2013 BC Silviculture Labour Market Information (LMI) and ... · Keith Atkinson, BC First Nations Forestry Council The BCSWI would like to thank all those employees and employers who

2013 BC Silviculture Labour Market Information(LMI) and Training Needs

Report

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Prepared by:

Dialogue Research

#21 Dallas Rd Victoria, British Columbia, Canada, V8V 4Z9

http://www.dialogueresearch.com/directions

February 28, 2014

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http://www.dialogueresearch.com/directions

ContentsList of Tables .................................................................................................................................. 4Acknowledgements ........................................................................................................................ 6Background .................................................................................................................................... 7Executive Summary ....................................................................................................................... 8Structure of Report ...................................................................................................................... 10Methodology ................................................................................................................................. 11

1.Instrumentation .................................................................................................................. 112.Sampling ............................................................................................................................ 113.Incentives .......................................................................................................................... 124.Sample Management ........................................................................................................ 125.Data Reporting Notes ........................................................................................................ 12

Section 1Workforce Supply and Demand ................................................................................................... 14

A.EMPLOYMENT ..................................................................................................................... 151.Survey Based Employment Estimates .............................................................................. 152.Employment of Field Workers and Crew Bosses .............................................................. 153.Field Workers By Types of Activity .................................................................................... 16

B.EMPLOYMENT PRODUCTION STANDARDS .................................................................... 161.Tree Planting ..................................................................................................................... 162.Brushing and Spacing ...................................................................................................... 173.Wildfire ............................................................................................................................... 19

C.ESTIMATED BC SILVICULTURE WORFORCE ................................................................... 201.Approach #1 – Using Provincial Production Data ............................................................. 202.Approach #2 – Extrapolation Based on Coverage Rates by Size of Employer ................. 21

D.BC SILVICULTURE WORKFORCE DEMAND DRIVERS AND OUTLOOK ......................... 211.Tree Planting ..................................................................................................................... 212.Brushing and Spacing ...................................................................................................... 213.Wildfire Fighting ................................................................................................................ 22

E.Historical Workforce Supply .................................................................................................. 22Section 2Employee Profile (Respondents) ................................................................................................. 23

F.DEMOGRAPHICS ................................................................................................................. 241.Age .................................................................................................................................... 242.Gender ............................................................................................................................... 243.Educational Status ............................................................................................................. 244.First Nations Status ........................................................................................................... 25

G.CAREER HISTORY .............................................................................................................. 251.Total Years of Experience .................................................................................................. 252.Years of Experience by Type Worker ................................................................................ 253.Employer History ............................................................................................................... 27

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H.2013 EXPERIENCE ............................................................................................................. 271.Roles and Responsibilities ................................................................................................ 272.Subsector Activity .............................................................................................................. 333.Locations Worked .............................................................................................................. 334.Employer History 2013 ...................................................................................................... 365.Employee Injuries .............................................................................................................. 366.Payment of wages ............................................................................................................. 377.Technology Access ........................................................................................................... 40

Section 3Employer Profile (Respondents) .................................................................................................. 42

1.Employer Population ......................................................................................................... 43I.CORPORATE INFORMATION ............................................................................................... 43

1.Activity by Subsector ......................................................................................................... 432.Years of Operation in Silviculture ...................................................................................... 433.Revenues By Sector .......................................................................................................... 434.Revenues By Type of Client .............................................................................................. 445.Revenues By Activity ......................................................................................................... 446.Revenues By Region ......................................................................................................... 457.Operations - BC Regions ................................................................................................... 458.Incorporated versus Unincorporated ................................................................................ 459.Number of Operated Businesses ..................................................................................... 4610.Employer Years of Experience ........................................................................................ 4611.Employer Roles and Responsibilities .............................................................................. 46

J.WORKFORCE ....................................................................................................................... 461.Crew Sizes ........................................................................................................................ 472.Diversity of Workers .......................................................................................................... 47

K.OPINIONS AND OUTLOOK ................................................................................................. 471.2013 Revenue ................................................................................................................... 472.Future Revenue ................................................................................................................. 473.Future Expenditures by Customers ................................................................................... 484.Business Operations Outlook ........................................................................................... 485.Expansion Plans ................................................................................................................ 496.Fate of Operations ............................................................................................................. 497.Reasons for Exit ................................................................................................................ 498.Sector Associations ........................................................................................................... 50

Section 4Recruitment & Retention Findings ............................................................................................... 51

L.RECRUITMENT PRIORITIES ............................................................................................... 52M.CURRENT PRACTICES ...................................................................................................... 53

1.Employers .......................................................................................................................... 532.Employer Support .............................................................................................................. 56

N.KEY DRIVER ANALYSIS ...................................................................................................... 57

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1.Key Driver Analysis – Willingness to Recommend Employer ............................................ 62O.DERIVED VERSUS STATED IMPORTANCE ...................................................................... 63

1.Action Areas to Improve Employee Workday Experience. ................................................ 63P.EMPLOYEE’S AT RISK TO EXIT SECTOR .......................................................................... 66Q.TRAINING ............................................................................................................................ 67

1.About employee training .................................................................................................... 67R.GENERAL FINDINGS .......................................................................................................... 67

1.Employer’s Perspective on their Workforce ....................................................................... 672.Workforce Social Network ................................................................................................ 68

Appendix 1 – Personality Assessments (GRIT) ........................................................................... 69Appendix 2 – Why workers enter/exit sector (summary) ............................................................. 70Appendix 3 – Employee Survey ................................................................................................... 71Appendix 4 – Employee Quality Assurance Survey ..................................................................... 87Appendix 5 – Employer Initial Survey Invite ................................................................................ 91Appendix 6 – Employer Survey ................................................................................................... 91Appendix 7– Accuracy of BCFSC Classifications ........................................................................ 92

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List of Tables

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List of Figures

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Acknowledgements

The BC Silviculture Workforce Initiative (BCSWI) is grateful for the commitment and expertise of the Project Committee members who provided their insight and guidance to this labour market research:

Jake Roos, Loki Tree Service

John Lawerance, Brinkman Group of Companies

Natalia Hautala -Tree planter

Sylvia Fenwick-Wilson, silviculture worker and instructor

Carly Zenzen/Crawford Young, Spectrum Resource Group Inc

Jonathan "Scooter" Clark, Folklore Contracting, Replant.ca

Chris Akehurst, Akehurst and Galvani Reforestation Ltd

Sean Ardis, Akehurst and Giltrap Reforestation

John Betts, Western Silvicultural Contractors' Association

Keith Atkinson, BC First Nations Forestry Council

The BCSWI would like to thank all those employees and employers who participated in the survey. Your participation was essential in creating a better understanding of the silviculture sector labour market and in the ongoing efforts to keep the silviculture sector a good and rewarding place to work.

The BCSWI achieved its goals through the essential leadership and contributions of its Chair, Suzanne Christensen.

This report was written by Dialogue Research, in partnership with Krista Bax and Ference Weicker and Company.

Background

The actual number of BC silviculture sector employers and employees is unknown. Two years ago, the estimated number of employers working in BC silviculture sector was estimated to be as high as 400 and employees estimates were as much a ± 10,000 none were within ± 1,000. An understanding of the workforce has primarily been based on firsthand experience and qualitative in nature; quantitative survey based information about the workforce has been collected since 2011, but is typically based on sub-sets of the sector and not a representative sample. Given these factors, the current and future workforce demand and supply has been unknown.

During the fall of 2013, the BC Silviculture Workforce Initiative (BCSWI) continued and strengthened their labour market information collection efforts for the sector and undertook a multi-year labor market information (LMI) research project. This research provides evidence that can be used to confidently estimate the number of employer and employees; as well as, provide quantitative estimates of employer and employee characteristics used to create workforce supply and demand models and inform recruitment and retention plans

Dialogue Research was engaged to perform the labour market information research project and their efforts have been guided by the Chair and Project Committee.

Guiding the research was the goal of answering the following questions:

Research Question RelatedContent

What is the current size of the workforce for BC’s silviculture subsectors tree planting, wildfire fighting and brush and spacing?

Pg. 35

What has been the historical workforce for the last 5 years for BC’s silviculture subsectors; tree planting, wildfire fighting and brush and spacing?

Pg. 40

What is anticipated required workforce for the next 10 years for BC’s silviculture subsectors; tree planting, wildfire fighting and brush and spacing?

Pg. 38

What are the drivers of workforce demand for BC’s silviculture subsectors; tree planting, wildfire fighting and brush and spacing?

Pg. 38

What is the anticipated growth rate for the next 10 years for BC’s silviculture subsectors; tree planting, wildfire fighting and brush and spacing?

Pg. 38

What is the workforce outlook (difference between supply and demand) for the next 10 years for BC’s silviculture subsectors; tree planting, wildfire fighting and brush and spacing?

2014 LMI report

What is the qualitative description of the workforce of each of BC’s silviculture subsectors; tree planting, wildfire fighting and brush and spacing?

Pg. 42

What are the factors attracting workers to BC’s silviculture subsectors tree planting, wildfire fighting and brush and spacing?

Pg. 93

What are the factors retaining workers to BC’s silviculture subsectors tree planting, wildfire fighting and brush and spacing?

Pg. 93

Can training play a positive role in better recruitment and retention to the BC’s silviculture subsectors tree planting, wildfire fighting and brush and spacing?

Pg. 102

What are factors that can increase an employer’s recruitment success to the BC’s silviculture subsectors tree planting, wildfire fighting and brush and spacing?

Pg 93

What are the factors that can increase long term retention to BC’s silviculture sector? Pg 93, 98What are the current, active successful retention strategies in BC’s silviculture sector?

2014 LMI report

Executive SummaryLabour Supply and Demand

The BC silviculture workforce is estimated at 7,398 workers - 3,467 tree planting workers, 1,205 brushing, 96 spacing, 1,634 wildfire fighting ( 534 industry and 1,100 government) and 996 other workers defined as workers employed by silviculture firms not involved in field duties. Historically, workforce supply has fluctuated for all activities over the past 5 years where the tree planting workforce has seen a 38% variance, brushing a 27% variance, spacing a 380% variance, and wildfire fighting a 3200% variance.

Labour demand for tree planting work is primarily driven by the annual allowable cut (AAC) of private licensees and BC Timber Sales (BCTS) and provincial reforestation programs such as Forests for Tomorrow (FFT) and the Forest Stand Management Fund (FSMF).

The 2013/14 tree planting estimates are at 240 million tree seedlings requiring 3,467 workers. Thereafter, labour demand will decrease over the long term. Sector estimates are for 200 million tree seedlings to be planted per year for the next 10 years unit 2023/24, requiring 2,890 workers annually. In 2024/25, due to the reduction of AAC, planting volumes are estimated to be 160 million tree seedlings requiring 2,312 workers annually and will remain so until 2030. Planting volumes after 2030 are estimated to drop again to 145 million seedlings per year for the next 20 years until 2050 due to a drop in FFT levels because at this point natural regeneration of Mountain Pine Beetle (MPB) impacted stands should have advanced enough that starting over would be less effective than letting these stands grow.

Labour demand for brushing and spacing work is driven by licensee practices and government budgets for incremental silviculture activities. Government budgets for spacing are estimated to remain steady to 2040, suggesting that workforce estimates would remain at 2013 levels (1,205 brushing, 96 spacing).

Labour demand for wildfire fighting work is primarily dependent on weather and fuel accumulation on the forest floor. With climate change and an increase in extreme weather conditions and human presence in the backcountry, the labour demand for wildfire fighting is expected to steadily increase over the long term. It is difficult to estimate the extent of the increase.

Employee Profile

Responses were received from all types of worker types including field workers (92%), lead hands (9%), supervisors/crew bosses (14%), and project managers (4%), with some respondents holding more than 1 position.

The workforce is fairly young - the average age of a silviculture worker is 27 years and 90% of all employees are 36 years or less. Younger workers indicated they are more likely to continue work in the sector. Gender distribution is three male workers for every two female workers. There are almost an equal number of students and non-students working in the sector. Seventy-five percent of the students are enrolled in a program that that is not directly related to a career in silviculture.

BC silviculture workers have an average of 6 years’ experience. Half of the workers surveyed had 3 years’ experience or less and 90% have 14 or less years.

Average years of experience varied with each job – 5 years for field workers, 11 years for lead hands, 13 years for supervisors/crew bosses, and 16 years for project managers. Experience proves necessary to advance from a field worker.

Employees reported working for on average 3 employers in their career and 90% reported working for no more than 7 employers during their careers, thus employers should be prepared that workers move from employer to employer.

Given that ninety percent of the workforce owns a smartphone and all have an email account, employers should consider this medium as effective means of communications related to recruitment of new workers and retentions of existing workers during the off season.

With respects to 2013 work activities:

- All of the workers surveyed said they performed tree planting activities in 2013. More than four out of five workers of were involved in two or more activities.

- Piece count is the common practice of compensation. Nearly 9 out of ten workers (87%) reported being paid on piece count. Approximately 30% of lead hands, supervisor/crew bosses and project managers reported being paid on an hourly basis.

- The majority of workers (86%) reported being satisfied with the accuracy of their payroll.

- Nearly two out of five workers (37%) reported having at least one type of injury (overuse/exertion injury or other injury) in 2013, with the average days off work being 5 days.

- One in four workers reported being involved in a “near miss” situation that could have caused injury.

- Workers earned an average of $15,137 from silviculture activities and had an average gross income of $23,939.

- Four out of five workers (82%) reported that their employer went the “extra mile” to ensure workers were as happy and as productive as possible.

Employer Profile

There are an estimated total of 188 private firms conducting silviculture work in BC - 78 employers that perform tree planting activities, 80 employers that perform brushing and spacing activities, and 43 private employers conduct wildfire fighting activities. Some firms have activities in more than on area.

Approximately 80 % of employers reported being involved in two or more activities. Employers reported working on average in 2 regions, but 50% of all employers worked only in one region.

Silviculture employers reported average annual earnings of $2.1 million. As suggested by the number of activities they report, most also reported revenue from more than one type of activity. 20% of employers reported earnings from outside of BC. Most BC revenue (85%) was earned from work performed on forest lands and come from private sector clients (67%) compared to government (33%) contracts. Non-forest sector revenue came from a number of different clients ranging from utilities to mining, municipalities, and oil and gas sector. Overall, 30% of employers reported work undertaken in partnership with First Nations.

Business results (revenue) for almost half of employers was below expectations in 2013. Half of employers look forward to better operations in 2014. The majority of employers (58%) reported being optimistic about the next 3-5 years primary due to strong lumber prices. Employers that don’t share this bright outlook are concerned about the competition from other firms and thin profit margins.

With respect to 2013 activities and workforce composition, employers reported

- The majority of their time (82%) was performing tree planting activities.

- They employed an average of 1 crew boss for every 7.4 field workers and 1 rookie for every 4 experienced staff employed.

- Crew size can range considerably and is a function of type work and company employee counts. The average size of crew reported as small is 5 field workers. The average for larger crews is 18 field workers.

- Approximately one-half of employers reported employing First Nations people and rarely employed foreign workers.

Almost 66% of employers reported they would expand if possible. Limiting factors to expansion cited were associated with revenue (availability of contracts and competition within the sector) and ability to find skilled supervisors/crew bosses.

All employers reported plans to conduct business in 2014 and almost half (47%) expected their business to continue for 10 or more years. When an owner plans to exit the sector, 40% reported not being sure what will happen to their business and 26% anticipate it will be taken over by an existing employee. Sixteen percent think the doors will simply shut. The two leading reasons for exiting the sector are lack of work/contracts and retirement.

A small majority of employers think industry associations are doing a good job representing their interests. One out of three businesses would say they are doing a poor job and only 8% would say they are doing a very good job. The main area of dissatisfaction is that the associations do not represent all of the industry. Suggestions to improve include increasing membership, advocating for common standards for business practices and improving sector wide communication.

Recruitment and Retention

Current Practices

Supervisor and crew bosses are a recruitment priority for 33% of employer respondents. Employers have limited problems with recruiting entry level field workers, and furthermore, even if they were available only 1 in 10 employers (11%) reported they would have hired additional rookies.

Raising awareness with high school students of the career opportunities in silviculture is a good investment for expanding the pool of potential employees according to employer respondents. A clear majority of employers (80%) think an industry association should lead the way on any effort to promote the sector.

Almost all employers (98%) reported recruiting through existing employees but less than half (42%) agree it’s very effective. Almost 1 in 3 employers (60%) don’t use job fairs or similar events and only 7% agree that is an effective method to recruit employees. When evaluating rookies, the most common practice (55%) was an in-person interview. The most common evaluation tool was a reference check for evaluating experienced workers. Over half (57%) of workers said that a contact in the sector led to their first silviculture job. Information available on the internet was used by some leading up to finding a job, but not many said this played an important role in how they looked to find work in the sector. Traditional employer recruitment methods such as newspaper job postings and career fairs were viewed by employers as inefficient in recruiting new entrants to the workforce.

Key Drivers

Each of the drivers we tested has a statistically significant correlation with an employee’s willingness to recommend an employer. Satisfaction with employer professionalism can explain 35% of variance in how likely an employee was to recommend their employer. The next best explanatory driver is satisfaction with an employee’s overall accommodation followed by their workday experience. Overall satisfaction with income was the least powerful predictor of how likely an employee is to recommend working for their employer

- Employer professional satisfaction is mainly driven by fairness of treatment of workers by an employer.

- Accommodation satisfaction is mainly driven by safety and security at camp, cleanliness, and living mates, and size of sleeping quarters (room or tent).

- Workday experience satisfaction is mainly driven by fairness of assigned tasks, and supervisor/crew boss organization.

- Dissatisfaction with income is associated with employees' experience with tree prices, injuries, and available work days.

Overall, those employee that think their employer goes the extra mile to ensure employees are as happy and as productive as possible, that are younger in age, and have more years’ experience are more likely to return to the sector to work the next season.

Training

Training can be a key recruitment and retention tool. Employees felt that their employers would gain the greatest benefit from training delivered to rookies followed by workers in supervisory or management roles. Seventy five percent or more of employees perceive that their organizations would benefit from training delivered to any of these groups of employees.

More employers agree than disagree (80%) that training for supervisors/crew bosses is where there is greatest need. More businesses agree than disagree that change is needed when it comes to meeting the training needs of employees.

The greatest concerns about training for workers are who determines content, what content is developed, and any duplication of existing resources. Slightly less of a concern is that new training will replace their less costly and effective training followed by worries about enforcement. Employers cited training opportunities in the areas of existing training such as ATV training, resource road training, chainsaw training, and new training in productive planting techniques, additional wildfire fighting modules, and supervisor crew and organization skills.

More detailed research findings are provided in the following sections of the report.

Structure of ReportThis report provides a background to the project and an overview to the research methodology followed by 4 main sections.

Section 1 provides findings related to BC Silviculture Workforce Supply and Demand and includes information of total employment, employment production standards, current workforce estimates, future workforce demand projections, as well as a historical workforce supply picture.

Section 2 provides findings related to BC Silviculture Employee Profile and includes information on demographics, career history, and 2013 work experience details from the employees that responded to the survey.

Section 3 provides findings related to BC Silviculture Employer Profile and includes information on the sector employer population, corporate information such as subsector activity, revenue, years in business, workforce composition, and opinions and outlook, such as future revenue expectations, sector optimism, and reasons for exiting the sector..

Section 4 provides research findings related to recruitment and retention in the sector and includes information on employer recruitment priorities, current recruitment practices, key drivers of employee satisfaction, employees who are at risk to leave the sector, opinion on future training priorities, as well as additional general findings.

Appendices follow and include employer and employee surveys.

Methodology

1. Instrumentation

The employer and employee survey question were developed based on analysis of the associated 2012 survey results and input from the BC Silviculture Workforce Committee. Ference Weicker and Company provided content expertise for all questions required for workforce supply and demand analysis. Survey questions were pre-tested using a cognitive interviewing methodology. The employee survey questionnaire was structured to support Key Driver Analysis and Derived versus Stated Importance Analysis. The employee survey also included an optional set of questions to measure personality type based on the GRIT scale1.

2. Sampling

The principle behind estimation based on survey sample is that each person in the sample "represents", besides himself or herself, several other persons not in the sample. The quality of a sample based estimate is dependent upon how complete the list sampled from is (Sample Frame) and how representative the people providing feedback are to the total population of interest. The preferred method of ensuring representativeness is to select a “random” sample from the list to minimize potential selection bias.

Sample frame –Private Sector EmployersThe sample frame used for selecting businesses to participate contained 188 business thought to represent all BC silviculture employers. In almost all population based studies there is no such thing as a completely accurate sample frame. Most have issues associated with under and over coverage.

The sample frame used for this study contained 188 private employers. The employers identified as working in the BC silviculture sector - 78 employers that perform tree planting activities, 80 employers that perform brushing and spacing activities, and 43 employers that have wildfire fighting activity. Firms can have activity in more than one area. These firms were identified using various employer listings such as BC Forest Safety Council SAFE Certified List, WorkSafeBC (WSBC) COR certified list2, existing BCSWI contractor database, BC Bid award notices from MOFN and BCTS, and MOFR Fire Protection Branch- Standing Offer List for fire crews. Lists were cross referenced for data integrity to create our BC silviculture employer population sample.

To estimate over coverage we tracked how many employers contacted did not meet the study requirements of having activity in BC Tree Planting, Brushing and Spacing or Wildfire fighting subsectors. Only 1% of the sample contacted employers was classified as over coverage. These were firms that provided support and planning type service to the sector.

Sample frame under coverage is harder to determine. The fact that our model for projected number of workers that uses the estimated count of employers as part of its calculation is within

1 Duckworth, A.L., Peterson, C., Matthews, M.D., & Kelly, D.R. (2007). Grit: Perseverance and passion for long-term goals. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 9, 1087-1101.

2 See Appendix 9 for our assessment of the accuracy of business classifications.

500 of the estimate based on our model based on production data suggest we have an accurate estimate of the number of employers in the silviculture sector.

Sample Frame – Private Sector EmployeesThere is no known complete list of silviculture employees that can be used as a sample frame. Three strategies are used reach a representative sample of employees. Stratified random sampling; respondent driven sampling and census approaches were all attempted with employees. Our stratified random sampling uses the list of employers as the first strata, employees contacted through selected employers is the second strata. Respondent driven sampling is a relatively new and innovative approach developed for hard to reach study populations (for instance, drug addicts) and uses non-random selected employees as the starting point for reaching a representative sample. Census approaches are convenience samples in that the employees self-select to participate.

Sample Selection - EmployerTwo strategies were used to recruit employers to participate in the survey. A random selected sub-set of employers was selected for priority effort in recruitment. This random sample of 19 employers (10%) was selected to assist with evaluating the representativeness of our census approach. We obtained a 68% response rate to our random sample participants (n=13). These 13 employers represent 27% of all respondents in our final sample (n=48).

The total sample is n=48 represents a 25% response rate for all employers in our sample frame of 188 listed businesses.

Both the random sample response rate and the overall response rate are above the survey research industry norms. Norms for random sample based research of employers is less than 5%. It jumps to 15% when the respondent has a known and credible relationship with a respondent, such as when the respondent is a business to business customer relationship.

Table 0: Sample Frame List counts based on CU profiles

SampleFrame

RandomSample

Final Sample

BCFSC Classifications Count % Count % Count %Not BCFSC Certified 55 29% 5 26% na naIOO 3 2% 1 5% 1 2%ISBASE (2 to 5) 15 8% 2 10% 18 10%SEBASE (6 to 19) 87 46% 8 42% 87 60%BASE (20+) 28 15% 3 18% 28 19%Total 188 99% 19 101% 463 99%

Whose experience is reflected in the responses to this survey? One way to answer that question is to say the feedback we report is based on employers who represent…:

Coverage in terms of total employment = 79% of all employees

Coverage in terms of volume of trees planted = 56% of total planted

Coverage in terms of volume of Brushing & Spacing = 25% of Hectares Brushed/Spaced

3� Not all 48 employers in our sample answered all survey questions.

Answered from a strictly statistical inference perspective we can say that point estimates based on n=48 will be the same (± 12.24%) as we would get every 19 out of 20 times we repeated this survey.

Employee SampleThree approaches where used to reach a representative sample of BC Silviculture employees. A stratified random sampling approach was attempted by asking the random sample of employers (Strata 1) to invite all their employees (strata 2) to participate in the employee survey. All participating employers (13 randomly selected and 35 non- random selected) were asked to participate as our strata 1 list of employers. A total of 16 (33%) requested information about sending invites to their employees; only 6 (12%) of our sampled employers actually provided employee contact information. The total count of employees contacted through this method was 1,249 with an approximate 48% response rate.

The second approach (respondent driven sampling) asked employees who completed the survey to help recruit others. While n=148 employee respondents expressed interest in recruiting other employees the final count of employees that provided emails was n=3 for total of 9 additional email invitations.

The third approach (Census) was to promote the survey using various social media tools and make the survey publicly available for any employee to access.

A total of 796 people arrived at the surveys landing page, that explained what the survey was about and who it was directed to. Three (3) people advanced no further in the survey and a total of 55 stopped participating in the survey after viewing the first 3 pages. These first 3 pages are informational, and asked no questions. Employees advanced through the survey after page 4 based on their profile so could legitimately visit as few as 4 pages if they were terminated as not part of the silviculture sector and the most number of pages (screens) was 37. A total of n= 576 are classified as “complete” and viewed the appropriate number of pages based on their answers to questions in the survey.

Table 0: Survey Page Drop Off

Survey Pages Viewed4All Email

invite% Pubic

URL % Page Content

Responded 796 683 86% 111 14% Landing page/GreetingPage 1 only 3 2 >.5% 1 1% Landing page/GreetingPage 1 and 2 only 23 16 2% 7 6% Confidentiality InformationPage 1, 2 and 3 only 29 19 3% 10 9% Incentive InformationTotal no questions 55 37 5% 18 16% No questions answeredViewed 4 or more pages

741 628 85% 93 84% 1 or more question answered

The public URL generated a lot more general interest type arrivals to the employee survey URL. However, once a person determined they wanted to do the survey (or determined it was appropriate to them) they competed the survey about as often as employees who received an email invitation.

Consequently there are n=165 “partial” completed surveys. These employees have provided some information that can be used in analysis.

The final count of employee respondents is n=741.

Based on our estimate of total number of workers in the BC silviculture sector (7,298) our sample represents 1 in 10 employees (10%). See our employee profile section for full description of employee characteristics represented in this survey.

Answered from a strictly statistical inference perspective we can say that point estimates based on n=741 will be the same (±3.4 %) as we would get every 19 out of 20 times we repeated this survey.

3. Incentives

Cash incentives in the form of lottery style prizes were used for both employer and employee incentives. Employers were entered into a draw to win one of two cash prizes of $250 dollars. Total prize dollars for employees was $1,500 and was structured as:

Two grand prize draws for $250

One of ten $50 prize s

One of twenty $25 prizes

A total of 32 employees could win a cash prize. An employee could win additional entries into the draw by providing the email addresses of another silviculture employee that did not work for the same employer as himself/herself. The incentive to earn additional entries into the draw was done to encourage distribution of the survey.

4� A total of 111 people arrived at page one of this survey using the public URL link of survey (n=60 are classified as complete and 51 partial completes).

Another incentive used with employees was the offer to send personalized reports, including the option to receive the results of their GRIT score. A total of 488 employees provided their email address for the purposed of sending them a personal report or notification of a prize win.

Employers were given a similar incentive for completing the survey. Employers had the option of receiving a custom benchmark report. Half (50%) of our employer respondents (24) requested a benchmarking report. In addition, if they provided a list of employee emails to Dialogue Research they could receive additional insight in their benchmark report based on employee responses. A total of 16 employers (33%) asked to be contacted regarding this option. Only 6 employers (12% of all employer respondents) provided employee email lists.

4. Sample Management

Employers were sent an initial invite on November 13, 2013. The public version of the employer survey was available the same day. The first email invites to employees was sent December 3, 2013 and the public version of the employee survey was available the same day. The reason for gap between sending employer employee surveys was to allow employers some time to consider having Dialogue Research send invites directly to their employees.

The employer and employee surveys were closed to new respondents on January 6, 2014. Employee respondents had approximately 34 days (4.5 weeks) to participate in the survey. Employer respondents had approximately 53 days (7.5 weeks) to participate.

Employees received a maximum of 4 reminder emails. Likewise, an employer that was not part of the employer random selection received a maximum of 5 reminder emails. Employers in the random sample received up to 16 email reminders. In addition, these employers also received at least one telephone call, some received up to 4 telephone calls in attempts to reach them and encourage participation.

5. Data Reporting Notes

Anywhere data is reported with “*” or “**” it signifies the result is statistically significant. Statistically significant does not mean important; rather, it means the result should not be explained away as chance. The “*” means a one tail test of statistical significance and the “**” means a two tail test of statistical significance. One-tailed tests are considered more powerful than two-tailed tests and “*” suggest almost no coincidental result due to chance.

In order to determine the quality of an estimate using both small (employer) and large (employee) samples we have used the coefficient of variation (CV). The CV of a variable or the CV of a prediction model for a variable can be considered as a reasonable measure and is particularly useful in the interpretation of relative levels of precision, especially when widely varying quantities are being compared.

Higher values indicate higher variability and thus more potential for error.

Example: In a province there may be an estimated 50,000 people unemployed with a margin of error of 1,300 people. At the same time, that province's estimated unemployment rate is 8% with a margin of error of 0.2%. It is difficult to compare these numbers directly. However, the CV of the estimated number of unemployed is 2.6%, while the CV of the estimated unemployment rate is 2.5%. (They need not be equal.) This shows that the two estimates have essentially the same level of precision.

Statistics Canada's policy on release of data categorizes CV estimates as unqualified (acceptable), qualified (marginal) and not for release (unacceptable).

Unqualified: (Acceptable) Coefficient of Variation (CV) of 0.0 to 16.5% Estimates can be considered for general unrestricted release.

Qualified: CV of 16.6 to 33.3%Estimates can be considered for general unrestricted release but should be accompanied by a warning cautioning users of the high sampling variability associated with the estimates.

Not for release: CV of 33.4% or overEstimates should not be released in any form under any circumstances.

Example Report Tables

Example employer table used in reportSample All Employers3

Where did you work this year? Count Percent Count CV

A - West Coast Region 21 43% 81 1.3

B - Skeena Region 14 29% 54 1.8

C - Omineca Region 7 14% 26 2.6

D - Northeast Region 10 21% 39 2.2

E - Cariboo Region 19 39% 73 1.4

F - South Coast Region 6 12% 17 2.9

G - Thompson/Okanagan Region 10 21% 39 2.2

H - Kootenay/Boundary Region 19 39% 73 1.4

Total 48 188

Example employee table used in report

Sample All Employees5

What year were you born? Count Percent Count CV

Under 25 years of age 305 54% 3,454

26 to 29 years of age 131 23% 1,471

30 to 33 years of age 51 9% 576

34 to 39 years of age 37 7% 548

40 years or older 39 7% 548

Total 563 100% 6,3976

5� Private sector only – excludes Government Wildfire Workers. (6,398 estimate based on Provincial Production Data)

6 Private sector only, not government employees. Some estimates will sum to under/over 100% due to rounding.

Section 1Workforce Supply and Demand

Calculating how many workers, how many days, how much revenue

Page 23 of 136Section 1: Workforce Supply and Demand

A. EMPLOYMENT

1. Survey Based Employment Estimates

The maximum number of private sector workers that was employed by our sample during the course of 2013 was 3,306. Our production based extrapolation model estimates total non-government payroll counts were 6,298 during 20137. Government employees add an additional 1,100 workers placing the total estimated number of BC silviculture workers at 7,398. A second method for calculating the projected number or workers was also designed based on our Employer Population list and employee counts reported by employers. That estimate for BC Silviculture workers is 6,995. The estimate differs by only 403 employees.

2. Employment of Field Workers and Crew Bosses

In terms of field staff, the employers surveyed reported employing 314 crew bosses and 2,331 field workers (a ratio of 1 per 7.4 field workers). Of these field workers, 1,881 had previously worked in the sector while 475 were rookie field workers (ratio of 1 rookie for every 4 experienced worker). Not all employers reported having rookie staff in 2013. Most employers (78% or 35 of the 45 providing a breakdown) reported employing at least some rookies.

Table 0: Average Number of Employees, BC, 2013

Employers Employees

Type of Worker Reporting Mean Count Total % of Total

Crew Boss Employees 45 7.0 314 12%Field Workers 45 51.8 2,331 88%- Rookie Field Worker 35 13.6 475 18%- Experienced Field Worker 44 42.8 1,881 71%Total Crew Bosses and Filed Workers

45 59.4 2,645 100%

Maximum @ Any Time (n=46) 3,306 100%-

7 Total of Tree Planting, Brushing, Spacing, Wildfire Fighting (Industry) and Other Workers. Wildfire Fighting (Government) is not included in this total.


3. Field Workers By Types of Activity

Each employer was asked to estimate the percentage of time that their silviculture field workers spent on each of the various types of silviculture activities. The percentages were then multiplied by the number of the field workers that they reported to develop an estimate of the allocation of field staff across the activities. As indicated, silviculture field staff employed by the employers surveyed spend most of their time engaged in tree planting activities (82%).

Table 0: Field Worker Effort by Activity, BC, 2013

Sample BC Silviculture Sector

Field Workers Count % Estimate CV

Tree Planting 1,917 82%Brushing and Spacing 298 13%

Wildfire Fighting (private) 116 5%Total Field Workers 2,331 100% 7,398

B. EMPLOYMENT PRODUCTION STANDARDS

1. Tree Planting

Overall, 29 out of the 48 employers surveyed (60%) indicated they were involved in tree planting, 26 of these reported revenues (as shown in the table below), and 23 provided estimates of the number of trees their workers planted in 2013. These 23 employers reported that their field staff planted 120,378,298 trees in 2013. The average number of trees planted per field worker per day varied across these 23 employers from a minimum of 450 trees planted per day to a maximum of 2,700 trees planted per day. The average across all employers reporting was 1,442 trees planted per day.

Table 0: Tree Planting Activities: Employer Survey, BC, 2013

Indicator Total Mean Min Max

Revenues $33,884,500 $1,303,250Trees Planted 120,379,298 5,233,883Average Trees Planted Per Day 1,442 1,442Tree Planting Worker Days 83,481 3,630Number of Tree Planting Workers 1,749 76Number of Days Planting Per Worker 48 48

An estimate of the worker days spent planting can be derived by dividing the total number of trees planted by the 23 employers by the average of 1,442 trees per worker day; planting the 120 million trees required 83,481 worker days. On average, the 23 employers had 76 field workers active in tree planting (a total of 1,749 workers employed by the 23 employers). Dividing the total worker days by the total workers active in tree planting, the average number of


days worked per field staff member is equal to about 48 days. Employers were most commonly active in tree planting activities in April, May, and June, as shown in the table below.

Table 1: Tree Planting Activity By Months Active, BC, 2013


Month # ofEmployers % Active Estimate CV

January 2 9%February 5 22%March 9 39%April 18 78%May 19 83%June 17 74%July 12 52%August 7 30%September 8 35%October 6 26%November 0 0%December 0 0%

According to the BC Ministry of Forests, Lands and Natural Resource Operations, 215,806,000 trees were planted on 158,821 hectares of Crown land in 2012/13, as indicated below (data has not been released yet for 2013/14). The number of trees planted on Crown land per year over the past five years has varied from about 166 million in 2010/11 to 229 million in 2008/09.8

Table 2: Tree Planting in BC, 2008/09 to 2012/13

Fiscal Year Area (ha) Trees Planted

2008/2009 179,809 228,670,000 2009/2010 153,818 181,004,0002010/2011 136,716 165,723,000 2011/2012 152,985 187,341,000 2012/2013 170,775 215,806,000 5-Year Average 158,821 195,709,000

Source: BC Ministry of Forests and Range. 2012/13 Annual ReportSilviculture Tables and Graphs (Graphs 1 to 9).

By dividing number of trees planted on crown land n BC in 2012/13 by the average number of trees planted per day from the survey findings (1,442 trees per day), we estimate that 149,657 worker planting days were required. Dividing this figure by the average number of days worked

8� BC Ministry of Forests, Lands and Natural Resource Operation. 2012/13 Annual Report Silviculture Tables andGraphs (Graphs 1 to 9). Accessed February 12, 2014 from: http://www.for.gov.bc.ca/hfp/silviculture/statistics/2012-13.htm.


http://www.for.gov.bc.ca/hfp/silviculture/statistics/2012-13.htm


per worker calculated from the survey (48 days), we estimate that 3,118 tree planting workers were employed in the industry in 2013.

Table 3: Tree Planting Activities: BC Industry Overall, 2012/2013

Indicator Total

Trees Planted (2012/13) 215,806,000Tree Planting Worker Days 149,657Number of Tree Planting Workers 3,118

A paper prepared by the WSCA estimated that 240 million seedlings would be planted in 2013 and 2014.9 Using the figures obtained from the survey, this level of planting would require about 166,000 worker days and 3,467 tree planting workers.

2. Brushing and Spacing

In total, 37 out of the 48 employers surveyed (77%) indicated that they were involved in at least some brushing and spacing activities. Of these 37 employers, 19 reported revenues, 31 reported number of days and workers brushing and spacing, 27 provided estimates of the number of hectares they brushed, and 6 provided estimates of the number they spaced.

On average crews were in the field for 86 days performing brushing and spacing activities (2,667 days total). Employers reported that the average number of workers on payroll for those activities was 10 workers. Multiplying the total number of days brushing and spacing by the average number of workers per employer, we estimate that field staff worked 26,670 days brushing and spacing.

Table 4: Brushing and Spacing Activities (Employer Survey), BC, 2013


Revenues $7,012,500 $369,079Days in Field Brushing and Spacing 2,667 86Brushing and Spacing Workers 310 10Brushing and Spacing Worker Days 26,670 860

Employers were most commonly active in brushing and spacing activities in June, July and September, as shown in the table below.

Table 5: Brushing and Spacing Activity By Months Active, BC, 2013

9� Western Silviculture Contactors’ Association, BC Silviculture Sector 2-13 Pricing and Market Summit, Presented atKamloops, BC Sept 5, 2013






Brushing

The 27 employers that provided estimates of the number of hectares brushed reported brushing a total of 7,465 hectares (an average of 277 hectares per employer). Employers reported an average of 3.1 worker days per hectare brushed. Multiplying the total number of hectares brushed by the average number of worker days per hectare, the total number of brushing worker days comes to 23,141 brushing worker days, as shown in the table below.

Table 6: Brushing Activities (Employer Survey), BC, 2013


Number of Hectares Brushed 7,465 277Average Days Per Hectare Brushed 3.1 3.1Brushing Worker Days 23,141 859

As indicated below, 33,428 hectares of Crown Land were brushed in BC in 2012/13.10

Table 7: Brushing Activities in BC, 2008/09 to 2012/13

Fiscal Year Area (ha)

2008/2009 32,220 2009/2010 28,084 2010/2011 35,635 2011/2012 33,337 2012/2013 33,428 5-Year Average 32,541

Source: BC Ministry of Forests and Range. 2012/13Annual Report Silviculture Tables and Graphs (Graphs 1to 9).

Multiplying the total number of hectares brushed in BC in 2012/13 by the average worker days per hectare brushed, the total number of brushing worker days would come to 103,627. Dividing the number of brushing worker days by the estimated number of days spent in the field brushing and spacing from the survey results (86 days) yields an estimated 1,205 brushing workers.

Table 8: Brushing Activities: BC Industry Overall, 2012/13

Indicator Total

Hectares Brushed (2012/13) 33,428Brushing Worker Days 103,627Number of Brushing Workers 1,205

Spacing

10� BC Ministry of Forests, Lands and Natural Resource Operations, 2012/13 Annual Report Silviculture Tables andGraphs (Graphs 1 to 9). Accessed February 12, 2014 from: http://www.for.gov.bc.ca/hfp/silviculture/statistics/2012-13.htm.




Of the 6 employers that provided estimates of the number of hectares they spaced, employers reported spacing a total of 920 hectares (an average of 153 per employer). Employers reported an average of 2.5 worker days per hectares spaced. Multiplying the total number of hectares spaced by the average workers days per hectare, the total number of spacing worker days comes to 2,300 spacing worker days, as indicated below.

Table 9: Spacing Activities (Employer Survey), BC, 2013


Number of Hectares Spaced 920 153Average Days Per Hectare Spaced 2.5 2.5Spacing Worker Days (Aggregate) 2,300 383

As indicated below, 3,298 hectares of Crown Land were brushed in BC in 2012/13.11

Table 10: Juvenile Spacing Activities in BC, 2008/09 to 2012/13

Fiscal Year Area (ha)

2008/2009 691 2009/2010 2,813 2010/2011 1,930 2011/2012 2,804 2012/2013 3,298 5-Year Average 2,307

Source: BC Ministry of Forest, Lands and NaturalResource Operations. Annual Report Silviculture Tablesand Graphs (Graphs 1 to 9).

Multiplying the total number of hectares spaced in BC in 2012/13 by the average days per hectare spaced, the total number of spacing worker days would come to 8,245 spacing worker days. Dividing the number of spacing worker days by the average estimated number of days in the field spent brushing and spacing from the survey results (86 days), comes to 96 spacing workers.

Table 11: Spacing Activities: BC Industry Overall, 2013

Indicator Total

11� BC Ministry of Forests, Lands and Natural Resource Operations, 2012/13 Annual Report Silviculture Tables andGraphs (Graphs 1 to 9). Accessed February 12, 2014 from: http://www.for.gov.bc.ca/hfp/silviculture/statistics/2012-13.htm.




Hectares Spaced (2012/13) 3,298Spacing Worker Days 8,245Number of Spacing Workers 96

3. Wildfire

In total, 23 out of the 48 employers12 surveyed (48%) indicated that they were involved in wildfire fighting activities. Of these 23 employers, 19 reported revenues and 20 reported number of days and workers wildfire fighting.

On average, private crews were in the field for 23 days performing wildfire fighting activities in 2013 (452 days total). Employers reported that the average number of workers on payroll for those activities was about 9 workers (total of 183 workers across the 20 employers). Multiplying the total number of days wildfire fighting by the average number of workers per employer, comes to about 4,068 wildfire fighting worker days.

Table 12: Wildfire Fighting Activities (Employer Survey), BC, 2013


Revenues $3,461,500 $182,184Days in Field Wildfire Fighting 452 23Wildfire Fighting Workers 183 9Wildfire Fighting Worker Days 4,068 203

12� Private wildfire fighting firms supplement the government’s wildfire fighting activities when activity volumes are higher than the government workforce can handle.


Employers were most commonly active in wildfire fighting activities in August, as shown in the table below.

Table 13: Wildfire Fighting Activity By Months Active, BC, 2013




The reported employment in wildfire fighting activities does not include those employed by the BC Ministry of Forests, Lands and Natural Resource Operations. It is estimated that approximately 1,000 workers are employed annually, on a seasonal basis, by the Wildfire Management Branch.

The non-government contractors tend to be most busy in years where the level of forest fires in BC is high. As indicated below, the level of activity can vary widely from year to year.

Table 14: Number, Hectares, and Cost of Forest Fires Fought in BC, 2005-2012

Year Fires TotalHectares Total Cost ($ millions)

2005 976 34,588 $47.22006 2,570 139,265 $159.02007 1,606 29,440 $98.82008 2,023 13,240 $82.12009 3,064 247.419 $382.12010 1,673 337.149 $212.22011 655 12,604 $53.52012 1,659 102,123 $133.6

Source: Ministry of Forest, Lands and Natural Resource Operations

C. ESTIMATED BC SILVICULTURE WORFORCE

Two approaches have been taken in using the survey results to estimate the total level of employment in the silviculture sector in BC. The first method relied primarily on using provincial production data (for tree planting, brushing and spacing) and employment production standards


to estimate employment by type of activity while the second method used business size data to extrapolate from the survey results to the known population of employers. The results vary from about 6,851 workers to 7,398 workers.

1. Approach #1 – Using Provincial Production Data

The following table utilizes the employment figures developed in the previous section for tree planning, brushing and spacing. Employment in the wildfire fighting sub-sector was developed by extrapolating the employment reported by wildfire fighting firms surveyed to the broader population of employers (the survey included 8 of the 44 employers in the employer population list believed active in wildfire fighting) and includes the estimated number of seasonal workers employed by the Wildfire Management Branch. It should be noted that the number of private firm workers employed in wildfire fighting will vary widely from year to year depending upon the level of activity. The survey results were also used to develop an estimate of the workers employed by silviculture firms who are not active in silviculture field activities (e.g. administrative staff or those active in other types of field activities). As indicated in next table, using this methodology, the number of workers in the sector is estimated to be 7,398.

Table 15: Approach #1: Based on Provincial Production Data

Sub-sector Number of Workers

Tree planting 3,467Brushing 1,205Spacing 96Wildfire Fighting (Industry) 534Wildfire Fighting (Government) 1,100Total Field Staff 6,402Other Workers 996Total Employment 7,398

These projections suggest that there are almost three times as many people equivalents employed in tree planting in BC (3,467) than in brushing and spacing combined (1,301). However, in the survey, employers reported that they had about six times as many workers employed in tree planting (1,917) than they did in brushing and spacing (298). This occurs because employers that are active in brushing and spacing appear to be under-represented in the survey. While the employers surveyed account for 56% of the reported number of trees planted in BC (comparing 2013 data to available 2012/13 data), they only account for 22% of the hectares brushed and 28% of the hectares spaced.

Table 16: Estimate Coverage of the Tree Planting, Brushing and Spacing Sub-sectors

Survey (2013) BC Overall (2012/13) % of BC Overall

Coverage in Terms of VolumeTrees Planted 120,379,298 215,806,000 56%Hectares Brushed 7,465 33,428 22%Hectares Spaced 920 3,298 28%

Coverage in Terms of Employment


Tree Planting 1,917 3,467 55%Brushing

2981,161

24%Spacing 95

2. Approach #2 – Extrapolation Based on Coverage Rates by Size of Employer

A second estimate of the total level of employment in the sector was developed using the coverage rates by size of employer. A population list of 188 private sector employers (in additional to one government employer) was developed for this project, of which 133 were certified by the BC Forest Safety Council. As part of the certification, the BCFSC publishes data on the size of the employer. Employment reported in the survey was extrapolated to the total population by multiplying the number of employers within a given size category by the average size of employers surveyed in that category. For those that are not certified, the projection was based on the average size of all the employers surveyed. As indicated below, using this methodology, the number of workers in the sector is estimated to be 6,995.

Table 17: Approach #2: Projections Based on Employer Population Lists

Size of Employer BCFSCData

NumberSurveyed

SurveyedEmploymen

t

AverageEmployment

TotalEmployment

Individual Owner Operator 3 1 1 1 32 to 5 employees 15 5 18 4 606 to 19 employees 87 13 160 12 1,044> 20 employees 28 27 3,127 116 3,248Subtotal (BCFSC certified) 133 46 3,306 --- 4,355Not BCFSC certified13 55 -- -- 28 1,540Government (Wildfire) 1 -- -- 1,100 1,100Total 189 46 3,306 -- 6,995

D. BC SILVICULTURE WORKFORCE DEMAND DRIVERS AND OUTLOOK

1. Tree Planting

Labour demand for tree planting is primarily driven by the annual allowable cut (AAC) of private licensees and BC Timber Sales (BCTS) and provincial programs such as Forests for Tomorrow (FFT) and the Forest Stand Management Fund (FSMF).

The number of seedlings estimated14 to be planted in 2013/14 is 240 million. This level of planting would require about 166,000 worker days and 3,467 tree planting workers using Approach #1.

13� Majority of not BCFSC certified employers are involved in wildfire fighting activities as there is not SAFE certification requirement from the Ministry to be considered for work.

14� Western Silviculture Contactors’ Association, BC Silviculture Sector 2013 Pricing and Market Summit, Presented at Kamloops, BC Sept 5, 2013


Thereafter, Seedling planting estimates15 are for 200 million seedlings per for the next 10 years, requiring 2,89016 worker annual using Approach #1.

Figure 1: Seedlings planted by responsibility

In 2024/25, due to the reducing AAC, planting volumes are estimated to be 160 million tree seedlings requiring 2,312 workers annually and will remain so until 2030. Planting volumes after 2030 are estimated to drop again to 145 million seedlings per year for the next 20 years until 2050 due to a drop in FFT levels because at this point natural regeneration of Mountain Pine Beetle (MPB) impacted stands should have advanced enough that starting over would be less effective than letting these stands grow.

Figure 2: Tree Planter Workforce Demand

2. Brushing and Spacing

Labour demand for brushing and spacing are driven by government policies or funding and is seen in licensee practices and government budgets for incremental silviculture activities. These types of silviculture choices are often influenced by disturbances (e.g., timber harvests, fires, insects, diseases and reforestation failures), public expectations, and market demands.

15� Ministry of Forests, lands, and Natural Resources Operation, Resource Practice Branch – Lorne Bedford Presentation, Feb 22, 2013 in Prince George

16� (200,000,000 trees planted / 1,442 trees planted per day = 138,696 worker days 138,696 worker days / 48 days = 2,890 tree planting workers)


Government budgets for spacing17 have been estimated to be remain steady to 2040 thus the workforce estimates would remain at 96 spacing workers for the foreseeable future. Further information will need to be collected with respect to the outlook on brushing activities; however, a steady outlook would require 1,205 brushing workers annually.

17� Ministry of Forests, Lands, and Natural Resource Operation, Resource Practice Branch – Lorne Bedford Presentation, Feb 22, 2013 in Prince George


Figure 3: Spacing Volumes – 2014 to 2050

3. Wildfire Fighting

Labour demand for wildfire fighting is primarily dependent on weather and fuel accumulation on the forest floor. With climate change and an increase in extreme weather conditions and human presence in the backcountry, the labour demand for wildfire fighting is expected to steadily increase over the long term. It is difficult to estimate the extent of the increase

E. Historical Workforce Supply

Over the last 5 years, cumulative silviculture workforce supply in BC has fluctuated. Tree planting workforce supply has ranged from a low of 2,394 (2010/11) to 3,304 (2008/09) workers, a 38% variance. Brushing workforce supply has ranged from a low of 1,012 (2009/10) to 1,285 (2010/11) workers, a 27% variance. Spacing workforce supply has ranged from a low of 20 (2008/09) to 96 (2012/13) workers, a 380% variance. Wildfire fighting workforce supply has ranged significantly from 189 (2011/12) to 5,064 (2010/11), a 3,200% variance. Other silviculture workers have ranged from 726 (2011/12) to 1,530 (2010/11) workers, a 111% variance.

Table 18: Historical Silviculture Workforce Supply, 2008/09 to 2012/13

Year Tree Planting Brushing Spacing WildfireFighting Other Total

Workers

2008/2009 3,304 1,161 20 199 814 5,499

2009/2010 2,615 1,012 82 3,717 1,291 8,717

2010/2011 2,394 1,285 56 5,064 1,530 10,329

2011/2012 2,707 1,202 82 189 726 4,905

2012/2013 3,118 1,205 96 1,534 1,035 6,988

Historical data on trees planted, hectares brushed and spaced, and hectares with wildfires was used to calculate the historical workforce projections using Approach #1 (https://www.for.gov.bc.ca/hfp/silviculture/statistics/2012-13.htm).

Figure 4: Historic BC Silviculture Workforce Supply – 2008 to 2013


https://www.for.gov.bc.ca/hfp/silviculture/statistics/2012-13.htm

Section 2Employee Profile (Respondents)

Characteristics of employees responding to survey

Page 38 of 136Section 2: Employee Profile

F. DEMOGRAPHICS

1. Age

The average age of employee respondents is 27 and 90% of all employees are 36 years of age or younger. The youngest age reported is 18 and the oldest employee reported as 65 years old.

Table 19: Age of Worker

Percentile

What year were you born? Mean 50th 90th Min Max

Age 27 36 65

Table 20: Age Groups



Under 25 years of age 305 54% 3,400

26 to 29 years of age 131 23% 1,448

30 to 33 years of age 51 9% 567

34 to 39 years of age 37 7% 441

40 years or older 39 7% 441

Total 563 100% 6,297

2. Gender

For every 3 male employee there are 2 female employees working in the BC silviculture sector.

Table 21: Gender



Male 331 58% 3,652

Female 239 42% 2645

Total 570 100% 6,297

3. Educational Status

Almost half of all employees (47%) report being registered in some type of education or trainingprogram; and at least 3 in 4 of these employees are registered in programs that may take themaway from silviculture sector


Somewhat surprisingly, education (neither being registered in a program nor years remaining inprogram) is not correlated to likelihood to return in 2014 or years expected to work in sector.This is surprising because employees report they don’t enter the sector for career choicereasons and almost all employees selected “Move on to job related to your education” as areason for leaving the sector. Two of every five employees choose pursuing a job related totheir education as the top reason for leaving the sector.

Table 22: Employee Registered in Educational Activity


Are you currently registered in any of the following types of education or training? Count Percent Count CV

Yes, currently registered in any training or education programs 268 47.5% 2,991

No, not currently registered in any training or education programs 296 52.5% 3,306

Total 564 100.0% 6,297

Table 23: Enrolled Employees - Type of Educational Activity

Sample All Enrolled Employees3

Are you currently registered in any of the following types of education or training? Count Percent Count CV

Pursuing High School Diploma 2 0.7% 21

Pursuing 4 year undergrad degree 183 62.6% 1,872

Pursuing Post graduate degree 34 12.4% 371

Pursuing a Trade, Apprentice or Technical program 47 11.7% 350

Pursuing Other, please specify... 2 12.4% 371

Total 268 99% 2,985


About 1 in 10 employees that say they have finished their program of study (11%) also say they will not return to work in silviculture sector next season.

Table 24: Enrolled Employees – Years left in program

Sample All Enrolled Employees3

How many years do you have left before you complete your education or training? Count Percent Count CV

None 38 14.6 437

1 year 106 40.6 1,214

2 year 75 28.7 858

3 year 24 9.2 275

4 year 16 6.1 182

More than 4 years 2 0.8 24

Total 261 100% 2,991

4. First Nations Status

Canada’s 2011 census suggests that First Nations people represent about 4% of total Canadian population and almost 5% of the BC population. This survey finds about 4% of respondents reported they are First Nations or Metis; and, about half of First Nations/Metis employees say they are a member of an Indian Band/First Nation.

Table 25: Employees – First Nations


Are you a First Nations person, that is, First Nations (North American Indian), Metis, or Inuk (Inuit)?

Count Percent Count CV

No, not an Aboriginal person 531 95.8% 6,033

First Nations (North American Indian) 13 2.4% 151

Metis 10 1.8% 113

Total 554 100% 6,298

Table 26: First Nations – Band Membership

Sample All First Nation Employees3

Are you a member of an Indian Band/First Nation? Count Percent Count CV

No 12 52% 137

Yes 11 48% 127

Total 23 100% 264


G. CAREER HISTORY

1. Total Years of Experience

Half of all employees reported 3 or less years of experience working in the silviculture sector and 90% have 14 or fewer years of experience. The average years of experience is 6 years because of a few employees with much higher years of experience. The longest years of experience was reported by a 65 year old employee working in Tree Planting Sector, holding the position supervisor or crew boss.

Table 27: Years of Experience

Percentile…please tell us how many years of experience you have in the silviculture sector?

Mean 50th 90th Min Max

Years of experience 6 3 14 43

2. Years of Experience by Type Worker

Field workers reported less than half of the years of experience of workers with management and supervision type responsibilities.

Table 28: Years of Experience by Type responsibility – Field Worker



Years of experience 5 11 33

Table 29: Years of Experience by Type responsibility – Lead Hand




Table 30: Years of Experience by Type responsibility – Supervision or Crew Boss





Table 31: Years of Experience by Type responsibility – Project manager




3. Employer History

On average employees report having 3 employers during their career and 90% of all employees report fewer than 7 employers during their career. The maximum number of employers reported was 21. This number of employers was reported by a 57 year old field worker reporting to work in Tree Planting and Brushing and Spacing subsectors.

Table 32: Number of Employers during career

Percentile…how many different Silviculture employers have you worked for? you have in the silviculture sector?



Transient Score

For analysis purposes we created a variable called transient score. Employees that have more years of experience than number of employers are likely to have different experience and opinion than those who have a serial employer type history.

Table 33: Transient Employee


Are you a First Nations person, that is, First Nations (North American Indian), Metis, or Inuk (Inuit)?

Count Percent Count CV

More years of experience than employers 383 63% 3,968

Number of employer = years of experience 168 29% 1,826Number of employers > than years of experience 49 8% 504

Total 600 100% 6,298

No statistically significant relationships were found between an employee’s transient score and desired outcomes18.

18 The desired outcomes used in our analysis are outlined in the Key Driver section of this report; they include - satisfaction with the employees work day, willingness to recommend employer, willingness to recommend working in the Silviculture Sector, how many years employee expects to continue doing silviculture work, career satisfaction.


H. 2013 EXPERIENCE

1. Roles and Responsibilities

92% of employee respondents classified themselves as a field worker. Many employers held several different positions in the 2013 season.

Table 34: Roles and Responsibilities – All Silviculture Employees


During 2013 what positions (responsibilities) did you hold? (n=648) Count Percent Count CV

Field Worker 597 92% 5,794Lead hand-responsible for single crew/multi crew 56 9% 567

Supervisor or Crew boss 93 14% 882

Project manager 26 4% 252

Total 6,298

Table 35: Count of Positions - All Silviculture Employees


During 2013 what positions (responsibilities) did you hold? Count Percent Count CV

Only one position 547 83% 5,227

Two positions 84 13% 819

Three positions 22 3% 189

Four positions 7 1% 63

Total 638 100 % 6,298

Field Workers

Table 36: Roles and Responsibilities – Lead Hand

During 2013 what positions (responsibilities) did you hold? # of Employees

% of Employees

Field Worker 597 100%Lead hand-responsible for a single crew in a multi crew 44 7%Supervisor or Crew boss 54 9%Project manager 11 2%

Table 37: Count of Positions – Lead Hand


% of Employees


Only one position 498 83%Two positions 71 12%Three positions 21 3%Four positions 7 1%Total 93 100.0%

Lead Hand (n=56)

Table 38: Roles and Responsibilities – Lead Hand


% of Employees


Table 39: Count of Positions – Lead Hand


% of Employees



Supervisor or Crew Boss (n=93)

Table 40: Roles and Responsibilities – Supervisor or Crew Boss


% of Employees


Table 41: Count of Positions – Supervisor or Crew Boss


% of Employees


Project Manager (n=26)

Table 42: Roles and Responsibilities – Project Manager


% of Employees



Table 43: Count of Positions – Project Manager


% of Employees


Tree Planters

Table 44: Tree Planters: Subsectors worked in

What types of silviculture activities did you do in BC during 2013? = Tree Planter (n=678)

# of Employees

% of Employees

Tree Planting 678 100%Brushing and Spacing 73 11%Wildfire Fighting 46 7%None of above, specify* 0 0%

1 Subsector Only 584 86%2 Subsectors 69 10%3 Subsectors 25 4%

Table 45: Tree Planters: Positions held

What types of silviculture activities did you do in BC during 2013? = Tree Planter (n=678)

# of Employees

% of Employees

Field Worker 597 88%Lead hand-responsible for a single crew in a multi crew 56 8%Supervisor or Crew boss 93 14%Project manager 26 4%Other, not listed above 34 5%

Only one position 544 80%Two positions 84 12%Three positions 22 3%Four positions 7 1%

Brushing & Spacing

Table 46: Brushing & Spacing Employees: Subsectors worked in


What types of silviculture activities did you do in BC during 2013? = Brushing & Spacing (n=73)

# of Employees

% of Employees



Table 47: Brushing & Spacing: Positions worked in

What types of silviculture activities did you do in BC during 2013? = Brushing & Spacing (n=73)

# of Employees

% of Employees




Wildfire Fighting

Table 48: Wildfire Fighting Employees: Subsectors worked in

What types of silviculture activities did you do in BC during 2013? = Wildfire Fighting (n=46)

# of Employees

% of Employees



Table 49: Wildfire Fighting: Positions worked in

What types of silviculture activities did you do in BC during 2013? = Wildfire Fighting (n=46)

# of Employees

% of Employees




2. Subsector Activity

All employees reported working in the Tree Planting subsector; close to 1 in 10 employees also reported working in the Brushing and Spacing subsector. Only 6% of these employees reported they worked in the Wildfire Fighting sector.

Table 50: Employee Subsector Activity

What types of silviculture activities did you do in BC during 2013? (n=669)

# of Employees

% of Employees

Tree Planting 668 100Brushing and Spacing 73 11%Wildfire Fighting 46 7%None of above, specify 0 0%

Three out of every 4 employees (76%) worked in only one subsector and 85% worked in total of two subsectors. Only 3% of the workforce reported working in all three subsectors.

Table 51: Number of Subsectors worked in by an silviculture employee

What types of silviculture activities did you do in BC during 2013?

# of Employees

% of Employees

1 Subsector Only 602 76%2 Subsectors 69 9%3 Subsectors 25 3%Total 794 100%

3. Locations Worked

Fifty percent of the BC Silviculture workforce reported working in other jurisdictions outside of BC, with 45% reported working in Alberta.

Table 52: Work Province - All Silviculture Employees

Where did you work this year? (n=649) # of Employees

% of Employees

British Columbia 669 100%Alberta 304 45%Other Canadian Province 40 6%Other Country 20 2%

About 9 in 10 employees (91%) reported working in three or fewer BC regions. The average number of regions worked in was 2 while a very few employees (>2%) worked in 6 or more BC regions.

Table 53: Number of BC regions worked in 2013


Avr90th percentile

Max

Regions 2 3 8

Most reported working in the Cariboo Region (46%) followed by Ominica (35%), Thompson/Okanagan Region (29%), West Coast Region (25%), Skeena (21%), Northeast (18%), Kootenay/Boundary (14%). Less than 1 in 10 employees (7%) reported working in the South Coast Region.

Table 54: Work Region - BC


% of Employees

A - West Coast Region 159 25%B - Skeena Region 134 21%C - Omineca Region 228 35%D - Northeast Region 120 18%E - Cariboo Region 301 46%F - South Coast Region 43 7%G - Thompson/Okanagan Region 187 29%H - Kootenay/Boundary Region 93 14%

Table 55: Number of BC Regions worked in


% of Employees

Only 1 Region 224 37%2 regions 206 34%3 regions 124 20%4 regions 39 6%5 regions 9 1%6 regions 4 >1%7 regions 0 0%8 regions 4 >1%

Neither region worked in nor the number of regions worked in is statistically correlated with key outcomes such as willingness to recommend employer; satisfaction with 2013 work day; likelihood of recommending silviculture sector; or years employees expect to continue doing silviculture work.


Changes in Accommodation region

On average an employee worked in five different geographical regions during a season.

Table 56: Total Number of locations stayed at

How many different [type accommodation] locations did you stay at during the 2013 season? Avr 90th

percentile Min Max

Count 5 9 1 30

The number of locations stayed at is statistically correlated to how likely they are to return in 2014.

Table 57: Number of locations Correlation with…

Pearson’s r R2

How likely are you to return to silviculture work in 2014? .135* .162

Type of Accommodation

About half of all employees experience only one type of accommodation while 41% report two types of accommodation during the season. About 10% of employees experience 3 or more different types of accommodation during the season.

Table 58: Type Accommodation

First, we need to know about the different types of accommodation you experienced during 2013 silviculture season. (n=582)

# of Employees

% of Employees

Camp 517 80%Hotel 300 46%House Rental 65 10%Stayed in own home* 48 7%Total Type AccommodationOnly one type 290 50%2 types 239 41%3 types 50 9%4 types 3 >1%Total 582

*Only 8 employees (1%) reported living at home as the only type of accommodation used during season.

The number of different types of accommodations experienced is statistically correlated to how likely employees report they are to return in 2014 and their overall satisfaction with their work day.

Table 59: Types of Accommodations Correlation with…

First, we need to know about the different types of Pearson’s r R2


accommodation you experienced during 2013 silviculture season

How likely are you to return to silviculture work in 2014? .128**

Overall, how satisfied are you with the typical work day you experienced during the 2013 Silviculture season .083*

Length of stay at an accommodation type

Table 60: Length of Stay at Camps

How many different camp locations did you stay at during the 2013 season? (n=340) Avr 90th

percentile Max

Shortest number of days 9 15 45

Longest number of days 28 45 60

Table 61: Length of Stay at Hotels


percentile Max

Shortest number of days 7 15 60

Longest number of days 18 40 60

Table 62: Length of Stay at House Rentals


percentile Max

Shortest number of days 17 na 42

Longest number of days 31 na 56


Camp Internet and Cell Phone Coverage

Table 63: Camp Internet Access

Did you have internet access at your camp? # of Employees

% of Employees

Yes 180 35%No 328 65%Total 508 100%

Table 64: Camp Cell Phone Coverage

Did you have cell phone coverage at your camp? # of Employees

% of Employees

Yes 205 40%No 303 60%Total 508 100%

4. Employer History 2013

Most employees reported working for only one employer during 2013 season and 90% of all employees reported 2 or fewer employers. Three employees reported working for 5 different employers during the season. Two of these employees said the fewest number of days with an employer was 6 days, the other employee reported the fewest days as 14.

Table 65: Number of 2013 Employers

…how many different Silviculture employers have you worked for? Avr 90th

percentile Minx Max

Number of employers 1 2 5

Table 66: Duration with Employer 2013


percentile Min Max

Shortest number of days 22 40 6 120

Longest number of days 67 115 6 210

The number of employers an employee reported was correlated with two key outcomes -how many years the employee expected to continue doing silviculture work and the likelihood the employee would return for the 2014 season.

Table 67: Number of 2013 Employers Correlation with years left in career

Pearson’s r R2

How many years do you expect to continue doing silviculture work? .155**


How likely are you to return to silviculture work in 2014? .155*

5. Employee Injuries

A total of 214 employees reported they had at least one type of injury (37%). Average number of days lost due to injury is 5 days. Number of days lost due to injury was not statistically correlated to any of the key outcome questions.

Table 68: Days missed due to injury

Avr 90th percentile Min Max

Days Missed 5 10 1 60

About 1 of every 3 employees (34%) report missed days due to overuse, strain or exertion type injury while about 1 in 10 reported missed days due to an actual incident. The average number of days increased to 6 days for employees that say they experienced lost days due to an actual incident.

Table 69: Employee type injury

Type Injury # of Employees

% of Employees

(A) Yes - Overuse, strain or exertion related injury N=573 198 34%(B) Yes - ACTUAL INCIDENTS N=569 70 12%

At least one type 214 37%

(A) Only overuse, strain or exertion related injury 142 25%(B) Only ACTUAL INCIDENTS 16 3%Both type injury 54 9%Either A or B 214 37%


Of possible concern is that almost 1 in 4 employees (23%) say they were involved in a near miss type incident that almost resulted in personal injury.

Table 70: Employee type injury

Were you involved in any NEAR MISS INCIDENTS that almost resulted in injury to you?

# of Employees

% of Employees

Yes 132 23%No 442 77%Total 574

6. Payment of wages

Given the fact that all workers were involved in the Tree Planting activities it is not surprising to find that almost all say they were paid based on piece count.

Table 71: Payment Methods - All Silviculture Employees

How was your pay calculated? # of Employees

% of Employees

Paid based on piece count 564 87%Paid an hourly rate 76 12%Paid based on a completion rate 11 2%Total 651

Thirty six percent of supervisors report pay based on hourly rate compared to 11% for field workers. Lead hand was the employee type most likely to be paid based on completion rate.

Table 72: Payment methods by type position

How was your pay calculated?% Field

%Lead Hand

% Supervisor

% Project Manager

Paid based on piece count 87% 61% 58% 68%Paid an hourly rate 11% 30% 36% 27%Paid based on a completion rate 2% 9% 6% 4%

Daily wages earned

The average daily wage earned by employees is $261 and almost all (90%) earn $364 or less. The difference between the average perceived fair daily wage and actual daily wage is $38.

Table 73: Silviculture Income

Average 90th Min* Max


percentile

Fair Daily Wage $299 $400 $60 $650

Actual Daily Wage $261 $364 $75 $675

Each employee wage differential was calculated by subtracting their fair daily wage from actual daily wage (Daily Wage Earned – Fair Daily Wage). The average difference (mean and median) across all employees for this variable is $40 and ranged widely between negative $350 and plus $400. The wage difference variable was used to test what impact earning more/less than is perceived as a fair daily wage has on what employees report as expected total silviculture income and overall satisfaction with income.

Table 74: Actual daily wage and expected silviculture income

Daily wage

Where your DAILY gross earnings what you expected to earn during 2013 Silviculture season? %

Below Fair

% Match Fair

% Above Fair

Daily Wage: Earned more this season then I expected (n=53) 17% 40% 43%Daily Wage Earned about what I expected (n=329) 7% 27% 66%Daily Wage Earned less than what I expected (n=224) 85% 11% 4%

Not surprisingly we see in the above table that all the employees that say they earned less daily wage then expected also report that their daily wage was below what they think is a fair daily wage (85%). In contrast, only 17% of employees that say the earned higher daily wage than expected also report their actual daily wage is below what they feel is a fair daily wage.

Employees that say their daily wage is about what they expected report their daily wage was above what they report as a fair daily wage (66%). Only 7% of employees that report their daily wage matched what they expected also report their daily wage falling below what they report as fair daily wage. This group might be those employees that went into the season with low expectations and had those expectations become a reality.

Table 75: Actual daily wage and expected silviculture income

Overall, how satisfied are you with the income you earned from work in the Silviculture Sector in 2013?

Daily wage – Fair daily wage%

Dissatisfied ( 0 – 3)

% Neither

(4-6)

% Satisfied ( 7 – 10)

Daily wage lower than fair daily wage (n=418) 7% 36% 9%Daily wage matches fair daily wage (n=132) 0% 20% 80%Daily wage higher than fair daily wage (n=42) 5% 45% 50%

An interesting finding is that overall satisfaction with income is greatest when employees' actual daily wage matched what they perceive to be a fair daily wage (80% Satisfied). When


employees' daily wage is less than what they report as a fair daily wage they are most likely to report being neither satisfied nor dissatisfied (36%). Employees with a daily wage greater than what they report as a fair wage are roughly split between satisfied (50%) and neither satisfied/dissatisfied (45%). Perhaps this later group would have liked to have had more opportunity to earn income while their daily wage was higher than what they expected.

Employee daily wage is correlated with four key outcomes.

Table 76: Daily Wage relationship to key outcomes

Pearson’s r R2

Overall, how satisfied are you with the income you earned from work in the Silviculture Sector in 2013? .233** .054

How many years do you expect to continue doing silviculture work? .203** .041How likely are you to return to silviculture work in 2014? .157** .025Reflecting on those years, how satisfied or dissatisfied are you with your experience doing silviculture work? .147** .022

Total Silviculture Income

The average income earned by employees is $15,137 and almost all (90%) earn $30,000 or less. One employee reporting $1,300 Silviculture income but other income from employment insurance for total income of $9,000.

Table 77: Silviculture Income

Average 90th percentile

Min Max

Silviculture Income $15,137 $30,000 $1,300 $60,000

Half of all employees (51%) said they earned about what they expected, while about 2 of every 5 said they earned less than expected. About 1 in 10 employees report earning more than expected.

Table 78: Actual versus Internet Access

Was the total amount you earned close to what you expected from working in the 2013 Silviculture season? # of

Employees% of Employees

Earned more this season then I expected 54 9%Earned about what I expected 304 51%Earned less than what I expected 235 39%Total 593 100%

Silviculture income is correlated with two key outcomes.

Table 79: Total Silviculture Income relationship to key outcomes

Pearson’s r R2

How many years do you expect to continue doing silviculture work? .274** .075


Overall, how satisfied are you with the income you earned from work in the Silviculture Sector in 2013? .111* .012

Total Other Income

The average income earned by employees is $15,137 and almost all (90%) earn $30,000 or less. One employee reported $1,500 total income but no income from silviculture. This income was reported as coming from employment insurance.

Table 80: Other Income

What do you estimate will be your total gross earnings from all sources in 2013?

Average 90th percentile

Min Max

Other Income $23,939 $42,000 $1,500 $65,000

Silviculture Income as percent of total Income

Silviculture income is an important source of income to employees, but as noted previously it is not their only source of income. On average silviculture income represents 63% of an employee’s total income. Only 7% of employees report that silviculture income represents 100% of their total income.

Table 81: Silviculture Income as % of Total Income

Avr 90th percentile

Min Max

Silviculture Income as % total income 63% 94% 10% 100%

Dependency on silviculture income is correlated with how likely an employee is to return to work next season and how likely they are to recommend working in the silviculture sector. Income dependency does not correlate with overall satisfaction with income.

Table 82: Income dependency relationship to key outcomes

Pearson’s r R2

How likely are you to return to silviculture work in 2014? .201** .040How likely is it that you would recommend working in the Silviculture Sector? -.091* .008

Factors that limit income

Given the importance of income we asked employees to provide. Low prices per tree was selected as a reason by almost half (48%) of employees. When selected it was first choice 59%, second choice 25% and third choice 16% of the time. While low prices per tree may be a function of the employer's contract, other factors listed (such as injuries, availability of work days, travel time to work site, and employer disorganization) are all areas for operational improvement.

Table 83: What limits your silviculture income (number of employee who selected each factor)


What factors limit your ability to maximize the income you earn from silviculture? #

Employees% Employees

Low prices per tree for type of ground 284 48%Injuries taking their toll on your body 97 16%Availability of work days 77 13%Too much time traveling from muster station to work site 54 9%Disorganization of employer 39 7%Poor sleep 23 4%Poor food/nutrition 15 2%Poor equipment 2 >1%


Table 84: What limits your silviculture income (when selected)

Listed below are some of the more common ways that people found their first Silviculture job.

% 1st Choice

% 2nd Choice

% 3rd Choice

Low prices per tree for type of ground 59% 25% 16%Injuries taking their toll on your body 30% 34% 36%Availability of work days 35% 33% 33%Too much time traveling from muster station to work site 20% 44% 37%Disorganization of employer 19% 41% 40%Poor sleep 19% 27% 54%Poor food/nutrition 28% 41% 31%Poor equipment 6% 39% 54%

While 87% of employees receive pay based on only one method we found that about 1 in 10 receive payment based on two methods and a small proportion (2%) received pay based on all three methods.

Table 85: Count of Payment Methods - All Silviculture Employees

How was your pay calculated? # of Employees

% of Employees

Only one method 564 87%Two methods 76 12%Three methods 11 2%Total 651 100.0%

A majority of employees report being satisfied with accuracy, timeliness of payroll, and availability of advances. Just over 1 in 10 employee report being dissatisfied with these same attributes of payroll.

Table 86: Satisfaction with payroll

How was your pay calculated? % Not Satisfied

% Satisfied

Accuracy of your payroll stub information 14% 86%Timely payment of wages 12% 88%Availability of advances 12% 88%

7. Technology Access

Given the age profile and mobility of the workforce it is not surprising to find that 90% of employees own a cell or smart phone.


Table 87: Type Mobile Phone

Which of the following technology do you own # of Employees

% of Employees

Cell Phone 128 22%Smart Phone (e.g. IPhone, Android smart phone, etc) 371 65%Both Cell and Smart Phone 14 2%No phone 57 10%Total 570 99%

Given the method used to contact employees was by email and the internet, it is also not surprising to find that all reported having an email account. Over half use voice of IP (VoIP) technology such as Skype and 2 of every 5 employees use Facebook.

Table 88: Social Media Sites & Services

Which of the following types of internet-based communication accounts do you have?

# of Employees

% of Employees

Email 570 100%Skype or Similar 330 58%Facebook 212 37%Instagram 147 26%Google+ 127 22%Twitter 75 13%Flickr 14 2%Tumblr 6 1%Chat/Messenger (iMessage, Whatsapp, Snapchat) 4 >1%Community site (Pinterest, deviantart, behance, Reddit) 4 >1%Blog, wordpress 3 >1%LinkedIn 2 >1%YouTube 1 >1%Total 570


Section 3Employer Profile (Respondents)

Characteristics of businesses responding to survey

Page 63 of 136Section 3: Employer Profile

1. Employer Population

A population list of 188 private sector employers was developed for this project, of which 133were SAFE Certified by the BC Forest Safety Council. Employer population estimates arebased on this count of private sector businesses operating in the BC Silviculture sector.

Table 0: Employer Population Lists

Size of Employer BCFSCData

NumberSurveye

dIndividual Owner Operator 3 12 to 5 employees 15 56 to 19 employees 87 13> 20 employees 28 27Subtotal (BCFSC certified) 133 46Not BCFSC certified 55 --Government (Wildfire) 1 --Total 189 46

Unless otherwise stated, the results reported are for private sector employers only.

I. CORPORATE INFORMATION

1. Activity by Subsector

The results suggest that most employers do work in 2 or more sectors (61%) with on 2 out of every 5 employers (39%) having activity in only 1 subsectors and 1 in 5 with activity in all three subsectors.

Table 0: Silviculture Sub Sector Activities, BC 2013

Sample Population

Sub sector activity Count % of Sample Count CV

Tree Planting Services 35 63% 91

Brushing & Spacing 38 69% 99

Wildfire Fighting Services 24 44% 63

One Activity only 21 39% 56Two Activities 23 43% 62Three Activities 10 18% 26Overall 55 100% 144

2. Years of Operation in Silviculture

The average number of years that an employer has been active is 23 with half of all employers being active for 21 or less years and 90% of all employers having 40 or fewer years of activity. The most years of activity reported is 44 while the employers with least number of years activity reported 3 years.

Table 0: Years of operation (N=51)


Percentile

… How many years has this business been active in the Silviculture sector? Mean. 50th 90th Min Max

Years of activity 23 21 40 3 44

About 1 in 5 silviculture employers (18%) have 10 years or less activity.

Table 0: Years of operation, Grouped

Sample Population

Years Experience Count % Sample Count CV

10 years or less 9 18% 2611 to 20 years 15 29% 4221 to 30 years 15 29% 4230 or more years 12 23% 33Overall 51 99% 143

3. Revenues By Sector

Amongst the 38 employers surveyed that provided a breakdown, most of their revenue earnedin BC (85%) was earned from work performed on forest lands (e.g., the provincial government,forest license holders, private land owners, First Nations or others managing forest lands in BC),as shown in the table below.

Table 0: Sources of Revenue: Forestry vs. Non-Forestry Sector, BC, 2013

Source Count TotalRevenues

% of SampleRevenues

BC Forestry Sector 37 $57,513,000 85%BC Non-Forestry Sector 15 $10,217,000 15%Overall 38 $67,730,000 100%

4. Revenues By Type of Client

Forty of the 48 employers provided a breakdown of revenues by type of client. As the tablebelow indicates, most of the revenues earned in BC were earned from private sector clients(67%) compared to government (33%) contracts. Within the private sector, most revenues wereearned from contracts with BC private forestry license holders (75% of private sector revenues).The BC provincial government is the source of most of the government revenues (84%).

Table 0: Sources of Revenue: Government vs. Private Sector, BC, 2013


% of SampleRevenues

Government 32 $23,118,000 33%- BC Provincial Government 31 $19,326,750 28%- First Nations Band or Corporation 10 $2,241,750 3%- Local BC Government 6 $1,079,500 2%



% of SampleRevenues

- All Other Government (e.g., Federal) 1 $270,000 0%Private Sector 38 $46,612,000 67%- BC Private Forestry License Holders 33 $35,002,250 50%- BC Private Land Owners 15 $4,061,275 6%- Other BC Private Sector Customers 10 $6,637,850 10%Overall 40 $69,730,000 100%

Including several employers that did not reveal their actual revenues levels, 46 indicatedwhether they generated revenues from private sector customers other than private licenseholders or private land owners. The 46 employers most commonly responded that they had noother sources of revenue (48%) followed by those that indicated they generated revenues fromutility sector customers (24%), mining sector customers (17%), municipal governmentcustomers (15%) and residential customers (11%), as shown in the table below. Other types ofcustomers which were identified included oil and gas sector customers, transportation sectorcustomers, contract loggers, and parks.

Table 0: Other Revenue Sources, BC, 2013

(n=46) # ofEmployers % of Sample

None, No Other Sources of Revenue 22 48%

Utilities Sector Customers 11 24%

Mining Sector Customers 8 17%

Local Government Customers 7 15%

Residential Customers 5 11%

Oil & Gas Sector Customers 4 9%

Other 4 9%

Transportation Sector Customers 3 7%

Overall, 30% of these 46 employers reported that they had undertaken work (contracts) inpartnership with First Nations. Although the percentage did not vary much across activities, aslightly higher percentage of employers that had undertaken wildfire fighting activities had alsoundertaken work in partnership with First Nations (43%) compared to those that had engaged intree planting (30%) and brushing and spacing (32%).

Table 0: Companies That Had Work (Contracts) in Partnership With First Nations, BC, 2013

Tree Planting Wildfire Fighting Brushing andSpacing Sample Total

Yes 8 30% 9 43% 11 32% 14 30%No 19 70% 12 57% 23 68% 32 70%Total 27 100% 21 100% 34 100% 46 100%


5. Revenues By Activity

The employers were also asked to provide a breakdown of their revenues by type of services(e.g. tree planting, brushing and spacing, firefighting, other silviculture and non-silvicultureservices). Of the 40 employers that provided data on revenues by type of service, about half oftheir BC revenues were earned from tree planting activities (49%), followed by services orproducts not related to silviculture (25%) as shown in the table below. Revenues outside of thesilviculture sector related to activities such as timber market development and logging (reportedby 3 employers), utility corridor slashing (2), training (2), vine planting, vegetation maintenance,road building, trail building, land clearing, equipment rental, recreation site maintenance, handfalling, forestry work for sawmills, forestry layout work, engineering, mapping, forest tenure andresource management with First Nations, a community forest license, native species restorationand riparian restoration/erosion control with urban environments. Amongst the employerssurveyed, only 10% of revenues were generated from brushing and spacing activities and 5%were generated from wildfire fighting services.

Table 0: Sources of Revenue: Activities and Services, BC, 2013

Activity Count TotalRevenues

% of SampleRevenues

Tree Planting Services 26 $33,884,500 49%Other Non-Silviculture Services or Products 13 $17,737,000 25%

Other Silviculture Services or Products 16 $7,634,500 11%Brushing & Spacing 31 $7,012,500 10%Wildfire Fighting Services 19 $3,461,500 5%Overall 40 $69,730,000 100%

Most employers generate revenues from more than one type of activity. All 48 employerssurveyed provided a percentage breakdown of the proportion of their revenue by type ofservice. About one fifth of these employers were involved in tree planting, wildfire fighting andbrushing and spacing. Of those employers, 70% were also involved in other silviculture activitiesor products. Only one employer was involved in all five activity areas. In addition, there is notmuch of a relationship between the level of revenues and the diversity in types of activitiesundertaken. Interestingly, there were no employers involved in wildfire fighting and tree plantingthat were not also involved in bushing and spacing and other activities.

6. Revenues By Region

Of the 48 employers that were interviewed, 40 provided data on their revenues. Taken together, the 40 employers reported revenues totaling $83 million, of which 84% was generated from work performed in BC. Fewer than 20% of the employers surveyed reported earning revenues from work performed outside of BC. On average, employers reported earning $2.1 million in revenue in 2013.

Table 0: Sources of Revenue: In BC vs. Outside of BC, 2013

Source Count MeanRevenues

TotalRevenues

% of SampleRevenues

Work Performed in BC 40 $1,743,250 $69,730,000 84%


Work Performed Outside BC 9 $1,496,667 $13,470,000 16%Overall 40 $2,080,000 $83,200,000 100%

7. Operations - BC Regions

About 9 in 10 employers (90%) reported working in 4 or fewer BC regions, a majority (59%) work in only one region.. The average number of regions worked in was 2 but 50% of all employers worked in only 1 region. Almost 2 in 5 employers (18%) reported working in all 8 BC regions.

Table 0: Number of BC Regions worked (N=51)

Percentile

What BC forest regions did the activity take place in Mean 50th 90th Min Max

Number of regions with activity 2 1 4 1 8

Most employers worked in West Coast Region (41%) followed by Cariboo and Kootenay/Boundary Regions (37%). Number of employers reporting operations in Skeena Region (27%). One in five or less employers reported operation in the West Coast and Thompson/Okanagan Region (20%), Omineca Region (14%), South Coast Region (12%).

Table 0: Work Region - BC

Sample Population

Where did you work this year? Count % of Sample Count CV

A - West Coast Region 21 41% 59 1.3

B - Skeena Region 14 27% 39 1.8

C - Omineca Region 7 14% 20 2.6

D - Northeast Region 10 20% 29 2.2

E - Cariboo Region 19 37% 53 1.4

F - South Coast Region 6 12% 17 2.9

G - Thompson/Okanagan Region 10 20% 29 2.2

H - Kootenay/Boundary Region 19 37% 53 1.4

Only 1 Region 30 59% 85 0.9

2 regions 8 16% 23 2.4

3 regions 4 8% 11 3.6

4 regions 4 8% 11 3.6

5 regions 1 2% 3 7.5

6 regions 2 4% 6 5.2

7 regions 1 2% 3 7.5

8 regions 1 2% 3 7.5


Total 51 100% 14519

8. Incorporated versus Unincorporated

About 3 out of every 4 employers operating in this sector are incorporated (74%) while about 1 in 10 are unincorporated (12%). First Nations Band or corporation represent about 1 out of every 20 firms (6%).

Table 0: Type of Business, 2013

Which of the following best describes the organization you are responding for? Count % of

Sample

Incorporated Company 40 74%Unincorporated (i.e. partnership or sole proprietorship) 7 12%First Nations Band or corporation 3 6%Government (Federal, Provincial, Local Area), please specify... 2 4%

Industry Stakeholder Organization 1 2%Other, please specify... 1 2%Overall 54 100%

Responses to this question suggest that not all respondents understand the terminology used to describe business types. One respondent selected “other” to the options given then specified “consulting firm” suggesting that they might not have understood that a consulting firm did not fall into either incorporated or unincorporated.

9. Number of Operated Businesses

A complicating factor found while conducting this research is that some employers are actually a composite of more than one business. During the pretesting stage of this survey we found one respondent who had difficulty answering questions that were written on the pretext that questions pertained to a single business entity. The following question was added to the survey to assist respondents’ frame of reference for survey questions and to gauge how prevalent this dynamic was across the silviculture sector.

Table 0: Number of Silviculture Businesses Operated, 2013

Do you have responsibilities associated with running or owning more than one business that operates in the silviculture sector.

Count % ofSample

Yes 14 25%No 41 75%Overall 55 100%

Of the employers that reported activity in only one subsector (n=21) about 19% reported having responsibilities associated with running or owning more than one business in the silviculture sector. The result suggests that response to this question is not a function of businesses operating in two or more subsectors. One interpretation of this finding is that approximately 1

19� Some estimates will sum to under/over 100% due to rounding.


in 4 silviculture employers may be composed of multiple distinct business areas with associated revenue/cost centers.

Respondents were given a choice to answer the survey questions based on their businesses combined operations, only one operation; or, they could tell us they were unsure what operations were reflected in their answers.

Table 0: Number of Silviculture Businesses Operated, 2013

Would you like your responses in this survey to be associated with all businesses combined or for only one of the operations.

Count

Combined operations 5Only one operation 5Unsure/Can’t Say 3Missing/Skipped 1Overall 14

10. Employer Years of Experience

Half of all employers have 28 or less years of experience working in the silviculture sector and 90% have 38 or fewer years of experience. The average years of experience is 26.

Table 0: Employer Years of Silviculture Experience (n=54)

Percentile

… How many years have you personally been working in the Silviculture sector? Mean. 50th 90th Min Max

Respondent Years of experience 26 28 38 1 44

Only 7 employers (13%) reported 10 years or less silviculture sector experience. A majority (65%) reported 21 years or more experience. One in five employers have 11 to 20 years of experience.

Table 0: Employer Years of Silviculture Experience, Grouped

Years of Experience Count % of Sample

10 years or less 7 13%11 to 20 years 11 20%21 to 30 years 20 36%30 or more years 16 29%Overall 51 100%

11. Employer Roles and Responsibilities

Almost all 9 in 10 respondents (87%) said they were a business owner. Hands on business ownership typifies the sector with only 8 business owners (15%) reporting they had no other role or responsibility. Respondents that selected business owner and at least one other role or responsibility were most likely to select manager, supervisor (97%) as the other responsibility.

Table 0: Respondent Roles and Responsibilities


During 2013 what types of responsibilities did you personally have for this organization? Count % of Sample

Business Owner 47 87%Manager, Supervisory (field and/or office) 43 80%Administrative (office, not in field) 21 40%Field Worker 18 33%Other (Specify)* 1 2%Total 54Only 1 role 12 22%2 roles 17 31%3 roles 17 31%4 roles (All listed, plus other) 8 15%*Every Aspect of the Organization

J. WORKFORCE

1. Crew Sizes

Employers were asked to indicate the range in size of their field crews. Employers reported thattheir smallest crews averaged 5 field workers and their largest crews averaged 18 field workersas shown below. As most of the respondents had tree planting operations, this crew size is likemost reflective of that activity.

Table 0: Crew Sizes (Field Workers), BC, 2013

Count Mean Min Max SampleTotal

Smallest Crew 42 5.2 1 20 217Largest Crew 41 18.3 2 100 751

2. Diversity of Workers

Approximately one-half of the employers (23 of 45) reported employing one or more FirstNations people. These workers accounted for 7% of the sample. Employers reportedemploying very few temporary foreign workers (0.2% of total employees) and foreign students(0.3%).

Table 0: Types of Employees, BC, 2013

Business Workers

Count Mean Total % of Sample

First Nations Status 23 8.0 185 7%Temporary Foreign Workers who obtained a work visa under TFWP 3 1.3 4 0.2%

Foreign Students, Working Student Visa 2 3.5 7 0.3%Overall Total 45 59.4 2,645 100%


K. OPINIONS AND OUTLOOK

1. 2013 Revenue

Slightly less than half (48%) of the employer respondents felt the income earned in 2013 was below expectations, about in in 3 report income came in as expected and about 1 in 5 firms (18%) report income above expectations for 2013.

Table 89: 2013 Business Income Expectations

Would you say the net income earned by your BC operations in the last year was... Count

% ofRespondent

sEmployer Respondent 8 17%Slightly below expectations 15 31%As expected 16 33%Slightly above expectations 5 10%Considerably above expectations 4 8%Total 48 100%

Approximately 1 of every 3 employers (64%) do not see any changes in operations for 2014 and 2 of every 4 look forward to better operations. Only 13% of employers think business operations will be worse next season.

Table 90: Expected Business Performance in 2014

Thinking of BC operations, do you expect the business situation of your company in 2014 to be...

Count% of

Respondents

About the Same 30 64%Better 11 23%Worse 6 13%Total 47 100%

Looking forward to 2014 about 1 in 5 (19%) expect earnings to be worse while almost 2 in 5 (37%) are expecting income to be better. Slightly fewer than half (44%) expect income to be about the same in 2014.

Table 91: Year over year business income compared (2012 to 2013)

Would you say the net income earned by your BC operations in the last year was... Count

% ofRespondent

sAbout the Same 21 44%Better 18 37%Worse 9 19%Total 48 100%


2. Future Revenue

Employers also seem optimistic about the future of the sector, with a majority agreeing that they are optimistic that businesses in the BC silviculture sector will be able to earn the income they require to stay in operation.

Table 92: Optimistic about sector

Ability to earn income

Over the next three to five years, how optimistic are you that businesses in the BC silviculture sector will be able to earn the income they require to stay in operation.

% (A)optimisti

c

% (B)pessimisti

c

%(A – B)

Employer Respondent 58% 42% 16%

The optimism is primary due to strong lumber prices. Those employers that don’t share the bright outlook are concerned about the competition from other firms and thin profit margins.

3. Future Expenditures by Customers

Slightly more employers see government expenditure on tree planting to increase (27%) than decrease (23%) while the other 50% see expenditures staying the same. The outlook is slightly better for wildfire fighting with 45% feeling government expenditures will increase compared to 30% who feel it will decrease, 1 in 4 feel it will stay the same (25%). The outlook for Brushing and Spacing expenditures is less optimistic with more employer respondents feeling expenditures will decrease (44%) than increase (27%).

Table 93: FUTURE Government Expenditure

Challenge

Over the next three to five years, do you think that the amount of money that the provincial government (including provincial ministries, BC Timber Sales, crown corporations and agencies) will spend contracting the following services is going to increase, decrease or stay the same

% Increas

e

% StaySame

%Decreas

e

Tree Planting 27% 50% 23%Wildfire fighting 45% 25% 30%Brushing and Spacing 27% 29% 44%

More businesses see private sector expenditure on tree planting to increase (37%) than decrease (30%) while 1 in 3 (33%) see expenditures staying the same. The outlook is about the same for wildfire fighting with 20% feeling private sector expenditures will increase compared to 15% who feel it will decrease. The majority, about 2 in 3, feel it will stay the same (65%). The outlook for Brushing and Spacing expenditures is less optimistic with more businesses feeling expenditures will decrease (32%) than increase (23%).


Table 94: Future Private Sector Expenditures

Challenge

Over the next three to five years, do you think that the amount of money that the BC private sector (including private forestry license holders and private land owners) will spend contracting the following services is going to increase, decrease or stay the same?

% Increas

e

% StaySame

%Decrea

se

Tree Planting 37% 33% 30%Wildfire fighting 20% 65% 15%Brushing and Spacing 23% 44% 32%

4. Business Operations Outlook

Over half of the businesses (52%) expect to be doing business for 10 or more years. About 1 in 3 expect to be doing business for 6 to 10 years and only 14% expect to be in business for less than 5 years.

Table 95: Years Expected to operate

How many years do you expect this business to continue in the industry? Count % of

Businesses

Less than 5 years 7 14%6 to 10 years 17 34%10 or more years 26 52%Total 50 100

For those who expect their business to continue for less than 5 years, all said they are likely to be active during the 2014 silviculture season.

Table 96: expecting to operate next season (if expect to operate < 6 years)

How likely is it that this business will be active in the 2014 Silviculture season? Count % of

Businesses

Not Likely 0 0%Likely 2 29%Very Likely 5 71%Total 7 100


5. Expansion Plans

Slightly less than half (48%) felt the income earned in 2013 was below expectations, about in in 3 report income came in as expected and about 1 in 5 firms (18%) report income above expectations for 2013.

Table 0: Businesses that would pursue expansion

Would your organization pursue expansion in this sector if the opportunity presented itself? Count % of Sample

No, not at all 3 11%Yes, would expand if possible 17 63%Unsure or Can't Say 7 26%Total 27 100%

The top two factors that respondents most often select as a limiting factor to expansion are associated with revenue (competition in own sector and availability of contracts). The third most limiting factor selected is availability of skilled people to fill supervisor and crew boss positions. Other limiting factors cited were available AAC, impact of the MPB, and the nature of seasonality making it hard to retain workers.

Table 97: Factors that limit business expansion

Respondent n = 28

Which of the following factors limit the ability of your business to expand? Count %

Competition in own sector 14 50%Shortage of available contracts 12 43%Shortage of skilled people to fill supervisor or crew boss positions 11 39%

Rate of return on investment 9 32%Shortage of entry level field workers 4 14%Cost of labour 3 11%Cost of materials 2 7%Access to bank credit 2 7%Cost of finance (i.e. interest rates) 0 0%Lack of equipment 0 0%Total 57

6. Fate of Operations

When it does come time for the business to wind up its operations results indicate that 1 in 5 (20%) are unsure what will happen to operations. About 1 in 10 employers foresee a family member taking over the business while 1 in 4 foresee an employee taking over the business. Only 8% foresee the business being sold to someone who is not family or an employee and the same number foresee the business just closing its doors and no longer operating.

Business who don’t expect to be operation more than 5 years feel their business will no longer operate after that time (71%) compared to only 7% of business who expect to be in operations 6 or more years.


Table 98: business continuity

When the current owners are no longer involved in this business, do you anticipate that:

Count % ofBusinesses

It will no longer operate 8 16%It will be taken over by a family member 5 10%It will be taken over by an existing employee 13 26%It will be purchased and operated by someone else 4 8%I’m not sure 20 40%Total 50 100

Table 99: business continuity by operating years expected

Expected Years of OperationWhen the current owners are no longer involved in this business, do you anticipate that:

% < 6yrs. % 6 yrs +

It will no longer operate 71% 7%It will be taken over by a family member 0% 12%It will be taken over by an existing employee 0% 30%It will be purchased and operated by someone else 14% 7%I’m not sure 14% 44%

7. Reasons for Exit

Slightly more than half of employers feel they can earn better return for their effort or that it is too difficult to find employees as reasons they will eventually close doors. About half (49%) of employers choose not enough work as a reason. Planning to retire was the selected by 29% of employers while 24% selected physical hardship and only 14% choose isolation as a reason.

Table 100: Reasons company closes operations - Total times chosen (1st, 2nd or 3rd)

Should the silviculture company close operations, what are the most likely reasons it will close?

CountN=55

%

Better return for my risk and effort elsewhere 29 53%Too difficult to find people willing to work in the field 28 51%Not enough work around here 27 49%I'm planning on retiring 16 29%Physical hardships associated with the work 13 24%Isolation from family or friends 8 14%

When better return for my risk was chosen only 1 in 4 cited it as their first reason (24%). When recruitment of workers is selected, 29% selected it as their first choice. Only not enough work around here (56%) and retirement (50%) was selected by more than half of businesses as their first choice for reasons the company would eventually close operations.

Table 101: When chosen


Reason

Should the silviculture company close operations, what are the most likely reasons it will close?

% One

% Two

% Three

Better return for my risk and effort elsewhere 24% 31% 45%Too difficult to find people willing to work in the field 29% 36% 36%Not enough work around here 56% 30% 15%I'm planning on retiring 50% 50% 25%Physical hardships associated with the work 15% 38% 46%Isolation from family or friends 0% 62% 37%

8. Sector Associations

A small majority of businesses think industry associations are doing a good job currently representing their interests. One out of three businesses would actually say they are doing a poor job and only 8% would say they are doing a very good job.

Table 102: Rating Industry Associations

PerformanceHow are your industry associations doing at representing the interests of silviculture business owners?

% VeryPoor

% Poor

% Good

% Very Good

Industry associations 5% 32% 54% 8%

The main area of dissatisfaction is that it does not represent all of the industry. Suggestions to improve include increasing membership, advocating for common standards for business practices and improving sector wide communication.


Section 4Recruitment & Retention Findings

Information to support finding and keeping employees

Page 78 of 136Section 4: Recruitment and Retention Findings

L. RECRUITMENT PRIORITIES

About 1 in 3 employers reported recruiting workers to fill supervisor and crew boss positions as their biggest challenge. Only 7% of employers reported that recruiting entry level workers is a big challenge; furthermore, even if they were available only 1 in 10 (11%) would have hired additional rookies.

Table 103: Hiring Challenges

Challenge

How big a challenge was it to find employees in 2013? N=55

% None

%Somewh

at

% Big

Workers for Supervisor/Crew Boss positions 32% 35% 32%Returning field workers (1+ years industry experience) 39% 37% 23%New entry level field workers (Rookies, no previous experience) 57% 35% 7%

Table 104: Hiring of Rookies

Would you have hired more rookies if they had been available? Count

% ofRespondent

sYes 5 11%No 31 69%Unsure/Can’t Say 9 20%Total 45 100%

Table 105: Hiring of Field Workers

Would have hired more field workers with previous experience if available? Count

% ofRespondent

sYes 29 66%No 11 25%Unsure/Can’t Say 4 9%Total 44 100%


M. CURRENT PRACTICES

1. Employers

Recruitment methodsAlmost all employer respondents (98%) report they recruit through existing employees but less than half (42%) agree it’s very effective. Almost 1 in 3 employers (60%) don’t use job fairs or similar events and only 7% agree that is an effective method to recruit employees.

Table 106: Employee recruitment strategy

EffectiveHow effective do you find the following strategies for meeting your annual employee recruitment needs?

%Don’tUse

% (A)Somewh

at

% (B)Very

%(A + B)

Recruit through existing employees 2% 29% 42% 71%Counting on new and returning employees to contact you 4% 34% 33% 67%

Recruit through friends or acquaintances 5% 31% 31% 62%

Using Social Media (e.g. Facebook) 33% 33% 2% 35%

Posting positions available on the company website 38% 27% 4% 31%

Offering free or low-cost training 45% 16% 5% 21%Free job posting sites (e.g. Craigslist or Canada JobBank) 49% 13% 5% 18%

Paid advertising or job postings 47% 18% 2% 20%

Participating in job fairs or similar events 60% 5% 2% 7%

Recruitment AdvertisingHalf of employers cited promoting the sector to youth in high school or high school age is a good investment for expanding the pool of potential employees.

Table 107: Sector Promotion – Population priorities

Investment/Effort

Do you feel the silviculture sector needs to invest more, less or about the same effort promoting silviculture work and its value with the following groups

% (A)Less

% Same

% (B) More

%(A - B)

Youth in high school or high school age 8% 42% 50% 42%Students in university or pursuing other education and training goals 10% 49% 41% 31%

General Public 13% 49% 38% 25%People receiving employment insurance benefits 18% 46% 36% 18%First Nations 23% 49% 38% 15%Mature workers that are underemployed or in work transition 13% 64% 23% 10%


A clear majority of employer respondents (80%) think an industry association should lead the way on any effort to promote the sector. About 1 in 4 (24%) would say companies are be a poor choice while almost 1 in 3 (31%) would say government is a poor choice.

Table 108: Sector Promotion – Who should lead the way?

Investment/Effort

Who do you think should lead the way on this effort? % (A)Poor Choice

% (B) Good

Choice

%(A - B)

Industry associations 10% 90% 80%Individual companies 24% 76% 52%Government 31% 69% 38%

Candidate evaluation methodsThe most frequent way employers evaluated a new employee was using Face to face interview (65%). Face to face interviews were used more frequently for rookies and new supervisor/crew boss hires than for returning field workers. The most often used evaluation tool for returning field workers was to check references. About 1 in 3 employers (31%) did not select any of the choices to this question.

Figure 5: Other Information Sources


Table 109: Employee Screening

% used for type worker

What do your operations use when evaluating a potential new employee?

NotUsed

Rookiefield

Returning field

Supervisor Boss

Face to face interview requirement with someone in company 45% 20% 9% 25%

Process to check references 45% 20% 24% 11%List of desired characteristics applicants are scored against 51% 24% 7% 18%

Phone call or Skype type call 53% 16% 13% 18%Application process that requires cover letter and/or resume 54% 22% 9% 14%

Email communications, but no formal resume expected 69% 18% 9% 4%None of above methods used 45% 35% 42%

Table 110: New Hire Evaluation Practices

What do your operations use when evaluating a potential new employee?

Responses Percent

of CasesN = 55Rookie field workers (at least one of the following) 30 55%

List of desired characteristics applicants are scored against 14 25%

Application process that requires cover letter and/or resume 19 34%

Process to check references 19 34%

Phone call or Skype type call 17 31%

Email communications, but no formal resume expected 6 11%

Face to face interview requirement with someone in company 20 67%

Returning field workers (at least one of the following) 36 65%







Workers for Supervisor/Crew Boss positions (at least one of the following) 32 58%








Candidate evaluation methods - GRITIn Human Resource practices personality tests are sometimes used to increase a hiring manager’s awareness about an applicant and improve their decision-making regarding a potential new employee. The question of what predicts success in this sector’s challenging work environment is of particular importance to Silviculture Employers.

The 2013 survey included the GRIT scale questions to explore what role this type of HR tool might have in supporting recruitment and retention in the sector. Defined as perseverance and passion for long-term goals, GRIT has shown to be useful in prediction of success when perseverance and overcoming hardships are required.

Military decision makers share similar interests to Silviculture employers in that they want to know who is most likely to stay past the first year. Staying at West Point through the first summer training (sometimes referred to as Beast Barracks) is deliberately engineered to test the very limits of cadets’ physical, emotional, and mental capacities. Grit predicted completion of the rigorous West Point summer training program better than any other predictor tested. Cadets who were a standard deviation higher than average in grit were more than 60% more likely to complete summer training. Other studies show that individuals who were a standard deviation higher in grit than average were 35% less likely to be frequent career changers.

Silviculture employee’s GRIT score showed statistically significant correlations with several of the survey’s demographic and key outcome questions.

Table 111: Relationship between employee GRIT SCORE and selected key outcomes:

Key Outcomes Pearson’s r R2

Total years of experience .225** .051

Years you expect to continue .209** .044

Overall satisfaction with career .168** .028

Employee Age20 .165** .027

Would recommend Sector .160** .026

Total Silviculture earnings 2013 .146* .021

Average Daily earnings 2013 .136* .018

Days missed due to injury 2013 .024 .006

Average Daily trees planted 2013 .077 .006

The results of this test suggest the GRIT scale holds the same potential for silviculture employers as it does for West Point. Used as a recruitment screening tool, then rookie employees who are a standard deviation higher than average in GRIT score may be more than 60% more likely to return in year two. For retention it means that employees that are a standard deviation higher than average in GRIT score will be 35% less likely to leave silviculture sector career

20� Older individuals tended to be higher in grit than younger individuals, other researchers suggest that the quality of grit, although a stable individual difference, may nevertheless increase over the life span.


Entrance to sectorOver half (57%) of employees report being recruited by someone employed in the sector as playing a role in how they found their first silviculture job. Five of the options given to employees were selected by fewer that 2 of every 5 employees. Of these five options Social Media sites was selected by 17% of employees as playing a role and the other 4 were selected by under 10% of employees.

Table 112: Role of information sources

Listed below are some of the more common ways that people found their first Silviculture job.

% No Role

% Some Role

Recruited by someone employed in sector 17% 57%

Other information source, specify 39% 27%

Job posting you saw on a silviculture company 40% 25%

Social Media sites (e.g. Facebook) 47% 17%

Free job posting sites (e.g. Craigslist or Canada JobBank 54% 8%

Participating in job fair or similar event 56% 5%

Job posting in a newspaper 59% 3%

Watched a news story about the sector 55% 8%

Interestingly, the list provided to employees did not seem to match what information source they used to find their first silviculture job. Behind “recruitment by someone employed in sector”; the second information source most cited was “Other information source” (27%). The majority of feedback to this question was that another person was instrumental as an information source for how they found their first job.


Figure 6: Other Information Sources

Exit from sectorAn insightful comment made in human resource circles is that employers do not leave companies they leave managers. Our research suggests that this insight applies to the silviculture sector. An employee’s rating of employer professionalism had the most explanatory power when looking at why they might leave their employer; that is, when we look at the questions we used to judge employer professionalism, many seem to relate to supervisor/crew boss management.

The fact of the matter is that many employees don’t choose to have a career in silviculture and dissatisfaction with their career experience does not seem to be the best explanation for why they leave an employer. They certainly come with the expectation that this is a “temporary” job that will be held until something more appropriate (related to education) or better (income) comes along. We suspect that the reality for many is the day never arrives or the day arrives later than expected.

Career choice was selected by the fewest number of employees from a list of eight choices given to explain why they were first attracted to the sector. About one in four (26%) select career as a reason for entering the sector compared to 99% that selected “income” or 96% who selected “attracted by independence and outdoor experience” as important reasons for first choosing to work in silviculture sector. They came for the income and lifestyle.

When asked reasons why that they might eventually leave the sector, most responded it would be related to moving into a job related to their education (career) followed by physical toll of the work. Less than half workers responded not enough income (41%) followed by isolation from family and friends (37%) then lack of career advancement opportunities (26%).

Employees arrive to the sector thinking this will not be a career choice and anticipate they will eventually leave for job that is related to their education and/or pays better. But this is only part of the story. We dug a bit deeper and looked at the relationship between how many years an employee reported they were likely to stay in the sector and how the responded to questions related to key drivers. This analysis suggested that the reasons for leaving an employer is much more immediate and deals with their experience with managers. Yes, they may leave when a job related to their education opens up. Yes, they many leave when a better paying job becomes available. Until then, the reason they leave an employer is because of treatment by a manager.

Table 113: Why employees quit working in the sector

When the day comes and you quit working in the BC Silviculture Sector, what is the most likely reason you will stop working?

Responses Percent

of CasesN = 591

Move on to job related to education (Reason) 415 70%Physical hardship associated with the work (Reason) 378 64%Not enough income (Reason) 243 41%Isolation from family and friends (Reason) 220 37%No career advancement opportunity (Reason) 224 26%Accommodation Conditions (Reason) 73 12%Employer lack of professionalism (Reason) 66 11%


Concerns over safety (Reason) 55 9%Problems with other employees (Reason) 23 4%

Figure 7: Reasons workers entered the silviculture sector

2. Employer Support

The best predictor for an employee’s willingness to recommend and employer was if they felt their employer went the extra mile to make sure they were happy and productive. Fortunately, 82% of employees agreed that their employer does go the extra mile in this regard.

Table 114: Employee support by employer?

Would you say that your employer goes the extra mile to make sure employees are as happy and productive as possible?

# of Employees

% of Employees

Yes 502 82%No 108 18%Total 610

Table 115: Going the extra mile correlation with key outcomes

Would you say that your employer goes the extra mile to make sure employees are as happy and productive as possible?

Pearson’s r R2

How likely is it that you would recommend working for your 2013 BC Silviculture Employer? -.486** .236

Overall, how satisfied are you with the typical work day you experienced during the 2013 Silviculture season? -.354** .125

Reflecting on those years, how satisfied or dissatisfied are you with your experience doing silviculture work? -.275** .076

How likely is it that you would recommend working in the Silviculture Sector? -.172** .029


N. KEY DRIVER ANALYSIS

Identifying and analyzing key drivers can help employers find answers to questions such as: What drives my employee to quit? What contributes to an employee’s productivity? Which employee group is most satisfied with their career choice? The key drivers (employee opinions) in this survey are measured as employee satisfaction with Income, Workday Experience, Accommodation and Employer Professionalism. Key driver analysis evaluates the relationship of these opinions to a desired outcome or strategic characteristic.

The key drivers used in our analysis were primarily developed based on qualitative analysis of employee feedback and comments in the 2012 survey as well as guidance from the committee members. The 2013 employee survey is constructed to explore if the above concepts predict desired outcomes.

The desired outcomes used in our analysis include21:

Retention - satisfaction with the employees work day during the season.

Recruitment & Retention - willingness to recommend employer as a good employer to work for.

Recruitment & Retention - willingness to recommend working in the Silviculture Sector?

Retention - how many years do you expect to continue doing silviculture work?

Retention - career satisfaction, satisfied with total years of experience doing silviculture work?

The committee is also interested in knowing what actions they need to take to improve recruitment and retention. Consequently as set of questions was also developed that might inform how employer might improve employee opinions for each of the four key drivers. These “action area” questions are also develop base on 2012 survey results and committee input. The conceptual relationship between key drivers and these action area questions are show in Table 120.

Table 116: Relationships – key driver and action areas

Key Driver- Factors thought to influence how workers experience22

r r2Imp.

Weight

How satisfied were you with each of the following aspects of employer professionalism?

Timely payment of wages .190 .036 1.11Commitment to safety of employees .351 .123 3.79Fairness in treatment of employees .400 .160 4.92

21� Due to time constraints, not all desired outcomes have been looked at, for example, total years of experience.

22� See Appendix 1 – Key Driver questions


Environmental stewardship .274 .075 2.31Their support of employee training .335 .112 3.47Availability of advances .279 .078 2.40Maintains a respectful workplace free from harassment .290 .084 2.59Tolerance for individuality .244 .060 1.84

How satisfied were you with each of the following?

Accuracy of your payroll stub information .277 .077 2.37

Paid for all the work you do .298 .089 2.74

Hours made available to you for work .302 .091 2.82

Pay rate .456 .208 6.42

Thinking back about all your work day experiences in 2013, how satisfied were you with each of the following?

Management/Supervisor support .430 .185 5.70

Safety on work site .379 .143 4.42

Your crew composition .349 .122 3.75

Organization & Logistics .430 .185 5.70

Tools and equipment available to you .296 .088 2.70

Fairness in assignment of tasks or duties .474 .225 6.92

Reflecting on your 2013 tree planting season, how satisfied were you with each of the following?

Number of days that were made available to you for work. .284 .081 2.49

Price paid to you for piece work .485 .236 7.27

Time needed for travel between muster location and work site .368 .135 4.17

Camp fees you were required to pay .345 .119 3.68Compensation for additional duties (i.e. camp, driving or other daily duties) .387 .150 4.62

Organization of work day .441 .194 6.00

Work terrain you were assigned .435 .189 5.82

Continued next page…

How satisfied were you with each of the following aspects of [CAMP LIFE] OR [HOTEL/HOUSE ACCOMODATION]?Camp AccommodationSanitary conditions .461Camp toilets .451Safety and security at camp .410Camp showers .390Sanitary conditions .389Camp location .355Camp social life .354Camp foodHotel AccommodationCleanliness .479Other facilities (e.g. pool, TV, air conditioning) .459Quality of Beds .439


Safety and security at accommodation .439Size of room .418Room mates .312House Rental AccommodationCleanliness .646Other facilities (e.g. pool, TV, air conditioning) .623Quality of Beds .587Safety and security at accommodation .564Size of room .519Room mates .321

As expected the analysis shows that each set of action item is related to their associated key driver. Each key driver scale demonstrated high internal consistency. From a low of ( � = .77) for Income to a high of ( � =.88); for items associated with house rental accommodation. This suggests that action items are related to their associated key driver in that how an employee responds to rating each action item is related to how they rate the key driver overall.


Table 117: Relationships – key driver and action areas

Scale (Key Driver/Action Areas) Cronbach’s alpha test for scale reliability.

Accommodation Camp items rated good (α .79) Hotel items rated good (α .87) House rental items rated good (α .88)

Income These items rated good (α .77)

Employer Professionalism This question set rated good (α .82)

Workday Experience This question set rated good (α .80)


1. Key Driver Analysis – Willingness to Recommend Employer

Each box in the above graphic represents the scale constructed from the “action areas” questions shown in the previous table. Each scale has a statistically significant correlation with an employee’s willingness to recommend an employer23. Statistically significant does not mean “important”; rather, it means the relationship we found is unlikely to be due to chance. The r2 number tells us how confident we can be in using each scale to predict an employee’s willingness to recommend their employer. For instance, if we used the satisfaction with professionalism scale as a set of exit questions for all employees at the end of each season, we would expect that 35% of variance in how likely an employee was to recommend their employer could be explained by how they answered the questions used in this scale.

The next best explanatory driver is satisfaction with an employee’s overall accommodation and workday experience. Overall satisfaction with income was the least powerful predictor of how likely an employee is to recommend working for their employer.

Action Areas – Employer ProfessionalismAs stated, the action areas for each satisfaction scale were combined based on research and conversations with committee members. Overall, the scales are moderately predictive of outcomes of interest.

More open-ended exploratory analysis, however, found the following question set (model) acted as the best predictor of how employees rate employer professionalism (see Table 149). Combined, responses to the following questions explain 75% of variability in overall satisfaction with employer professionalism.

Table 118: Overall Employer Professionalism Satisfaction

Overall, how satisfied are you with the professionalism your employer demonstrated towards crews and their industry responsibilities?

Pearson’s r R2

Model .868 .754

Concept Predictors: (Satisfaction with)

Accommodation Camp social life, | Safety and security at campHotel Size of room, | Roommates, | Safety and security at accommodation, | Other facilities (e.g. pool, TV, air conditioning), | Quality of Beds, | Cleanliness

Professionalism Management/Supervisor supportWould you say that your employer goes the extra mile to make sure employees are as happy and productive as possible?Maintains respectful workplace free from harassment, Commitment to safety of employees,Timely payment of wagesTheir support of employee trainingEnvironmental stewardship,

When Key Drivers have positive ratings, employers should ensure that strategies are in place to maintain (and improve) those ratings. When Key Drivers have negative ratings, employers should take action to address how to improve them. Improvements to Key Drivers – especially those with low ratings – will directly impact the dependent variables.

23 The r number is Pearson’s r and ** is two tail test of significance.


Key Drivers, identified in red type above , are the first priority.

This exploratory analysis of the data is a useful reminder that a range of factors, sometimes beyond what we might commonly understand or expect, can influence outcomes of interest. It also suggests that these types of exploratory analyses many be useful to conduct for other study outcomes of interest. These findings have implications for actions that employers could pursue to engage and support employees

Finally, it is interesting to keep in mind that while employer professionalism has good potential for predicting an employee’s willingness to recommend an employer it was not a top of mind response when employees were provided 10 possible reasons why they may eventually quit working in the silviculture sector, very few (n=66) choose employer lack of professionalism.


O. DERIVED VERSUS STATED IMPORTANCE

1. Action Areas to Improve Employee Workday Experience.

Two ways of estimating the importance of action areas to employees.

1) We can ask employees what is important, this is known as stated importance.

2) We can estimate importance by looking at how measurements of action items vary with some overall measurement (for example total satisfaction), this is known as derived importance.

Although often correlated, stated and derived importance differ in several ways. First, things which are said to be important may not actually predict behavior because they are similar across all employers. Second, stated importance is affected by social desirability. Socially acceptable attributes tend to have higher stated importance, but predict behavior only weakly.

An important reason that stated and derived importance are different is the inherent irrationality of human decision making. Attitudes and behaviors are often only weakly correlated with behavior, if at all. That is, what people say is important rationally may not be what predicts their irrational decisions.

Action areas that have a high stated and low derived importance are minimum expected attributes workers feel should be part of their work experience. In our analysis we found that action areas of this type include:

Paid for all the work you do

Timely payment of wages

Availability of advances

Accuracy of your payroll stub information

Number of days that were made available to you for work.

Hours made available to you for work

Commitment to safety of employees

Support of employee training

Tools and equipment available to you

Crew composition

Maintains a respectful workplace free from harassment

Environmental stewardship

Action areas with low stated and high derived importance are called delight items. Employers should concentrate on these action items to obtain the greatest change in overall satisfaction. These include:

Price paid to you for piece work Organization of work day Work terrain you were assigned Compensation for additional duties (i.e. camp, driving or other daily duties) Time needed for travel between muster location and work site


The most important action areas are when the stated and derived importance is high. If an action area has low importance employers should not go out of their way to change that factor. For instance, in this analysis we find that being overly concerned with camp fees may not produce commensurate returns in overall satisfaction.

For our analysis we used respondent answers to twenty five survey questions. Each of these questions is plotted in Figure 3 to help employers prioritize improvement initiatives.

Table 119: Derived versus Stated Importance correlations

4 point scale of Not at all; somewhat dissatisfied; somewhat satisfied; and, Very Satisfied was used for each question. N Mini Max Mean

Std.

Dev

Tolerance for individuality 607 1 4 3.58 .675

Commitment to safety of employees 609 1 4 3.53 .688

Maintains a respectful workplace free from harassment 611 1 4 3.51 .732

Safety on work site 600 1 4 3.46 .648

Timely payment of wages 605 1 4 3.45 .795

Tools and equipment available to you 597 1 4 3.39 .683

Your crew composition 599 1 4 3.38 .737

Accuracy of your payroll stub information 606 1 4 3.37 .812

Their support of employee training 604 1 4 3.34 .769

Hours made available to you for work 597 1 4 3.33 .762

Availability of advances 572 1 4 3.32 .759

Management/Supervisor support 599 1 4 3.30 .810

Environmental stewardship 592 1 4 3.26 .777

Organization of work day 582 1 4 3.24 .708

Fairness in treatment of employees 614 1 4 3.24 .849

Paid for all the work you do 607 1 4 3.21 .922

Fairness in assignment of tasks or duties 601 1 4 3.18 .779

Number of days that were made available to you for work. 583 1 4 3.10 .846

Organization & Logistics 601 1 4 3.07 .795

Work terrain you were assigned 583 1 4 2.93 .730

Pay rate 604 1 4 2.86 .825

Time needed for travel between muster location and work site 578 1 4 2.78 .756

Compensation for additional duties (i.e. camp, driving or other daily duties) 575 1 4 2.77 1.009

Price paid to you for piece work 573 1 4 2.68 .812

Camp fees you were required to pay 579 1 4 2.64 .925

Valid N (listwise) 483


Figure 8: Plotted action areas based on derived versus stated importance analysis


P. EMPLOYEE’S AT RISK TO EXIT SECTOR

Age is statistically correlated with how many years an employee expects to continue doingsilviculture work and likelihood of returning to work in 2014. Consequently, this employeecharacteristic might serve useful in identification of “at risk to leave the sector” employees. Forinstance, over the next five years the sector can expect to lose 77% of the current workers thatare 24 years or younger. Almost half of all current workers plan to leave within 5 years.

Table 120: Age Groups

What year were you born? r R2

How many years do you expect to continue doing silviculture work? .238** .057How likely are you to return to silviculture work in 2014? -.112* .014

*. Correlation is significant at the 0.05 level (2-tailed).**. Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed).

24 years or younger (47% of all workers)

Almost 8 of every 10 employees (77%) report they will continue for less than 5 years andonly 3% report they will stay 10 years or more.

25 to 28 years old (28% of all workers)

71% of employees report they will continue for less than 5 years but percent report theywill stay 10 years or more triples to 9% compared to younger age group. The reality ofthe job market options seems to be settling in!


About 6 of every 10 employees (64%) report they will continue for less than 5 years andthe percent who see themselves staying 10 years or more increases to 20%. For some,this is now the best job choice.


About half (53%) report they will continue for less than 5 years and 1 in 4 seethemselves staying 10 years or more (25%).

Not surprisingly years of experience is also related to an employee’s age, older employees tendto have more years of experience. So the pervious type of interpretation is likely as valid.

Table 121: Relationship between years of experience and…:

…please tell us how many years of experience you have in the silviculture sector?

Pearson’sr R2

How many years do you expect to continue doing silviculture work? .260**

How likely is it that you would recommend working in the Silviculture Sector? .119**

Overall, how satisfied are you with the typical work day you experienced during .102*


the 2013 Silviculture season?

Years of experience is correlated to how many years an employee expects to continue in sector, how likely they are to recommend working in the sector and overall satisfaction with their workday.

2 years or less experience (42% of workforce)

Almost 8 of every 10 employees in this group (78%) report they will continue for less than 5 years and only 6% report they will stay 10 or more years.

3 to 7 years of less experience (34% of workforce)

3 in 4 of these workers (75%) report they continue for less than 5 years and only 6% report they will stay 10 or more years.

8 or more years of experience (23% of workforce)

Only half of these employees (53%) report they will continue for less than 5 years while almost 1 in 4 (24%) say they will stay 10 or more years.


Q. TRAINING

1. About employee training

More employers agree than disagree (80%) that training for supervisors and crew boss workers is where the greatest benefit is for their business. About 1 in 4 employers see no or little benefit to them from training targeted to rookies and 29% see no or little benefit of training targeted to returning field workers.

Table 122: Who needs training?

Challenge

How much benefit would your company receive from well designed training delivered to support....

% (A)No/Little

% (B)Some

% (C)Great

% (B + C) - A

Workers for Supervisor/Crew Boss positions 10% 46% 44% 80%New entry level field workers (Rookies, no previous experience) 25% 50% 25% 50%

Returning field workers (1+ years industry experience) 29% 56% 15% 42%

More employers agree than disagree that change is needed when it comes to meeting the training needs of employees. The greatest concerns from employers about training for workers are who determines content and what content is developed. Slightly less of a concern is that new training will replace their less costly and effective training followed by worries about enforcement.

Table 123: What worries you about training?

How strongly do you agree with the following opinions others have expressed about the impact of developing formal employee training for the sector?

% (A)Disagree

% Neutral

% (B)Agree

%(A – B)

Who determines what training content is developed concerns you 8% 15% 77% 69%What content is developed concerns you 0% 32% 68% 68%You worry that development of training standards will replace less costly and 'effective' training your organization already provides. 13% 23% 64% 51%

How standards are enforced will determine your level of support 8% 33% 59% 51%Not all employers will play fair – they’ll leave those that take on training at a disadvantage 15% 23% 62% 47%Formal training will help improve employee experience and the sector’s ability to recruit and retain workers 28% 26% 46% 18%No change is needed, the sector has the training it needs, we don't need anything different 44% 28% 28% -16%

Employee thoughts on trainingEmployees feel that their organization will gain the greatest benefit from training delivered to rookies followed by employees in supervisory or management roles. Of interest is that 75% or more of employees perceive that their organizations would benefit from training delivered to any of these groups of employees.

Table 124: Employee thoughts about who to train

How much benefit do you feel your organization might receive from well-designed training delivered to support....

%No/Little

% Some/Great


Benefit Benefit

New to sector (rookies) 10% 90%Returning field workers not in supervisory or management roles but with 1 or more years of experience 12% 88%Returning field workers not in supervisory or management roles but with 1 or more years of experience 24% 76%

R. GENERAL FINDINGS

1. Employer’s Perspective on their Workforce

Employers accurately estimate employee satisfaction.

Table 125: Employee Reported Overall Satisfaction

Overall Satisfaction (0-10)%

NotSatisfied

% Neutral %

Satisfied

Satisfaction with work day experience 3% 17% 80%Satisfaction with accommodation 4% 16% 80%Career Experience 1% 20% 79%Satisfaction with income 7% 31% 62%

Table 126: Employee Actual Employee Satisfaction (0 to 10)

Overall, how satisfied would you say your field staff are with their 2013 work experience?

Mean 50th Min Max

Field Staff 7.2 7.0 0 10Supervisors and/or Crew Boss 7.7 8.0 1 10

Table 127: Employer Perception of Employee Satisfaction (0 to 10)

Percentile

Overall, how satisfied would you say your field staff are with their 2013 work experience? Mean 50th Min Max

Field Staff 7.1 8.0 2 10Supervisors and/or Crew Boss 7.2 8.0 2 10Least satisfied crew 6 6 0 10Most satisfied crew 9 9 3 10

2. Workforce Social Network

On average employees stay in contact with about 8 other employees that work in the same company and about 2 that work for another company.

Table 128: Social Connections with other employees


Do you stay in direct contact with other silviculture workers throughout the year? Mean Std. Dev.

Employees with same silviculture company 7.74 5.1Employees with another silviculture company 1.83 2.4

Direct contact with other silviculture workers throughout the year is correlated with the likelihood of returning to work in 2014.

Table 129: Relationship between social connections and likelihood to return to the sector in2014

Do you stay in direct contact with other silviculture workers throughout the year? Pearson’s r R2

How likely are you to return to silviculture work in 2014? .163** .027


Appendix 1 – Personality Assessments (GRIT)

The Grit Scale contains 12 questions (items) that can be grouped into two factors. The first factor contained 6 items indicating consistency of interests, and the second factor contained 6 items indicating perseverance of effort. Internal consistency reliability is a measure of reliability used to evaluate the degree to which different items(questions) that probe the same construct produce similarresults. The GRIT scale demonstrated high internalconsistency ( � = .85) for the overall scale and for each factor(Consistency of Interests, ( � =.84); Perseverance of Effort, ( �= .78).

Cronbach’s alpha provides the typical measure of reliability.Compared to other published studies we found the Cronbach’s alpha in this survey was lower and fell into the poor range.

Table 130: GRIT Summary Statistics – Silviculture Employees

� N M SD

Silviculture Employees .54 285 2.45 .417

Table 131: GRIT Questions for Silviculture Employees

GRIT Questions

Sampl

e

Mean

SD N

I have overcome setbacks to conquer an important challenge 1.80 .855 285

New ideas and projects sometimes distract me from previous ones 2.76 1.003 285

My interests change from year to year 2.99 1.081 285

Setbacks don't discourage me 2.24 .968 285

I have been obsessed with a certain idea or project for a short time but later lost

interest

3.08 1.097 285

I am a hard worker 1.31 .560 285

I often set a goal but later choose to pursue a different one 3.06 1.083 285

I have difficulty maintaining my focus on projects that take more than a few months

to complete

3.41 1.092 285

I finish whatever I begin 2.13 .980 285

I have achieved a goal that took years of work 2.09 1.097 285

I become interested in new pursuits every few months 2.78 1.135 285

I am diligent 1.80 .785 285

Page 101 of 136Appendix

Appendix 2 – Why workers enter/exit sector (summary)

Table 132: Summary of what attracted workers to sector

Listed below are some common reasons that workers say they were attracted to silviculture work.

Responses Percent ofCasesN = 618

The income (Important) 613 99%Don't Recall this as being Important 5 1%Very Little Importance 21 3%Some Importance 181 29%Very Important 411 66%Attracted by independence and outdoor experience (Important) 604 96%Don't Recall this as being Important 9 1%Very Little Importance 26 4%Some Importance 203 33%Very Important 375 60%Wanted the physical work to stay in shape (Important) 522 84%Don't Recall this as being Important 40 6%Very Little Importance 81 13%Some Importance 270 44%Very Important 211 34%I knew someone already working in silviculture (Important) 520 70%Don't Recall this as being Important 84 14%Very Little Importance 72 12%Some Importance 178 29%Very Important 270 44%Work fit with my desire to help the environment (Important) 353 57%Don't Recall this as being Important 122 20%Very Little Importance 143 23%Some Importance 242 39%Very Important 90 15%No other job options at the time (Important) 180 29%Don't Recall this as being Important 206 33%Very Little Importance 175 28%Some Importance 144 23%Very Important 67 11%Thought this would be a good career choice (Important) 160 26%Don't Recall this as being Important 221 36%Very Little Importance 220 35%Some Importance 128 21%Very Important 33 5%


Table 133: Summary of reasons employee will leave sector

When the day comes and you quit working in the BC Silviculture Sector, what is the most likely reason you will stop working?

Responses Percent ofCasesN = 591

Move on to job related to education (Reason) 415 70%Reason 1 254 43%Reason 2 90 15%Reason 3 71 12%Physical hardship associated with the work (Reason) 378 64%Reason 1 120 20%Reason 2 153 26%Reason 3 105 18%Not enough income (Reason) 243 41%Reason 1 84 14%Reason 2 77 13%Reason 3 82 14%Isolation from family and friends (Reason) 220 37%Reason 1 47 8%Reason 2 88 15%Reason 3 85 14%No career advancement opportunity (Reason) 224 26%

Reason 1 42 7%

Reason 2 88 15%

Reason 3 94 16%

Accommodation Conditions (Reason) 73 12%Reason 1 13 2%Reason 2 18 3%Reason 3 42 7%Employer lack of professionalism (Reason) 66 11%Reason 1 15 2%Reason 2 22 4%Reason 3 29 5%Concerns over safety (Reason) 55 9%Reason 1 9 1%Reason 2 22 4%Reason 3 24 4%Problems with other employees (Reason) 23 4%Reason 1 3 >1%Reason 2 10 2%Reason 3 10 2%


Appendix 3 – Employee Survey


























Appendix 4 – Employee Quality Assurance Survey






Appendix 5 – Employer Initial Survey InviteDear [Full Name],

In a project funded by the Canada-British Columbia Labour Market Development Agreement, the BC silviculture sector is working to improve recruitment and retention of workers. As part of this work, Dialogue Research is conducting an industry wide census survey to get a clearer picture of the challenges facing employers in silviculture today and a forecast for the future.

You have received this letter as one of approximately 180 businesses we believe were earning most of their income from silviculture in BC in 2013. With so few businesses operating your response is critical to ensuring an accurate profile is obtained.

The online survey asks you questions about your operations (e.g. number of employees, hectares covered, revenues, etc.). Where you do not have documentation close at hand you can provide estimates. Some questions are quite specific, and we want to assure you that while we will be sharing the general results of the survey with the sector your business’s specific information will be kept strictly confidential.

This project allows us to offer you customized data reports we think you will find helpful for business operations and planning purposes. You can chose to receive a basic report that compares your operation to similar ones in the sector, or a more in-depth option where we send your employees custom invites to the 2013 employee survey and provide you with a report that compares your employees to other firms’ employees on some key criteria. If you go this route you will also have access to additional data and the opportunity to ask your employees some of your own questions. These offers are explained in more detail within the survey.

We know that your participation in this research will take some time. In recognition, every firm that completes a survey will be entered into a draw for one of two $250 prizes.

Simply click on the link below, or cut and paste the entire URL into your browser to access the survey:

[Invite Link]

This link is uniquely tied to this survey and your email address.

We would appreciate your response by December 12, 2013

Sincerely,

Doug BalsonDialogue Researchwww.dialogueresearch.com

P.S.If you believe you received this email in error please contact me to be removed from our list.

If you would like someone else in your company to respond to the survey you have two options. You can simply forward this email to them. They can complete the survey on your behalf but you will be sent reminders and all future survey invites. If you would like us to update our list so future reminders and survey invites go directly to someone else simple reply to this email and let us know the email address and name of the person you would like the invite sent to.

If you want to know more about this project you can go to www.bcsilviculture.ca

If you have questions or problems filling out the survey please contact Doug Balson toll free at 1 877 450-8304

Appendix 6 – Employer Survey

TO BE PROVIDED



Appendix 7– Accuracy of BCFSC ClassificationsWorkSafeBC Classifications (employee counts)

Agreement between administrative employee count data reported through WorkSafeBC’s SAFE certification types and employee counts self-reported through the survey was evaluated by looking at how often classifications differed between what an employer reported counts for employees was and the WorkSafeBC’s SAFE certification count is.

There is a total of 39 of our 48 respondents that have SAFE certified codes provided by WorkSafeBC. These were compared to the employer respondent’s survey response (counts of employees). The review found that in 12 of these comparisons (31%) there was disagreement between certification type reported by administrative and survey response. The trend is to under report employee counts.

In addition, for those employers in our sample with no Classification (n=9) we find:

4=BASE (20+ employees, sample average is 116)

4= SEBASE (6 to 19 employees, sample average is 4)

1=ISBASE (2 to 5 employees, sample average is 12)

When making estimates of employer counts for businesses with no BCFSC SAFE certification we recommend using the mean count of 28 compared to the mean count of 70 associated with the average count for all businesses in the sector.


Documents

2013 BC Silviculture Labour Market Information (LMI) and ... · Keith Atkinson, BC First Nations Forestry Council The BCSWI would like to thank all those employees and employers who