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Tim Dosen Pengampu M.K.BioSel & Mol 2011 F.Bio UGM

Minggu VI

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Plant & animal cell

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Cytoplasm refers to the jelly-like material with organelles init.

If the organelles were removed, the soluble part that wouldbe left is called the cytosol. It consists mainly of water withdissolved substances such as amino acids in it.

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Just as a traffic cop keeps the cars from crashinginto one another, the cytoplasm of a cell keeps the

organelles from smashing into each other.

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mengandung DNA menentukan sintesis proteinPusat pengendali aktivitas sel

Didalam nukleus terdapat organella yang disebutnucleolus (bertanggung jawab dalam pembentukanribosom)

Nukleus diselubungi oleh membran nukleus (doublemembrane) dengan pori-pori / lubang yang disebutnuclear pores. Melalui pori-pori ini ribosom dan materiallain dapat masuk dan keluar

Nucleus

Organella terbesar di dalam sel

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Organela sel berhubungan satu dengan yang lainmelalui sistem endomembran

Reticulum endoplasma :

tersusun atas membran,kantung-kantung yangdatar (flattened sacs),dan vesikula-vesikula

endoplasmic reticulumprovides a tubulartransport system insidethe cell.

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Just as a subway must go through theunderground tunnels, the organelles must travel

through the endoplasmic reticulum.

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Reticulum Endoplasma

Within cell network

Ada dua macam

RE kasar

interconnected flattened sacs Ada ribosome yang melekat

Tempat sintesis protein

RE halus

interconnected tubules Tidak ada ribosom yang melekat

Tempat sintesis lemak

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RE kasar dan RE halus

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Ribosomes- Organelles that help in the synthesis of proteins. Ribosomes

are made up of two parts, called subunits.

They get their names from their size. One unit is larger than the other so

they are called large and small subunits.

Both these subunits are necessary for protein synthesis in the cell. When

the two units are docked together with a special information unit called

messenger RNA, they make proteins.

Some ribosomes are found in the cytoplasm, but most are attached to the

endoplasmic reticulum. While attached to the ER, ribosomes make

proteins that the cell needs and also ones to be exported from the cell for

work elsewhere in the body.

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RE halus

Tempat sintesis lemak : Asam lemak

Fosfolipid

Steroids (misal pada sel-sel ovarium dan testis)

Pada hati, RE halus mengandung enzim-enzim yang dapatmemproses / mendetoksifikasi obat atau senyawa-senyawalain yang berbahaya

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Undisirable complications can result when liver cellsrespond to drug

Obat / senyawa berbahaya

Meningkatkan jml RE halus & enzim-enzim

detoksifikasi

Meningkatkan daya tahan sel tubuh thd obat-obatan

Enzim detoksifikasi kadang tidak spesifik Penggunaan barbiturate dapat menurunkan efektifitas

penggunaan antibiotik tertentu.

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Fungsi lain RE halus

Tempat simpanan ion-ion Ca

Pada sel otot : Jika sel syaraf memberi sinyal padasel otot, ion-ion Ca akan terlindih dari RE haluskedalam sitoplasma, kemudian ion-ion Ca akanberfungsi untuk memacu kontraksi sel-sel otot

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Fungsi RE kasar

Membentuk membran baru

Memodifikasi protein yangakan ditransport ke organelalain atau yang akan disekresi

oleh sel Misal : insulin (hormon yangdisekresi oleh sel-sel didalam pancreas)

Polipeptida disintesis oleh ribosom

Masuk RE kasar, bergabung dg molekulGula membentuk glikoprotein

Packing dalam vesikula, travel ke badan golgi untuk proses selanjutnya

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Badan golgi

stack of saccules (3-20) pancakes

receiving side faces ER

protein or lipid filled sacs sending side

faces plasma membrane

vesicles of modified proteins or lipids

lysosomes produced here

packages, modifies and distributes molecules

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Golgi complex- merupakan organella yang

bertanggung jawab dalam pensortiran dan

pengiriman protein yang disintesis dalam RE

Just like our postal packages which should have a

correct shipping address, the proteins produced in

the ER, should be correctly sent to their respective

address.

In the cell, shipping and sorting done by the Golgi

complex. It is a very important step in protein

synthesis.

If the Golgi complex makes a mistake in shippingthe proteins to the right address, certain functions in

the cell may stop.

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The movement of transport vesicles from ERto golgi is an energy requiring process. If oneblocks production of ATP, the transport willnot happen.

Setelah vesikula masukdalam cisternae, proteinditeruskan ke bagian

"trans face".

Protein kmd diletakkandalam vacuoles yang munculdari daerah tsb. Ukurandan jumlah vacuola ini

berbeda pada masing-masing sel.

Didalam vacuola proteinmengalami kondensasi kmdditransfer ke membran

untuk sekresi

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The Golgi complex controls trafficking ofdifferent types of proteins

Some are destined for secretion. Others are destined for the extracellular matrix. Other proteins, such as lysosomal enzymes, may need to be sorted

and sequestered from the remaining constituents because of theirpotential destructive effects.

There are two types of secretory pathways. The regulated secretory pathway: is a pathway for proteins that requires

a stimulus or trigger to elicit secretion. Some stimuli regulate synthesisof the protein as well as its release.

The constitutive pathway allows for secretion of proteins that areneeded outside the cell, like in the extracellular matrix. It does notrequire stimuli, although growth factors may enhance the process.

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Can proteins be transported back to the roughendoplasmic reticulum?

Sometimes vitalproteins needed in therough endoplasmicreticulum are

transported along withthe other proteins inthe Golgi complex. TheGolgi complex has amechanism for trappingthem and sending them

back to the roughendoplasmic reticulum.

Golgi-localized proteins to the ER. J Cell Biol 1-15, 1998.

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Lisosome

Lysosomes are the "garbage disposals" of the cell andcontain digestive enzymes to break up old cellcomponents and bacteria.

produced in Golgi

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Lysosomes alsodegrade worn out

organelles such asmitochondria.

A third function

for lysosomes is tohandle the productsof receptor-mediatedendocytosis such asthe receptor, ligandand associatedmembrane.

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Lysosomes memiliki hydrolases yang dapatmendegradasi nucleotides, proteins, lipids,phospholipids, serta membongkar gugus karbohidrate,sulfate, atau phosphate dari molekul-molekul

Hidrolase aktif pada pH asam, sehingga jika terjadileakingtidak merusak sel (pH 7.2) kecuali jika pH selmenjadi asam

A Hydrogen ion ATPase is found in the membrane oflysosomes to acidify the environment.

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Lysosomal morphology varieswith the state of the cell andits degree of degradativeactivity.

Lysosomes have pieces of

membranes, vacuoles,granules and parts ofmitochondria inside.

Phagolysosomes may haveparts of bacteria or the cellit has injested.

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Abnormal lysosome

Menyebabkan penyakit keturunan : Lysosomalstorage diseases Pompes disease : lisosom tidak memiliki enzim yang

mampu mencerna glikogen glikogen terakumulasipada sel otot dan hati

Tay-sachs disease : lisosome tidak memiliki enzimyang mampu memecah lemak pada membran selsyaraf sel-sel syaraf otak akan rusak

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Peroxisome Merupakan organella yang mengandung

enzim-enzim oksidatif misalnya D-amino acid oxidase, ureate oxidase, and catalase.

Mirip dengan lysosome, tetapi tidak dibentuk didalam Golgi complex.

Peroxisomes dapat dibedakan dengan adanya struktur seperti kristal didalamnya,

Peroxisomes berfungsi untuk mengeluarkan senyawa

racun seperti hydrogen peroxide, atau metabolitelainnya. Peroksisom menggunakan banyak oksigen danterdapat umumnya di hati dimana senyawa toksik hasilsamping metabolisme akan terkumpul

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Vesicles- This term literally means "small vessel". This organelle helps

store and transport products produced by the cell.

The vesicles are the transport and delivery vehicles like our mail

and Federal Express trucks. Some vesicles deliver materials to parts of

the cell and others transport materials outside the cell in a process called

exocytosis

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Vakuola

Kantung bermembran, biasanya lebih besar dari padavesikula

Bentuk, ukuran dan fungsinya berbeda Pada tumbuhan : dapat berisi KH, pigmen

Pada paramaecium : vakuola makanan, vakuola kontraktil


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Mitochondria

powerhouse of the cell

converts food energy into ATP energy

double membrane

intermembrane space matrix

folds called cristae

increase surface area available for energy production


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Mitochondria are the powerhouses of the cell andcontain enzymes needed for aerobic respiration.

The inner membrane of themitochondrion is folded into cristaewhich hold the enzymes needed inenergy transformations to make ATP.

Very active cells contain thousands

of mitochondria.


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Kloroplas

Reaksi fotosistem terjadi

Pada membran tilakoid

Siklus calvin terjadi distroma

Tim Dosen Pengampu M KBi S l M l F Bi UGM

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2011-2012. 06 Organella