Chiffchaff Phylloscopus collybita 1115 RB Locust Finch Ortygospiza locustella

350 RB Fraser's Eagle Owl Bubo poensis 737 PW Wood Warbler Phylloscopus sibilatrix 1116 RB Zebra Waxbill Amandava subflava

351 R Shelley's Eagle Owl Bubo shelleyi 738 RB Brown Woodland Warbler Phylloscopus umbrovirens 1117 RB Bronze Mannikin Lonchura cucullata

352 RB Verreaux's Eagle Owl Bubo lacteus 739 R Laura's Woodland Warbler Phylloscopus laurae 1118 RB Black-and-White Mannikin Lonchura bicolor

353 RB Akun Eagle Owl Bubo leucostictus 740 RB Red-faced Woodland Warbler Phylloscopus laetus 1119 RB Magpie Mannikin Lonchura fringilloides

354 R Pel's Fishing-owl Scotopelia peli 741 RB Uganda Woodland Warbler Phylloscopus budongoen 1120 RB Parasitic Weaver Anomalospiza imberbis

355 RB Vermiculated Fishing-owl Scotopelia bouvieri 742 PV Barred Warbler Sylvia nisoria 1121 RB Pin-tailed Whydah Vidua macroura

356 R Pearl-spotted Owlet Glaucidium perlatum 743 PW Garden Warbler Sylvia borin 1122 R Exclamatory Paradise Whydah Vidua interjecta

357 RB Red-chested Owlet Glaucidium tephronotum 744 PW Blackcap Sylvia atricapilla 1123 RB Broad-tailed Paradise Whydah Vidua obtusa

358 RB Chestnut Owlet Glaucidium castaneum 745 PW Common Whitethroat Sylvia communis 1124 R Eastern Paradise Whydah Vidua paradisaea

359 R Albertine Owlet Glaucidium albertinum 746 RB Brown Parisoma Parisoma lugens 1125 R Village Indigobird Vidua chalybeata

360 RB Sjöstedt's Owlet Glaucidium sjöstedti 747 RB Yellow Longbill Macrosphenus flavicans 1126 R Wilson's Indigobird Vidua wilsoni

361 RB African Wood Owl Strix woodfordii 748 RB Grey Longbill Macrosphenus concolor 1127 R Jambandu Indigobird Vidua raricola

362 R African Long-eared Owl Asio abyssinicus 749 RB Yellow-bellied Hyliota Hyliota flavigaster 1128 R Cameroon Indigobird Vidua camerunensis

363 R Marsh Owl Asio capensis 750 RB Southern Hyliota Hyliota australis 1129 R Variable Indigobird Vidua funerea

364 RB Bates's Nightjar Caprimulgus batesi 751 RB Violet-backed Hyliota Hyliota violacea 1130 R Purple Indigobird Vidua purpurascens

365 Rs Brown Nightjar Caprimulgus binotatus 752 RB Green Hylia Hylia prasina 1131 RB Western Citril Serinus frontalis

366 R Prigogine's Nightjar Caprimulgus prigoginei 753 RB Red-faced Cisticola Cisticola erythrops 1132 RB Black-faced Canary Serinus capistratus

367 RB Swamp Nightjar Caprimulgus natalensis 754 RB Singing Cisticola Cisticola cantans 1133 R Papyrus Canary Serinus koliensis

368 RB Long-tailed Nightjar Caprimulgus climacurus 755 RB Whistling Cisticola Cisticola lateralis 1134 R White-rumped Seedeater Serinus leucopygius

369 AV Slender-tailed Nightjar Caprimulgus clarus 756 RB Trilling Cisticola Cisticola woosnami 1135 RB Black-throated Canary Serinus atrogularis

370 RB Square-tailed Nightjar Caprimulgus fossii 757 RB Chattering Cisticola Cisticola anonymus 1136 RB Yellow-fronted Canary Serinus mozambicus

371 MB Fiery-necked Nightjar Caprimulgus pectoralis 758 RB Bubbling Cisticola Cisticola bulliens 1137 RB Brimstone Canary Serinus sulphuratus



CDC2950


372 MB Black-shouldered Nightjar Caprimulgus nigrisapu 759 RB Chubb's Cisticola Cisticola chubbi 1138 RB Streaky Seedeater Serinus striolatus

373 RB Ruwenzori Nightjar Caprimulgus ruwenzorii 760 R Lazy Cisticola Cisticola aberrans 1139 RB Thick-billed Seedeater Serinus burtoni

374 M Plain Nightjar Caprimulgus inornatus 761 RB Rattling Cisticola Cisticola chiniana 1140 RB Black-eared Seedeater Serinus mennelli

375 RB Freckled Nightjar Caprimulgus tristigma 762 R Tinkling Cisticola Cisticola rufilatus 1141 RB Streaky-headed Seedeater Serinus gularis

376 P European Nightjar Caprimulgus europaeus 763 RB Winding Cisticola Cisticola galactotes 1142 RB Reichard's Seedeater Serinus reichardi

377 M Rufous-cheeked Nightjar Caprimulgus rufigena 764 RB Chirping Cisticola Cisticola pipiens 1143 RB Cape Canary Serinus canicollis

378 MB Standard-winged Nightjar Macroditeryx longipen 765 RB Carruthers's Cisticola Cisticola carruthersi 1144 RB Oriole-Finch Linurgus olivaceus

379 MB Pennant-winged Nightjar Macroditeryx vexilarius 766 RB Levaillant's Cisticola Cisticola tinniens 1145 RB Cabanis's Bunting Emberiza cabanisi

380 RB Sabine's Spinetail Rhaphidura sabini 767 RB Stout Cisticola Cisticola robustus 1146 RB Golden-breasted Bunting Emberiza flaviventris

381 R Black Spinetail Telacanthura melanopygia 768 RB Croaking Cisticola Cisticola natalensis 1147 RB Brown-rumped Bunting Emberiza affinis

382 R Mottled Spinetail Telacanthura ussheri 769 RB Short-winged Cisticola Cisticola brachypterus 1148 RB Cinnamon-breasted Bunting Emberiza tahapisi

383 RB Cassin's Spinetail Neafrapus cassini 770 R Foxy Cisticola Cisticola troglodytes 1149 AV Lark-like Bunting Emberiza impetuani

384 RB Böhm's Spinetail Neafrapus boehmi 771 R Piping Cisticola Cisticola fulvicapilla 400 RB Speckled Mousebird Colius striatus

385 RB Scarce Swift Schoutedenapus myoptilus 772 R Tabora Cisticola Cisticola angusticauda 401 RB Bar-tailed Trogon Apaloderma vittatum

386 R Schouteden Swift Schotedenapus shoutedeni 773 RB Black-tailed Cisticola Cisticola melanurus 402 RB Narina's Trogon Apaloderma narina

387 RB African Palm Swift Cypsiurus parvus 774 RB Zitting Cisticola Cistocola juncidis 403 RB Bare-cheeked Trogon Apaloderma aequatoriale

388 RB African Black Swift Apus barbatus 775 RB Black-backed Cisticola Cisticola eximius 404 RB Chocolate-backed Kingfisher Halcyon badia

397 R Red-faced Mousebird Urocolius indicus 776 RB Dambo Cisticola Cisticola dambo 399 R Red-backed Mousebird Colius castanotus

398 RB Blue-naped Mousebird Urocolius macrourus 777 RB Pale-crowned Cisticola Cisticola cinamomeus

Documents

feronia.com · 2018-02-08 · Digby Wells Environmental (Digby Wells) has been requested by Feronia PHC (Feronia) to assess its High Conservation (HCVValue ) areas within Botekaits