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電力電子系統與晶片實驗室Power Electronic Systems & Chips Lab.交通大學 • 電機與控制工程研究所

Power Electronic Systems & Chips Lab., NCTU, Taiwan

Introduction to Distributed Power Generation

REF: Soren Bakhoj Kjaer, Design and Control of an Inverter for Photovoltaic Applications, Ph. D. Thesis, Aalborg University, Denmark Institute of Energy Technology, January 2005.

鄒 應 嶼 教 授

國立交通大學 電機與控制工程研究所

2012年7月18日

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Intelligent Distributed Power Generation

電力網路

柴油發電機

併網型太陽光變頻器

併網型燃料電池變頻器

微型渦輪發電機

電池儲能發電機變頻器

併網型風力發電變頻器

儲能系統

110/220 V, 50/60 Hz

DCAC

DCAC

DCAC

DCAC

DCAC

DCAC

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Grid Converters for Renewable Energy Conversion

General modular hybrid system with AC coupled components and standardized modules.

REF: Modelling and Simulation of a Photovoltaic Fuel Cell Hybrid System (El-Aal, PhD Thesis 2005)

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Next Generation Power Generation Network

Johan H.R. Enslin, "Interconnection of Distributed Power to the Distribution Network," IEEE Power Systems Conference and Exposition (PSCE), 2004.

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World Cumulative Installed PV Power

REF: Trends in photovoltaic applications in selected IEA countries between 1992 and 2002, International energy agency – photovoltaic power systems programme, IEA PVPS T1-12: 2003. www.iea-pvps.org.

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World PV Cell/Module Production (1988-2004)

Rest of World 3 4 4.7 5 4.6 4.4 5.6 6.35 9.75 9.4 18.7 20.5 23.42 32.62 53.55

Europe 6.7 7.9 10.2 13.4 16.4 16.55 21.7 20.1 18.8 30.4 33.5 40 60.66 86.38 135.05

Japan 12.8 14.2 16.8 19.9 18.8 16.7 16.5 16.4 21.2 35 49 80 128.6 171.22 251.07

United States 11.1 14.1 14.8 17.1 18.1 22.44 25.64 34.75 38.85 51 53.7 60.8 74.97 100.32 120.60

Total 33.6 40.2 46.5 55.4 57.9 60.09 69.44 77.6 88.6 125.8 154.9 201.3 287.65 390.54 560.27

1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 20020

84

190

364

104

742

2003129

308

618

139

1194

2004

0348

9805

a

50100150200250300350400450500550600

850800750700650

10501000950900

110011501200

REF: From PV News, Paul Maycock, Editor; yearly February editions.

(Megawatts)

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Historical Development of the Global Cumulative PV Power Installed per Region

Unit: MW

REF: EPIA; "Global market outlook for photovoltaics until 2013"; European Photovoltaic Industry Association, 2009.

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Control Structure of Distributed Power System

General structure for distributed power system having different input power sources.REF: F. Blaabjerg, R. Teodorescu, M. Liserre, and A. V. Timbus, "Overview of control and grid synchronization for distributed power generation systems," IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, , vol. 53, no. 5, pp.1398-1409, Oct. 2006.

Maximum power point tracker

Power conversion unit

Wind power

Input power

Photovoltaic

Fuel cell

Utility grid

Local load

Input power control

Generator speedcontrol

Grid monitoring unit

Line impedancedetection

Grid synchronizationunit

Overall systemcontrol

Load system

Input side controller Grid side controller

P* Q*

soft-starterSCIG

Gear box Capacitorbank

TransformerGrid

Gear box

WRIG

AC

DC

DC

AC

GridTransformer

Input side control Grid side control

(a)

(b)

SCIG&

SG

AC

DC

DC

AC

Gear box

GridTransformer

Input side control Grid side control

(c)

MPSGAC

DC

DC

AC

TransformerGrid

Input side control Grid side control

(d)

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Cost Analysis of PV Inverter Systems

PV Inverter

PV Module: 70% PV Inverter: 10% Installation: 20%

PV Inverter雖然僅佔太陽光發電系統總成本的10%，但卻關係著系統的整體效能，也是系統整合技術的關鍵。PV Module本身是高耗能的製造產業， PV Inverter卻是高效率電力電子節能技術的關鍵，也是高效率數位電源控制技術的具體實現。其技術本身不單是綠色再生能源產品的發展關鍵，也因為具備即時韌體控制技術的本質，具有高附加價值精益求精的特色，是綠色能源科技最關鍵的系統整合技術！

Renewable Power Converting Systems

Converting wind power to electrical power in a wind turbine

Fuel-Cell Based Grid-Connected Inverter

PV Inverter

GridInverterDC-DCConverter

Fuel Cell

Battery/Ultracap

DC LinkCaps

Mechanical Power

GeneratorGearbox (optional)Rotor Power converter (optional)

Supply grid

Electrical Power

Consumer / load

Power transmissionPower conversion &power control

Power conversion Power transmissionPower conversion &power control

Wind power

Fuel-Cell Based Inverter for AC Power Supplying

48VDC/400VDC,40KHz PUSH PULL CONVERTER 120V/240VAC,20KHz PWN INVERTER

VoltageFeedback

VoltageController

variable limiter

Fuel CellPower Available Signal

CurrentRef.

Fuel CellDC Power Input

CurrentController

CurrentFeedback

To Inverter

DC-DC Converter

Voltage Ref.

3

3

C1

N1

N1

IT2T2

Vin

T1iT1Iin

Fuel Cell Input48VDC

N2

N2

D1 D3D1

D2D4

VDC

iCD3

iCC2

C3

N

IDCiD1 iL L1

Lb

LbVbatt

A

S1 S3

S2 S4

B

L2C4

C5

iB

L3

iA

K1

K2

iAO

iBO

Vbatt

AN

BN

AC Output120/140V, 60Hz

TR11:5 Battery Backup

REF: R. Gopinath, Kim Sangsun, Jae-Hong Hahn, P. N. Enjeti, M. B. Yeary, and Jo. W. Hoeje, "Development of a low cost fuel cell inverter system with DSP control," IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, vol. 19, no. 5, pp. 1256-1262, Sept. 2004.

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A Grid-Connected PV System

Full-Bridge Inverter

Microcontroller

load

InverterGate Drive

RelayGate Drive

FeedbackSensing Circuit

Meter

DC Side isolation switch

To high efficiency AC

appliances

inverter

PV Array(usually building mounted)

AC mains supplyMain fuse box

PV Panel

DC ACACDC

PV Inverter

ElectricalDistribution

System

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Wind Power Generation System

Turbine aerodynamic

Grid

Turbine gearbox

Power Converter

Controller

Power Supply Design

Power Converting Systems

LOADINPUTFILTER

What are the applications?

What is the power source and specifications?

Specs. Specs.

OUTPUTFILTER

What is the power requirement?

POWERCONVERTER

EfficiencyPower Density

CONTROLLER

RegulationDynamics

Power Electronics = Efficient Power Conversion + Robust Power Control

SOURCE

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DC Coupled Hybrid Power Systems

REF: Modelling and Simulation of a Photovoltaic Fuel Cell Hybrid System, El-Aal, PhD Thesis, 2005.

Fuel

Fuel

H2 Storage

Reformer

PV Generator

DC Wind Generator

DC Diesel Generator

Fuel cell&

Electrolyser

Fuel cell

Storage mediaBattery or

Supercapacitor

AC loads

DC

BUS

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AC Coupled Hybrid Power Systems

REF: Modelling and Simulation of a Photovoltaic Fuel Cell Hybrid System, El-Aal, PhD Thesis, 2005.

Fuel

Fuel

H2 Storage

Reformer

PV Generator

DC Wind Generator

DC Diesel Generator

Fuel cell&

Electrolyser

Fuel cell

Storage mediaBattery or

Supercapacitor

AC loads

AC BU

S

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Block Diagram of a Hydrogen PVFC Hybrid System

Modelling and Simulation of a Photovoltaic Fuel Cell Hybrid System, El-Aal, PhD Thesis, 2005.

PVGenerator

Load Management&

Control Unit

ElectricalLoad

Short-term Energy Storage(Battery or Supercapacitor)

Electrolyser H2 Storage Tank Fuel Cell

O2 or airH2OO2 Long-term Energy Storage

Electricity

Hydrogen

Water

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併網型變頻器是邁向未來再生能源產業的關鍵產品

併網型變頻器

DCAC

併網型變頻器

DCAC

併網型變頻器

DCAC

雙向併網型變頻器

DCAC

Power Conditioner

『併網型變頻器』是各種再生能源系統與現有電力系統連結的關鍵組件，也是再生能源系統整合的關鍵，發展住宅用併網型變頻器技術是邁向未來再生能源產業的關鍵。

太陽能

風能

燃料電池

蓄電池Battery

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DSP-Based Firmware DesignPower Circuit and Interface

Circuit Design

Distributed Power Generator

PLL

MPPT

PV

DC

AC

DC

DC

Igridctrl

ctrlUDC

uDC

CDC

uref

irefiPV

uPV

ugridigrid

iref

)sin( tgrid

Grid

Energy Source Characteristics and Dynamics

Islanding Protection

Utility InterfaceRegulationsSafety

Filter Design

MPPT

Grid-Connected Inverter Control

Start-up and Protection Monitoring and Recording

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References: Distributed Power Generation

[1] Soren Bakhoj Kjaer, Design and Control of an Inverter for Photovoltaic Applications, Ph. D. Thesis, Aalborg University, Denmark Institute of Energy Technology, January 2005.

[2] Remus Teodorescu, Marco Liserre, and Pedro Rodriguez, Grid Converters for Photovoltaic and Wind Power Systems, Wiley; 1 Ed., IEEE Press, April 12, 2011.

[3] Ewald F. Fuchs and Mohammad A.S. Masoum, Power Conversion of Renewable Energy Systems, 1st Ed., Springer Press, 2011.

[4] S. R. Bull, "Renewable energy today and tomorrow," Proceedings of the IEEE, vol. 89, no. 8, pp. 1216-1226, Aug. 2001. [5] “Annual energy outlook 2000,” U.S. Dept. of Energy, DOE/EIA-0383(2000), 1999.[6] World Directory of Renewable Energy Suppliers and Services. London, U.K.: James and James, 1997.[7] (2000) Annual Energy Review1999. U.S. Dept. of Energy. [Online]. Available: http://www.eia.doe.gov/ 240–243, Jan. 1995. [8] E. Masada, "Power electronics in industrial strategy for modern society," Proceedings of the Power Conversion Conference,

PCC-Osaka, pp. 1-6, 2002. [9] M. Yamaguchi, Renewable and sustainable energy reviews, vol. 5, pp. 113-135, 2001. [10] M. Yamaguchi, High efficiency and high concentration in photovoltaics, IEEE Trans. Elect. Dev., Vol.46 , No.10, pp. 2139-2144,

1999.[11] G. Connor and H. W. Whittington, "A vision of true costing [renewable energy]," Engineering Science and Education Journal, vol.

10, no. 1, pp. 4-12, Feb. 2001. [12] M. Begovic, A. Pregelj, A. Rohatgi, and C. Honsberg, "Green power: status and perspectives," Proceedings of the IEEE, vol. 89,

no. 12, pp. 1734-1743, Dec. 2001. [13] H. Falk, "Prolog to renewable energy today and tomorrow," Proceedings of the IEEE, vol. 89, no. 8, pp. 1214-1215, Aug. 2001. [14] M. Yamaguchi, Present status and prospects of photovoltaic technologies in Japan, August 30, 2000, Renewable and

Sustainable Energy Reviews. pp. 113-135. [15] W. Kleinkauf, G. Cramer, and M. Ibrahim; "PV Systems Technology - State of the art developments and trends in remote

electrification," SMA Technologie AG, Dec. 01, 2005.

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References: Distributed Power Generation

[15] Gilbert M. Masters, Renewable and Efficient Electric Power Systems, Wiley-IEEE Press, August 2004.[16] Thomas Ackermann, Wind Power in Power Systems, Wiley-IEEE Press, March 2005. [17] W. Shepherd, L. N. Hulley, and D. T. W. Liang, Power Electronics and Motor Control, 2nd Edition, Cambridge University

Press, January 1996. [18] Siegfried Heier, Grid Integration of Wind Energy Conversion Systems, 2nd Edition, Wiley-IEEE Press, August 2004. [19] George G. Karady and Keith E. Holbert, Electrical Energy Conversion and Transport: An Interactive Computer-Based

Approach, Wiley-IEEE Press, August 2004.[20] Johan H.R. Enslin, "Interconnection of Distributed Power to the Distribution Network," IEEE Power Systems Conference and

Exposition (PSCE), 2004.[21] R. Gopinath, Kim Sangsun, Jae-Hong Hahn, P. N. Enjeti, M. B. Yeary, and Jo. W. Hoeje, "Development of a low cost fuel cell

inverter system with DSP control," IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, vol. 19, no. 5, pp. 1256-1262, Sept. 2004. [22] A. F. Zobaa and C. Cecati, "A comprehensive review on distributed power generation," International Symposium on Power

Electronics, Electrical Drives, Automation and Motion (SPEEDAM), pp.514-518, 23-26 May 2006. [23] F. Blaabjerg, R. Teodorescu, M. Liserre, and A. V. Timbus, "Overview of control and grid synchronization for distributed power

generation systems," IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, , vol. 53, no. 5, pp.1398-1409, Oct. 2006. [24] KEMA: “Electricity Technology Roadmap for the Netherlands in a North-West European perspective: Technology for the

Sustainable Society”, September 2001.[25] J. M. Carrasco, L. G. Franquelo, J. T. Bialasiewicz, E. Galvan, R. C. P. Guisado, Ma. A. M. Prats, J. I. Leon, N. Moreno-Alfonso,

"Power-Electronic Systems for the Grid Integration of Renewable Energy Sources: A Survey," IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, vol. 53, no. 4, pp.1002-1016, June 2006.

[26] SMA inverterite kataloog 2009: http://issuu.com/futuren/docs/sma_kataloog_2009

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Grid Converters: Recommended Books

Power Conversion of Renewable Energy Systems, Ewald F. Fuchs and Mohammad A.S. Masoum, 1st Ed., Springer Press, 2011.

Grid Converters for Photovoltaic and Wind Power Systems, Remus Teodorescu, Marco Liserre, and Pedro Rodriguez,Wiley; 1 Ed., IEEE Press, April 12, 2011.

Design and Control of an Inverter for Photovoltaic Applications, Soren Bakhoj Kjaer, Ph. D. Thesis, Aalborg University, Denmark Institute of Energy Technology, January 2005.

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Extended Readings

Renewable and Efficient Electric Power Systems, Gilbert M. Masters, Wiley-IEEE Press, August 2004.

Wind Power in Power Systems,Thomas Ackermann,Wiley-IEEE Press, March 2005.

Grid Integration of Wind Energy Conversion Systems, Siegfried Heier, 2nd Edition, Wiley-IEEE Press, August 2004.

Electrical Energy Conversion and Transport: An Interactive Computer-Based Approach, Dr. George G. Karady, Dr. Keith E. Holbert Wiley-IEEE Press, August 2004.

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Knowledge, Innovation, and Education

Smart Power Processing for Energy Saving

Power Electronic Systems & Chips Lab., NCTU, Taiwan

Thanks for your kind attention!

電力電子系統與晶片實驗室Power Electronic Systems & Chips Lab.交通大學 • 電機與控制工程研究所