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2011 Fire Safety Training

Fire Risk Assessments for Construction Sites

Stewart Kidd MA, MSc, FIFireE, FIFSMLoss Prevention Consultancy Ltd

www.risk-consultant.com

15 April 2011

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This Presentation Will:This Presentation Will:Consider the extent of the fire safety problem on Consider the extent of the fire safety problem on construction sitesconstruction sitesDetermine what fire safety legislation and non Determine what fire safety legislation and non statutory guidance appliesstatutory guidance appliesReview the techniques of fire risk assessmentReview the techniques of fire risk assessmentDetermine what differences exist between FRADetermine what differences exist between FRA’’s s for occupied buildings and construction sitesfor occupied buildings and construction sitesConsider the need for FRAConsider the need for FRA’’s to incorporate s to incorporate issues respecting property protectionissues respecting property protectionProvide suggestions as to the use of proforma Provide suggestions as to the use of proforma assessment sheetsassessment sheets

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AbbreviationsAbbreviationsABI: Association of British InsurersABI: Association of British InsurersCAR: Construction AllCAR: Construction All--Risks (Insurance)Risks (Insurance)CLG: (Department of) Communities and Local CLG: (Department of) Communities and Local Government.Government.FPA: Fire Protection AssociationFPA: Fire Protection AssociationF&RS: fire and rescue serviceF&RS: fire and rescue serviceFSO: Regulatory Reform (Fire Safety) Order 2005FSO: Regulatory Reform (Fire Safety) Order 2005Joint Code: The Joint Code of Practice on the Joint Code: The Joint Code of Practice on the Protection from Fire of Construction Sites and Buildings Protection from Fire of Construction Sites and Buildings Undergoing Renovation: 7Undergoing Renovation: 7thth Edition: 2009Edition: 2009Management Regulations: Management of Health and Management Regulations: Management of Health and Safety at Work Regulations 1999Safety at Work Regulations 1999HSG 168: Fires on Construction Sites (Guidance)HSG 168: Fires on Construction Sites (Guidance)

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Construction Sites: Fire Losses (1)Construction Sites: Fire Losses (1)

Difficult to ascertain actual amounts as fires on Difficult to ascertain actual amounts as fires on sites are not classified as sites are not classified as ‘‘primary firesprimary fires’’ by fire by fire and rescue serviceand rescue serviceOnly large fires (> Only large fires (> ££50,000) likely to be reported 50,000) likely to be reported to FPAto FPASome companies have their CAR insurance Some companies have their CAR insurance arranged on an annual basis so individual losses arranged on an annual basis so individual losses may not be reported nationally and losses under may not be reported nationally and losses under an excess figure will not be reported at allan excess figure will not be reported at all

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Construction Sites: Fire Losses (2)Construction Sites: Fire Losses (2)

Between 1997 and 2008 CLG records 4700 fires Between 1997 and 2008 CLG records 4700 fires in in ‘‘Construction Industry PremisesConstruction Industry Premises’’An average of > 88 fires/week An average of > 88 fires/week –– and 31 injuriesand 31 injuriesHSE say: HSE say: ‘‘there are hundreds of fires on there are hundreds of fires on construction sites each yearconstruction sites each year’’On average, the FPA record 3/4 fires costing On average, the FPA record 3/4 fires costing more than more than ££250,000 each year 250,000 each year In 2009, large fires on construction sites cost in In 2009, large fires on construction sites cost in excess of excess of ££85 million (but85 million (but……))

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Construction Sites: Fire Losses (3)Construction Sites: Fire Losses (3)While fires on While fires on construction sites have construction sites have generally declined in generally declined in number and cost since number and cost since the introduction of the the introduction of the Joint Code, there are still Joint Code, there are still some biggies !some biggies !Longannet power station Longannet power station 2009 fire 2009 fire –– around around ££70 70 million is claimed million is claimed -- with with litigation pending over litigation pending over an insurance claiman insurance claim

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Construction Sites: US LossesConstruction Sites: US Losses

Of the 10 largest US fires in 2009, 6 took place in Of the 10 largest US fires in 2009, 6 took place in buildings under construction or renovationbuildings under construction or renovation–– Riverboat Casino, ILL; $340 million lossRiverboat Casino, ILL; $340 million loss–– Six Six StoreyStorey Apartment Building, IN; $38 million lossApartment Building, IN; $38 million loss–– Middle School, WA: Middle School, WA: ££20 million loss20 million loss–– Five Five StoreyStorey Apartment Building, WA; $12 million lossApartment Building, WA; $12 million loss–– Two Two storeystorey retail, MA;$10 million lossretail, MA;$10 million loss–– Four Four storeystorey Apartment Building, OK: $10 million lossApartment Building, OK: $10 million loss

Source: NFPA Journal, ‘US Large Loss Fires’ Dec 2010

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Occurrence of Fires (All Causes)Occurrence of Fires (All Causes)FPA 20 year average 1984 FPA 20 year average 1984 -- 20042004

DwellingsDwellings 60%60%Other Commercial/IndustrialOther Commercial/Industrial 15%15%Garages, sheds etcGarages, sheds etc 7%7%ShopsShops 4%4%Pubs, Clubs & RestaurantsPubs, Clubs & Restaurants 3%3%AgricultureAgriculture 2%2%HospitalsHospitals 2%2%HotelsHotels 2%2%SchoolsSchools 2%2%Places of Public EntertainmentPlaces of Public Entertainment 2%2%Construction IndustryConstruction Industry 1%1%

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Proportion of Fires due to ArsonProportion of Fires due to ArsonFPA 20 Year average 1984 FPA 20 Year average 1984 -- 20042004

Places of Public EntertainmentPlaces of Public Entertainment 69%69%Garages, shedsGarages, sheds 69%69%ConstructionConstruction 65%65%SchoolsSchools 60%60%ShopsShops 41%41%AgricultureAgriculture 43%43%Restaurants, pubs & clubsRestaurants, pubs & clubs 28%28%HospitalsHospitals 26%26%HotelsHotels 18%18%Other Commercial/IndustrialOther Commercial/Industrial 13%13%DwellingsDwellings 22%22%

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Present Situation: England & WalesPresent Situation: England & Wales

Principal Legislation:Principal Legislation:–– Health and Safety at Work Act 1974 Health and Safety at Work Act 1974 -- (H&SAWA)(H&SAWA)–– Management of Health and Safety at Work Regulations Management of Health and Safety at Work Regulations

1999 1999 -- (MHSWR)(MHSWR)–– The Building Regulations 2001 (England & Wales)The Building Regulations 2001 (England & Wales)–– Fire and Rescue Services Act 2004 (England & WalesFire and Rescue Services Act 2004 (England & Wales–– Regulatory Reform (Fire Safety) Order 2005Regulatory Reform (Fire Safety) Order 2005

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Differences in Scotland & WalesDifferences in Scotland & Wales

•• In Wales, from a date to be announced (probably In Wales, from a date to be announced (probably April 2012) all new/refurbished residential April 2012) all new/refurbished residential premises will have to be fitted with sprinklerspremises will have to be fitted with sprinklers

•• In Scotland, the Technical Handbooks to the In Scotland, the Technical Handbooks to the Scottish Building Standards require:Scottish Building Standards require:

•• Sprinklers in:Sprinklers in:–– All new/refurbished residential care homesAll new/refurbished residential care homes–– All blocks of flats over 18m tallAll blocks of flats over 18m tall–– New and refurbished schoolsNew and refurbished schools–– Covered shopping Covered shopping centrescentres–– Warehouses with undivided spaces Warehouses with undivided spaces > 8000 > 8000 mm22

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Present Situation: Present Situation: Northern Ireland/ScotlandNorthern Ireland/Scotland

Northern IrelandNorthern Ireland–– Health and Safety at Work Act 1974 Health and Safety at Work Act 1974 -- (H&SAWA)(H&SAWA)–– Management of Health and Safety at Work Regulations 1999 Management of Health and Safety at Work Regulations 1999 --

(MHSWR)(MHSWR)–– Building Regulations Northern Ireland 2000/2006Building Regulations Northern Ireland 2000/2006–– Fire and Rescue Services (Northern Ireland) Order 2006Fire and Rescue Services (Northern Ireland) Order 2006–– Fire Safety Regulations (Northern Ireland) 2010Fire Safety Regulations (Northern Ireland) 2010

Scotland:Scotland:–– Health and Safety at Work Act 1974 Health and Safety at Work Act 1974 -- (H&SAWA)(H&SAWA)–– Management of Health and Safety at Work Regulations 1999 Management of Health and Safety at Work Regulations 1999 --

(MHSWR)(MHSWR)–– Scottish Building StandardsScottish Building Standards–– Fire Safety (Scotland) Act 2005Fire Safety (Scotland) Act 2005–– Fire Safety (Scotland) Regulations 2006 and 2010Fire Safety (Scotland) Regulations 2006 and 2010

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Legal Requirements (1)Legal Requirements (1)Health and Safety at Work etc Act 1974Health and Safety at Work etc Act 1974Management of Health and Safety Regulations 1999Management of Health and Safety Regulations 1999Regulatory Reform (Fire Safety) Order 2005 (E&W)Regulatory Reform (Fire Safety) Order 2005 (E&W)Fire (Scotland ) Act 2005Fire (Scotland ) Act 2005Construction Design Management Regulations 2007Construction Design Management Regulations 2007–– Part 1: The application of the Regulations and definitions.Part 1: The application of the Regulations and definitions.–– Part 2: General duties that apply to all construction projects.Part 2: General duties that apply to all construction projects.–– Part 3: Additional duties that only apply to notifiable Part 3: Additional duties that only apply to notifiable

construction projects (those lasting more than 30 days or construction projects (those lasting more than 30 days or involving more than 500 persons for construction work).involving more than 500 persons for construction work).

–– Part 4: Practical requirements that apply to all construction Part 4: Practical requirements that apply to all construction sites.sites.

–– Part 5: Transitional arrangements and revocations.Part 5: Transitional arrangements and revocations.

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Legal Requirements (2)Legal Requirements (2)Construction Design Management Regulations 2007Construction Design Management Regulations 2007–– require those designing, planning and carrying out projects to require those designing, planning and carrying out projects to

take construction fire safety into account. take construction fire safety into account. –– The regulations should be adopted and implemented into the The regulations should be adopted and implemented into the

policy, procedure and practice in order to be effective.policy, procedure and practice in order to be effective.–– Regulation 40 of the CDM 2007, enforced by the HSE, covers Regulation 40 of the CDM 2007, enforced by the HSE, covers

Emergency Routes and Exits. Emergency Routes and Exits. –– Within this regulation it states that all emergency routes or Within this regulation it states that all emergency routes or

exits and any fireexits and any fire--fighting equipment and how to use it shall be fighting equipment and how to use it shall be indicated by suitable signs and that where necessary, indicated by suitable signs and that where necessary, emergency lighting should be provided so that an emergency emergency lighting should be provided so that an emergency route or exit can be used at any time. route or exit can be used at any time.

–– Fire action notices should also be clearly displayed where Fire action notices should also be clearly displayed where everyone on site will see them, for example at fire points, siteeveryone on site will see them, for example at fire points, siteentrances or canteen areas.entrances or canteen areas.

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Fire Safety Order: An Overview (1)Fire Safety Order: An Overview (1)

Applies to all places people go for work or leisure Applies to all places people go for work or leisure –– this this would include construction sites in occupied buildings, would include construction sites in occupied buildings, ie refurbishmentsie refurbishmentsNew general duty of fire safety careNew general duty of fire safety careRequirement to assess fire hazards and fire risksRequirement to assess fire hazards and fire risksNeed to remove or reduced any hazards disclosed as Need to remove or reduced any hazards disclosed as far as reasonably practicablefar as reasonably practicableProtect against the effects of a fire if one does start Protect against the effects of a fire if one does start --mitigation and protectionmitigation and protectionHowever, However, onlyonly threats to life need to be consideredthreats to life need to be considered

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FSO FSO -- An Overview (2)An Overview (2)Enhanced ProtectionEnhanced Protection

Duty of care covers all those Duty of care covers all those ‘‘in the vicinityin the vicinity’’ (the (the ‘‘relevant personsrelevant persons’’))Requires mitigation of fire risksRequires mitigation of fire risksDespite suggestions to the contrary, it will still be Despite suggestions to the contrary, it will still be necessary to provide fire fighting equipment and necessary to provide fire fighting equipment and to have trained people to use itto have trained people to use itRecord keeping is essentialRecord keeping is essentialNeed to appoint Need to appoint ‘‘Competent PersonsCompetent Persons’’ to assist in:to assist in:–– PlanningPlanning–– Risk assessmentRisk assessment–– Evacuation Evacuation –– Fire fightingFire fighting

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Construction Sites Change: March 2004Construction Sites Change: March 2004

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November 2008

You must approach the FRA with this in mind. Most building risks are static, building sites are always dynamic

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FSO :The Risk Assessment ProcessFSO :The Risk Assessment Process

CLG/Scottish/NI Guidance Documents contain CLG/Scottish/NI Guidance Documents contain guidance on how to do a fire risk assessment*guidance on how to do a fire risk assessment*It is not mandatory to follow the guidance but the It is not mandatory to follow the guidance but the fire authority inspectors will inevitably expect to fire authority inspectors will inevitably expect to find the model in usefind the model in useOf course, the Guidance Documents relate to Of course, the Guidance Documents relate to ‘‘occupied buildingsoccupied buildings’’There is equivalent Scottish guidanceThere is equivalent Scottish guidance

**http://http://www.nifrs.orgwww.nifrs.org//firesafefiresafe/downloads/Fire%20Risk%20/downloads/Fire%20Risk%20Assessment%20Guidance%20Note.pdfAssessment%20Guidance%20Note.pdf

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HSG 168: Fire Safety in ConstructionHSG 168: Fire Safety in Construction

Proposes the use of the Proposes the use of the ‘‘5 Steps5 Steps’’Gives good guidance onGives good guidance onFRA methods but focuses FRA methods but focuses on life safety issueson life safety issuesProvides very good Provides very good examples of hazard examples of hazard reductionreductionNew section on timber New section on timber framed buildings framed buildings

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HSG 168: Means of EscapeHSG 168: Means of EscapeTravel DistancesTravel Distances

Fire Hazard Lower Normal HigherEnclosed StructuresAlternative 60m 45m 25mDead End 18m 18m 12mUnenclosed StructuresAlternative 200m 100m 60mDead End 25m 18m 12m

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CLG/NI GuidanceCLG/NI GuidanceNot an ACOPNot an ACOPHowever F&RS are required to follow itHowever F&RS are required to follow itYou are free to use it or some other guidance if You are free to use it or some other guidance if you wishyou wishItIt’’s likely that few fire officers will be familiar with s likely that few fire officers will be familiar with HSG 168 and its principlesHSG 168 and its principlesHSE inspectors should have been trained in the HSE inspectors should have been trained in the Joint CodeJoint Code

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The Statutory Fire Risk AssessmentThe Statutory Fire Risk AssessmentPurpose*Purpose*To identify the hazards (e.g. in a shop or office) and to reduceTo identify the hazards (e.g. in a shop or office) and to reduce the the risk of those hazards causing harm to as low as reasonably risk of those hazards causing harm to as low as reasonably practicable. practicable. To decide what physical fire precautions and management To decide what physical fire precautions and management policies are necessary to ensure the safety of people in your policies are necessary to ensure the safety of people in your building if a fire does start. building if a fire does start. If five or more people are employed, or your premises are If five or more people are employed, or your premises are licensed or an alterations notice requiring it is in force, thenlicensed or an alterations notice requiring it is in force, then the the significant findings of the fire risk assessment, the actions tosignificant findings of the fire risk assessment, the actions to be be taken as a result of the assessment and details of anyone taken as a result of the assessment and details of anyone especially at risk especially at risk mustmust be recordedbe recorded..

*CLG Guide to Fire Safety Order No 1: Fire Safety Risk Assessment

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Five Step Fire Risk Assessment Process

ODPM 2004

Slide 30 Identify HazardsIdentify HazardsSources of ignitionSources of ignition–– SparksSparks–– Electrical equipment/wiringElectrical equipment/wiring–– Heat sourcesHeat sources–– Naked flamesNaked flames–– Smoking materialsSmoking materials

Dangerous SubstancesDangerous Substances–– FlammablesFlammables–– Materials which produce toxic smokeMaterials which produce toxic smoke–– ReactivesReactives–– Oxidising agentsOxidising agents–– Compressed gasesCompressed gases

Unsatisfactory structural featuresUnsatisfactory structural features–– Uncompartmented roof spacesUncompartmented roof spaces–– Ducts and voidsDucts and voids–– Absence of fire stoppingAbsence of fire stopping–– Poor security (ie arson)Poor security (ie arson)

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Record, plan, instruct, inform and trainRecord, plan, instruct, inform and train

Record significant findings and action takenRecord significant findings and action takenPrepare an emergency planPrepare an emergency planInform relevant people, provide instruction, and Inform relevant people, provide instruction, and coco--operate with othersoperate with othersProvide trainingProvide training

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Evaluate, remove, reduce and protect from risksEvaluate, remove, reduce and protect from risksMeasures to prevent firesMeasures to prevent fires–– Evaluate the risk of a fire occurringEvaluate the risk of a fire occurring–– Evaluate the risk to people of a fireEvaluate the risk to people of a fire–– Remove or reduce fire hazardsRemove or reduce fire hazards–– Remove or reduce the risks to peopleRemove or reduce the risks to peopleMeasures to protect people from fireMeasures to protect people from fire–– Detection and warningDetection and warning–– Fire fightingFire fighting–– Escape routesEscape routes–– LightingLighting–– Signs and noticesSigns and notices–– Maintenance Maintenance

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ReviewReview

Keep assessment under reviewKeep assessment under reviewRevise/repeat where necessaryRevise/repeat where necessaryEnsure that all those who need to know are kept Ensure that all those who need to know are kept informed of the FRA and its substantive findingsinformed of the FRA and its substantive findings

Employees/trades unionsEmployees/trades unionsParents of under 18Parents of under 18’’ssEmployers of contractors Employers of contractors Other employers sharing the siteOther employers sharing the site

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Fire Safety Order: Implementation 1:Fire Safety Order: Implementation 1:Evaluate the risk of a fire occurringEvaluate the risk of a fire occurring

In general, fires start in one of In general, fires start in one of three ways: three ways: Accidentally, such as when Accidentally, such as when smoking materials are not smoking materials are not properly extinguished or properly extinguished or when lighting displays are when lighting displays are knocked over; knocked over; When something is not done, When something is not done, such as when electrical office such as when electrical office equipment is not properly equipment is not properly maintained, or waste maintained, or waste packaging is allowed to packaging is allowed to accumulate near to a heat accumulate near to a heat source; source; Deliberately, such as an Deliberately, such as an arson attack involving setting arson attack involving setting fire to external rubbish bins fire to external rubbish bins placed too close to the placed too close to the building. building.

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Fire Safety Order: Fire Safety Order: Implementation 2:Implementation 2:Decide whether existing measures are adequateDecide whether existing measures are adequate

Examples of things that can be done to reduce risks:Examples of things that can be done to reduce risks:–– Reduce evacuation times/escape route lengthsReduce evacuation times/escape route lengths–– Provide additional escape routesProvide additional escape routes–– Install more fire alarm call points/better detectionInstall more fire alarm call points/better detection–– Provide more fire signs or better lightingProvide more fire signs or better lighting–– Connect fire alarm to fire brigadeConnect fire alarm to fire brigade–– Install sprinklers or other automatic protection systemsInstall sprinklers or other automatic protection systems–– Better/more fire safety trainingBetter/more fire safety training–– Appoint fire wardens/fire officersAppoint fire wardens/fire officers–– Disaster planningDisaster planning

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Fire Safety Order: Fire Safety Order: Implementation 3:Implementation 3:Remove or Reduce HazardsRemove or Reduce Hazards

Taking each hazard one by one, identify whether Taking each hazard one by one, identify whether they can be:they can be:–– RemovedRemoved–– ReducedReduced–– ReplacedReplaced–– SegregatedSegregated–– ProtectedProtected–– RepairedRepaired–– CleanedCleaned

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Fire Safety Order: Fire Safety Order: Implementation 4:Implementation 4:Identification of People at RiskIdentification of People at Risk

Those unfamiliar with the propertyThose unfamiliar with the propertyThose asleepThose asleepThe very young and the elderlyThe very young and the elderlyAnyone with a disabilityAnyone with a disabilityThose who might not speak EnglishThose who might not speak EnglishThose working alone or in remote placesThose working alone or in remote placesPeople in large numbers People in large numbers Those who might have dined too well !Those who might have dined too well !

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Step 1 Step 1 Significant Significant findings of fire findings of fire hazards. hazards.

Step 2 Step 2 People who are People who are at risk from the at risk from the hazardshazards

Step 3 Step 3 Remove or reduce Remove or reduce the risk and the risk and control measures control measures to protect any to protect any remaining risksremaining risks

Step 4 Step 4 Further action Further action needed,training needed,training information, information, Instruction and Instruction and coco--ordinationordination

Hot lamps in the Hot lamps in the display windowdisplay window

Customers and Customers and staff staff

Ensure a Ensure a minimum distance minimum distance of 1m between of 1m between lamp and lamp and combustible combustible materialmaterial

Dry powder fire Dry powder fire extinguisher extinguisher provided in the provided in the shop. Staff shop. Staff informed of the informed of the hazards from the hazards from the window display window display lamps. Staff lamps. Staff trained to use fire trained to use fire extinguisherextinguisher

Fire Safety Order: Fire Safety Order: Implementation 5:Recording significant findings and action taken

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Risk Assessment OutputsRisk Assessment Outputs

Legal compliance Legal compliance Fewer incidents/Lower lossesFewer incidents/Lower lossesSatisfy ethical/corporate governance standardsSatisfy ethical/corporate governance standardsHappy insurers !Happy insurers !Data which will inform:Data which will inform:–– Risk improvement prioritiesRisk improvement priorities–– Funding for improvementsFunding for improvements–– Future planningFuture planning

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The Conventional FRA Process in SummaryThe Conventional FRA Process in Summary

Identify fire hazards by an initial assessmentIdentify fire hazards by an initial assessmentIdentify people at riskIdentify people at riskUndertake a hazard/risk reduction exercise by Undertake a hazard/risk reduction exercise by eliminating or managing any hazards disclosedeliminating or managing any hazards disclosedRepeat risk reduction as resources permit Repeat risk reduction as resources permit Decide if fire safety is adequate to meet legal minimumsDecide if fire safety is adequate to meet legal minimumsApply a risk ratingApply a risk ratingRecord findings in writingRecord findings in writingEnsure that those who need to know are informed of the Ensure that those who need to know are informed of the FRA findingsFRA findingsRepeat when any significant factor changesRepeat when any significant factor changesRepeat annually or at an appropriate intervalRepeat annually or at an appropriate interval

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Guidance: Fires on Construction SitesGuidance: Fires on Construction SitesHSEHSE–– Five Steps to Risk Assessment Five Steps to Risk Assessment –– possibly not too possibly not too

helpful in the overall context !helpful in the overall context !–– HSG 168 Very helpful on life safety issuesHSG 168 Very helpful on life safety issuesJoint CodeJoint Code–– Checklist to Joint CodeChecklist to Joint CodeAPS Guidance to CDM RegulationsAPS Guidance to CDM RegulationsCLG Guidance documents to Fire Safety OrderCLG Guidance documents to Fire Safety OrderScottish Resilience Guidance documents to Fire Scottish Resilience Guidance documents to Fire (Scotland) Act/Regulations(Scotland) Act/RegulationsHistoric ScotlandHistoric Scotland’’s s ‘‘Guide for Practitioners No 7; Guide for Practitioners No 7; Fire Safety in Traditional BuildingsFire Safety in Traditional Buildings’’Note: None of these documents has mandatory/ACOP status for sitNote: None of these documents has mandatory/ACOP status for siteses

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So whatSo what’’s different for sites ?s different for sites ?Dynamic risks Dynamic risks –– changing dailychanging dailyWorkforce changes frequentlyWorkforce changes frequentlySome processes are inherently dangerousSome processes are inherently dangerousHazards abound Hazards abound –– shafts, incomplete staircases, shafts, incomplete staircases, scaffolding, holes in floor slabsscaffolding, holes in floor slabsFlammable liquids and gases everywhereFlammable liquids and gases everywhereTemporary electrical supply and hardTemporary electrical supply and hard--used toolsused toolsNo fire separation, signage, lighting, fire No fire separation, signage, lighting, fire detection/protection as would be expected in an detection/protection as would be expected in an occupied buildingoccupied buildingSite housekeeping and combustible wasteSite housekeeping and combustible wasteArson as a major riskArson as a major riskMay be adjacent to or even part of occupied buildingMay be adjacent to or even part of occupied building

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New Methods of ConstructionNew Methods of Construction……

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Fire during the construction of a block of flats in Colindale, North London. Cause not established but probably discarded cigarette

or malicious intent

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HSG 168 Guidance on Timber Framed HSG 168 Guidance on Timber Framed ConstructionConstruction

New in this editionNew in this editionCovered fully in the APS Practice NoteCovered fully in the APS Practice NoteGenerally very good adviceGenerally very good advicePossible problems with implementation of, eg:Possible problems with implementation of, eg:298 Where there are a number of timber298 Where there are a number of timber--framed structures that framed structures that are being built on one site, the risk of fire spread from one are being built on one site, the risk of fire spread from one building to the next must be considered and controlled. For building to the next must be considered and controlled. For example, the installation of nonexample, the installation of non--combustible materials such as combustible materials such as the early completion of external fathe early completion of external faççades can help to achieve this. ades can help to achieve this. This protection should not compromise any emergency exitsThis protection should not compromise any emergency exits. .

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EnforcementEnforcementNormally by HSE unless site forms part of an Normally by HSE unless site forms part of an operational or occupied building, then by fire operational or occupied building, then by fire authority (or possibly authority (or possibly MoDMoD fire service or Crown fire service or Crown Fire Inspector)Fire Inspector)Three possible scenarios described in GSG 168Three possible scenarios described in GSG 168–– A: Independent construction site with its own A: Independent construction site with its own

boundaryboundary–– B: Construction site with work going on in the one B: Construction site with work going on in the one

area and occupier activities in the otherarea and occupier activities in the other–– C: Similar to B but no fire separation between C: Similar to B but no fire separation between

occupied area and construction areaoccupied area and construction area

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The Fire Risk Assessment

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The Process (1)The Process (1)But consider first:But consider first:Language issues on some sites in some areasLanguage issues on some sites in some areasSite induction proceduresSite induction proceduresDonDon’’t forget need to coordinate activities with t forget need to coordinate activities with others others –– especially on an occupied siteespecially on an occupied siteThe PeopleThe People–– Site operativesSite operatives–– Office staffOffice staff–– Temporary personnel Temporary personnel –– specialist contractorsspecialist contractors–– Deliveries and plant driversDeliveries and plant drivers–– VisitorsVisitors

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The Process (2)The Process (2)

Has the project plan included adequate Has the project plan included adequate consideration of fire safety matters ?consideration of fire safety matters ?Does the project design: Does the project design: –– Review training, Review training, –– Signage and emergency lightingSignage and emergency lighting–– Means of warning and means of escape, Means of warning and means of escape, What management arrangements are in force to What management arrangements are in force to ensure that all of these are updated as necessary ensure that all of these are updated as necessary ??

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The Risk Assessment ProformaThe Risk Assessment Proforma

Offered as a guide onlyOffered as a guide onlyThere are many other ways of recording an There are many other ways of recording an assessmentassessmentRisk scoring is an optionRisk scoring is an optionAlgorithms can be usedAlgorithms can be usedSome fire authorities seem to believe that FRASome fire authorities seem to believe that FRA’’s s must be accompanied by a reportmust be accompanied by a report

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PreliminariesPreliminaries

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Ignition Sources & FuelsIgnition Sources & Fuels

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People & Hazardous Substances People & Hazardous Substances

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Other HazardsOther Hazards

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Technical MeasuresTechnical Measures

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Measures and PlansMeasures and Plans

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Information, Training, ReviewsInformation, Training, Reviews

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Final BoxesFinal Boxes

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Fitting Out – Danger Time !

Remember also the travel distances in HSG 168 change when the building is enclosed

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The Joint Code – 7th

Edition, May 2009This is now fully synchronised with the CDM Regulations:

A good place to start !8th edition will contain more on timber framed buildings –probably end 2011

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A History of the Joint CodeA History of the Joint CodeFirst published May 1992 First published May 1992 -- following Mark Lane and following Mark Lane and Broadgate fires Broadgate fires -- cost UK CAR market cost UK CAR market ££175m175mSponsors were LPC, Building Employers Confederation, Sponsors were LPC, Building Employers Confederation, National Contractors GroupNational Contractors GroupSupported by ABI, Lloyds, London Fire Brigade, HSESupported by ABI, Lloyds, London Fire Brigade, HSESeventh edition May 2009Seventh edition May 2009Since introduction of the code, it is believed that UK Since introduction of the code, it is believed that UK CAR fire claims have not exceeded CAR fire claims have not exceeded ££10m in any one 10m in any one year other than 2009 with an exceptional losyear other than 2009 with an exceptional losCode is also in use as advisory document world wide Code is also in use as advisory document world wide and since publication has been mirrored by:and since publication has been mirrored by:–– HSE Guide to Fire Safety on Construction SitesHSE Guide to Fire Safety on Construction Sites–– MoD Fire Service CPMoD Fire Service CP–– UK Govt. PACE GuideUK Govt. PACE Guide–– English Heritage and Historic Scotland guidanceEnglish Heritage and Historic Scotland guidance

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ApplicationApplicationUsed internationally as a guide Used internationally as a guide -- often with often with incentives for compliance (eg lower excesses)incentives for compliance (eg lower excesses)Important to call up Important to call up ‘‘ab initioab initio’’ so that all bidders so that all bidders can include additional costs of compliance in can include additional costs of compliance in tenderstendersIncludes sample wording for a policy Includes sample wording for a policy endorsement (See later for more on insurers)endorsement (See later for more on insurers)Intended to be called up as a warranty for:Intended to be called up as a warranty for:–– All projects with a value of All projects with a value of ££2.5 million2.5 million–– In the case of projects with a value exceeding In the case of projects with a value exceeding ££20 20

million can be incorporated as a condition precedentmillion can be incorporated as a condition precedent–– Can also be implemented for Can also be implemented for ‘‘exceptional exceptional

circumstances where a high fire risk existscircumstances where a high fire risk exists’’..

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New in Seventh Edition (1)New in Seventh Edition (1)New SectionsNew Sections–– High Rise constructionHigh Rise construction–– AcetyleneAcetylene–– Large timber framed buildingsLarge timber framed buildings

Compliance now specified as to Compliance now specified as to ‘‘all partiesall parties’’Reference to new fire legislation and need for Fire Risk Reference to new fire legislation and need for Fire Risk Assessment Assessment Reference to CDM coordinator in Reference to CDM coordinator in ‘‘Design PhaseDesign Phase’’ and and ‘‘Construction PhaseConstruction Phase’’Need for earlier liaison with fire and rescue serviceNeed for earlier liaison with fire and rescue serviceMinor changes to: Minor changes to: –– Emergency proceduresEmergency procedures–– Fire protectionFire protection–– Temporary covering materialsTemporary covering materials–– Portable fire extinguishersPortable fire extinguishers–– Site security/arsonSite security/arson

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Terms Used (1)Terms Used (1)‘‘MustMust’’ means the requirement is compulsorymeans the requirement is compulsory‘‘ShouldShould’’ means the requirement is recommended best means the requirement is recommended best practicepracticeHighHigh--rise construction site: a site where the workforce is rise construction site: a site where the workforce is at risk by being outsideat risk by being outside…….30 m reach from where a fire .30 m reach from where a fire appliance may be parked.appliance may be parked.High fire risk site: High fire risk site: –– a high rise construction sitea high rise construction site–– a large timber framed structure; ora large timber framed structure; or–– Projects where risk assessments indicate significant potential Projects where risk assessments indicate significant potential

loss of life or propertyloss of life or propertyHot Work: operations requiring the use of open flames, Hot Work: operations requiring the use of open flames, grinding, welding or the local application of heat or grinding, welding or the local application of heat or generation of sparks.generation of sparks.

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Terms Used (2)Terms Used (2)Large projects: projects where the original Large projects: projects where the original contract value is contract value is ££20m or above20m or aboveRefurbishment: alterations, renovation or repair Refurbishment: alterations, renovation or repair of an existing building or structureof an existing building or structureResponsible person: a specific person identified Responsible person: a specific person identified in the Regulatory Reform (Fire Safety) Order in the Regulatory Reform (Fire Safety) Order 2005 as being either 2005 as being either ‘‘the clientthe client’’, , ‘‘the person who the person who has control of the premiseshas control of the premises’’ or or ‘‘the ownerthe owner’’. NB: in . NB: in Scotland, Scotland, ‘‘duty holderduty holder’’Temporary buildings: includes prefabricated Temporary buildings: includes prefabricated cabins, site huts, cargo containers, caravans, cabins, site huts, cargo containers, caravans, portable and sectional buildingsportable and sectional buildings

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Design PhaseDesign PhaseThe fire risk of the construction project and the finished buildThe fire risk of the construction project and the finished building is ing is to be assessed during the design phaseto be assessed during the design phaseWhere the UK Construction (Design and Management) Where the UK Construction (Design and Management) Regulations apply there is a legal responsibility imposed on theRegulations apply there is a legal responsibility imposed on thedesigners, CDM coordinator and principal contractors to ensure designers, CDM coordinator and principal contractors to ensure that the fire risk and potential for fire damage have been propethat the fire risk and potential for fire damage have been properly rly assessedassessed’’..Where the CDM Regulations do not apply, the Employer, in Where the CDM Regulations do not apply, the Employer, in conjunction with those undertaking the design responsibility musconjunction with those undertaking the design responsibility must t appoint a coordinator for the design phase to discharge the appoint a coordinator for the design phase to discharge the above function.above function.Risks can be managed by considering alternative approaches, Risks can be managed by considering alternative approaches, using non combustible materials, avoiding hot work, better desigusing non combustible materials, avoiding hot work, better design n of site egress, early installation of fire protection features aof site egress, early installation of fire protection features and nd systemssystems

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Construction PhaseConstruction PhaseThe Principal Contractor or Coordinator mustThe Principal Contractor or Coordinator must::

–– Identify the Responsible PersonIdentify the Responsible Person–– Develop and maintain the Site Safety PlanDevelop and maintain the Site Safety Plan–– This must include organisation of and responsibilities for fire This must include organisation of and responsibilities for fire

safetysafety–– Details of measures taken including training Details of measures taken including training –– General site precautions including location of fire alarms, General site precautions including location of fire alarms,

extinguishers etcextinguishers etc–– Location of smoking areasLocation of smoking areas–– Hot work regimeHot work regime–– Temporary buildings and structuresTemporary buildings and structures–– Means of escape (including evacuation plan and means of giving Means of escape (including evacuation plan and means of giving

warning of fire)warning of fire)–– Fire brigade access and facilitiesFire brigade access and facilities–– Fire instructions and notices/signsFire instructions and notices/signs–– Means to minimise arsonMeans to minimise arson–– Materials storage and control of wasteMaterials storage and control of waste

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Duties of Responsible PersonDuties of Responsible PersonTake such general fire precautions as will ensure so far as Take such general fire precautions as will ensure so far as reasonably practicable, the safety of his employees and reasonably practicable, the safety of his employees and other persons on siteother persons on siteThis can be discharged by:This can be discharged by:–– Undertaking and reviewing a fire risk assessmentUndertaking and reviewing a fire risk assessment–– Setting out procedures for dealing with the outbreak of fire andSetting out procedures for dealing with the outbreak of fire and

actions to be taken and ensuring these are understoodactions to be taken and ensuring these are understood–– Providing, maintaining and checking fire equipmentProviding, maintaining and checking fire equipment–– Undertaking regular checks and inspectionsUndertaking regular checks and inspections–– Liaising with emergency servicesLiaising with emergency services–– Training employees (and in certain cases, others on site)Training employees (and in certain cases, others on site)–– Keeping records of training, maintenance, inspections, tests etKeeping records of training, maintenance, inspections, tests etcc–– Promoting a fire safe culture on sitePromoting a fire safe culture on site

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Refurbishment is includedRefurbishment is included……Heritage structures are at special riskHeritage structures are at special risk

Cutty Sark18th Century Manor House

Royal Marsden Hospital

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Site Fire Safety PlanSite Fire Safety PlanA site fire safety plan must be developed and provide A site fire safety plan must be developed and provide for the following:for the following:–– Organisation and responsibility for fire safety, training, recorOrganisation and responsibility for fire safety, training, record d

keeping etckeeping etc–– General site fire precautions, fire detection and alarm, General site fire precautions, fire detection and alarm,

temporary emergency lighting, and fire pointstemporary emergency lighting, and fire points–– Location of designated smoking areasLocation of designated smoking areas–– Requirements for a hot work permit regimeRequirements for a hot work permit regime–– Temporary buildings and accommodationTemporary buildings and accommodation–– Fire escape routes, communications and procedures for Fire escape routes, communications and procedures for

calling the fire and rescue service and for f&rs access and calling the fire and rescue service and for f&rs access and facilitiesfacilities

–– Instructions on actions in the event of fireInstructions on actions in the event of fire–– Security measures to minimise the risk of arsonSecurity measures to minimise the risk of arson–– Materials storage and waste control regimeMaterials storage and waste control regime–– Maintenance and testing of temporary electricity supplyMaintenance and testing of temporary electricity supply

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Larger ProjectsLarger Projects

Appointment of Site Fire Safety Coordinator and Appointment of Site Fire Safety Coordinator and site fire marshal and deputiessite fire marshal and deputiesFire marshal could be full time or combine this Fire marshal could be full time or combine this with other duties (eg security or H&S)with other duties (eg security or H&S)Liaison with police, fire and ambulance is Liaison with police, fire and ambulance is essential (now legally required)essential (now legally required)On site power generation issuesOn site power generation issuesChanging access requirementsChanging access requirementsImpact of fences and hoardingsImpact of fences and hoardings

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Liaison with Emergency ServicesLiaison with Emergency ServicesSite plan provided to fire brigadeSite plan provided to fire brigadePlan to be updated regularly showing:Plan to be updated regularly showing:–– Access points, roads, gates, fire shafts, fire lifts and Access points, roads, gates, fire shafts, fire lifts and

temporary hoist facilitiestemporary hoist facilities–– Escape routes Escape routes –– Sprinkler installations in commissionSprinkler installations in commission–– Wet/dry risers in commission especially location of Wet/dry risers in commission especially location of

inlets inlets –– Floor loading limitationsFloor loading limitations–– Temporary buildings and structuresTemporary buildings and structures–– Hazardous items esp. storage of flammablesHazardous items esp. storage of flammables–– Holes in floor slabs or empty unprotected shaftsHoles in floor slabs or empty unprotected shafts

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Emergency ProceduresEmergency Procedures

Means of giving warning Means of giving warning -- must be audible above must be audible above ambient noise levelambient noise levelWritten procedures at all fire points etcWritten procedures at all fire points etcClear access to the site and buildings maintained Clear access to the site and buildings maintained at all timesat all timesNominate personnel (eg security guards or fire Nominate personnel (eg security guards or fire marshals to maintain access etc).marshals to maintain access etc).Temporary emergency lightingTemporary emergency lightingClear signs for escape routes etcClear signs for escape routes etc

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Protective Covering & CladdingProtective Covering & Cladding

This fire at the Langham Hotel (the third during the This fire at the Langham Hotel (the third during the project) proved how easily a fire spreads via the project) proved how easily a fire spreads via the scaffolding cladding scaffolding cladding

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Temporary Covering MaterialsTemporary Covering MaterialsWhere finished surfaces or plant or Where finished surfaces or plant or fittings need to be covered prior to fittings need to be covered prior to handover, care must be taken to handover, care must be taken to specify suitable materialsspecify suitable materialsFlexible materials must comply with Flexible materials must comply with LPS 1207: 2005 or equalLPS 1207: 2005 or equalScaffolding cladding must comply Scaffolding cladding must comply with LPS 1215: 2005 or equalwith LPS 1215: 2005 or equalOverprinting should not degrade Overprinting should not degrade fire properties of eitherfire properties of eitherAt least one staircase should be At least one staircase should be kept free of all protective coverings.kept free of all protective coverings.

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Polythene sheet is not appropriatePolythene sheet is not appropriate……HSG 168 agrees HSG 168 agrees !!

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Finished Surfaces Protected ProperlyFinished Surfaces Protected Properly

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Temporary Fire DoorsTemporary Fire Doors

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Additional Costs?Additional Costs?

Temporary Buildings– LPCB listed temporary buildings complying with LPS

1195 are available from a number of manufacturers albeit at a premium to non compliant structures

– The intent of LPS 1195/ Para 12.4 of the Joint Code can be achieved at little or no extra cost when specifying site accommodation

Temporary protection of finished surfaces:– Flexible materials complying with LPS 1207 are freely

available at very little extra cost when compared with similar materials

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Temporary Buildings (1)Temporary Buildings (1)

Temporary Buildings (TB) should be Temporary Buildings (TB) should be designed and constructed to LPS 1195: designed and constructed to LPS 1195: 2005 or equal OR:2005 or equal OR:TB must be separated from building TB must be separated from building under construction/renovation by a fire under construction/renovation by a fire break. If this is less than 6m, the TB break. If this is less than 6m, the TB must:must:–– Be constructed of materials that do not Be constructed of materials that do not

contribute to the growth of a firecontribute to the growth of a fire–– Meet criteria in BS 476Meet criteria in BS 476--7 for surface spread 7 for surface spread

of flameof flame–– Have walls and roof which meet 30 mins FR Have walls and roof which meet 30 mins FR –– Have doors and windows which meet 30 Have doors and windows which meet 30

minutes FRminutes FR–– Where stacked, supporting members to meet Where stacked, supporting members to meet

30 mins FR and have Building Regulations 30 mins FR and have Building Regulations approvalapproval

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Temporary Buildings (2)Temporary Buildings (2)If more than a single storey conditions should be If more than a single storey conditions should be given to utilising Approved Document B; this to given to utilising Approved Document B; this to be followed for means of escape etc.be followed for means of escape etc.Where cooking or clothes drying is performed, Where cooking or clothes drying is performed, buildings to be fitted with fire detection or buildings to be fitted with fire detection or automatic fire suppression systems. Deep fat automatic fire suppression systems. Deep fat frying to be discouraged unless range hood frying to be discouraged unless range hood system is fittedsystem is fittedNo storage under buildings No storage under buildings –– spaces to be spaces to be enclosedenclosedExit routes should be direct to open airExit routes should be direct to open airNo temporary buildings inside timber framed No temporary buildings inside timber framed structuresstructures

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Beware of Creeping Hazards:Beware of Creeping Hazards:

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There are temporary buildingsThere are temporary buildings……

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……and temporary buildingsand temporary buildings

Not a joke ! – not for a fire which cost £45m This is the type of location where the Broadgate fire started!

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Hot Work (1)Hot Work (1)Eliminate risk at source: use alternative methods if Eliminate risk at source: use alternative methods if feasible (Presumption against HW)feasible (Presumption against HW)Where HW is unavoidable try to arrange in dedicated Where HW is unavoidable try to arrange in dedicated safe areasafe areaPermits to be issued for specified period and work site Permits to be issued for specified period and work site to be checked during the hour immediately after work to be checked during the hour immediately after work ceases. NO PERMITS TO EXCEED WORKING DAYceases. NO PERMITS TO EXCEED WORKING DAYAll HW to be subject to permitAll HW to be subject to permit–– Work area to be clear of combustibles, cover exposed wooden Work area to be clear of combustibles, cover exposed wooden

flooringflooring–– Examine other side of partitions, walls etc AND BELOWExamine other side of partitions, walls etc AND BELOW–– Portable fire extinguisher available (and, if possible a fire Portable fire extinguisher available (and, if possible a fire

blanket)blanket)–– Screen area for welding, cutting or grindingScreen area for welding, cutting or grinding–– Check gas cylinders, hoses, regulators, flashCheck gas cylinders, hoses, regulators, flash--back arrestors back arrestors –– Cylinders chained and upright, preferably on trolleCylinders chained and upright, preferably on trolleyy

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Hot Work (2)Hot Work (2)Insurers impose their own warranty clauses on Insurers impose their own warranty clauses on contractorcontractor’’s policiess policiesThese include everything on previous pageThese include everything on previous pageAn extinguisher in a van (or at the foot of a ladder An extinguisher in a van (or at the foot of a ladder is not is not ‘‘easily to handeasily to hand’’ or or ‘‘in close proximity to the in close proximity to the worksworksBreach of these warranties will result in Breach of these warranties will result in contractor not being able to claimcontractor not being able to claim

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Site Storage of FlammablesSite Storage of FlammablesContainers and cylinders to be stored Containers and cylinders to be stored in secure compounds with proper in secure compounds with proper warning signs:warning signs:–– Minimum quantities needed only to be Minimum quantities needed only to be

storedstored–– Imperforate bund around storage area for Imperforate bund around storage area for

bulk storage and dispensingbulk storage and dispensing–– DoubleDouble--skinned tanksskinned tanks–– Separation distance from building under Separation distance from building under

construction construction –– not less than 10mnot less than 10m–– At least 20m for higher risk buildingsAt least 20m for higher risk buildings–– Segregated from hazards like Segregated from hazards like

oxidizers/toxics/non flam compressed oxidizers/toxics/non flam compressed gasesgases

–– Full and empty drums/cylinders Full and empty drums/cylinders separated and markedseparated and marked

–– Hazardous/explosive zones regs to be Hazardous/explosive zones regs to be adhered toadhered to

–– Control of fuelling mobile plant and Control of fuelling mobile plant and generatorsgenerators

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Portable Fire ExtinguishersPortable Fire ExtinguishersPersonnel must be trained in their Personnel must be trained in their useuseNonNon--automatic systems (including automatic systems (including hosereels must be signed and hosereels must be signed and easily accessibleeasily accessibleQuantity and location reviewed Quantity and location reviewed regularlyregularlyRideRide--on plant must be provide with on plant must be provide with and extinguisher of right type and extinguisher of right type ‘‘when reasonably practicablewhen reasonably practicable’’Adequate number of extinguishersAdequate number of extinguishers–– Of right type for class of fireOf right type for class of fire–– In right locationIn right location–– AccessibleAccessible–– Properly maintainedProperly maintained

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Correct Siting is CriticalCorrect Siting is Critical

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Bringing Forward Fire ProtectionBringing Forward Fire Protection9.1 ‘The employer and designers in conjunction with the CDM coordinator should ensure so far as is reasonably practical thatthe project is designed and planned in conjunction with the contractor and their programming of the works to achieve the early installation and operation of:

- Permanent fire escape stairs inc compartment walls- Fire compartments- Fire stopping- Protected structural steelwork- Fire fighting shafts- Wet/dry risers- Lightning conductors- AFD where planned- Sprinklers etc where planned

Adequate water supplies for fire fighting should be availableHydrants must be clear of obstruction and suitably markedElectrical distribution boards and generators should be providedwith appropriate type of fire extinguishersA fire check must be conducted at the end of each working day

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Temporary Alarm SystemsTemporary Alarm Systems

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……but avoid confusionbut avoid confusion

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Advancing Fire ProtectionAdvancing Fire Protection

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Site Power SuppliesSite Power Supplies

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Site Rubbish ClearanceSite Rubbish Clearance

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Smoking/Rubbish ControlsSmoking/Rubbish Controls

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Site Security Site Security –– Arson (1)Arson (1)Site and buildings to be protected against arson Site and buildings to be protected against arson as per the findings of the Fire Risk Assessmentas per the findings of the Fire Risk AssessmentSite to be secured, as far as is possible, against Site to be secured, as far as is possible, against intruders intruders –– including childrenincluding childrenFinal security perimeter (fence, walls) to be Final security perimeter (fence, walls) to be brought forward if possiblebrought forward if possibleCCTV, lighting, guards as appropriateCCTV, lighting, guards as appropriateHigh risk areas (flammable liquids etc), offices, High risk areas (flammable liquids etc), offices, tool stores to be separately secured inside the tool stores to be separately secured inside the protected areaprotected area

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Arson & Security (2)Arson & Security (2)

Minimise sources of ignition Minimise sources of ignition and fuel and fuel –– ie good control of ie good control of wastewasteGood temporary perimeter Good temporary perimeter –– hoarding/fencehoarding/fenceSignageSignageWell trained, licensed Well trained, licensed guardsguardsCCTV auditsCCTV audits

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Arson & Security (3) Arson & Security (3) Information CommissionerInformation Commissioner’’s Requirementss Requirements

Compliant SignsCompliant SignsRegular auditsRegular auditsSubject access Subject access Download the Code of Download the Code of Practice:Practice:http://www.ico.gov.uk/upload/documenthttp://www.ico.gov.uk/upload/documents/library/data_protection/detailed_specis/library/data_protection/detailed_specialist_guides/ico_cctvfinal_2301.pdfalist_guides/ico_cctvfinal_2301.pdf

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Best security: get final fence Best security: get final fence and gates in first !and gates in first !

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Don’t forget control of demolition - getting it wrong could be expensive

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Give Credit for Good Ideas (1)Give Credit for Good Ideas (1)

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Give Credit for Good Ideas (2)Give Credit for Good Ideas (2)

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DonDon’’t forget Lightning Protection !t forget Lightning Protection !

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Insurers RequirementsInsurers RequirementsAll insurers ( and reinsurers) will have their own All insurers ( and reinsurers) will have their own views on how fire safety should be managedviews on how fire safety should be managedMost will issue standard policy wordings (or Most will issue standard policy wordings (or passpass--on the wordings imposed on them by on the wordings imposed on them by reinsurers) or will impose the Joint Codereinsurers) or will impose the Joint CodeClauses can either be Clauses can either be ‘‘warrantieswarranties’’ or or ‘‘conditions conditions precedentprecedent’’Good examples of such wordings are:Good examples of such wordings are:–– Munich Re 112: Munich Re 112: Special Conditions concerning fireSpecial Conditions concerning fire--fighting fighting

facilities and fire safety on construction sitesfacilities and fire safety on construction sites–– Munich Re 1263: (CP Endorsement)Munich Re 1263: (CP Endorsement)–– ACE Europe: ACE Europe: Endorsement 2006 Fire Fighting FacilitiesEndorsement 2006 Fire Fighting Facilities–– Munich Re Munich Re 1270: Flue Gas Desulphurisation Clause1270: Flue Gas Desulphurisation Clause

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Examples of Policy Wordings (1)Examples of Policy Wordings (1)

GeneralGeneral““The insured shall undertake all reasonable The insured shall undertake all reasonable measures to provide and maintain on the site of measures to provide and maintain on the site of the project levels of security and fire fighting the project levels of security and fire fighting facilities consistent with those recommended by facilities consistent with those recommended by the insurer and the insured shall comply with all the insurer and the insured shall comply with all reasonable requirements of the insurer in relation reasonable requirements of the insurer in relation to the prevention of loss and damage to the to the prevention of loss and damage to the insured propertyinsured property””

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Examples of Policy Wordings (2)Examples of Policy Wordings (2)SpecificSpecific““All inflammable material and especially all inflammable All inflammable material and especially all inflammable liquids and gases must be stored at least 50m from the liquids and gases must be stored at least 50m from the property under construction or any hot worksproperty under construction or any hot works””““Welding, soldering or the use of an open flame in the Welding, soldering or the use of an open flame in the vicinity of combustible material is only permitted if at vicinity of combustible material is only permitted if at least one workman suitably equipped with extinguishers least one workman suitably equipped with extinguishers and welland well--trained in fire fighting is presenttrained in fire fighting is present””““At the beginning of testing all fire fighting facilities At the beginning of testing all fire fighting facilities designed for the operation of the plant must be installed designed for the operation of the plant must be installed and serviceableand serviceable””

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Examples of Policy Wordings (3)Examples of Policy Wordings (3)Project SpecificProject Specific““Protective covers, screens, formwork, Protective covers, screens, formwork, scaffolding and work platforms shall be made of scaffolding and work platforms shall be made of nonnon--combustible materialscombustible materials””““The quantities of lining materials and solvent The quantities of lining materials and solvent containing adhesives shall be limited to the containing adhesives shall be limited to the amounts needed for a halfamounts needed for a half--shiftshift’’s works work””““The wet fire fighting risers must be operational The wet fire fighting risers must be operational and must have an operating pressure of at least and must have an operating pressure of at least 44--5 bars at the highest water outlet5 bars at the highest water outlet””

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Examples of Policy Wordings (4)Examples of Policy Wordings (4)Project Specific Project Specific –– Early OccupationEarly OccupationThe part of the tower to be occupied must be fully protected by The part of the tower to be occupied must be fully protected by both a functioning fire detection and alarm system and a workingboth a functioning fire detection and alarm system and a workingsprinkler system.sprinkler system.The floor immediately between the top of the occupied area and The floor immediately between the top of the occupied area and the construction area must be kept as a void and not be furnishethe construction area must be kept as a void and not be furnished d or equipped with any machinery or equipment which could create or equipped with any machinery or equipment which could create a fire hazard. The floor should be unclad.a fire hazard. The floor should be unclad.As the project progresses, the sprinkler protection for the flooAs the project progresses, the sprinkler protection for the floors rs above the void must be made operational before fitabove the void must be made operational before fit--out out commences.commences.Adequate safeguards to prevent entry into construction areas Adequate safeguards to prevent entry into construction areas must be maintained.must be maintained.A 24 hour firewatch must patrol the areas where construction is A 24 hour firewatch must patrol the areas where construction is taking place above the occupied areas. taking place above the occupied areas. The AHJ should be asked to approve the concept and invited to The AHJ should be asked to approve the concept and invited to visit the site regularly.visit the site regularly.

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Construction Site or Occupied Building?Construction Site or Occupied Building?

HSG 168 defines this HSG 168 defines this –– very important because it very important because it will also define whether the regulator is fire will also define whether the regulator is fire service or HSEservice or HSESee pages 60 See pages 60 –– 6464Rules of thumb: Rules of thumb: –– If itIf it’’s within its own fenced site and theres within its own fenced site and there’’s no other s no other

activity activity –– HSEHSE–– If thereIf there’’s an imperforate fire barrier between the s an imperforate fire barrier between the

construction area and the rest of the building construction area and the rest of the building –– HSEHSE–– If thereIf there’’s no such barrier s no such barrier –– fire and and rescue servicefire and and rescue service

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2011 Fire Safety Training

Fire Risk Assessment for Construction Sites

Stewart Kidd MA, MSc, FIFireE, FIFSMLoss Prevention Consultancy Ltd

www.risk-consultant.com

15 APRIL 2011