VOL. CLXV . . . No. 57,074 © 2015 The New York Times NEW YORK, TUESDAY, DECEMBER 8, 2015

Late EditionToday, clouds break for some sun-shine, chilly, high of 49. Tonight,partly cloudy, low of 39. Tomorrow,some clouds and sunshine, high of52. Weather map is on Page B8.

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By PATRICK HEALYand MICHAEL BARBARO

Donald J. Trump called onMonday for the United States tobar all Muslims from entering thecountry until the nation’s leaderscan “figure out what is going on”after the terrorist attacks in SanBernardino, Calif., an extraordi-nary escalation of languageaimed at voters’ fears aboutmembers of the Islamic faith.

A prohibition on Muslims — anunprecedented proposal by aleading American presidentialcandidate, and an idea more typi-cally associated with hate groups— reflects a progression of mis-trust that is rooted in ideology asmuch as in politics.

Mr. Trump, who in Septemberdeclared, “I love the Muslims,”turned sharply against them af-ter the Paris terrorist attacks,calling for a database to trackMuslims in America and repeat-ing discredited rumors that thou-sands of Muslims celebrated inNew Jersey on Sept. 11, 2001. Hispoll numbers rose partly as a re-sult, until a setback in a poll of Io-wans released on Monday morn-ing. Hours later Mr. Trump calledfor the ban, fitting his pattern ofmaking stunning commentswhen his lead in the Republicanfield appears in jeopardy.

Asserting that “hatred” amongmany Muslims for Americans is“beyond comprehension,” Mr.Trump said in a statement thatthe United States needed to con-front “where this hatred comesfrom and why.”

“Until we are able to determine

Trump WantsTo Block EntryOf All Muslims

Candidate Denounced

Across Party Lines

Continued on Page A19

ASIM TANVEER/ASSOCIATED PRESS

Officials say Tashfeen Malik, one of the attackers in San Bernardino, Calif., studied at Bahaud-din Zakariya University, above, and at the Al-Huda center, below, both in Multan, Pakistan.

FAROOQ NAEEM/AGENCE FRANCE-PRESSE — GETTY IMAGES

This article is by AdamNagourney, Salman Masood andMichael S. Schmidt.

SAN BERNARDINO, Calif. —The couple who carried out thedeadly attack that killed 14 peo-ple here last week had long beenradicalized and had been practic-ing at a target range days beforetheir murder spree, the FederalBureau of Investigation saidMonday.

The characterization of thehusband and wife team, SyedRizwan Farook and TashfeenMalik, came as F.B.I. investiga-tors were leaning away from thetheory that Ms. Malik, who de-clared allegiance to the IslamicState on Facebook around thetime of the attack, had led herAmerican-born husband to the vi-olence.

“As the investigation has pro-gressed, we have learned and be-lieve that both subjects were rad-icalized and have been for quitesome time,” David Bowdich, theF.B.I. assistant director in chargeof the Los Angeles field office,said at a news conference here.The authorities said they nowhad evidence that there was ex-tensive planning for the attack.Mr. Bowdich said the couplehoned their shooting skills atranges across the Los Angelesregion, including one near wherethe attack took place here in SanBernardino County.

“That target practice in one oc-casion happened within days ofthis event,” he said.

With the investigation sprawl-ing from California to Pakistanand Saudi Arabia, the exact mo-tives of Mr. Farook, 28, and Ms.

Malik, 29, have not been identi-fied. But in recent days a fullerpicture of the couple hasemerged as the F.B.I. and otherAmerican intelligence and lawenforcement agencies havegained greater access to theirelectronics and phone records,and as more interviews havebeen conducted with familymembers, friends, co-workersand other associates. 

Investigators say they havelearned through interviews withpeople who knew Mr. Farook forseveral years that he had militantviews before he met Ms. Malikonline and married her in SaudiArabia.

“At first it seemed very blackand white to us that he changedradically when he met her,” saidone of the officials who declinedto be identified because of thecontinuing investigation. “But it’sbecome clear that he was that

2 Killers Were Radicals

A Long Time, F.B.I. Says

Seen as Equally Extreme, Both Practiced

at Gun Range Days Before Attack

U.S. CUSTOMS AND BORDER PROTECTION

Ms. Malik and Syed RizwanFarook in Chicago in 2014.

Continued on Page A16

By MONICA DAVEY and MITCH SMITH

CHICAGO — For days, officialshere have faced scathing criti-cism for taking too long to sharewhat they knew about the deathof Laquan McDonald, who wasshot 16 times by a police officer inOctober 2014 as a dashboard vid-eo camera captured it all. OnMonday, the authorities seemeddetermined to make a sharplydifferent impression as they re-leased video of another fatal po-lice shooting of a black man fromthe same month, which has alsobecome a source of contention inthe city.

In an hourlong presentationthat included audio from 911 calls,detailed maps, witness inter-views and dashboard video, theCook County state’s attorney,Anita Alvarez, said that her officewould not bring charges againstOfficer George Hernandez in thefatal 2014 shooting of RonaldJohnson. Ms. Alvarez said the ar-ray of material provided clear ev-idence that Mr. Johnson had beenarmed with a gun, resisted arrestand posed a potential threat topursuing officers.

But the elaborate nature of thepresentation also underscoredthe intense public pressure and

Another Video

From Chicago,

But No Charges

Continued on Page A21

By NICOLE PERLROTH and MIKE ISAAC

SAN FRANCISCO — In thehours after 14 people were killedin San Bernardino, Calif., a famil-iar voice celebrated the attackson Twitter: “California, we havealready arrived with our soldiers.Decide how to be your end, withknife or bomb.”

That comment was postedfrom the 335th Twitter account ofa pro-Islamic State group thatcalls itself Asawitiri Media. Twit-ter has repeatedly tried to cut offthe authors of the account, mostrecently known to its thousandsof followers as @TurMedia335,@TurMedia334 and @TurMe-dia333.

As soon as Twitter suspendsone account, a new one is creat-ed. After the group’s 99th accountwas suspended, it taunted Twit-ter by creating @Islamic-State100, posting images of birth-day candles, cake, trophies andfireworks.

Terrorists Mock

Bids to End Use

Of Social Media

Continued on Page A18

JANET WOLFE, 1914-2015

By MARGALIT FOX

So. About Janet.We feel within our rights to call

her Janet because it was by thatsingle name that Janet Wolfe —gleeful gadabout, archetypalGothamite and the longtime ex-ecutive director of the New YorkCity Housing Authority Sympho-ny — was known to readers ofThe New Yorker’s “Talk of theTown” department.

In those columns — more thantwo dozen, from Ms. Wolfe’s de-but in 1969 to her last bow nearlya quarter-century later — theanonymous author, Susan Lard-ner, chronicled, in the first-per-son-plural style that long typifiedthe department, the daily doingsof “our friend Janet.”

To the magazine’s readers, Ms.Wolfe’s life — rife with routine ca-lamities like tax audits (“I haveno intention of using up my lifesavings for war. My argument is

that they owe me money”), hospi-talizations (“I asked them to putme in a room with a middle-agedman, but they refused”) and lostpassports (“I ran over to the em-bassy to get a new one. I did aGreek dance. Then I showedthem all my pictures of celebri-ties. They gave me a passportwithin the hour”) — became anavidly followed picaresque.

There was also a variegated

A Gleeful Gadabout Who Got the Town Talking

JAMES ESTRIN/THE NEW YORK TIMES

Janet Wolfe, the executive director of the New York City Housing Authority Symphony, in 1996.

Continued on Page B15

The Supreme Court won’t heara challenge to a ban on semiauto-matic assault guns and large-ca-pacity magazines. Page A19.

Court Refuses Gun Case

As Venezuela’s opposition celebrated astunning weekend victory in which itwon a majority in the legislature, hand-ing the Maduro government a majorsetback, there were signs of weaknessesin the fragile coalition. PAGE A6

Venezuela Opposition Rejoices

The United States benchmark fell below$38 a barrel, a level that makes drillingand completing wells a money-losingproposition in most oil fields. PAGE B1

BUSINESS DAY B1-8

Oil Prices Plunge FurtherA new wave of technological advances,including robots and drones to help witheveryday tasks, may allow older adultsto stay at home longer. PAGE D1

SCIENCE TIMES D1-6

‘Friends’ as Help for the AgingGreenhouse gas emissions inched up in2014 and seemed set to fall in 2015, ac-cording to data suggesting that globalemissions may have peaked. PAGE A10

INTERNATIONAL A4-19

Promising Data on Emissions

With her far-right party’s strong show-ing in regional elections, and the tradi-tional parties splintered, Marine Le Penof the National Front may emerge as aserious presidential candidate. PAGE A12

Lift for Far Right in France

By RUKMINI CALLIMACHI

As the debate on how best tocontain the Islamic State contin-ues to rage in Western capitals,the militants themselves havemade one point patently clear:They want the United States andits allies to be dragged into aground war.

In fact, when the United Statesfirst invaded Iraq, one of the mostenthusiastic proponents of themove was the man who foundedthe terrorist cell that would oneday become the Islamic State,Abu Musab al-Zarqawi. He excit-edly called the Americans’ 2003intervention “the Blessed Inva-sion.”

His reaction — ignored bysome, and dismissed as rhetoricby others — points to one of thecore beliefs motivating the ter-rorist group now holding largestretches of Iraq and Syria: Thegroup bases its ideology on pro-phetic texts stating that Islamwill be victorious after an apoca-lyptic battle to be set off onceWestern armies come to the re-gion.

Should that invasion happen,the Islamic State would not onlybe able to declare its prophecy

U.S. Strategy

Seeks to Avoid

ISIS Prophecy

NEWS ANALYSIS

Continued on Page A15

Albuquerque has been offering home-less people a day’s work, at $9 an hour,as part of a novel attempt to deal withrising poverty. PAGE A20

NATIONAL A20-24

Day’s Wage for the Homeless

Residents of the Upper West Side havemade a documentary about the Canadi-an vendor who returns year after yearto a corner on Broadway. PAGE A25

NEW YORK A25-29

The Christmas ‘Tree Man’

Some college coaches want the N.C.A.A.to ban the recruitment of athletes beforetheir junior year of high school. PAGE B9

SPORTSTUESDAY B9-13

Seeking End to Early Recruits

Kendrick Lamar, 28, above, got ninenods. Taylor Swift and the Weeknd, both25, are up for seven awards each. PAGE C1

ARTS C1-7

Youth Leads the Grammy Race

David Brooks PAGE A31

EDITORIAL, OP-ED A30-31

C M Y K Nxxx,2015-12-08,A,001,Bs-BK,E2