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BIOLOGYWritten examination
Friday 28 October 2016 Reading time: 9.00 am to 9.15 am (15 minutes) Writing time: 9.15 am to 11.45 am (2 hours 30 minutes)
QUESTION AND ANSWER BOOK
Structure of bookSection Number of
questionsNumber of questions
to be answeredNumber of
marks
A 40 40 40B 11 11 70
Total 110
• Studentsarepermittedtobringintotheexaminationroom:pens,pencils,highlighters,erasers,sharpenersandrulers.
• StudentsareNOTpermittedtobringintotheexaminationroom:blanksheetsofpaperand/orcorrectionfluid/tape.
• Nocalculatorisallowedinthisexamination.
Materials supplied• Questionandanswerbookof34 pages.• Answersheetformultiple-choicequestions.
Instructions• Writeyourstudent numberinthespaceprovidedaboveonthispage.• Checkthatyourname andstudent numberasprintedonyouranswersheetformultiple-choice
questionsarecorrect, andsignyournameinthespaceprovidedtoverifythis.• AllwrittenresponsesmustbeinEnglish.
At the end of the examination• Placetheanswersheetformultiple-choicequestionsinsidethefrontcoverofthisbook.
Students are NOT permitted to bring mobile phones and/or any other unauthorised electronic devices into the examination room.
©VICTORIANCURRICULUMANDASSESSMENTAUTHORITY2016
SUPERVISOR TO ATTACH PROCESSING LABEL HEREVictorian Certificate of Education 2016
STUDENT NUMBER
Letter
2016BIOLOGYEXAM 2
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Use the following information to answer Questions 1–5.Thediagramsbelowrepresentthreeofthemajormacromoleculegroupsinlivingthings.
GroupA GroupB GroupC
Question 1SynthesisofmacromoleculesfromthesegroupsinvolvesA. energy-generatingcondensationreactionsrequiringaninputofwatermolecules.B. energy-generatingreactionsrequiringaninputofcarbondioxidemolecules.C. energy-requiringcondensationreactionswithanoutputofwatermolecules.D. energy-requiringreactionswithanoutputofoxygenmolecules.
Question 2Starch,glycogenandcellulosearesomeexamplesofmacromoleculesfromGroupA.WhichoneofthefollowingwouldbetruefortheseGroupAmacromolecules?A. Allthreemacromoleculesarecomplexlipidsandthemonomerislactose.B. Allthreemacromoleculesarecomplexpolymersandthemonomerisribose.C. Allthreemacromoleculesarecomplextriglyceridesandthemonomerisfructose.D. Allthreemacromoleculesarecomplexcarbohydratesandthemonomerisglucose.
SECTION A – Multiple-choice questions
Instructions for Section AAnswerall questionsinpencilontheanswersheetprovidedformultiple-choicequestions.Choosetheresponsethatiscorrect forthequestion.Acorrectanswerscores1;anincorrectanswerscores0.Markswillnotbedeductedforincorrectanswers.Nomarkswillbegivenifmorethanoneansweriscompletedforanyquestion.
3 2016BIOLOGYEXAM
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Question 3EachmonomerofamacromoleculefromGroupBismadeupofaA. deoxyribosesugar,aphospholipidgroupandanitrogen-containingbase.B. deoxyribosesugar,aphosphategroupandanitrogen-containingbase.C. ribosesugar,aphospholipidgroupandanitrogen-containingbase.D. ribosesugar,aphosphategroupandaglycerolbackbone.
Question 4AportionofonestrandofamacromoleculefromGroupBhasthesequence-CGATTCGGTTAA-ThecomplementarystrandwouldbeA. -CGATTCGGTTAA-B. -AATTGGCTTAGC-C. -GCTAAGCCAATT-D. -GCUAAGCCAAUU-
Question 5IfasampleofamacromoleculefromGroupCwerechemicallyanalysed,youwouldexpecttofindthatitcontainsA. aminoacidsandphosphate.B. fattyacidsandphosphate.C. aminoacidsonly.D. glucose.
2016BIOLOGYEXAM 4
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Question 6Manyeukaryoticcellshaveproteinsaspartoftheirplasmamembranes.Anexperimentwasperformedontwodifferentanimalcells.Thediagramsbelowshowthepositionsandshapesoftwoproteinsontheplasmamembranesofthetwodifferentcells.
Thesecellswerethenfused.Afteronehour,theplasmamembraneoftheresultinglivingcellwasobserved.Thechangedpositionsoftheproteinsareshownbelow.
TheredistributionofproteinsontheplasmamembranecanbeexplainedbyA. thefluidmosaicmodel.B. movementduetoosmosis.C. thepresenceofcholesterolintheplasmamembrane.D. theactivetransportofproteinsacrosstheplasmamembrane.
5 2016BIOLOGYEXAM
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Question 7Inanimalcells,tightjunctionsaremulti-proteincomplexesthatmediatecell-to-celladhesionandregulatetransportthroughtheextracellularmatrix.Proteinsthatformthesecomplexesaremadewithinthecell.OnepathwayfortheproductionofproteinforthesejunctionsisA. nucleus–ribosome–Golgiapparatus–vesicle–endoplasmicreticulum.B. nucleus–ribosome–endoplasmicreticulum–vesicle–Golgiapparatus.C. nucleus–vesicle–endoplasmicreticulum–Golgiapparatus–ribosome.D. nucleus–vesicle–Golgiapparatus–ribosome–endoplasmicreticulum.
Question 8Considerthefollowingdiagramofaplasmamembrane.
X
Source:magnetix/Shutterstock.com
Thestructurelabelled‘X’isaA. proteinchannel.B. cholesterolmolecule.C. glycoproteinmolecule.D. phospholipidmolecule.
Question 9ATPisimportantinlivingcellsasitA. isrequiredforosmosis.B. providesasupplyofusableenergyforthecell.C. providesoneofthebuildingblocksforlipidsynthesis.D. isanimportantstructuralcomponentoftheplasmamembrane.
2016BIOLOGYEXAM 6
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Question 10Plantsgrowninlightweresuppliedwithwatercontainingradioactiveoxygenatoms.Afterfourhours,ananalysisofthechemicalsinandaroundtheplantswasundertaken.Whichoneofthefollowingwouldcontaintheradioactiveoxygenatomsafterfourhours?A. proteinB. glucoseC. oxygengasD. carbondioxidegas
Question 11Whichoneofthefollowingstatementsaboutphotosynthesisinchloroplastsiscorrect?A. Thegranaarethesiteofthelight-independentstage.B. Chlorophyllfoundinthestromatrapslightforuseduringthelight-dependentstage.C. Thelight-dependentstageproducesATPforuseduringthelight-independentstage.D. Thelight-independentstagecapturescarbondioxideforuseduringthelight-dependentstagetoproduce
glucose.
Question 12InaprokaryoticcellundergoingbinaryfissionA. acircularmoleculeofDNAisreplicated.B. anuclearmembraneissynthesised.C. spindleproteinsareformed.D. acellplateisformed.
Question 13Acelldividestoproducegametes.ThisprocesswillA. supplycellsforthereplacementofdamagedtissue.B. producecellsthataregeneticallyidentical.C. involveonenucleardivision.D. producehaploidcells.
7 2016BIOLOGYEXAM
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Question 14 Antidiuretichormone(ADH)isahormoneinvolvedintheregulationofbloodplasmasoluteconcentration.Osmoreceptorsdetectchangesinbloodplasmasoluteconcentrationandstimulatemagnocellularneurons.MagnocellularneuronsarespecialneuronsthatsynthesiseADH,storingADHinvesiclesuntilstimulatedto releaseit.ADHdiffusesacrossagapandintoacapillary.Thisprocessisshowninthediagrambelow.
ADH releasedADH-containing
vesicles
magnocellularneuron
osmoreceptorblood vessel
capillary
ThegraphbelowshowstheconcentrationofADHinthebloodatdifferentplasmasoluteconcentrations.
2700 280 290plasma solute concentration
(mOs/kg)
300 310
plasma concentrationof ADH (arbitrary units)
Basedontheinformationgivenandyourownknowledge,whichoneofthefollowingisacorrectstatement?A. Atplasmasoluteconcentrationsbelow285mOs/kg,nerveelectricalimpulsesfromtheosmoreceptoraretoo
smallinmagnitudetotriggerthereleaseofaneurotransmitter.B. Atplasmasoluteconcentrationsabove285mOs/kg,nerveelectricalimpulsesbegintocrossthesynapticgap
betweentheosmoreceptorandthemagnocellularneuron.C. Atplasmasoluteconcentrationsabove285mOs/kg,thefrequencyofnerveelectricalimpulsesinthe
magnocellularneuronwilltriggerincreasedreleaseofADH.D. Atplasmasoluteconcentrationsbetween270and285mOs/kg,theosmoreceptorsdonotdetectchanges.
2016BIOLOGYEXAM 8
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Question 15Anexperimentwasconductedtotestthefollowingtwohypothesesabouttheeffectoftheplantgrowthregulatorindoleaceticacid(IAA):• Hypothesis1–LowconcentrationsofIAAstimulaterootgrowthandhavenoeffectonshootgrowth.• Hypothesis2–ConcentrationsofIAAabove0.01partspermillionstimulateshootgrowthbutinhibitrootgrowth.
Intheexperiment,radishseedlingsweregrownindifferentconcentrationsofIAA,asindicatedinthetablebelow.
Concentration of IAA (parts per million)
Stimulation (+)/ inhibition (–) of
shoot growth (%)
Stimulation (+)/ inhibition (–) of root growth (%)
0 0 0
0.00001 +0.10 –30
0.0001 +6 –50
0.001 –20 –70
0.01 –60 –85
1 –70 –90
10 –80 –95
100 –90 –100
Whichoneofthefollowingisareasonableconclusiontodrawfromtheresultsoftheexperiment?A. OnlyHypothesis1issupported.B. OnlyHypothesis2issupported.C. Hypotheses1and2arebothsupported.D. Hypotheses1and2arebothnotsupported.
Question 16 Whichoneofthefollowingisacatabolicprocess?A. theconversionofglycogentoglucoseB. theproductionofcarbohydratesduringphotosynthesisC. thesynthesisofapolypeptidehormonefromaminoacidsD. theformationofatriglyceridefromglycerolandfattyacids
9 2016BIOLOGYEXAM
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Use the following information to answer Questions 17 and 18.Thecellcycleforaeukaryoticcellcanbesubdividedintothephasesshowninthediagrambelow.
M
G1
S
G2
The cell cycle
Question 17DuringtheG1andG2phasesofthecellcycle,mostoftheactivityisdirectedtowardsA. DNAreplication.B. restingforthenextphase.C. synthesisofthenuclearmembrane.D. synthesisoforganellesandgrowthofthecell.
Question 18CytokinesisispartofthecellcycleandA. usuallyfollowsnucleardivision.B. willoccurbetweentheG1andSphasesofthecellcycle.C. inplantcellsitbeginswiththeformationofaveryrigidlipidbilayerwithinthedividedcell.D. inanimalcellsitbeginswiththeplasmamembranebeingpulledinwardstowardsthecellplate.
Question 19Abiologistwasworkingwithacellculture.Heviewedacelljustbeforeitenteredmitosisandhecounted18chromosomes.Later,thenucleusofoneofthedaughtercellswasfoundtocontain19moleculesofDNAandthenucleusoftheotherdaughtercellcontained17moleculesofDNA.ThemostlikelyexplanationforthisobservationisA. themicrotubulesofthespindleapparatusdidnotconnecttothecentromeresoftwoofthechromosomes.B. duringanaphase,sisterchromatidsofonechromosomefailedtoseparate.C. duringprophase,twoofthechromosomesfailedtolineup.D. attheendoftelophase,cytokinesisfailedtooccur.
Question 20Theinflammatoryresponseisadefencemechanismthatevolvedinhigherorganismstoprotectthemfrominfectionandinjury.ThisresponseA. includesphagocytemigrationtothesiteoftheinjury.B. ispartoftheadaptiveimmunesystem.C. isspecifictothetypeofforeignbody.D. involvestheproductionoflymphocytes.
2016BIOLOGYEXAM 10
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Use the following information to answer Questions 21 and 22.Inearly2016,therewasanoutbreakoffoodpoisoninginVictorialinkedtotheconsumptionofprepackagedlettuce.IninvestigationscarriedoutbytheDepartmentofHealthandHumanServices,severalproductstestedpositivefortheprokaryoteSalmonella anatum.
Question 21ItisreasonabletosaythatS. anatumisA. avirus.B. aprion.C. aninsect.D. abacterium.
Question 22S. anatumisnotacommoncauseoffoodpoisoning.DatahasbeencollectedandanalysedfortheoccurrenceofillnesscausedbythisorganisminQueenslandoverafive-yearperiod.Thegraphbelowdisplaystheaveragemonthlynotificationrateper100000ofthepopulationfortheillnesscausedbyS. anatum.
14
12
10
8
6
average monthlynotification rateper 100000 ofthe population
4
2
0
Jan.
00
Mar
. 00
May
00
Jul.
00Se
p. 0
0N
ov. 0
0Ja
n. 0
1M
ar. 0
1M
ay 0
1Ju
l. 01
Sep.
01
Nov
. 01
Jan.
02
Mar
. 02
May
02
Jul.
02Se
p. 0
2N
ov. 0
2Ja
n. 0
3M
ar. 0
3M
ay 0
3Ju
l. 03
Sep.
03
Nov
. 03
Jan.
04
Mar
. 04
May
04
Jul.
04Se
p. 0
4N
ov. 0
4
month and year
Source:TheStateofQueensland(QueenslandHealth)1996–2016
ItcanbeconcludedfromthedatathatA. therearefourperiodsinwhichthenotificationrateisgreaterthansixper100000.B. thenotificationrateisalwayslowestduringSeptemberofeachyear.C. thenotificationrateisfairlysteadyoverthefive-yearperiod.D. thenotificationratein2001washighestinMay.
11 2016BIOLOGYEXAM
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Question 23Aparkrangerwasinjectedwithanantivenomserumtotreatasnakebite.Thetreatingdoctorexplainedthattheinjectionwouldnotprotecthimagainstfuturesnakebites.ThisisbecauseantivenomserumisusedtoachieveA. activeandnaturalimmunity.B. passiveandnaturalimmunity.C. activeandinduced(artificial)immunity.D. passiveandinduced(artificial)immunity.
Question 24Inthesearchforamalariavaccine,scientistshavefocusedonaproteincalledcircumsporozoiteprotein(CSP). CSPissecretedbythemalariaparasiteandispresentonitssurface.Forthevaccinationtowork,thescientistswantCSPtoactasA. anantigen.B. anallergen.C. anantibody.D. acomplementprotein.
Question 25Temporalarteritisisahumandiseaseinwhichthetemporalarteriesbecomeinflamed.Thiscausesheadachesandmayresultinblindnessorstroke.Thesequenceofresponsesinthisdiseaseisasfollows.
Certain cells recognise elastin as an antigen.(Elastin is a normal protein component of the wall of the temporal artery.)
Cytokines are released andmacrophages are attracted tothe artery wall.
These macrophages become highly activated.
This results in the characteristicinflammation of the artery wall.
Consideringtheinformationabove,temporalarteritisisA. animmunodeficiencydisease.B. apathogenicdisease.C. anallergicresponse.D. anautoimmunedisease.
2016BIOLOGYEXAM 12
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Question 26AninheritedformoffactorXIIIdeficiencyfollowsanautosomalrecessivepatternofinheritance.AchildhasfactorXIIIdeficiency.Bothoftheparentsofthischilddonothavethedeficiency.Thechildhasabrother.ThechancethatthisbrotherdoesnothaveanycopiesofthealleleforfactorXIIIdeficiencyisA. oneintwo.B. oneinfour.C. oneinthree.D. threeinfour.
Question 27 Familialatrialfibrillationisaconditioninwhichindividualshaveanalteredheartrhythm.Familialatrialfibrillationisaninheritedconditionthatfollowsanautosomaldominantpatternofinheritance.Shadedindividualsinthefollowingpedigreehavethiscondition.
1 2
1 2 3 4
1 2 3
5
I
II
III
Fromthisinformation,itwouldbecorrecttoconcludethatA. individualI-1mustbehomozygous.B. individualII-1mustbeheterozygous.C. individualII-3mustbeheterozygous.D. individualIII-2mustbehomozygous.
13 2016BIOLOGYEXAM
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Question 28InwhichoneofthefollowingpedigreesisanX-linkeddominantpatternofinheritanceofatraitportrayed?(Individualsshowingatraitareshaded.)
A.
B.
C.
D.
2016BIOLOGYEXAM 14
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Question 29 Considerthefollowingphylogenetictreefordifferentspeciesoflice.Thetreehasbeenconstructedbasedonmolecularandmorphologicaldata.
Pediculus schaeffi
Pediculus humanus
Pthirus pubis
Pthirus gorillae
Pedicinus badii
Fahrenholzia pinnata
time
ThisinformationsuggeststhatA. Pedicinus badiisharesamorerecentcommonancestorwithPthirus gorillaethanwithFahrenholzia pinnata.B. Pediculus humanus ismorecloselyrelatedtoPedicinus badiithanitistoPthirus pubis.C. thesixspeciesoflicewouldhaveevolvedbyconvergentevolution.D. Pediculus schaeffiistheancestorofPediculus humanus.
Question 30 Manyhumantraitsshowcontinuousvariation.Whichoneofthefollowingstatementsiscorrectforatraitthatdisplayscontinuousvariation?A. Thetraitiscontrolledbyasinglegenewithveryfewalleles.B. Thetraitmaybeinfluencedbymanygenesandtheenvironment.C. Therewouldbealimitednumberofphenotypesforindividualstobegroupedinto.D. Therewouldbeequalnumbersofindividualswitheachofthedifferentphenotypesinthepopulation.
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Question 31Considerthefollowingkaryotype.
1 2 3 4 5
6 7 8 109 11
13 14
19 20 21 22 x y
15 1716 18
12
Source:MAHill
ThecellfromwhichthesechromosomesweretakenA. hasadiploidnumberof44.B. comesfromahumanfemale.C. hastwocopiesofeachofthegenesfoundonchromosome18.D. hasinheritedonechromosomenumber4fromthemotherandinheritedonechromosomenumber4from
thefather.
Question 32Whichoneofthefollowingstatementsaboutgeneregulationiscorrect?A. RegulatorgenesarecomposedofmRNA.B. Generegulationisexpressedonlyduringtheprocessofmeiosis.C. Regulatorgenesproducefactorsthataltertheexpressionofanothergene.D. Generegulationisnotaffectedbyenvironmentalfactorsexternaltothecell.
2016BIOLOGYEXAM 16
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Use the following information to answer Questions 33 and 34.Purpleorwhiteflowerscanbeseeninaparticularplantspecies.Inthisspecies,thecolourofthefloweriscontrolledbyonegene.Inexperimentstoinvestigatetheinheritanceofflowercolourinthisplantspecies,fourcrosseswerecarriedout.Thephenotypesoftheparentsineachcrosswererecorded.Ineachcross,40offspringwereproduced.Thephenotypesoftheoffspringwererecordedandtheresultsaredisplayedinthetablebelow.
Cross Phenotype of Parent 1 Phenotype of Parent 2 Number of offspring and their phenotypes
1 purple white 40purpleoffspring
2 purple purple 31purpleand9whiteoffspring
3 white white 40whiteoffspring
4 purple white 21purpleand19whiteoffspring
Question 33Considertheinheritanceofflowercolourinthisplantspecies.Fromtheinformationgiven,itcanbestatedthatA. bothparentsincross1arehomozygous.B. thetwoparentswithwhiteflowersincross3willhavedifferentgenotypes.C. oneparentincross2willbeheterozygousandtheotherparentwillbehomozygous.D. theparentwithpurpleflowersincross1willhavethesamegenotypeastheparentwithpurpleflowersin
cross4.
Question 34Inafurtherexperimentontheinheritanceofflowercolourinthisplantspecies,atestcrosswasperformed.AtestcrosswouldA. involvecrossingtwoheterozygousindividuals.B. beacrossbetweentwoplantsthatproducewhiteflowers.C. bevalidifalargenumberofoffspringwereproducedinthecross.D. enablethedeterminationofthegenotypeofaplantwithpurpleflowers.
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Use the following information to answer Questions 35 and 36.SomemicesufferfromadiseasecalledDuchennemusculardystrophy,wherethemuscleswasteawayduetoinadequateproductionofaproteincalleddystrophin.Researchersisolatedthegenefordystrophinproductionandtheninserteditintoaplasmidextractedfromabacterium.Aconcentratedsolutionoftheserecombinantplasmidswastheninjectedintothemusclesofdiseasedmice.Agraphofdystrophinproductioninthesetreatedmiceisshownbelow.
units ofdystrophinproduced
per gram ofmuscle
5
4
3
2
1
4 11
day
18
plasmid injectiongiven on day 4
Question 35ThefunctionoftheplasmidsinthisdiseasetreatmentistoA. stimulateahumoralimmuneresponsetothebacteriainthetreatedmice.B. deliverthedystrophinproteindirectlytothemusclesofthetreatedmice.C. actasavectorforthedeliveryofdystrophingenestothemusclecellsofthetreatedmice.D. createastrainofgeneticallyengineeredbacteriathatwillcureDuchennemusculardystrophy.
Question 36Duringthepreparationoftherecombinantplasmids,researchersusedtheenzymeDNAligase.ThefunctionofDNAligaseforthispurposeistoA. manufactureanantigenthatwillberecognisedbyT-helpercells.B. jointhedystrophingenetotheplasmidDNAatcomplementarystickyends.C. clonetheplasmidinordertoproduceenoughplasmidstoensureeffectivetreatment.D. cuttheDNAoftheplasmidandthedystrophingeneinthesamemannerinordertoproducematching
stickyends.
2016BIOLOGYEXAM 18
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Question 37TiburonisanisolatedislandoffthecoastofMexico.Desertbighornsheepbecameextinctonthisislandhundredsofyearsago.In1975,20desertbighornsheepweretakenfromapopulationintheAmericanstateofArizona(shownonthemapbelow)andwerere-introducedtoTiburonIsland.By1999,thepopulationofdesertbighornsheeponTiburonIslandhadrisento650.
Arizona
MEXICOTiburonIsland
Gulf of California
Arizona desert bighorn sheep populations
20 desert bighorn sheep taken
Whichoneofthefollowingstatementsaboutthis1999populationofdesertbighornsheeponTiburonIslandiscorrect?A. ThegenepoolofthispopulationwillbeidenticaltothegenepooloftheArizonapopulations.B. ThispopulationhaslessgeneticvariationthantheArizonapopulationsandisanexampleofthefoundereffect.C. ThispopulationwillhavebecomeanewspeciesbecausethemutationrateonTiburonIslandwillbemuch
higherthaninArizona.D. Havingbeenthroughapopulationbottleneck,thecurrentpopulationwillnowshowincreasedgeneticvariation
comparedtotheArizonapopulations.
19 2016BIOLOGYEXAM
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Question 38InIndia,agroupofscientistswasstudyingfossilsfromacoaldepositformedduringthePermianperiod (290–245millionyearsago).Theyfoundthreefossilspeciesfromthesamegenusindifferentlevels(strata)ofthecoal.Whenradiocarbondatingonthesefossilswasperformed,itshowedexactlythesamelevelsofcarbon-14inallthreefossilspecies.Thedataissummarisedinthetablebelow.
Fossil species Depth at which fossil was found in the coal deposit (m)
Proportion of carbon-14
(%)
Gangamopteris major 6.2 0.0001
Gangamopteris obliqua 8.1 0.0001
Gangamopteris clarkeana 4.7 0.0001
Whichoneofthefollowingisthecorrectconclusiontodrawfromthesefindings?A. Thereisnoevolutionaryrelationshipbetweenthesethreefossilspecies.B. G. clarkeanaisthecommonevolutionaryancestorofG. majorandG. obliqua.C. Ascarbondatingisamorereliabledatingtechniquethananalysisofstrataincoaldeposits,thefossilsof
G. major,G. obliquaandG. clarkeanaareallofthesameage.D. AnanalysisofstrataincoaldepositsisamorereliabledatingtechniquethancarbondatingforPermianfossils;
thefossilofG. majorisyoungerthanthefossilofG. obliqua.
2016BIOLOGYEXAM 20
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END OF SECTION A
Use the following information to answer Questions 39 and 40.Cytochromecisaproteinthatconsistsof104aminoacids.Manyofthese104sitesoncytochromeccontainexactlythesameaminoacidacrossalargerangeoforganisms.Thereare,however,somedifferencesatcertainsites.Itishypothesisedthatdifferentorganisms,allcontainingcytochromecproteins,descendedfromaprimitivemicrobethatlivedover2billionyearsago.Thetablebelowusesthethree-lettercodesforvariousaminoacidsfoundatspecificsitesforeachorganism.
Molecular homology of cytochrome c
Organism Site 1 Site 4 Site 11 Site 15 Site 22
human Gly Glu Ile Ser Lys
pig Gly Glu Val Ala Lys
dogfish Gly Glu Val Ala Asn
chicken Gly Glu Val Ser Lys
Drosophila Gly Glu Val Ala Ala
yeast Gly Lys Val Glu Lys
wheat Gly Asp Lys Ala Ala
Question 39Usingonlythedataforthemolecularhomologyofcytochromec,whichoneofthefollowingorganismsismostcloselyrelatedtothedogfish?A. DrosophilaB. chickenC. humanD. yeast
Question 40Usingonlythedataforthemolecularhomologyofcytochromec,whichpairoforganismsismostdistantlyrelatedtowheat?A. dogfishandDrosophilaB. DrosophilaandyeastC. DrosophilaandpigD. humanandyeast
21 2016BIOLOGYEXAM
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Question 1 (5marks)Immunoglobulins,orantibodymolecules,haveanimportantroleintheimmunesystem.Theyaremadeupoftwoheavychainsandtwolightchains.
a. Namethemolecularmonomerofthesechains. 1mark
b. Partofamouseimmunoglobulinmoleculeboundtoanantigenisshowninthediagrambelow. Twoarrowspointtotwodifferenttypesofsecondarystructuresoftheimmunoglobulinmolecule.
Givethenameofeachstructureintheboxesprovided. 2marks
part of one heavy chain
part of one light chain
Keyantigen
Source:ThomasSplettstoesser(www.scistyle.com)
c. Immunoglobulinmoleculesalsodisplayatertiarystructureandaquaternarystructure.
Referringtothediagram,explainwhat‘quaternary’means. 2marks
SECTION B – Short-answer questions
Instructions for Section BAnswerallquestionsinthespacesprovided.Writeusingblueorblackpen.
2016BIOLOGYEXAM 22
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SECTION B – continued
Question 2 (8marks)Plantmaterialscontainingcelluloseandotherpolysaccharidesarereactedwithacidstobreakthemdowntoproduceglucose.Thisglucoseisthenusedbyyeastcellsforfermentation.
a. Whyisfermentationimportantforyeastcells? 1mark
b. Whataretheproductsoffermentationinyeastcells? 1mark
Aby-productoftheacidtreatmentofplantmaterialsisagroupofchemicalcompoundscalledfurans.Ithasbeenobservedthatastheconcentrationoffuransincreases,therateoffermentationdecreases.Theenzymealcoholdehydrogenaseisrequiredfortheprocessoffermentation.
c. Designanexperimenttotestthehypothesisthatoneofthefurans,calledfurfural,isaninhibitoroftheenzymealcoholdehydrogenase.Assumethattheexperimentwillberepeatedmanytimesandthatenvironmentalfactorsarekeptconstant. 4marks
d. Scientistshaveproposedthatfurfuralisacompetitiveinhibitoroftheenzymealcoholdehydrogenase.
Explainhowfurfuralcouldactasacompetitiveinhibitoroftheenzymealcoholdehydrogenase. 2marks
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SECTION B – continuedTURN OVER
Question 3 (6marks)Followingacutoraburntoyourskin,ahighlycoordinatedsetofprocessesbeginstohealthewound.Theprocessesarecoordinatedbymoleculesthatareproducedbycellsinandaroundthewound.Oneofthemoleculesinvolvedinwoundhealingiscalledepidermalgrowthfactor(EGF).Epidermalgrowthfactorreceptor(EGFR)moleculesarefoundonthemembranesofmanycells,includingspecialcellsintheskincalledfibroblasts.ThebindingofEGFtoEGFRonthefibroblastsresultsinanumberofcellularresponses.Thesecellularresponsesinclude:• celldivisionoffibroblasts• movementoffibroblaststothewound• resistanceoffibroblaststoapoptosis• secretionoftheproteincollagenbyfibroblasts.
a. WhatnameisgiventotheprocessbywhichEGFcausesthefibroblasts’cellularresponses? 1mark
b. Nametwo cellorganellesthatwouldbeactivatedbytheEGFsignalandstatetherolethateachorganellewouldplayinthefibroblasts’cellularresponses. 2marks
c. Asawoundheals,cellsthatarenolongerneededforthehealingprocessareremovedbyapoptosis.ApoptosisisstimulatedbyexternalcellsignallingfromcellssuchascytotoxicTcells(Tc).
OutlinethemainstagesincellapoptosisoncestimulatedbytheTccells. 3marks
2016BIOLOGYEXAM 24
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SECTION B – Question 4–continued
Question 4 (6marks)Theapparatusshownbelowwasusedinaseriesofexperimentstostudyaerobicrespiration.
oxygen electrode
airtight seal
reaction tube
water bath (37 °C)
oxygen meter
Inthreedifferentexperiments,thereactiontubeinitiallycontainedthefollowing:1. suspensionofmitochondria2. cytosolofcellsfromwhichthemitochondriahadbeenremoved3. suspensionofmitochondriaandcytosolofcells
ThetemperaturesandpHofthemixtureswithinthereactiontubeswerecarefullycontrolledsoasnottodamagethemitochondrialstructureoranyoftheenzymes.Ineachexperiment,asolutioncontainingglucosewasfirstaddedtothemixtureinthereactiontubeandtheoxygenconcentrationwasmeasuredforthreeminutes.Then,apyruvatesolutionwasaddedandtheoxygenconcentrationwasmeasuredagainforthreeminutes.
25 2016BIOLOGYEXAM
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SECTION B – continuedTURN OVER
Usingyourknowledgeandunderstandingofaerobicrespirationandmitochondria,completethetablesbelowwithyourpredictionofthechangeinoxygenconcentrationofthemixtureinthereactiontubeaftertheadditionofeachsubstanceandgiveareasonforyourprediction.
Experiment 1 – Suspension of mitochondria
Substance added Change in oxygen concentration (increase/decrease/no change)
Reason
glucose
pyruvate
Experiment 2 – Cytosol of cells from which the mitochondria had been removed
Substance added Change in oxygen concentration (increase/decrease/no change)
Reason
glucose
pyruvate
Experiment 3 – Suspension of mitochondria and cytosol of cells
Substance added Change in oxygen concentration (increase/decrease/no change)
Reason
glucose
pyruvate
2016BIOLOGYEXAM 26
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SECTION B – continued
Question 5 (7marks)Yellowfeverisapotentiallyfatal,mosquito-borne,viraldiseasethatoccursinmanycountriesinAfrica,theCaribbean,andCentralandSouthAmerica.Aneffectiveandsafevaccinehasbeenavailablesince1938.
a. Whatisavaccine? 1mark
b. Forthevaccinetobeeffective,itisrecommendedthattravellerstotheseregionshavethevaccinationapproximatelytwotofourweeksbeforetravelling.
Whyisthistimeframerecommended? 2marks
c. Recentresearchshowsthatthevaccinegiveslifelongimmunity.
Nametwodifferentcelltypesthatwouldbeimportantinprovidinglifelongimmunityandexplaintheroleofeachinprovidinglifelongimmunity. 4marks
Nameofcelltype1
Role
Nameofcelltype2
Role
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SECTION B – continuedTURN OVER
Question 6 (7marks)Thehormoneinsulinisarelativelysmallprotein.Researchersstudyingtheproductionofinsulininthecellsofthepancreasnotedthatoneoftheearlystepsinthisprocesswastheformationofapolypeptidecalledpreproinsulin.ResearchersnotedthattheformationofthispolypeptiderequiredrepeateduseofdifferenttypesofMoleculeX,shownbelow.
Molecule X
anticodon
a. i. WhatisthenameofMoleculeX? 1mark
ii. HowdoesMoleculeXplayaroleintheproductionofpreproinsulin? 3marks
b. ThecodinginformationintheDNAmoleculeforpreproinsulinisinitiallytransferredtoanothermolecule(MoleculeW).However,MoleculeWhasadifferentnucleotidesequencefromthecodingsectionoftheDNAmolecule.
DescribehowMoleculeWissynthesised. 3marks
2016BIOLOGYEXAM 28
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SECTION B – continued
Question 7 (7marks)Inaratpopulation,threedifferentfurcolourscanbeobserved.Theratscanhavegrey,blackor whitefur.Theproductionoffurcolourpigmentintheseratsiscontrolledbytwogenes.Thetwogenesarenotlinked.
a. Whatconclusioncanbemadeaboutthelocationofthetwogenesonthechromosomesoftheserats? 1mark
Thetwogenescontrollingtheproductionoffurcolourpigmenthavethefollowingalleles.
Gene1 G greypigment Gene2 A pigmentproduced g blackpigment a nopigmentproduced
ThepresenceofatleastoneAalleleallowsfortheproductionofpigment.WhitefurisseeninratswithoutacopyoftheAallele.
b. Arathasblackfur.
Whatareallthepossiblegenotypesforthisrat? 2marks
c. TworatsheterozygouswithrespecttoGene1andGene2forfurcolourwerecrossed.
Whatarethepossiblegenotypesandphenotypesoftheoffspring?Showyourworkingandstatetheratioforthephenotypesoftheoffspring. 4marks
29 2016 BIOLOGY EXAM
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SECTION B – continuedTURN OVER
Question 8 (6 marks) Two species of Cryptasterina sea stars are found in coastal Queensland. Cryptasterina pentagona is found in warmer water further north, while Cryptasterina hystera is found further south in cooler water.
C. pentagona
C. hystera
Researchers have concluded that these two species arose from a recent common ancestor via natural selection. They believe that, over thousands of years, the sea environment has changed, with the boundary line between cold water and warm water moving further north. They have found that water temperature and predation of sea star larvae by cold-water predators are important selection pressures for these sea stars.
a. Using the information above, explain how natural selection can lead to differences in phenotypes between these two sea star species. 4 marks
b. One of the phenotypic differences between these two species of sea stars is their method of reproduction. C. pentagona reproduces sexually and its sperm and eggs are free-floating in the ocean. C. hystera self-fertilises and its fertilised eggs are kept within the sea star until maturity.
The researchers found that one species of Cryptasterina has a significantly higher diversity of alleles in its gene pool than the other species.
Using this information about reproduction strategies, which species of Cryptasterina would you expect to have the highest diversity of alleles? Explain your answer. 2 marks
2016BIOLOGYEXAM 30
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SECTION B – Question 9–continued
Question 9 (7marks)Galápagostortoises(Chelonoidisspp.)canbefoundonmanyoftheislandsthatmakeuptheGalápagosIslands.Originally,14differentspecieswereidentifiedbasedontheislandsonwhichtheylivedandontheirmorphology.SantaCruz,thesecondlargestoftheGalápagosIslands,hastwoisolatedtortoisepopulations.PopulationAcontainsmorethan2000individualscoveringanareaof156squarekilometres.PopulationBisasmallpopulationof250individualscoveringanareaof40squarekilometres.ThepositionofthetwopopulationsontheislandofSantaCruzisshownbelow.Thetwopopulationsareseparatedbyadistanceof20kilometres.
Population B
Santa Cruz
Population A
In2015,scientistsinvestigatedwhethertheindividualsofthetwopopulationsbelongtothesamespeciesorwhethertheyaretwodifferentspecies.AveragemeasurementsofskullsizewerecalculatedfortortoisesbelongingtobothpopulationsAandB.Theskullsweremeasuredinsixdifferentplaces.ThesixmeasurementswerealsocomparedtoaveragemeasurementstakenfromskullsofotherGalápagostortoisespecies.Theresultsareshowninthetablebelow.ComparisonshavebeenmadewiththreeotherGalápagostortoisespecies.
Measurement position
Average skull measurement (mm)
Population B Population A Chelonoidis vicina
Chelonoidis chathamensis
Chelonoidis ephippium
1 118 98 86 80 74
2 40 37 28 27 25
3 21 18 16 14 12
4 26 23 21 18 17
5 10 9 8 7 6
6 19 17 16 14 13
Source(mapandtable):adaptedfromNPoulakakis,DLEdwards,YChiari,RCGarrick,MARussello,EBenavidesetal., ‘DescriptionofaNewGalápagosGiantTortoiseSpecies(Chelonoidis;Testudines:Testudinidae)fromCerroFatalonSantaCruz
Island’,PLoS ONE,10(10):e0138779,doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0138779,21October2015
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SECTION B – continuedTURN OVER
a. Considerthedatagiven.
DoesthedatasupportthehypothesisthatindividualsinPopulationAbelongtoadifferentspeciesfromindividualsinPopulationB?Explainyouranswer. 2marks
b. Scientistshavecarriedoutgeneticstudiesonthetwopopulations.
Giveanexampleofgeneticevidencethatmaybeproducedbyscientiststosupportthehypothesisthatindividualsofthetwopopulationsbelongtodifferentspecies.Explainyouranswer. 2marks
c. SomescientiststhoughtthatallopatricspeciationmayhaveoccurredontheislandofSantaCruz.
i. Nameafeaturethatscientistswouldlookforintheislandenvironmenttosupporttheoccurrenceofallopatricspeciation. 1mark
ii. Explainhowthefeaturenamedinpart c.i. couldcontributetoallopatricspeciation. 2marks
2016BIOLOGYEXAM 32
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SECTION B – Question 10–continued
Question 10 (7marks)Overthepast20years,anumberofnewhomininfossilshavebeendiscovered.Homo erectus georgicus wasfoundnearthebanksoftheBlackSeainGeorgiaandHomo nalediwasfoundinacaveinSouthAfrica.
a. Considertheconditionsthatmayhaveledtothefossilisationofmembersofthesespecies.
Completethetablebelowbyidentifyingoneconditionintheenvironmentofeachspeciesthatwillhavemadefossilisationpossible.Thesameanswercannotbeusedforbothspecies. 2marks
Species Environment Condition
H. erectus georgicus nearthebanksoftheBlackSea
H. naledi caveinSouthAfrica
ShownbelowisaphotographofaskullofH. erectus georgicus.Scientistscomparedthisskulltothatofmodernhumans(Homo sapiens sapiens).
Source:Rama
b. DescribeanytwofeaturesoftheskullshowninthephotographabovethatallowedscientiststodeterminethatthiswasamuchearlierspeciesofthegenusHomothanmodernhumans(H. sapiens sapiens). 2marks
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SECTION B – continuedTURN OVER
c. Describeonestructuralfeature(otherthanskullstructure)ofH. naledithatwouldindicateitisamoremodernspeciesthanmembersofthegenusAustralopithecus. 1mark
d. FifteendifferentskeletonsofH. nalediwerefoundinthecave.Itwasnotedthattheywereallofdifferentages.
Describetwopiecesofevidencethatscientistscouldhavelookedforinthecavetoindicateculturalevolutionwithinthisspecies. 2marks
2016BIOLOGYEXAM 34
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Question 11 (4marks)Genetherapycanbeusedtointroducenormalgenesintocellstoreplacemissingordefectivegenesinordertotreatorpreventdisease.Scientistshavetakenanumberofdifferentapproachestousinggenetherapy.Thefollowingaretwooftheseapproaches:• germlinegenetherapy–embryoniccellsaretreatedtocorrectamissingordefectivegene• somaticcellgenetherapy–anormalgeneisinsertedintosomatic(body)cellstocorrectamissingor
defectivegene
a. Identifyoneissuethatwouldmakescientistscautiousaboutusinggermlinegenetherapy. 1mark
Viralvectors(adenovirusesandretroviruses)areoftenusedingenetherapytoinsertanormalgeneintotargetcells.Twoprocessesthatcanbeusedareoutlinedbelow.
Cloned copies of the normal gene are inserted into viral genetic material.
in-vivo gene therapy ex-vivo gene therapy
The vectors are injected directly into the affectedorgan of the patient.
Target cells are removed from the patient and the cellsare infected with the viral vector.
Inside the patient, the gene may be inserted into thedefective cells.
Cells that are genetically altered are injected back intothe patient.
b. i. Whatevidence,atacellularlevel,wouldconfirmthattheprocessesaboveweresuccessful? 2marks
ii. Whatisoneadvantagethatex-vivogenetherapyhasoverin-vivogenetherapy? 1mark
END OF QUESTION AND ANSWER BOOK