OzonAction · 2006. 8. 10. · Science News 9 Progress in Ratification 10 Key Messages on Ozone Depletion 10 NOU Awards 10 Forthcoming Meetings 10 OzonAction Number 45 • October

Special Feature 1

Breaking News 1

Compliance News 2

HCFC Trade Restrictions Take Effect 1 January 2004: Ratification or Intrepretation by Parties Needed 3

Spotlight on Malaysia 4

News from International Agencies 5

Special Feature: Safety First 6

Sun Protection: Messages for Tourists 7

TechTalk 8

Science News 9

Progress in Ratification 10

Key Messages on Ozone Depletion 10

NOU Awards 10

Forthcoming Meetings 10

OzonAction Number 45 • October 2003

Success Remotely Sensed

UNEP

A newsletter dedicated to the protection of the ozone layer and implementation of the Montreal Protocol

Satellite Findings Hint a First Signs ofOzone Layer Recovery NASA satellite observations have revealedthe first hard evidence that the rate ofozone depletion in the Earth’s upperatmosphere is decreasing, suggesting thatthe ozone layer may be entering an earlyphase of recovery from depletion causedby human activities.Scientists analysing ozone observationslogged by instruments on board satellites

carrying NASA’s Halogen Occultation Experiment (HALOE) and its two-phaseStratospheric Aerosol and Gas Experiment (SAGE) found that depletion ofozone in the upper stratosphere began slowing down in 1997, around ten years

after the Montreal Protocol entered into force.A report based on these results, due to appear in the American GeophysicalUnion Journal of Geophysical Research, concludes that the decrease is consistentwith falls in atmospheric levels of man-made chemicals containing chlorine andbromine, indicated by various existing measurements taken from satellites,balloons, aircraft and ground-based instruments. The NASA team also usedinternational ground networks to confirm their new–found ozone data.“Ozone is still decreasing but just not as fast,” said Mike Newchurch, associateprofessor at the University of Alabama and lead scientist on the study, quoted ina NASA press release, “we are still decades away from total ozone recovery.” Headded that uncertainties remain, not least the effect on ozone recovery of climatechange, that make it essential to continue with precise, long-term data recordinginitiatives such as the past and ongoing NASA studies.Contact: Chris Rink, NASA LRC, e-mail: [email protected]

Contents

UNEP DTIE tri-annual publication • OzonAction Programme under the Multilateral FundISSN-1020-1602

BREAKING NEWS

Every year, there are between 2-3 million newcases of non-melanoma skin cancers and morethan 130,000 new melanoma skin cancer casesworldwide. An estimated 66,000 deaths occurannually from melanoma and other skin can-cers. The cause of many of these skin cancers isultraviolet radiation (UV) from the sun andchildren, who are both most vulnerable andmost exposed, are disproportionately affected.In response to the problem, the World HealthOrganization (WHO), the United NationsEnvironment Programme (UNEP) and otherpartners in the INTERSUN Project launched aset of new educational materials on the occasionof the world ozone day on 16 September 2003. “As ozone depletion becomes more marked andas people around the world engage more in sun-seeking behaviour, the risk of developing healthcomplications from over-exposure to UV radia-tion is becoming a substantial public healthconcern,” said WHO Director General Dr LeeJong-wook.“Recent scientific findings have shown that theozone layer is on the road to recovery, but wemust remain vigilant and more needs to bedone before we can say that the problem issolved for good,” said Klaus Toepfer, UNEP’s

Executive Director. “The phase-out of theozone depleting pesticide methyl bromide, com-bating the illegal trade in CFCs and full imple-mentation of the Montreal Protocol in develop-ing countries are all issues that need to be tack-led. Only then can we say that the sky aboveour heads will be safe for our children and theirchildren to come.”UNEP Press Release 16.9.2003 continued p. 6

SPECIAL FEATURE>>>>

Children well protected against UV exposure

SAGE II satellite

The success of the Montreal Protocol to date is putting the ozone layer on the road to recovery, but it willtake 50 more years before it is fully repaired. During that time, our children must be protected from thehealth effects of ultraviolet radiation and they must be taught to be environmentally-informed citizens whocontinue our actions to protect the global commons. It is in this spirit that UNEP DTIE's OzonActionProgramme brings you this special feature on the WHO-UNEP partnership to protect our children fromUV radiation. - Rajendra Shende, Head, UNEP DTIE Energy and OzonAction

2OzonAction Newsletter

Number 45 • October 2003

On 17 July the Philippines Ozone Desk (POD)and the Fertilizer and Pesticide Authority (FPA)brought together methyl bromide (MB) im-porters, fumigators, pesticide users and otherstakeholders for a one-day workshop meeting todiscuss ways forward for developing an MB Phaseout Strategy for the Philippines. In 2002 Philip-pines reported 42.8 ODP tonnes of consumptionof methyl bromide. The 39th meeting of the Executive Commitee approved funds for thepreparation of this strategy, to be implemented bythe World Bank. The workshop was the first to

bring together all the key players in the MB sector.UNEP led the discussions at the workshop andprovided expert advice on specific issues such asreconciliation of Article 7 data for the Philippinesand on definitions of quarantine and pre-ship-ment and how these are applied in the Philip-pines. One of the meeting’s outcomes was a for-mal agreement to organize a Methyl BromideWorking Group that will serve in an advisory capacity to the POD and FPA for the purpose ofstrategy development.Contact: Prudy Calado III, POD, email: [email protected]

Asia and the PacificMission to Pakistan breaks new ground

On 25 June the four Multilateral Fund ImplementingAgencies briefed Pakistan’s Minister of Environment,H.E. Mr. Tahir Iqbal, on his country’s compliance sta-tus. This visit was part of the first-ever joint missionlaunched by UNEP Compliance Assistance Pro-gramme (CAP) team at the Regional Office for Asiaand the Pacific and the first time all four Agencies havevisited a country as a team to confer at top level withnational stakeholders on developing their action planfor control measures. The mission apprised its hosts ofthe country's compliance status, along with problemareas requiring priority focus and action on the part ofPakistan and the international community.During the three-day mission (24 to 26 June) theWorld Bank delegate was Mr Steve Gorman andUNIDO was represented by Ms Seniz Yalcindag andDr Carlos E. Chanduvi Suarez, Country Representa-tive of UNIDO in Islamabad. Mr Abdul Qadir of the

Sustainable Development Division in the Islamabadoffice of UNDP and Mr Atul Bagai, representingUNEP, completed the mission team. Besides theMinister, the joint mission met high-level officialsfrom the Ministry of Environment, the Ministry ofIndustries and Production, the Ministry of Commerce,the Central Board of Revenue, the NCPC and theOzone Cell.The mission called on Pakistan’s policymakers to sus-tain compliance through 2010 and gave early-warningsignals on compliance in respect of carbon tetrachlo-ride (CTC)and methyl bromide. Other issues discussed included progress on country programmeupdating, presentation of a refrigerant managementplan, data collection, use of HCFCs, policy options,halon management, strengthening the implementationstrategy and a future phase-out schedule.Contact: Atul Bagai, UNEP ROAP, email: [email protected]

The State Environmental Protection Administra-tion of China (SEPA) and Carrier Corporationhave announced the launch of a StratosphericOzone Protection Award. At a joint press confer-ence inBeijing, Ms. Song Xiaozhi, Head of SEPA’sInternational Division said the purpose of theaward is to “promote protection of the ozone layer,reduce discharge of ozone-depleting substances(ODS) and promote the use of non-ozone deplet-ing alternatives by awarding organizations and indi-viduals that have made outstanding contributionsto ozone layer protection” within China. Recipientsof the Gold Award include: the Foam ReplacementProject team, for its new model of industry recon-struction; Tang Xiaoyan, professor at Beijing Uni-

versity, who as one of the first professors involvedin China's environmental protection study led theeffort to shape the State Scheme of Ozone LayerProtection and participated in mapping out all nineof the current industry schemes; Sun Lun, formerdirector general of the Firefighting Bureau of theMinistry of Public Security, for formulating thefirst ozone layer protection plan for Chinese indus-try; the China Electronic Home Appliances Associ-ation for its excellent work in promoting ozoneprotection; and, Qingdao Aucma Co., Ltd., a large-scale corporation that has made outstandingachievements in using ODS alternatives in refriger-ators and freezers.Contact: Xiaozhi Song, SEPA, email: [email protected]

China and Carrier launch ozone protection award

Philippines workshop tackles methyl bromide phaseout

>>COMPLIANCE NEWS

From 5 to 9 July, a training workshop on the good practices of coolingequipment took place in Muscat, Oman under the auspices of theRegional Municipalities, Environment and Water Resources Ministry,which organized the event in cooperation with UNIDO. The work-shop was opened by Hamad bin Sulaiman Al Ghuraibi, Undersecretaryfor Regional Municipalities Affairs. It set out to train specialist operatorson how to run coolers using methods compatible with a managementplan currently being implemented by the Sultanate in cooperationwith UNIDO, as part of national efforts to improve monitoring

of ODS. Oman's CFC consumption was179.5 ODP tonnes in 2002. Mohammedbin Abdullah Al Mahrami, Director-General of Environment at the Ministry,said the Sultanate shared the internationalcommunity’s concern over protecting theozone layer.

Contact: Abdul Al-Wadaee,UNEP ROWA,email: [email protected]



Small islands – high stakesLatin America

West AsiaCooler training in Oman

The Hon. Dr. Earl Asim Martin, Minister of Health and Environ-ment, St. Kitts and Nevis opened the main meeting of the CaribbeanOzone Officers network on 16 June 2003. He urged delegates on thedangers of underestimating the health impacts of ozone layer deple-tion. No matter how limited their use of CFCs, the region’s states allheld a big stake in reducing consumption levels that went beyondenvironmental protection concerns, he said. ‘Tourism, our main economic generator, will be the first to be affected[by] inaction and disregard of our environment’, he added. ‘We arealready facing the reality of having our tourists stay at home becauseof warmer climes in their regions. We certainly do not need theadded challenge of having to advise them that it is completely unwiseto enjoy our sunny climate.’

Greeting the choice of venue as tangible recognition of the CFCreduction efforts of the National Ozone Unit, the Minister notedthat: ‘St. Kitts and Nevis may be the smallest territory representedhere but we do not have the smallest levels of consumption – nor ofcommitment’. St Kitts and Nevis reported in 2002 that their CFCconsumption was 5.3 ODP tonnes.UNEP held bilateral meetings with all Caribbean network members.As a result, a number of institutional strengthening projects were re-activated and data reporting updated. It also served to motivate Suri-nam to complete data collection and consequently its CP-RMP hasbeen submitted to the 41st Executive Commitee meeting (ExCom).Contact: Mirian Vega, UNEP ROLAC, email: [email protected]

HCFC Trade Restrictions Take Effect 1 January 2004: Ratification or Intrepretation by Parties NeededHydrochlorofluorocarbon (HCFC) manufacturers and consumers in many States which are currently non-Parties to the Protocol and/or some of its Amendments may face tradebarriers from 1 January 2004 under Article 4(1 quin.) and Article 4(2 quin.) of the Montreal Protocol. The Copenhagen Amendment introduced control measures for HCFCconsumption while the Beijing Amendment introduced control measures for HCFC production. So which of the Amendments must a State ratify to be considered a “Party to thisProtocol” for HCFCs so that it can continue to import/export HCFCs? This issue was discussed at the July 2003 Open-ended Working Group and dialogue is continuing throughan ad hoc experts meeting that will craft a decision for the consideration of the 15th Meeting of the Parties (MOP) in Nairobi, 10-14 November.

What are the implications for your country of the trade barriers on HCFCs?Whatever the final decision, given the significant number of States that have not ratified the relevant Amendments, this situation could result in some States being unable to uncon-ditionally import and/or export HCFCs after 1 January 2004. HCFC manufacturers in States that have ratified the relevant Amendment(s) may be unable to serve customers in Statesthat have not ratified their relevant Amendment(s). And importing companies in States that have ratified the relevant Amendment(s) may face HCFC shortages or high prices ifinsufficient production capacity is available in States that ratified the relevant Amendment(s). Each State and enterprise can explore their own status based on available information:

1) National locations of particular HCFC uses, current supply, and alternative supply.2) Ratification status of Parties (http://www.unep.org/ozone/ratif.shtml).3) National sources of particular HCFC production.4) Interpretation to be considered at the MOP.5) List of countries submitting letters to the Secretariat with data proving full compliance as specified under Article 4(8)

What can States do to prepare for 1 January 2004?The safest course for a State to take is to ensure that both the Copenhagen and Beijing Amendments enter into force for it before 1 January 2004, remembering that anAmendment would enter into force for it on the 90th day following its ratification. This would exempt the State from trade restrictions. So every State that has not ratified theAmendments should immediately set in motion the process of ratifying the Amendments.

What can be done if ratification is not completed in time?It is possible that, in some States, the process of ratification making the Amendments enter into force for them may not be completed before 1 January 2004. Given the currentuncertainties surrounding this issue, it is useful to note that under certain circumstances, it may be possible for some non-Parties to make use of Article 4(8) of the Protocol tocontinue their import/export of HCFCs till their ratification process is complete. Article 4(8) states: “Notwithstanding the provisions of this Article, imports and exportsreferred to in paragraphs 1 to 4 ter of this Article may be permitted from, or to, any State not party to this Protocol, if that State is determined, by a meeting of the Parties, to bein full compliance with Article 2, Articles 2A to 2I and this Article, and have submitted data to that effect as specified in Article 7.” It is possible that the Parties may agree thatNon-Parties submitting the required data to the 15th MOP may then be exempted from the trade ban by a decision of the MOP. This procedure will have to be repeated by suchnon-Party States every year till the ratifications are complete.

Contact: Mr Marco Gonzalez, UNEP Ozone Secretariat, email: [email protected]



As part of a question and answer (Q&A) seriesfeaturing the views of national ozone units andODS officers, Mr Ismail Ithnin, Principal As-sistant Director and Chief of the Ozone Pro-tection Section in Malaysia’s Department ofEnvironment outlines his country’s progressand prospects.

Q. Malaysia is implementing a performance-based National CFC Phaseout Plan, underwhich it will eliminate remaining CFC con-sumption and some TCA consumption over theperiod 2002-2010. The plan uses a series of in-struments (investment, non-investment, legisla-tion and capacity building) to manage the supplyand demand of CFCs to achieve this goal. Whathas the NOU learned to date about the timingand best mix of these different instruments?

A. As a developing country, we need more timeto comply with Montreal Protocol obligations.Without a ‘grace period’ we may find it difficultto comply with all obligations under the Proto-col. Assistance from the Multilateral Fund givesMalaysia innovative scope to set and achieve atarget date for phasing-out CFCs. The estab-lishment of the Malaysian Incorporated andSmart Partnership, as interface between govern-ment and industry, provides tools for ensuringthat the different instruments agreed on canoperate in a smooth and effective manner.Regulations are another important tool forachieving agreed targets. But more important iscommitment by government and industry aliketo making sure the country remains on course.

Q. As analysis of Malaysia’s CFC consumptiontrend (left) shows, your country is comfortablybelow the freeze level. Given this favorable position relative to CFCs, what are the maincompliance challenges facing Malaysia in the2003-2005 period?

A. Like other Article 5 countries, Malaysia isnow entering the compliance phase of activi-ties under the Protocol. The latter is legallybinding and its big challenge to us is how theGovernment will be able to comply over thenext 6 years. Almost all CFC manufacturingproduction will be phased out by the end of2004. But the service sector, particularly in thearea of mobile air conditioning (MAC) iscrucial. With many programmes being carriedout now and supporting by regulation webelieve this sector can be monitored andcontrolled in a proper manner.

Q. Like other countries in the South-East andAsia Pacific (SEAP) region, Malaysia developeda MAC awareness programme as part of the regional awareness project. To what extent havethese materials been effective in reducing CFCemissions in this sector? How useful was suchregional cooperation in awareness generation andwhat role did the SEAP Regional Network play?

A. It is hard to specify how far the MAC pro-gramme effectively aided implementation ascompared to CFC investment phase-out proj-ects. Nevertheless, awareness has increasedtremendously in the car workshop sector sincethe regulation entered into force in 2000. TheSEAP Network is very important for all coun-tries in the region as a way of sharing experi-ence and awareness. Programme support fromthe Swedish Government and the MultilateralFund can help the region become more coop-erative and interactive in its efforts to guardagainst ozone depletion. We managed toconvince each other how vital it was for eachcountry to sign up to the Protocol and complywith its obligations. Sharing experiences andinformation is key to tracking the RegionalNetwork’s impact on ODS.

Q. For 2001, Malaysia has reported growingmethyl bromide consumption (72.2 ODPtonnes) relative to its baseline (14.6 ODPtonnes). What steps are underway to reduce theportion of this consumption that is not attributa-ble to quarantine and pre-shipment (QPS)?

A. The significant rise in usage of methylbromide (MB) is mainly due to steps to exploitthe potential of exporting wood-basedproducts, a sector that yields huge revenues.Pre-shipment treatment by fumigation ofagricultural products is maintained at exit andentry points throughout the country. Systematicsurveillance of warehouse premises and grainprocessing centres has also been stepped up tomonitor and eradicate exotic pests. As far asMB use for soil treatment is concerned, wedon’t have much of a problem. Alternativemethods and technologies are being activelypromoted. A recent survey by the Departmentof Environment and the Department ofAgriculture found that only 8 percent of MBuse was attributable to non-QPS in 2002.

>> SPOTLIGHT ON MALAYSIA

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1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010

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OD

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nnes

Consumption *

Average of 1995 - 1997 consumption

Mr. Ismail Ithnin, Principal Assistant Director, Chief ofOzone Section, Department of Environment,

Ministry of Science,Technology&Environment, Malaysia,email: [email protected]

Trend in CFC production and consumption in Malaysia

Source: OzonAction, Article 7 data

>> News from International Agencies

Multilateral Fund SecretariatAt its 40th meeting in Montrealin July, the ExCom approvedUS$ 25 million for investmentprojects and work programme

activities to stimulate compliance in 25 Article 5countries. It partly covers initial steps underagreements with India for overall funding ofUS$ 52 million to phase out production andconsumption of CTC, with Mexico for fundingof US$ 32 million for a halt to CFC production,and with DPR Korea and Trinidad and Tobagofor phase-out of CFC consumption. Fundingcommitted in July will lead to additional phase-out of some 12,000 tonnes of consumptionand 9,000 tonnes of production of ODS. TheExCom discussed criteria for project funding tospeed and bolster phase-out activities. It lookedinto proposals for the Fund’s informationstrategy, ideas for restructuring its own work, andsteps to boost CFC phase-out by re-thinking theway refrigerant management plans are designedand implemented. The ExCom expressed deepgratitude to Dr. El-Arini, who retired 1 Septem-ber, for his outstanding contribution to theFund, granting him the title Honorary ChiefOfficer.Contact: Mr. Tony Hetherington, Multilateral FundSecretariat, 1800 McGill College Avenue, 27th floorMontreal, QC, Canada H3A 3J6, tel: +1 514 2821122 - fax: +1 514 282 0068, email:[email protected], www.unmfs.org



UNDPIn April – July 2003,UNDP stepped up effortsto put implementationmodalities into place forthe large multi-year

ODS phase out agreements approved in2002 for Brazil, India, Indonesia, Mexicoand Nigeria. At the 40th ExCom meeting,new funding for the China-solvents planwas approved, worth US$ 5.75 million. In addition, a TPMP was approved forTrinidad and Tobago whereby the Govern-ment has agreed to eliminate all remainingCFCs used in refrigeration servicing byJanuary 2008. Work in methyl bromideprogrammes has also continued with countries such as Argentina, Chile, Lebanonand Malawi achieving MB phase out targets as stipulated by the agreements. Negotiations with technology providers for the MDI conversation project in Cubahave continued, which UNDP hopes to finalize in time for the 41st ExCom.

Contact: Dr Suely Carvalho, Montreal ProtocolUnit, UNDP, 304 East 45th Street, Rom 9116, New York, NY 10017, USA, tel: +1 212 906 5004,fax: +1 212 906 6947, email: [email protected],www.undp.org

UNIDOThe 40th ExCom approved projects for UNIDO implementation valued atUS$ 675 million to phase out 105.6 ODP tonnes. Besides traditional conver-sion projects, the ExCom approved a number of sectoral phase-out plans. Thelion’s share went to CFC-11 and CFC-12 production sector phase out in Mexico.Of US$ 31.85 million set aside for this project, the first tranche approved

amounts to US$ 5.3 million. Mexico has agreed to fast-track reduction of its total Group I AnnexA and Group I Annex B substances production (scheduled for completion by 2010) by the endof 2005. For DPR Korea, US$ 1.36 million were set aside for a sectoral phase-out in domesticrefrigeration. Project preparation funds were approved for a halon sector phase-out plan in Pakistan, and for a national CFC phase-out plan in the manufacturing sector in Serbia and Montenegro. The ExCom also agreed to extend Phase V of Egypt’s IS programme.Contact: Mrs H. Seniz Yalcindag, UNIDO, P.O. Box 300, A-1400 Vienna, Austria, tel: +431 26026 3782, fax: +431 26026 6804, email: [email protected], www.unido.org

World BankIn June the World Bank participated in a meeting involving all four implementingagencies (see p.2), to discuss compliance issues with Pakistan’s Minister of Envi-ronment, Local Government and Rural Development and other Government offi-cials. Outcomes included a renewed commitment by the Government to its methylbromide phase-out obligations. Multilateral Fund approvals amounted to US$ 592.63

million by the end of June and the amount approved for phase-out so far this year is 7.789 ODP.The 40th ExCom meeting approved in principle US$ 52 million for India’s CTC consumption and

production phaseout plan and US$ 2 million was approved for Malaysia’s Annual Programme under itsNational CFC Phase-out Plan. IS projects in Jordan and Thailand were also renewed, along with projectpreparation and other work program activities for NCPPs in Antigua and Barbuda and Vietnam. Ar-gentina, Chile, China, the Philippines and Tunisia also gained Fund support for similar backup measures.Contact: Mr Steve Gorman, World Bank, 1818 H Street NW, Washington, DC 20433, USAtel: +1 202 473 5865, fax: +1 202 522 3258, email: [email protected], www-esd.worldbank.org/mp

UNEP DTIE The OzonAction Programme joined the Ozone Secretariat to support NationalOzone Units in their celebrations of Ozone Day on 16 September. A newdocumentary video “Sky Pirates” and a re-designed website with a new service“Montreal Protocol at Work” were launched. The programme teamed up withWHO for a global press release and press conference which received wide coverage(see www.uneptie.org/ozonaction/events/ozoneday).

The OzonAction Programme organized a training workshop for Regional Network Coordinators and Policyand Enforcement Officers and CAP Advisory Group meeting during the second week of September 2003in Paris. To date, UNEP has organized 96 training courses in all regions. The first network meeting wasorganized for Eastern European and Central Asian NOUs in Ohrid, Macedonia from 6 to 9 October 2003.Contact: Mr Rajendra M. Shende, UNEP DTIE, 39-43 quai André Citroën,75739, Paris Cedex 15, France,tel: +33 1 44 37 14 50, fax: +33 1 44 37 14 74, email: [email protected], www.uneptie.org/ozonaction

UNEP

UNEP Ozone SecretariatThe Ozone Secretariat prepared for the following meetings: 31st meeting of theImplementation Committee under the Non-Compliance Procedure for theMontreal Protocol will consider cases of non-compliance with the MontrealProtocol, with particular focus on reporting requirements and control measures.• A session of the Bureau of the 14th Meeting of the Parties to the MontrealProtocol will look into actions taken on decisions by the Parties at that Meeting

and consider documents for the 15th Meeting of the Parties.• The Contact Group on implications of entry into force of the Beijing Amendment, will meet todiscuss how best to interpret article 4, paragraph 9 of the Montreal Protocol, which relates to tradein and supply of HCFCs. The Contact Group will re-examine the issue with a view to presentingfresh recommendations to the 15th Meeting of the Parties.The 15th Meeting of the Parties to the Montreal Protocol will deliberate and rule on (among otherissues) critical use exemptions for methyl bromide, metered dose inhalers, process agents, laboratoryand analytical uses, together with proposals for adjusting and amending existing provisions.Contact: Mr Marco Gonzalez, Ozone Secretariat, P.O. Box 30552, Nairobi, Kenya,tel: +254 2 623 885, fax: +254 2 623 913/623 60, email: [email protected], www.unep.org/ozone

UNEP

UNIDO

There is evidence that over-ex-posure to UV radiation can trigger development of bothmelanoma and non-melanomaskin cancer in later life. Much ofany person’s lifetime exposureoccurs before the age of 18.Children have more time to de-velop such afflictions and otherconditions linked to UV radia-tion exposure, more years of lifeto be lost and more suffering tobe endured from ill-health.WHO believes sun protectioneducation at school can make adifference to these problems,and also offer a cost-effectiveway to ease the high and grow-ing burden they impose on ourhealth systems.

Schools are geared to introduc-ing new skills and knowledge, soare ideal places for children togain a healthy respect for sunprotection that will safeguardthem against overexposure toUV radiation for the rest of theirlives. In many parts of theworld, fashion marketing pro-motes a suntanned skin as ahealthy and attractive feature.Young people tend to be easilypersuaded by such marketing aswell as by pressure from theirage-group peers. By dispellingpreconceived notions like these,schools and schoolteachers canplay a key role in modifyingchildren’s ideas, attitudes and behaviour along healthier lines.As children spend a lot of timeat school, exposure to sun in theschoolyard and on the way toand from school accounts for alarge dose of total lifetime expo-sure – one reason in itself to protect schoolchildren from thethreat.

Schoolchildren are also well po-sitioned to transfer better sun-protection behaviours to theirhome and family surroundingsand thus to enhance standardsof protection in the wider com-munity. WHO recommendsthat school programmes for sunprotection should adopt an inte-

grated approach to helping stu-dents, teachers, and their com-munities to avoid health risks ofUV radiation exposure. They should incorporate :� sun protection education, withcurriculum and games activities� a healthy school environment� a school-endorsed sun protec-tion policy, and � community and family in-volvement.

Not all schools will have the resources to integrate the fullrange of these components fromthe beginning. Even so, it ismore important (in WHO’sview) to start with small, feasiblechanges, than wait until resourcesbecome available to address allcomponents simultaneously. Activities in school are mosteffective if they have a practicalfocus and relate to the students’own experiences. Sun protectioncan be integrated into a range of curriculum areas. Teachingmodules should draw on a widerange of different educationalmethods to increase knowledge,build positive attitudes andvalues, dispel myths, increaseskills, and provide support for ahealthy lifestyle.

Games and activities that havethe UV Index (UVI) as their fo-cus could be a useful element ofany school programme. The UVindex is a simple measure of theintensity of the sun’s UV rays atthe earth’s surface and is usuallypresented as an add-on featureof weather forecasts. It wasdeveloped by WHO, UNEP, theWorld Meteorological Organiza-tion and the International Com-mission on Non-Ionizing Radia-tion Protection (ICNIRP) toraise international public aware-ness of childhood risks of UVexposure.

WHO recommends that schoolprogrammes should be evaluatedat regular intervals so that suc-cessful implementation can bedemonstrated and strengths and

weaknesses identified that canhelp programmes improve fur-ther. The SunSmart Campaignof The Cancer Council for thestate of Victoria in Australia isan example of an effective pro-gramme for schools that has hada big impact on public health,raising general awareness of is-sues surrounding sun protectionand skin cancer, as well as en-couraging risk-aware lifestylechanges among the state’s stu-dents. Such examples deserve tobe emulated or adapted by otherprogrammes, say INTERSUN’sexperts.

Besides publicizing best practice,WHO has developed an all-inpackage of online materials foreducating children in sun pro-tection, under the followingmain headings: � Sun Protection and Schools:How to Make a Difference de-scribes the importance of sunprotection in schools, and out-lines steps for launching a schoolprogramme; � Sun Protection: A PrimaryTeaching Resource provides sug-gestions and ready-made teach-ing activities for primary schoolteachers;� Evaluating School Pro-grammes to Promote Sun Pro-tection is intended for schoolsand educational and health au-thorities at local and nationallevel.

The package can be found on-line at http://www.who.int/uvand a handbook is also available,published jointly by WHO,UNEP, WMO, and ICNIRP(Geneva, 2002) entitled GlobalSolar UV Index – A PracticalGuide with plain-language ex-planations and recommenda-tions for harmonized reportingof the UV index and its use as atool for spreading the messageabout sun protection and skincancer prevention.

The United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child states that children havethe right to a safe environment and enjoyment of the highest attainable standard ofhealth. Children are in a dynamic state of growth and more vulnerable than mostadults to environmental hazards of all kinds. In particular, children and youngpeople require special protection from over-exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiationfrom the sun. INTERSUN is a campaign set up by the WHO, UNEP and other part-ners to flag this issue where it counts – in the schoolroom.

>> SPECIAL FEATUREWHO steps up efforts to alert children to UV radiation risks

Effects on skin



The following tips have been produced by theUNEP-supported Tour Operators’ Initiative andWHO to help vacationers prevent sunburns fromsun exposure.You’ve planned for it, saved for it and probablywaited months for your holiday escape. Now thereis only one priority - to enjoy it!! Sunburn can real-ly put a stop to your holiday fun. First there is thepain, and then you end up missing out on some ofthe activities you were really looking forward to.Taking some precautions to protect your skin doesn’t have to get in the way of a great time. Getinto the habit of protecting your skin before yougo outside. These simple precautions are all that isrequired:� Avoid the peak ultraviolet radiation period.

Reduce exposure to the sun or seek shade duringperiods when the sun’s ultraviolet radiation is at itsmost intense. If you avoid the sun during the 2 hourseither side of solar noon, you could avoid up to 60%of the day’s ultraviolet radiation. Ultraviolet radia-tion is part of the sun’s rays that causes sunburn, eyedamage and leads to skin cancer and skin ageing.� Wear a Hat.A hat with a wide brim offers good sun protection foryour eyes, ears, face, and the back of your neck - areasthat are particularly prone to overexposure to the sun.� Wear Protective Clothing.Wear lightweight, loose-fitting clothing as much aspossible. Tightly woven cloth is best, but any cloth-ing is better than none at all.� Use Sunscreen.Apply at least a SPF 15+ broad spectrum sunscreento all exposed areas of the skin as the last line of de-fence against the sun. Sunscreen should not be relied

upon as the only form of sun protection and shouldbe reapplied liberally every two hours.� Wear Sunglasses that Block 99-100% of UV Ra-diation.Sunglasses can help protect your eyes from sun dam-age. The ideal sunglasses don't have to be expensive,but they should block 99-100% of UVA, and UVBradiation. Check the label to see if they do.Wraparound sunglasses are best because they canprotect your eyes from all angles. � Look out for the UV Index.The UV Index provides a forecast of the expectedrisk of overexposure to the sun and indicates thedegree of caution you should take when working,playing, or exercising outdoors. The UV index willprovide you with guidance as to how strong the UVwill be for the day.Contact: Giulia Carbone, UNEP Sustainable Tourism, email: [email protected]

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THE UV THREATUltraviolet (UV) radiation is one component of solar radiation.UVC rays (wavelengths of 100-280 nm) are absorbed by atmos-pheric ozone, water vapor and gases such as oxygen and carbondioxide, but most radiation in the UVA range (315-400 nm)

and about 10 percent of UVB rays (280-315 nm) reach the Earth’s surface wherethey can have significantly harmful effects on human health. As the ozone layerbecomes depleted by specific chemicals, the protective filter activity of the at-mosphere is reduced and more UV radiation, in particular the more harmfulUVB, reaches the Earth’s surface, intensifying UV effects on human health.

Small amounts of UV are not harmful. On the contrary, they areessential for the production of vitamin D in people everywhere.Overexposure to solar UV radiation can, however, result in sun-burn (erythema) of the skin, the best-known acute effect. Overthe longer term, UV radiation induces degenerative changes ofthe skin and inflammatory eye conditions. In the most seriouscases, skin cancer and cataracts can occur (see table, above). According to WHO estimates, between 2 and 3 million non-melanoma skin cancers (basal and squamous cell carcinoma) arediagnosed each year, but are rarely fatal and can be surgicallyremoved.

Some 132,000 ma-lignant melanomas(Fig. 1) occur globallyeach year, especially infair-skinned populations.Worldwide, around 12 to 15million people become blindfrom cataracts every year and upto 20 percent of these cases may becaused or worsened by sun exposure.A growing health concern is that UV ra-diation can reduce the effectiveness of thehuman immune system. Hence sun exposure may multiplythe risk of infection and could limit the efficacy of immu-nization against diseases. Both hazards endanger the healthof poor and vulnerable groups, especially children in de-veloping regions. Many developing countries are locatednear the equator and people living in these regions areespecially at risk from the raised levels of UV radiationthat occur there.

Global Solar

Effects on the eye

Effect on immunity and infection

Other effects

Indirect effects� Malignant melanoma� Non-melanocytic skin cancer – basal cell

carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma� Sunburn� Chronic sun damage� Photodermatoses

� Acute photokeratitis and photoconjunctivitis� Climatic droplet keratopathy� Pterygium� Cancer of the cornea and conjunctiva� Lens opacity (cataract) - cortical,

posterior sucapsular� Uveal melanoma� Acute solar retinopathy� Macular degeneration

� Suppression of cell mediated immunity� Increased susceptibility to infection� Impairment of prophylactic immunization� Activation of latent virus infection

� Cutaneous vitamin D production - prevention of rickets, osteomalacia and osteoporosis

- possible benefit for hypertension, ischaemic heart disease and tuberculosis

- possible decreased risk for schizo-phrenia, breast cancer, prostate cancer

- possible prevention of Type 1 diabetes� Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma� Altered general well-being

- sleep/wake cycles- seasonal affective disorder- mood swings

� Effects on climate, food supply, infectiousdisease vectors, air pollution, etc

Sources : Climate Change and Human Health - Risksand Responses. WHO, Geneva, 2003.

Fig.1: Malignantmelanoma canresult from excessiveUV radiationexposure

>> SAFETY FIRSTPotential ill-effects of solar ultraviolet

radiation on human health

SUN PROTECTION

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Messages for Tourists



Tech Talk showcases commercially-available technologiecurrently under research. Without seeking to endorse any technology or produc

including those using transitional substances (HCFCs) and not-in-kind alterna

TECH •HALONSGreat Lakes Develops Flame Retardants forFast-Evolving Polyrethane MarketA higher reactivity flame retardant for rigidpolyurethane and polyisocyanurate foam ap-plications, Firemaster 520, has been developedby Great Lakes Chemical Corp. in close con-sultation with foam manufacturers who needto change their formulations to accommodatealternative blowing agents. These agents arequickly replacing HCFC, listed for phase-outunder the Montreal Protocol. Firemaster 520,with its primary hydroxyl reactive groups,offers faster reaction rates, lower viscosity, andimproved compatibility in water blown foams.In many applications, a higher reactivity flameretardant is preferred to reduce cycle time andsurface friability. Reducing friability helps toimprove adhesion of facing sheets to the foamsurface. In spray foam, a less viscose, morereactive flame retardant is needed to preparelow-viscosity, fast-curing spray foam systems.Contact: Janet Gilboy, Great Lakes Chemical Corpora-tion, email: [email protected],www.pa.greatlakes.com

Netherlands-US Military: Trans-Atlantic Cooperation in War against HalonsThe Ministry of Defence of the Kingdom ofthe Netherlands and the United States De-partment of Defense have agreed proceduresfor collecting, reclaiming and storing halons,CFC and other ODS from US basesthroughout Europe. The agreement wasreached in co-operation with the NetherlandsMinistry of Housing, Spatial Planning andEnvironment, the USEPA and the Nether-lands Halon Bank.

Both countries will share expertise and col-laborate on developing and documenting thebest environmental practices for safe process-ing and long-term banking of halon for criticaluses, along with storage of other ODS pend-ing ultimate disposal. The materials will beshipped to the Netherlands from US militarybases in Europe for processing, storage anddisposal. Halons required by the US for criticalmilitary uses will be stored in the NetherlandsHalon Bank under leak-proof conditions.CFCs and other ODS will be consolidated inspecial containers for shipment to destructionfacilities within the European Union.

Contact: Julia Williams-Jacobse, Netherlands Ministry ofEnvironment, email: [email protected]

METHYL BROMIDEIrradiation of Sweet Potaoes From Hawaii

Effective 26 June,the Animal andPlant Health In-spection Serviceof the UnitedStates Depart-ment of Agricul-ture (USDA) isamending a key

regulation (7 CFR Part 318) to provide for useof irradiation as a treatment for sweet potatoesto be moved interstate from Hawaii, in placeof methyl bromide. The crop will also have tomeet additional requirements, includinginspection and packaging rules.Contact: USDA APHIS, email: [email protected]

Wave Power to Kill Storage PestsUS packers ofdried fruitand nutslooking for analternative tomethyl bro-mide and otherfumigants to

kill insect pests like codling and Indian-meal moths in storage bins, might soon be able to do it with a flip of a switch. Atpresent, packers typically spray storednuts in a large room and leave the chemi-cal on for three days before the nuts areshipped off – with dead bugs inside. Re-searchers are testing electromagnetic radiowaves that can make molecules vibrateand heat up in the same way that mi-crowaves heat food, to assess their abilityto kill pests without harming quality.They hope the method, which is alreadyused to dry cereal, crackers, clothing andplywood, can be used as an alternative tochemical treatments. They are also tryingto devise a radio frequency machine thatwould allow nuts to be run rapidlythrough a conveyor belt for treatment. Industrial-size radio frequency machines will be tested at a large packing housenext January and could be available forcommercial use by late 2004.

Contact: Kim Baca, Associated Press, www.dailyde-mocrat.com/articles/2003/06/18/news/news1.txt

New Ways to Control Insects in WoodScientists at VirginiaPolytechnic Institute andState University's (Vir-ginia Tech) College ofNatural Resources recent-ly announced the devel-opment of a vacuum-dry-ing insect control projectfor wood that promises toeliminate the need for a

heating system and avoid release of ozone-de-pleting chemicals into the atmosphere.

"Plant sanitary measures currently requirethat wood pallets and containers used to packgoods that are imported or exported, have tobe heat-treated or fumigated," said VirginiaTech researcher Zhangjjng Chen. But a "lowpressure, achieved by applying a vacuum to asystem," will create an oxygen-poor environ-ment "that will eliminate insects in severalhours to days” without using methyl bro-mide. The system, if successful, stands tobenefit wood pallet and container manufac-turers and hardwood sawmill businesses.Contact : Lynn Davis, Virginia Tech, [email protected]

Good Guys – Bad Guys: Alternative toMethyl BromideResearchers from Auburn University, Alabama,USA say they have developed a substitute formethyl bromide to control pests, weeds andplant diseases. SEP-100, a liquid formula ofsodium azide, significantly outperforms methylbromide in all these applications, claimsAuburn plant pathologist Rodrigo Rodriguez-Kabana. The formula is delivered by drip irriga-tion under plastic sheeting without spraying orrelease into the atmosphere. It has been field-tested on crops in south Alabama. "As sodiumazide decomposes in the soil, it breaks downinto fertilizer and leaves the soil healthier thanit was before the sodium azide was applied,"Rodriguez-Kabana reports. He adds that whilemethyl bromide kills all nematodes and insects,both ‘good’ and ‘bad’, in the soil, sodium azidedoesn't harm beneficial organisms.

The Auburn research has been largelyfunded by the USA’s sole sodium azide man-ufacturer, American Pacific, which is tryingto register SEP-100 with the USEPA. Thisformulation of sodium azide will still have toundergo the process of pesticide registrationbefore it can be available commercially.

Sweet potatoes

Almond Moth

Sitophilus

Contact: Rodrigo Rodriguez-Kabana, AlabamaAgricultural Experiment Station, email: [email protected],www.ocm.auburn.edu/news_releases/chem.htm

REFRIGERATION &AIR CONDITIONING

Showa Denko to Shift Roll-BondEvaporatorWith effect from July, Showa Denko K.K.(SDK) has shifted production of Roll-Bondevaporators from Oyama, Japan, to theplant of Thai Refrigeration ComponentsCo. Ltd. (TRC) near Bangkok, Thailand.These evaporators are used in direct-coolingrefrigerators for home use and SDK's Oya-ma Plant has produced more than 100 mil-lion units in the past 40 years. The plant isnow supplying them mainly to the southeastAsian market where demand for direct cool-ing refrigerators is growing fast.

As well as producing evaporators forrefrigerators in Thailand, the Philippines andIndonesia, SDK is now producing automo-tive heat exchangers in the United States,Thailand and the Czech Republic. In thePhilippines, SDK is producing evaporatorsfor CFC-free, large-capacity refrigera-tors for Japanese manufacturers, andevaporators for refrigerator manufactur-ers in Australia and several southeastAsian countries.Contact: www.sdk.co.jp

LG Expands Line of Non-CFCFridgesLG Electronics has embarked on full scalemass production of its popular side-by-siderefrigerators adopting state-of-the-art, lineartechnology compressors. The step marks afirst-of-its-kind production move from awhite goods maker in the world.Major home appliance makers in Japan, theUnited States, and Europe have been devel-oping ‘linear technology’ as core next-gener-ation standard since the early 1990s. How-ever, this is the first time the technology hasbeen commercially applied to side-by-siderefrigerators.The refrigerator is currentlybeing manufactured for the Korean marketin Changweon, Korea. The product will beexported to European and US markets.

es that reduce or replace ODS, as well as technologies ct, Tech Talk covers all technologies permitted under the Montreal Protocol, tives. We welcome information and contributions from all interested parties.

• TALK

Ozone Hole over Antarctic

The size of the hole in the protectiveozone layer over the Antarctic decreasedat the beginning of October, recedingfrom the near record level it reached lastmonth. The World MeteorologicalOrganisation (WMO) said in a statement

on 16 October2003 that thehole had decli-ned to an areaof less than 18million squarekilometers(7.2 millionsquare miles)

during the first two weeks of October. Ithad reached 28-million square kilometersin September, a similar size to the one in2000, and the decline was in line withnormal seasonal changes. WMO said thesouthern Argentinean city of Ushuaia hadbeen under the hole on four occasionsthis year, and had been exposed to "veryhigh" UV levels on 6 October 2003.

Contact: Victoria Hanson, WHO, Email:[email protected], www.wmo.ch

Ozone Hole Situation

Recent reports in the media suggest thatthe ozone layer over Antarctica is now re-covering. This message is a little confused.Recent measurements at surface monitor-

ing stations show that the loading ofozone destroying chemicals at the surfacehas been dropping since about 1994 andis now about 6% down on that peak. Thestratosphere lags behind the surface byseveral years and the loading of ozone de-pleting chemicals in the ozone layer is ator near the peak. Satellite measurementsshow that the rate of decline in ozoneamount in the upper stratosphere is slow-ing, however the total ozone amount isstill declining. The small size of the 2002ozone hole was nothing to do with anyreduction in ozone depleting chemicalsand it will be a decade or more before wecan unambiguously say that the ozonehole is recovering. This assumes that thedecline in ozone depleting chemicals con-tinues and that there are no other pertur-bations to the ozone layer. It will be themiddle of this century or beyond beforethe ozone hole ceases to appear over Antarc-tica. What we saw in 2002 is just one ex-treme in the natural range of variation inthe polar stratosphere and is the equivalentof an extreme in 'stratospheric weather'.

Contact: Jonathan Shanklin, BritishAntarctic Survey,www.antarctica.ac.uk/met/jds/ozone



Additional global markets will see the product sometime during 2004.“Linear side-by-side compressor technology activates direct linearmovement, unlike existing compressors which convert rotationalmovement into linear,” said Mr. M. B. Shin, President, LG ElectronicsMiddle East and Africa.“With the adoption of a linear compressor, the new side-by-side reduceselectricity consumption by 30 percent. It also uses natural refrigerantand a next-generation blowing agent, ensuring zero levels of ozone depletion potential (ODP) and global warming potential (GWP).”LG believes that the environmental regulations present an opportunityfor products using ‘green technology’.Contact: Jonathan MacPherson, MCS/Action FZ LLC, email: [email protected], www.lgegulf.com

>>Science NewsLG’s new side-by side fridge



• The ozone layer in the upper atmos-phere is a filter preventing harmful quan-tities of the sun’s ultraviolet (UV) raysfrom reaching us.• A few dozen man-made chemicalswhen released to the air damage the pro-tective ozone layer. When ozone layer isthinned, more harmful UV will fall onthe earth.• These ozone-damaging chemicals areused in refrigerators, air conditioners andfire fighting equipment. Some are used inindustrial processes and also in agriculture.• Ultraviolet causes skin cancer, and canalso wrinkle your skin to make you lookolder than you are.• Ultraviolet causes cataracts, and can leadto preventable blindness.• Ultraviolet rays weaken the humanbody’s natural resistance to disease (im-munity).• Children are particularly at risk of cancer,blindness and illness from ultraviolet rays.• Ultraviolet rays harm plants - particu-larly food crops - as well as animals.• Alternative, affordable chemicals existfor all the ozone-damaging chemicals,and these substitutes don’t harm theozone layer.• Countries of the world have made a legal commitment to phase-out using allmain types of ozone-damaging chemicals

through the Montreal Protocol.Industri-alised countries have already met thesetargets, and developing countries havetime till 2010.• The ozone layer will heal in about 50years if no further ozone-damaging chemi-cals are released to the atmosphere. Mean-while, we all need to cut down on timespent in the sun, or cover ourselves asmuch as possible when we have to work orplay outdoors. Sunglasses, sun protectionlotions and large hats can all help protectus from harmful ultraviolet rays.• The Montreal Protocol is succeeding,but it is not yet a final "success": there isstill much work left to do before this environmental treaty is "finished". • The Montreal Protocol is an exampleof an international environmental treatythat works. It has many lessons thatcould be shared with other environmentalissue areas. These include: meaningfulcommitment by both developing anddeveloped countries, avoiding problemsby taking precautionary measures, andthe providing international support fornational actions.• The benefits of the Montreal Protocol,including avoided cancers, cataracts andcrop damage, exceed the cost of the in-vestments in this issue by the internationalcommunity.

This newsletter is available online at:www.uneptie.org/ozonaction

OzonAction, a tri-annual publication, is availablein Arabic, Chinese, English, French, Russian andSpanish.

The contents of this newsletter are provided forinformation and do not necessarily represent thepolicy of UNEP.

Review Board: Dr S. Andersen, Mrs M. Barbut,Dr N.Campbell, Dr S. Carvalho, Mr M. Gonzalez,Mr P. Horwitz, H.E. T. Inomata, Mrs I. Kökeritz,Dr L. Kuijpers, Mr G. Nardini, Mr K. M. Sarma,Mr R. Shende, Mr D. Stirpe, Mr Liu Yi,

Editor: Mr Robert Lamb

Publication Manager: Ms Anne Fenner

Information Manager: Mr Jim Curlin

Please send comments and material forpublication to Mr Rajendra Shende, Head, Energyand OzonAction Branch, at the address below:

UNITED NATIONS ENVIRONMENTPROGRAMMEDIVISION OF TECHNOLOGY, INDUSTRY ANDECONOMICS (UNEP DTIE)OzonAction ProgrammeTour Mirabeau 39–43, Quai André Citroën, 75739 Paris, Cedex 15, France

TEL: +33 1 44 37 14 50 FAX: +33 1 44 37 14 74

E-MAIL: [email protected]

www.uneptie.org/ozonaction

This publication is printed on cyclus paper. Design and productionby Gerafer, Annecy, France, email: [email protected]

Key Messages on Ozone Depletion

15th

Meeting of the Parties to theMontreal Protocol10-14 November 2003, Nairobi, Kenya. www.unep.org/ozone

15th

Annual Earth Technologies Forum13-15 April 2004, Washington, USA.www.earthforum.com

ViennaConvention

MontrealProtocol

LondonAmendment

CopenhagenAmendment

MontrealAmendment

BeijingAmendment

Parties ratified at29 October 2003

* New Parties

UN Member States (191)

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* Bosnia and Herzegovina, Denmark, France, Jamaica, Portugal, Turkey, USA

* Denmark, France, Jamaica, Senegal, Turkey, Uruguay, USA

* Bosnia, and Herzegovina, Côte d'Ivoire, Namibia,Papua New Guinea

* Bosnia and Herzegovina

The progress in ratification of the Montreal Protocol and its amendments

NOU AWARDS

The OzonAction Programmecongratulates the winners of the2003 NOU awards: China, Fiji,Jamaica and Senegal, which willbe presented during the 15thMeeting of the Parties. This awardrecognises the work of outstandingNOUs and encourages others tomake similar efforts to reach andexpand their compliance targets.

After a decade of implementation, the Montreal Protocol community still needs to ensure the continued support ofcivil society (public, policymakers, industry) to protect the ODS phase out successes already achieved and sustain themomentum until the job is done. The UNEP DTIE OzonAction Programme, in collaboration with internationalagencies with world-renowned public awareness programmes (WHO, UNICEF, etc) and national communicationexperts, developed the Communication Strategy for Global Compliance with the Montreal Protocol under theMultilateral Fund to address this communication challenge. The following priority messages were indentified in theStrategy. UNEP encourages Ozone Officiers to incorporate these messages into publications, events, and press releasesbeing developed as part of national awareness-raising campaigns.

Forthcoming Meetings

Documents

OzonAction · 2006. 8. 10. · Science News 9 Progress in Ratification 10 Key Messages on Ozone Depletion 10 NOU Awards 10 Forthcoming Meetings 10 OzonAction Number 45 • October