©2007 Clairmont Press North Carolina: Land of Contrasts Chapter 3 The Proprietors and Their Problems Study Presentation

©2007 Clairmont Press

North Carolina: North Carolina: Land of ContrastsLand of Contrasts

Chapter 3Chapter 3The Proprietors and Their ProblemsThe Proprietors and Their Problems

Study PresentationStudy Presentation

Chapter 3: Chapter 3: The Proprietors and The Proprietors and

Their ProblemsTheir Problems

• Section 1: Settling the Albemarle Sound

• Section 2: The Chartering of Carolina

• Section 3: Culpeper’s Rebellion

• Section 4: Settling the Pamlico Sound

• Section 5: Settling the Cape Fear

Section 1: Settling the Albemarle Section 1: Settling the Albemarle SoundSound

ESSENTIAL QUESTION– How did the geography of North

Carolina affect its early development?


What words do I need to know? 1. neck

2. speculate

3. customs duty


Introduction• “Necks” (peninsulas) along the Albemarle

Sound were early neighborhoods for European settlement

• 1650s-1700s: North Carolina governed by English Lords Proprietors

• English leaders and colonists often did not get along

Settlers from the NorthSettlers from the North

• 1629: King Charles I gave large section of lands south of the Great Dismal Swamp to Sir Robert Heath; this grant was not used, however

• George Durant, Richard and Nathaniel Batts were early settlers

• Virginians moved south to Carolina for the chance to grow more tobacco with less effort (good soil) and expense (free land)

• Early settlers “speculated” that Carolina lands would one day be as profitable and expensive as Virginia’s

Carolina “Rogues”Carolina “Rogues”• Durant and others were known as rogues

(cheaters) because they exported their tobacco and other crops without paying the export tax (customs duties)

• By mid-1660s, settlers were doing well• Location allowed growing of corn and

wheat to sell to English merchants• It was undetermined whether these

settlers were part of Virginia or another colony

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Section 2: The Chartering of Section 2: The Chartering of CarolinaCarolina

ESSENTIAL QUESTION– How did Carolina become a

separate colony?


What words do I need to know? 1. charter

2. Lord Proprietor

3. quit-rent


Introduction• charter: a contract by the king to individuals or

groups to be in charge of a colony’s settlement• 1663: King Charles II gave lands of southern

Virginia to some of his supporters• The lands were called Carolina, after King

Charles I, and the leaders were eight Lords Proprietors (rulers and owners of the property)

• 1665: Charter expanded to include lands that are now South Carolina, Georgia, and northern Florida and west to the Pacific Ocean!

The Lords Proprietors The Lords Proprietors • The Proprietors were among the most powerful

men in England• Proprietors planned to sell the land

inexpensively, then make money from a property tax called a quit-rent

• Part of the quit-rent paid the colony’s expenses; the Proprietors kept the rest

• Albemarle Sound named for the Duke of Albemarle (commander of the English army)

• Two rivers named for Sir Anthony Ashley-Cooper (national treasurer) – Charles Town established where the Ashley and Cooper rivers met

The Lords Proprietors – cont.The Lords Proprietors – cont.• 1669: Fundamental Constitutions approved by

Proprietors• Called the “Grand Model”: created a class

system for the colony similar to England’s

Palatine

Caciques

Landgraves

Yeoman

High class

Lower class

• Albemarle began to be less profitable as Charles Town area found fortune growing rice• Poor access to the sea hurt Albemarle

Social and Economic ConditionsSocial and Economic Conditions• Most Albemarle settlers poorer than those of Virginia• Houses were wood frame huts held together with

wooden pegs• No plows for farms, only hoes and shovels• Men sometimes called “lubbers”; had a reputation for

laziness• Few churches – people worshipped in their homes• 1672: “Society of Friends” (Quakers) new religious

group from England –believed in worship without a minister

• Independent style of the Quakers suited many• Proprietors had difficulty getting the quit-rents from the

independent Albemarle lubbersClick here to return to Main Menu.

Section 3: Culpeper’s RebellionSection 3: Culpeper’s Rebellion

ESSENTIAL QUESTION– How did issues about taxation

cause problems between the Albemarle residents and the Proprietors?

Section 3: Culpeper’s RebellionSection 3: Culpeper’s Rebellion

What words do I need to know? 1. General Assembly

2. Navigation Acts

3. Culpeper’s Rebellion

4. governor

5. treason

Section 3: Culpepper’s RebellionSection 3: Culpepper’s Rebellion

Introduction• 1668: Great Deed of Grant – approved by the first

Carolina General Assembly and the Proprietors – stated that all existing land deeds would be honored and quit-rents would be the same as Virginia’s

• 1673: Navigation Acts enforced by Proprietors – taxed exported items such as tobacco, fish, flour, and shingles

• The Acts were designed to bring more money to the King• Most Albemarle residents ignored the tax or worked to

avoid paying it• Thomas Miller and Thomas Eastchurch supported the

tax as a way to earn money for themselves

The Beginnings The Beginnings

• 1675: Miller and Eastchurch visit the Proprietors in England to discuss the “deplorable conditions”

• George Durant defended the colonists, saying they were too poor to pay the taxes

• Eastchurch was made governor; Miller was made tax collector

• Durant threatened to rebel• Eastchurch delayed his return to return to

Carolina to be married; Miller was sent on to take charge

Miller the TyrantMiller the Tyrant

• 1677: Miller arrived back in Carolina with an armed ship – he began arresting and fining anyone he did not like

• Durant arrived later, distributing weapons around Durant’s Neck

• Miller and his followers were imprisoned by Durant’s group

• Governor Eastchurch arrived, but got sick and died before the problems were resolved

• The Proprietors sent several governors to the Albemarle, but few quit-rents made their way to England

Durant and Friends WinDurant and Friends Win• 1680: a hearing was held to determine the

source of problems in the Albemarle – Miller was blamed

• Virginia began to claim the Albemarle and demanded the quit-rents

• 1683: Governor Sothel arrived, behaving as if the colony were his private estate and punishing or jailing those who disagreed with him

• 1691: The frustrated Proprietors split the colony; the governor moved to Charles Town where customs duties on rice exports were high

• The “north” Carolina region had a deputy governor, George Archdale, a Quaker who generally left the people alone


Section 4: Settling the Pamlico Section 4: Settling the Pamlico SoundSound

ESSENTIAL QUESTION– How did the Proprietors try to use

religion to gain control in North Carolina?


What words do I need to know? 1. county

2. refugee

3. cede


Introduction• In order to get more colonists, the Proprietors

offered cheap land to refugees from European wars

• 1696: Governor Archdale divides Albemarle into two counties

• Ocracoke Island grew due to its location near Atlantic shipping lanes

• Virginia sought a law forbidding its citizens from moving to the Pamlico

First TownsFirst Towns

• The Pamlico’s first towns were Bath (1705) and New Bern (1711)

• Bath was named for an English seaport

• New Bern named after Bern, Switzerland – the new town’s first residents came from Europe seeking religious freedom

• Queen Anne helped pay for the refugees’ trip to America

Cary’s RebellionCary’s Rebellion• 1701 & 1703: In order to better organize the

colony, the Proprietors tried religion• North Carolina was divided into parishes• English parishes had one church – everyone in

the parish was baptized, worshiped, married, and was buried in their parish church

• Church of England = Anglican Church• All citizens officially belonged to the church,

whether they wanted to or not – had to pay church taxes in addition to quit-rents

• 1704: Test Act – General Assembly said any office holder must swear an oath to uphold the Anglican Church

Cary’s Rebellions – cont. Cary’s Rebellions – cont. • Governor Cary used Test Act to keep Quakers

from holding office• Quakers were good, tax-paying citizens and

appealed to the Proprietors• A new governor was sent, and angry North

Carolinians prepared for a fight• Cary joined the Quakers and fought for his job –

made himself governor 1708-1711 and let Quakers hold office

• 1711: Edward Hyde arrived as new governor – with the help of English soldiers, he threw out Cary and his followers and restored the Anglican Church

The Tuscarora WarThe Tuscarora War• 1711: Tuscarora Indians tried to destroy Pamlico

settlements• Several hundred colonists killed• Tuscarora were angered by:

– loss of their land– loss of hunting lands– cheating by white traders– kidnapping of Indians to sell as slaves

• Virginia refused to send troops to assist unless Governor Hyde gave back lands north of Albemarle Sound

• South Carolina troops arrived – mostly Indians who did not like the Tuscarora

The Tuscarora War – cont.The Tuscarora War – cont.• Colonel John Barnwell achieved a temporary

compromise, but it was not supported by the General Assembly

• 1712: The Tuscarora attacked again during a yellow fever outbreak

• 1713: James Moore of South Carolina defeated the Tuscarora – Indians were forced into slavery or left the region

• 1712: Proprietors officially separated North and South Carolina

• 1715: North Carolina revised all its laws; oaths to the Anglican church were now avoidable, however, the quit-rents remained


Section 5: Settling the Cape FearSection 5: Settling the Cape Fear

ESSENTIAL QUESTION– How and why were the lands of

Cape Fear settled?


What words do I need to know? 1. naval stores

2. bounty

3. royal colony


Introduction• Defeat of the Tuscarora opened new lands for

settlement in the Cape Fear region• Settlers hoped to grow rice and sell naval stores

(pitch, turpentine, and tar from longleaf pines were needed to keep ships from leaking)

• Millions of acres of longleaf pine were available• 1723: Maurice and James Moore led settlers into

the region• They paid their quit-rents in advance to Governor

Burrington of North Carolina in order to gain access to the lands

Blank PatentsBlank Patents

• Governor took land deeds (blank patents) to the mouth of the Cape Fear, sold them to the Moore’s and others, and let them fill in the blanks about the land at a later time

• The Moores and their families took over 80,000 acres – became known as “the Family”

• The frustrated Proprietors decided to sell out their interest in the annoying colony

The End of ProprietorshipThe End of Proprietorship

• 1729: King George II bought back North and South Carolina – now “royal colonies”

• Lord Granville refused to give up his one-eighth interest in the colonies

• The king ruled the whole colony, yet received seven-eights of the taxes



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©2007 Clairmont Press North Carolina: Land of Contrasts Chapter 3 The Proprietors and Their Problems Study Presentation