Tragsysteme/ Structural Systems by Heino Engel

•  Plumbing

Portrait of a History of Modern Art as Sanitary System or A Place for Everything and Everything in its Place (The house that Adolf and Alfred Built)

Adolf Loos, Rufer House, 1922, entrance foyer

Le Corbusier, foyer sink, Villa Savoye, 1929

“Increasing water usage is one of the most pressing tasks of culture. Thus may our…plumbers do their job as fully and completely as possible in leading us to this great goal.” Loos called the plumber the “beletting officer of culture,” a pioneer of cleanliness and the first artisan of the state.

Adolf Loos, “Plumbers,” trans. Harry Frances Mallgrave

“Garments for the Atmospheric Cure,” Dr. Rikli, c 1870

Richard Neutra, “The Demonstration Health House,” 1930

Cindy Sherman,

Untitled Film Still #2, 1977

Untitled Film Still #39, 1979

The bathroom is a “non-rational place of well-being,” the heart of an architectural theory that shifts the focus of sensible building from optical-tactile intelligibility to audio-olfactory imagination.

Marco Frascari

1915 Advertisement for Trenton Potteries Company

Carlo Scarpa,

Plan for Villa Ottolenghi,

Bardolino, Verona (1974-79)

first and second solutions

The problem of the bathroom has never been clearly stated…With one exception, every room in the American home of today has a history that stretches back to feudal times. The exception is the bathroom. This room is modern—it is American.

Standard Sanitary Company

American Compact Bathroom

1908 1915 1930

2011

vents and traps

Giedion argued that the home developed a “mechanical core” structured around the kitchen and the bathroom.

Siegfried Giedion, Mechanization Takes Command

1869 (Catherine Beecher) 1891

Statler Hotel, Buffalo, 1908

“A bed and a bath for a dollar and a half”

vertical circulation

• first escalator at Paris Exposition in 1900

• rises up to 10-30 feet (typical)

• 30 degrees rise from the horizontal (typical)

Crisscross Arrangement

Stacked Parallel Arrangement

FIRE PROTECTION

• Rolling Shutter

• Smoke Guard

• Spray-nozzle curtain

• Sprinkler Vent

Elevators

1852 – Safety break invented by Elisha Graves Otis

1878 – First hydraulic passenger

elevator 1950 – First elevator operated

without attendant 1979 – First fully integrated

microcomputer system

TRANSPORTATION

•  Traction-type Elevators (pull type) –  high-speed/ high rise/ cost up to 10% of building cost –  raise and lower as a result of the traction force of cables

attached to or passing under the car.

•  Hydraulic or Plunger-type Elevators (push type) –  low-speed/ low rise/ lower cost –  plunger hole or telescoping plunger (up to 65 feet) –  roping arrangement (up to 2 or 3 floors only)

piston and cylinder

hydraulic oil reservoir

pump and piping

control system

Hydraulic or Plunger-type Elevators •  Elevator car pushed from below •  Operating system positioned below and adjacent

to hoistway in machine room •  100, 125 and 150 fpm •  Low and medium rise

–  max. 60 ft. and max. 7 stops

ADA Min cab 80” x 54” 8” for rails each side

Hole-less hydraulic Telescopic hole-less Roped-hydraulic hydraulic

Hydraulic or Plunger-type Elevators

•  rise to about 14 feet •  maximum 2 or 3 stops •  no need for in-ground well

hole for cylinder

•  rise to 27 feet •  maximum 3 stops •  telescoping piston •  no need for in-ground

well hole for cylinder

•  rise to 60 feet •  maximum 7 stops •  no need for in-ground

well hole for cylinder •  available up to 3,500 lbs

Traction-type Elevators

•  Elevator car pulled from above by wire hoist ropes

•  Operating machinery positioned above elevator hoistway

•  moderate to high speed

•  medium and high rise

Geared Traction-type Elevators •  Motor drives gear assembly which

rotates drive sheave

•  mid-rise up to 300 feet at speeds up to 500 feet per minute

Traction-type Elevators

ADA Min cab 80” x 54” 8” for rails, 18” for weight

Gear-less traction elevator •  Motor directly rotates drive

sheave

•  High-rise above 20 stories and speeds of 500 feet per minute or above

•  Available for passenger and service duties

Traction-type Elevators

Linear Induction Motor Elevator System

Rack-and-pinion

Designing Vertical Circulation

Building and population characteristics •  people per floor

•  type of building – building use

•  one tenant vs. multiple tenants

•  specific building uses

Designing Vertical Circulation

Layout of elevator groups •  cars must be close enough for easy access

•  multiple groups serving common lobby

•  multiple lobbies

•  swing car (for service)

•  hall fixture placement