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MK
2004. 6.
( )
( ) ( MK ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) () ()
. 4
. 9
. 9
. 22
. 29
1. 29
2. ( ) 37
3. 43
4. 49
. 142
- 4 -
MK
I.
. (WHO) 1985 (WHO, 1985) (multifactorial) . (Sluiter JK etal, 2001).
()
1.
, - , .
. (David Stubbs).
. 1992 . 1 ,
. 10 . 1
- 5 -
. (riskassessment) .- (work system)- - -
( Klaus J. Zink, 2003) .- (Organizational Design and Management : ODAM)- (performance) (quality of working life) - ODAM (Macroergonomics)
(macro-ergonomics) . (Scott PA and Zink K, 2003).
(MICRO-ERGONOMICS)
(MACRO-ERGONOMICS)
(Physical demension)
(Pscychological demension)
(Qualification)
(Economic demension)
-
()
1.
- 6 -
, , .
, . WHO 1985 (multifactorial) . . , , , , , , , , , ( , 2003-24) , ( ), ( ), : , , , ( ) :
, . (macro-ergonomics) . , . 2 .
- 7 -
() ()
,
, () ,
- ,
,
,
,
2.
, - , , , .
. 2 . () (posture), (force), (movement) (vibration) (physical factors) () ( : ) ( (decision latitude) ) (nonphysical factors)
1. ; , , ,
2. ; (, : )
(, )
3.
EU ,
- 8 -
1997 NIOSH , Punnet Bergqvist , UEMSD , ISO/DIS 11226, (IEA) (ICOH) . 1997 1999 DG-5 .NIOSH ,
. , (NIOSH, 1997). , WHO (WHO, 1985). . . . : , (decision latitude), (autonomy) . . , , , . , , . , .Karasek job content . , , . , ., 60 10 .
- 9 -
II.
MK , . , . , , , , ,
III.
1.
: (Participatory action research)
(Participatory action research) . , , (De Kong Martin 1996). (Participatory action research) --> --> --> --> --> --> --> --> (Ritchie 1996). (Participatory action research) , , .
1) : , .: , .
- 10 -
2) : , .: , , , , O/T, ,
3) : .: , , ,
4) : , .:
5) :
.:
6) ( ): , .:
7) (1) : , , .: , ,
2.
. .
- 11 -
1) . 2 . , . .
(1) .
- , , , , , ,
-
- , , ,
- , (, )
- , ,
- : , ,
- (HAL)
- (NPF)
-
-
-
-
-
- , ,
- ,
- ,
-
- ,
-
- , ,
-
-
- : , , /, /, /, /, /
- , , ,
- ,
- ,
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
4.
- 12 -
(2)
(NationalInstitute Occupational Safety and Health, NIOSH) ( 1), ( 2, 3, 4) .
.
1 : 1 1 (NIOSH ) 2 : 1 (NIOSH , ) 3 : 1 ( ) 4 : 3 1 ( )
(3)
. Karasek(1979) . . , , , , , . , 4 (Karasek, 1979)().
- 13 -
2.
(low strain group) . , , . (passive group) . . (active group) . (high straingroup) . , , , , (Karasek , 1988). Karasek Theell(1990) .
Karasek (1988) . , .
Karasek(1979) .
- 14 -
Karasek (1982) . (4) (4) .
(4)
6, 7, 3, 1, 2 .
1 5 , , , , . .
[, intensity of labor] ( EnCyber (http://www.encyber.com/). .
- 15 -
[ , intensity of labor]
() . ,
. () ,
() ,
. . ,
()
, . , 1
, 1
, 1 ,
. ,
.
, (RMR). .
RMR = ( - ) /
= /
. RMR
0.1 10.0 , () RMR 01
(), 12 , 24 , 47 , 7 ()
. , ,
,
.
, ,
. ,
() .
( EnCyber (http://www.encyber.com/)
5.
- 16 -
[ , intensity of labour]
, , .
.
.
1 .
.
, 1 .
,
.
( , http://nisweb.nonghyupi.com/dic/aac/aac206.html)
6. (2)
( ) ( ) , . , . . .
( ) =
( )
=
7.
- 17 -
. , . , , , .
(, , )
, ,
,
: , ,
, ,
: ,
,
8.
2)
(1) 2003-24: 2003-24(2003.7.15) . . 11 .
1. 4 2. 2 , , ,
3. 2 , ,
, 4. , 2
5. 2
- 18 -
6. 2 1kg , 2kg 7. 2 4.5kg
8. 10 25kg 9. 25 10kg ,
, 10. 2 , 2 4.5kg 11. 2 10
(2) ANSI (ANSI) ANSI (ANSI Z-365 Quick Checklist) 10 . , , / , (>3m), ( / / / , / , / : , / / / / / / , ) (8 ) .
(3) ACGIH TLV for Hand Activity
(ACGIH) ACGIH TLV for Hand Activity (HAL) (NPF) , , (TLV) 0.78 (TLV) . 0.56 0.78 (AL) . (TLV) (flexin), (extension), (rotation) (neutral) , (TLV) . 4
- 19 -
.
(4) RULA
McAtamney Corlett(1993) RULA(Rapid Upper Limb Assessment) . ( ), , , (), , . , 3 4 . 1( 1 - 2 ) , 2( 3 - 4 ) ( ), 3( 5 - 6 ) (soon) , 4( 7) (immediately) . .
1 1-2
,
2 3-4
,
3 5-6
4 7
9. RULA
(5) ACGIH Lifting TLV
ACGIH Lifting TLV (ACGIH) . , . , 30 (TLV) 1/2 . NLE (the Revised NIOSH LiftingEquation) , NLE .
- 20 -
(6) NLE (the Revised NIOSH Lifting Equation)
NIOSH(1991) (AL: Action Limit) (MPL) (Recommend Weight Limit, RWL) , (LiftingIndex, LI) .RWL (, 8) . . RWL AL (H), (V), (D), (FM) (AM) (C) .
RWL = 23(25/H){1-(0.003
V-75}{0.82+(4.5/D)}{1-(0.0032A)}(FM)(CM)
H(Horizontal distance) : , ( ) , 25-63 cm 25cm .V(Vertical distance) : , ( ) 0-175cm.D(Vertical travel distance) : 25-175cm,25cm 25cm .F(Frequency, /) : , 0.2/ 0.2/min(, 5 ) .A(Asymmetric angle) : (sagittal plane) , 0-135 .
RWL 23kg 0.2/ , 25cm, 75cm, 25cm , .
NIOSH (Lifting Index, LI)' , (RWL) (Ratio) . LI .
LI = (kg) / RWL(kg)
- 21 -
(LI) RWL . LI . NIOSH LI 1 , LI 3 . LI , LI 1 .
(6)
Kilbom(1994) . 50 10 .
.
2.5
, , ,
/ 10 , ,
/ 10
200
10.
- 22 -
0102030405060708090
100
1 2 3 4
%
3.
020406080
100120
,
1
4.
.
1.
1) MK ( %) .
1 2 3 4
137(91.95) 134(89.93) 54(36.24) 28(18.79) 25(16.78)
11. ( ) : %
.
- 23 -
1 : 1 1 (NIOSH ) 2 : 1 (NIOSH , ) 3 : 1 ( ) 4 : 3 1 ( )
1 134(89.93), 2 54(36.24%), 3 28(18.79%), 4 25(16.78%). MK 10 9 10 3.6 , 1.7 . 54 .
95%
1.61 0.667-3.905
// 2.05 0.964-4.342
0.51 0.259-1.016
// 2.71 1.356-5.434
// 2.25 1.128-4.470
12. (1)
p-value 17.8 18.9 0.0057 21.5 22.7 0.0228
9.4 9.5 0.6598 3.1 3.2 0.4414 6.0 6.0 0.8281
57.5 60.1 0.0081
13. (1)
- 24 -
12 , 13 MK 12 , 13 (, , , , , ), (, , ) . , , , .
2.
(1) MK 8 . , , , , .
(2) ANSI ANSI 15 1 5, , F/P , , , 2 , , , , PVC , , , .ANSI ANSI 15 .
(3) ACGIH (TLV) 1 5, F/P , , , 2 , AAW , , , . / . ANSI 5, , F/P , , , .
(4) ACGIH (TLV)
- 25 -
. NIOSH(NLE) . , , (ACGIH TLV) 1 (), (), 2 ( BOX ), ( BOX ), ( ), C/T Box , ().
(5) .
(6) , . .
PVC . , .
. .
, , .
- 26 -
(, , , )
, .
, ,
, .
3.
(1)
MK . 2 , , .
(2)
. . , . , 5 1 3 , 4 3 .
- 27 -
(3)
MK IMF .IMF DCP() , 1 . IMF 98 LP( ) 2 . . 2002 (SCP) 10 , 3 , 6 , 8 3 . , , 2 1 , .
(4)
, , . . 10 , , . MK .
MK , . , ,
- 28 -
. , .
- 29 -
.
1. 1) 2004 5 17 . 58 161 219. 8 , 141, 149 68.0%.
2)
(%)
125 (83.9)
24 (16.1)
(cm) 167.5 7.4
46.5 7.7
(kg) 65.0 8.6
14.64 7.5
15 (10.8)
10
35 (25.2)
78 (56.1)
11 (7.9)
28 (19.4)
5
110 (76.4)
2 (1.4)
0 (0)
4 (2.8)
8 (5.9)
14
127 (94.1)
45 (31.9)
8 30 (21.3)
66 (46.8)
36 (25.9)
10
103 (74.1)
107 (72.8)
3
39 (26.5)
14.
167.5cm , 65.0kg. 46.5. 110(76.4) 2/3 , 28(19.4). 75(53.2) . 103(74.1) . 14.6 .(14 )
- 30 -
(%)
94 (63.5)
1
54 (36.5)
25 (16.9)
1
35 (23.7)
81 (54.7)
7 (4.7)
9 (6.1)
1
66 (44.6)
56 (37.8)
17 (11.5)
5 (3.6)
4
80 (54.8)
47 (32.2)
13 (8.9)
1865.5 577.1
142 (97.3) 3
1 53.8 19.12
15.
3)
142(97.3) , 4(2.7) . 1 53.8 2002 1 63 . 54(36.5) , 1865.5 . .
;, 4 (3.0)
17
3 (2.3)
; 3 (2.3)
2 (1.5)
; 13 (9.9)
13 (9.9)
; 55 (41.7)
13 (9.9)
; 16 (12.1)
4 (3.0)
; 6 (4.6)
16.
- 31 -
()
0 0
16
1 (0.8) 2 (1.5)
() 10 (7.5)
44 (33.1)
10 (7.5)
44 (33.1)
10 (7.5)
7 (5.3)
1 (0.8)
() 4 (3.0)
17.
66(44.6), 56(3785), 13(8.9) . 80(54.8), 47(32.2), 13(8.9) . 5.9 , 4.3 .
p-value 45.9 47.5 0.2288
22.9 23.6 0.0844 1883.7 1838.6 0.7228 13.9 16.0 0.1194
5.6 6.4 0.0389
() 4.0 4.7 0.0157
18. (1)
95% 1.61 0.667-3.905
// 2.05 0.964-4.342
0.51 0.259-1.016
// 2.71 1.356-5.434
// 2.25 1.128-4.470
19. (2)
- 32 -
18 19 , 18 19 .
4)
MK . , , , .
()
()
.
1. () . 33(22.8) 60(41.4) 38(26.2) 14(9.7) 4 2. () . 14(9.6) 50(34.3) 62(42.5) 20(13.7) 3 3. . 5(3.6) 36(25.9) 68(48.9) 30(21.6) 10 4. () () . 7(5.0) 35(25.2) 55(39.6) 42(30.2) 10 5. . 9(6.5) 45(32.4) 41(29.5) 44(31.7) 10 6. . 17(12.0) 37(26.1) 49(34.5) 39(27.5) 7 7. () () . 14(10.0) 39(27.9) 50(35.7) 37(26.4) 9
8. . 12(8.8) 35(25.6) 68(49.6) 22(16.1) 12
9. () . 27(19.7) 23(16.8) 47(34.3) 40(29.2) 12
10. . 77(52.7) 46(31.5) 13(8.9) 10(6.9) 3 11. . 15(10.8) 23(16.6) 36(25.9) 65(46.8) 10 12. . 11(7.9) 23(16.6) 47(33.8) 58(41.7) 10 13. . 26(18.6) 52(37.1) 36(25.7) 26(18.6) 9 14. . 7(5.0) 8(5.8) 44(31.7) 80(57.6) 10
20.
- 33 -
MK
30.0(5.2) 32.8(6.1) 2.8
64.2(9.5) 53.0(12.4) - 11.5
9.8(2.7) 9.4(2.9) - 0.4
9.5(2.5) 10.8(2.8) 1.3
19.3(4.5) 20.2(5.0) 0.2
22.
5)
1. . 28(19.6) 60(42.0) 46(32.2)57(40.7)
6
2. . 15(10.5) 38(26.6) 69(48.3) 21(14.7) 6 3. . 19(13.5) 43(30.5) 66(46.8) 13(9.2) 8 4. . 25(17.7) 50(35.5) 50(35.5) 16(11.4) 8 5. . 25(18.0) 58(41.7) 42(30.2) 14(10.1) 10 6. () . 20(14.0) 52(36.4)61(42.7) 10(7.0)
6
7. . 29(20.1) 65(45.1) 41(28.5) 9(6.3) 5 8. . 22(15.2) 70(48.3) 45(31.0) 8(5.5) 4
21. ,
MK , , , , . , , , . MK , .
- 34 -
p-value 31.8 34.5 0.0125 54.1 51.3 0.2148 9.7 8.9 0.1340 10.8 10.7 0.8101
20.5 19.7 0.3495
23.
23 MK .
24 (20.0)
29
5 (4.1)
76 (63.3)
15 (12.5)
24. *
24 , , . MK 76(63.3%), 24(20.0%). .
7)
26 MK , .
- 35 -
37.5(4.3) 45.9(10.0) 9.3(2.3) 10.3(2.3) 19.2(3.3)
31.8(5.9) 50.7(10.1) 8.5(2.3) 10.0(1.9) 18.5(3.7)
32.5(5.0) 50.1(11.5) 9.2(3.0) 9.8(2.9) 19.0(5.3)
, 31.9(5.2) 53.8(15.6) 9.7(2.9) 10.7(2.9) 20.4(5.1)
, 33.2(6.0) 44.0(9.0) 8.7(3.0) 10.5(3.6) 19.7(5.7)
32.0(3.9) 61.7(10.5) 8.1(1.9) 10.8(2.5) 18.8(3.3)
33.3(7.2) 57.2(13.0) 9.7(3.7) 11.7(2.2) 21.5(5.3)
30.4(7.8) 60.9(9.4) 11.0(3.1) 12.4(2.7) 23.3(5.5)
25. ()
1 6(4.1) 24(16.6) 79(54.5) 28(19.3) 8(5.5) 42 2(1.4) 9(6.2) 121(82.9) 13(8.9) 1(0.7) 33 8(5.5) 15(10.3) 107(73.8) 15(10.3) 44 3(2.1) 27(18.6) 96(66.2) 17(11.7) 2(1.4) 45 8(5.6) 19(13.3) 68(47.6) 46(32.2) 2(1.4) 66 / 8(5.5) 33(22.8) 59(40.7) 36(24.8) 9(6.2) 47 3(2.1) 10(6.9) 84(58.3) 37(25.7) 10(6.9) 58 4(2.8) 10(7.0) 78(54.9) 46(32.4) 4(2.8) 79 2(1.4) 14(9.9) 99(70.2) 22(15.6) 4(2.8) 8
10 ( ) 3(2.2) 12(8.6) 82(59.0) 34(24.5) 8(5.8) 1011 ( ) 10(7.4) 40(29.4) 76(55.9) 9(6.6) 1(0.7) 1312 1(0.8) 8(6.1) 105(79.6) 13(9.9) 5(3.8) 1713 1(0.8) 7(5.3) 112(84.9) 12(9.1) 1714 2(1.5) 5(3.8) 105(79.0) 17(12.8) 4(3.0) 1615 2(1.5) 8(6.1) 95(72.0) 24(18.2) 3(2.3) 1716 3(2.3) 5(3.9) 115(88.5) 7(5.4) 1917 5(3.8) 110(84.0) 12(9.2) 4(3.1) 1818 4(2.9) 9(6.6) 66(48.5) 54(39.7) 3(2.2) 1319 3(2.2) 2(1.5) 81(60.0) 44(32.6) 5(3.7) 14
26.
27 27 ( , , , , , ) , (, , , , ) .
- 36 -
17.6(1.9) 23.7(4.5) 9.4(1.3) 3.1(0.6) 6.2(0.6) 60.4(5.6) 17.9(2.1) 22.0(3.5) 9.7(0.8) 3.3(0.8) 6.0(0.6) 58.6(6.5)
18.3(2.4) 21.0(2.3) 9.1(1.2) 3.0(0.3) 5.7(0.7) 56.9(3.1) 17.7(1.2) 20.6(2.5) 9.4(0.8) 3.1(0.7) 5.8(0.9) 55.9(3.0), 19.3(2.0) 22.4(1.4) 9.4(0.7) 3.3(0.6) 6.1(0.6) 59.9(2.5) 19.0(2.4) 22.4(3.4) 10.6(0.9) 3.0(0.0) 5.8(0.8) 61.1(4.6)
19.3(2.8) 22.4(3.7) 9.4(1.4) 3.1(0.3) 6.3(1.3) 60.7(7.9) 17.2(3.3) 21.5(2.6) 9.2(1.2) 3.1(0.3) 6.1(1.0) 56.8(5.2)
28. ()
p-value 17.8 18.9 0.0057 21.5 22.7 0.0228
9.4 9.5 0.6598 3.1 3.2 0.4414 6.0 6.0 0.8281
57.5 60.1 0.0081
27.
7)
MK , (NIOSH) (, , ), ( ), ( 1 ), ( ) . NIOSH 1 134(89.93) , 25(16.78) .
- 37 -
1 2 3 4 75(50.34) 83(55.70) 16(10.74) 8(5.37) 6(4.03)
110(74.32) 106(71.14) 27(18.12) 10(6.71) 10(6.71)/ 77(51.68) 74(49.66) 20(13.42) 10(6.71) 10(6.71)
/ 66(44.30) 71(47.65) 15(10.07) 4(2.68) 3(2.01)/ 95(63.76) 87(58.39) 26(17.45) 13(8.72) 12(8.05)
/ 80(53.69) 73(48.99) 19(12.75) 7(4.70) 7(4.70)
137(91.95) 134(89.93) 54(36.24) 28(18.79) 25(16.78)
29. ( ) : %
- 1 106(71.14),/ 87(58.39), 83(55.70), / 74(49.66), / 73(48.99), / 71(47.65) . , .
2.
MK , . , , . , .
(1)
MK
- 38 -
. 2 , , . , .
. 100 . . , .
.
7--80 120-130 .
80, .
, 20 600% 2 .
1700 2000. .
25,000 . 25,772. 15 ......... 2 3 .
? . ....
97, 98 2 , ..... ...
? . .
- 39 -
.
....... ......
O .... ...... , ............ 15 .........
, , . 11 .
. 12 .
3 . 2 .
(2)
. . , . , 5 1 3 , 4 3 .
20 , 1 10 3 , 5 1
- 40 -
3 . . . , ....... .
. ......... . . 2 .
7-8 10 .
, ... ....
4 . 4 . 4 90% 3 . . . . ? .
(3)
MK IMF .IMF DCP() , 1 . IMF 98 LP( ) 2 . . 2002 (SCP) 10 , 3 , 6 , 8 3 . ,
- 41 -
, 2 1 , .
. . . . 20 . . . . .
10 2 1 . . .
1, 2 ,3 . 2002... . 2 (SCP, LNP, DCP) ..... . .
, 1 650 1000 . . ....
. .....
(4)
, ,
- 42 -
. . 10 , , . MK .
. 5........
.... .......... 20 .......
, 10 ......... 1 .....
20 ........
... .....
- 43 -
ANSI (,,,/)
1
516 1 . . 12 . (9kg)
15 0.6 0 16 18 0
17 2.5 0 16 16 0 ( )F/P 19 0.8 0 0 12 0 (7kg)
13 0.6 0 16 18 0
20 1.28 . . . . ( )
18 0.66 0 24 48 0 (7kg)
2
Transfer/MC
13 0.16 0 10 10 0 AAW 15 0.5 0 24 24 0 AAW
SLOTTER
9 0.14 . . 16 AAW 11 0.5 3.6 26 26 0 AAW 9 0.2 0 16 40
17 0.8 . . 33 . ( )
16 0.75 0 40 40 0 ( )
11 1.25 0 60 60 0
9 0.8 0 25 34 0
15 1.66 0 6 6 0 (9kg)
14 .
2
15 0.6 . (9kg)
18 0.75 0 11 18 0 (14kg)AAW 11 0.6 0 20 50 40 AAW 10 0.75 . PW 13 1 0 15 60 0 (14kg)
17 0 6 6 0 (14kg)PVC 17 0.66 0 10 30 30 (14kg)AAW 20 1 0 15 26 0
22 0.66 0 95 95 0 (9kg)
17 0.2 0 80 0 80 (18kg)
14 0.2 0 60 60 60
3.
MK ( ) .
= /(10- ), (TLV)=0.78
- 44 -
1)
(1)
() / ANSI .
1. ANSI ANSI Z-365^
1
516
15
17F/P 19
13
20
18
2
Transfer/MC
13AAW 15AAW SLOTTER
9AAW 11AAW 9
17
16
11
9
15
14
2
15
18AAW 11AAW 10PW 13
17PVC 17AAW 20
22
17
14
0-910-1516
( )
ANSI 4 (AAW , AAW ,
- 45 -
,AAW ) 10 . 1 5, , F/P , , , 2 , , , , PVC , , , 15 . 14.9.
() (Hand Activity) ACGIH TLV .2.
(TLV = 0.78)
1
51
0.6
2.5
F/P 0.8
0.6
1.28
0.66
2
Transfer/MC
0.16
AAW 0.5
AAW SLOTTER
0.14
AAW 0.5
AAW 0.2
0.8
0.75
1.25
0.8
1.66
2
0.6
0.75
AAW 0.6
AAW 0.75
PW 1
PVC 0.66
AAW 1
0.66
0.2
0.2
ACGIH 0.78 ACGIH 0.56
ACGIH , , (TLV) . (Hand Activity Level, HAL) (Normalized Peak Force, NPF)
- 46 -
. ( ) . , (TLV) 0.78 (AL) 0.56. 0.78 .
= / (10- )
2 (TLV = 0.78) 1 5, F/P , , , 2 , , , AAW ., , , , .
()
ACGIH Lifting TLV .ACGIH TLV . , . , (20Kg - 45Kg) ACGIH TLV . ().
- 47 -
4. ACGIH TLV ACGIH TLV ()
1
5 (9kg)
( )F/P (7kg)
( ) (7kg)
2
Transfer/MC
AAW
AAW SLOTTER
AAW
AAW
BOX ( ) BOX ( )
(9kg)
2
(9kg) (14kg)AAW
AAW
PW (14kg) BOX (14kg)PVC (14kg)AAW
(9kg) BOX (18kg)
, TLV . : > 360/ : 8 : 30 ( ) ( ) , (: )
- 48 -
()
Kilbom(1994) .3. Kilbom(1994)
(,,,/)
1
5. . 12 .
0 16 18 0
0 16 16 0
F/P 0 0 12 0
0 16 18 0
. . . .
0 24 48 0
2
Transfer/MC
0 10 10 0
AAW 0 24 24 0
AAW SLOTTER
. . 16
AAW 3.6 26 26 0
AAW 0 16 40
. . 33 .
0 40 40 0
0 60 60 0
0 25 34 0
0 6 6 0
.
2
.
0 11 18 0
AAW 0 20 50 40
AAW .
PW 0 15 60 0
0 6 6 0
PVC 0 10 30 30
AAW 0 15 26 0
0 95 95 0
0 80 0 80
0 60 60 60
(2.5/), (10/), (10/), (200/)
50 10 . MK . . . , .
- 49 -
4. .
1 5
2004. 5. 17 , , , , ,
1
5
3
- 50 -
: ( )
(, ,
/)
.
: (5 )
(FOOT/SW )
.
: ( )
(, )
900-1300 1 2
(1) - ANSI Z-365
- 51 -
/
/
/
3(3) 1(3) 0(3) 0(3) 2(2) 2(2) 2(2) 2(2) 2(2) 0(2) 0(2) 0(2) 0(2) 2(2) 0(2) 0(2) 16 : 16 .
(2) - ACGIH TLV for Hand Activity
(HAL) (NPF) [NPF/(10-HAL)]6 4 1
: (TLV)=0.78 (Action Limit)=0.56 1 .
(3) (2.5/) (10/) (10/) (200/)
(4)
- 52 -
ACGIH (Lifting TLV) : / 31-360 (kg) 2.5 * 30m-60m(TLV) (kg) 9TLV 0.27 .
(RULA)
(6) (3) (4) (2) (6) (6) (2) 3 2 1 2 3 2 2 7 4
, , , , . 7, 4 .
- 53 -
(5)
- 54 -
2004. 5. 17 , , , , ,
1 2-3()
: (JF )
( , , ,
/) (, )
.
:
(, )
.
- 55 -
(1) - ANSI Z-365
/
/
/
3(3) 0(3) 0(3) 0(3) 2(2) 2(2) 0(2) 2(2) 2(2) 0(2) 0(2) 2(2) 0(2) 2(2) 0(2) 0(2) 15 : 15 .
(2) - ACGIH TLV for Hand Activity
(HAL) (NPF) [NPF/(10-HAL)]5 3 0.6
: (TLV)=0.78 (Action
Limit)=0.56 0.6 .
(3) (2.5/) (10/) (10/) (200/)
- 56 -
(4)
,
.
- 57 -
1()
2004. 5. 17 , , , , ,
1
: ( )
( , ,
, , )
.
: ( )
.
- 58 -
(1) - ANSI Z-365
/
/
/
3(3) 2(3) 0(3) 0(3) 2(2) 2(2) 2(2) 2(2) 2(2) 2(2) 0(2) 0(2) 0(2) 0(2) 0(2) 0(2) 17 : 17 ( ) .
(2) - ACGIH TLV for Hand Activity
(HAL) (NPF) [NPF/(10-HAL)]8 5 2.5
: (TLV)=0.78 (Action Limit)=0.56 2.5 .
(3)
(2.5/) (10/) (10/) (200/)
- 59 -
(4)
ACGIH (Lifting TLV) : / A: 31-360 B: 61-360 (kg) A: 18 B: 18
A: B: * A: 60-80 B: 30-60(TLV) (kg) A: 5 B: TLV A: 3.6 B: .
(NIOSH)
- 60 -
(5)
- 61 -
1() F /P ( )
2004. 5. 17 , , , , ,
1 F/P ( )
: F/P ()
(,
)
BURR .
: F/P
(, ) .
- 62 -
(1) - ANSI Z-365
/
/
/
1(3) 2(3) 2(3) 0(3) 2(2) 2(2) 2(2) 2(2) 2(2) 0(2) 0(2) 0(2) 0(2) 2(2) 0(2) 2(2) 19 : 19 ( ) .
(2) - ACGIH TLV for Hand Activity
(HAL) (NPF) [NPF/(10-HAL)]5 4 0.8
: (TLV)=0.78 (Action Limit)=0.56 0.8 .
(3)
(2.5/) (10/) (10/) (200/)
(4)
- 63 -
ACGIH (Lifting TLV) : / 13-30 (kg) 9 * 60-80(TLV) (kg) 7TLV 1.38
(5)
- 64 -
1()
2004. 5. 18 , , , , ,
1
: (LCV )
(, ,
/, )
.
: (LCV )
(, /
)
BURR .
- 65 -
(1) - ANSI Z-365
/
/
/
1(3) 0(3) 0(3) 0(3) 2(2) 0(2) 2(2) 2(2) 2(2) 0(2) 0(2) 2(2) 0(2) 2(2) 0(2) 0(2) 13 : 13 .
(2) - ACGIH TLV for Hand Activity
(HAL) (NPF) [NPF/(10-HAL)]5 3 0.6
: (TLV)=0.78 (Action
Limit)=0.56 0.6 .
(3)
(2.5/) (10/) (10/) (200/)
- 66 -
(4)
- 67 -
1
2004. 5. 18 , , , , , 1
:
(,
)
.
(1) - ANSI Z-365
/
/
/
1(3) 3(3) 1(3) 3(3) 2(2) 2(2) 2(2) 2(2) 2(2) 0(2) 0(2) 0(2) 0(2) 2(2) 0(2) 0(2) 20 : 20 ( ) .
- 68 -
(2) - ACGIH TLV for Hand Activity
(HAL) (NPF) [NPF/(10-HAL)]3 9 1.28
: (TLV)=0.78 (Action Limit)=0.56 1.28 .
(3) (2.5/) (10/) (10/) (200/)
(4)
ACGIH (Lifting TLV) :
- 69 -
/ 31-360 100 (kg) 14 * 60-80(TLV) (kg) .TLV .
(RULA)
(6) (3) (4) (2) (6) (6) (2)
3 2 2 1 4 4 1 7 4
, , . 7, 4 .
- 70 -
(5)
- 71 -
1
200.4 5. 18 , , , , ,
1
2
: ( )
(, /
)
, .
(1) - ANSI Z-365
/
/
/
3(3) 2(3) 2(3) 0(3) 2(2) 1(2) 2(2) 2(2) 2(2) 0(2) 0(2) 0(2) 0(2) 0(2) 0(2) 2(2) 18 : 18 ( ) .
- 72 -
(2) - ACGIH TLV for Hand Activity
(HAL) (NPF) [NPF/(10-HAL)]4 4 0.66
: (TLV)=0.78 (Action
Limit)=0.56 0.66 .
(3) (2.5/) (10/) (10/) (200/)
(4)
ACGIH (Lifting TLV) : (7KG ) / 31-360 (kg) 7 * 30(TLV) (kg) 14TLV 0.5
- 73 -
(NIOSH)
(RULA)
(6) (3) (4) (2) (6) (6) (2)
6 2 2 1 1 4 1 7 4
- 74 -
(6) (3) (4) (2) (6) (6) (2)
4 1 2 2 3 3 1 5 3
(5)
- 75 -
2 AAW T/R(Transfer/MC)
2004. 5. 18 , , , , ,
2
AAW
: AAW T/R ()
(, )
T/R .
: AAW T/R ( T/R )
(, )
T/R JIG .
- 76 -
(1) - ANSI Z-365
/
/
/
1(3) 0(3) 2(3) 0(3) 2(2) 0(2) 2(2) 2(2) 2(2) 0(2) 0(2) 0(2) 0(2) 0(2) 0(2) 2(2) 13 : 13 .
(2) - ACGIH TLV for Hand Activity
(HAL) (NPF) [NPF/(10-HAL)]4 1 0.16
: (TLV)=0.78 (Action Limit)=0.56 0.16 .
(3) (2.5/) (10/) (10/) (200/)
- 77 -
(4)
- 78 -
2 AAW
2004. 5. 18 , , , , ,
2
AAW
AAW
: AAW
(, ,
)
.
: AAW
(, )
.
- 79 -
(1) - ANSI Z-365
/
/
/
3(3) 0(3) 0(3) 0(3) 2(2) 0(2) 2(2) 2(2) 2(2) 0(2) 0(2) 2(2) 0(2) 2(2) 0(2) 0(2) 15 : 15 .
(2) - ACGIH TLV for Hand Activity
(HAL) (NPF) [NPF/(10-HAL)]
6 2 0.5
: (TLV)=0.78 (Action Limit)=0.56 0.5 .
(3)
(2.5/) (10/) (10/) (200/)
- 80 -
(RULA)
(6) (3) (4) (2) (6) (6) (2)
AAW 4 1 3 2 1 3 1 7 4
- 81 -
(4)
.
- 82 -
2 AAW SLOTTER
2004. 5. 18 , , , , , 2
AAW
AAW SLOTTER
: AAW
10 .
(1) - ANSI Z-365
/
/
/
1(3) 0(3) 0(3) 0(3) 2(2) 0(2) 2(2) 2(2) 2(2) 0(2) 0(2) 0(2) 0(2) 0(2) 0(2) 0(2) 9 : 9 .
- 83 -
(2) - ACGIH TLV for Hand Activity
(HAL) (NPF) [NPF/(10-HAL)]3 1 0.14
: (TLV)=0.78 (Action Limit)=0.56 0.14 .
(3)
(2.5/) (10/) (10/) (200/)
(4)
(5)
- 84 -
2 AAW , 2 SQ BROACH, (),
2004. 5. 18 , , , , ,
2
AAW
AAW
: AAW ( )
(,
)
.
: AAW (),
( , ,
, /)
M/C .
: AAW ()
.
- 85 -
(1) - ANSI Z-365
/
/
/
3(3) 2(3) 0(3) 0(3) 2(2) 0(2) 2(2) 2(2) 0(2) 0(2) 0(2) 0(2) 0(2) 0(2) 0(2) 0(2) 11 : 11 .
(2) - ACGIH TLV for Hand Activity
(HAL) (NPF) [NPF/(10-HAL)]6 2 0.5
: (TLV)=0.78 (Action Limit)=0.56 0.5 .
(3)
(2.5/) (10/) (10/) (200/)
- 86 -
(RULA)
(6) (3) (4) (2) (6) (6) (2)
AAW () 5 1 2 2 3 3 1 6 3
(4)
- 87 -
2 AAW
2004. 5. 18 , , , , ,
2
AAW
AAW
: AAW ( )
(, )
.
: AAW ( )
(, )
JAW BURR .
- 88 -
(1) - ANSI Z-365
/
/
/
1(3) 0(3) 0(3) 0(3) 2(2) 0(2) 2(2) 2(2) 2(2) 0(2) 0(2) 0(2) 0(2) 0(2) 0(2) 0(2) 9 : 9 .
(2) - ACGIH TLV for Hand Activity
(HAL) (NPF) [NPF/(10-HAL)]5 1 0.2
: (TLV)=0.78 (Action Limit)=0.56 0.2 .
(3) (2.5/) (10/) (10/) (200/)
(RULA)
(6) (3) (4) (2) (6) (6) (2)
AAW 4 2 4 1 1 4 1 6 3
- 89 -
(4)
- 90 -
2
2004. 5. 19 , , , , ,
2
: SW (F/H )
(, ,
/)
F/H .
: (F/H )
(,
)
F/H HEAD .
- 91 -
(1) - ANSI Z-365
/
/
/
3(3) 3(3) 1(3) 0(3) 2(2) 0(2) 2(2) 2(2) 2(2) 0(2) 0(2) 0(2) 0(2) 2(2) 0(2) 0(2) 17 : 17 .
(2) - ACGIH TLV for Hand Activity
(HAL) (NPF) [NPF/(10-HAL)]5 4 0.8
: (TLV)=0.78 (Action Limit)=0.56 0.8 .
(3)
(2.5/) (10/) (10/) (200/)
(4)
- 92 -
ACGIH (Lifting TLV) : BOX
(5)
- 93 -
2(SW) EB
2004. 5. 19 , , , , ,
2
SW
: EB ()
( )
M/C .
: EB ( )
(, )
.
- 94 -
(1) - ANSI Z-365
/
/
/
3(3) 3(3) 0(3) 0(3) 2(2) 0(2) 2(2) 2(2) 2(2) 0(2) 0(2) 0(2) 0(2) 2(2) 0(2) 0(2) 16 : 14 ( ) .
(2) - ACGIH TLV for Hand Activity
(HAL) (NPF) [NPF/(10-HAL)]6 3 0.75
: (TLV)=0.78 (Action
Limit)=0.56 0.75 .
(3)
(2.5/) (10/) (10/) (200/)
(4) ACGIH (Lifting TLV) : BOX
- 95 -
(5)
- 96 -
2 LNP
2004. 5. 19 , , , , ,
2
LNP
: LNP ( )
(, )
LNP .
: LNP ( )
( ,
)
.
- 97 -
(1) - ANSI Z-365
/
/
/
3(3) 0(3) 0(3) 0(3) 2(2) 0(2) 2(2) 2(2) 2(2) 0(2) 0(2) 0(2) (2) 0(2) 0(2) 0(2) 11 : 11 .
(2) - ACGIH TLV for Hand Activity
(HAL) (NPF) [NPF/(10-HAL)]6 5 1.25
: (TLV)=0.78 (Action Limit)=0.56 1.25 .
(3)
(2.5/) (10/) (10/) (200/)
(4) ACGIH (Lifting TLV) :
- 98 -
(RULA)
(6) (3) (4) (2) (6) (6) (2)
3 2 3 2 3 1 1 4 2
, , . 4
2. .
- 99 -
(5)
- 100 -
2
2004. 5. 19 , , , , ,
2
: ( )
(, ,
, )
DCP .
: ( )
.
- 101 -
(1) - ANSI Z-365
/
/
/
3(3) 0(3) 0(3) 0(3) 2(2) 0(2) 2(2) 2(2) 0(2) 0(2) 0(2) 0(2) 0(2) 0(2) 0(2) 0(2) 9 : 9 .
(2) - ACGIH TLV for Hand Activity
(HAL) (NPF) [NPF/(10-HAL)]5 4 0.8
: (TLV)=0.78 (Action Limit)=0.56 0.8 .
(3)
(2.5/) (10/) (10/) (200/)
(4) ACGIH (Lifting TLV) :
- 102 -
(5)
- 103 -
2()
2004. 5. 19 , , , , .
2
:
:
(
, )
, .
- 104 -
(1) - ANSI Z-365
/
/
/
3(3) 0(3) 0(3) 0(3) 2(2) 2(2) 2(2) 2(2) 2(2) 0(2) 0(2) 0(2) 0(2) 2(2) 0(2) 0(2) 15 : 15 .
(2) - ACGIH TLV for Hand Activity
(HAL) (NPF) [NPF/(10-HAL)]7 5 1.66
: (TLV)=0.78 (Action Limit)=0.56 1.66 .
(3) (2.5/) (10/) (10/) (200/)
(4)
- 105 -
ACGIH (Lifting TLV) : / 31-360 (kg) 1.7 * 30-60(TLV) (kg) 9TLV 0.19
(5)
- 106 -
2004. 5. 19 , , , , ,
:
( ,, ,
)
.
(1) - ANSI Z-365
/
/
/
0(3) 0(3) 0(3) 0(3) 2(2) 0(2) 2(2) 2(2) 2(2) 0(2) 2(2) 0(2) 0(2) 2(2) 0(2) 2(2) 14 : 14 .
- 107 -
(2) - ACGIH TLV for Hand Activity
(RULA)
(6) (3) (4) (2) (6) (6) (2)
3 2 3 1 3 3 1 5 3 , , , . 5, 3 .
(3)
- 108 -
2
2004. 5. 19 , , , , ,
2
4
: ( )
.
: ( )
(, ,
, )
.
- 109 -
(1) - ANSI Z-365
/
/
/
3(3) 1(3) 0(3) 1(3) 2(2) 2(2) 2(2) 2(2) 2(2) 0(2) 0(2) 0(2) 0(2) 0(2) 0(2) 0(2) 15 : 15 .
(2) - ACGIH TLV for Hand Activity
(HAL) (NPF) [NPF/(10-HAL)]5 3 0.6
: (TLV)=0.78 (Action
Limit)=0.56 0.6 .
(3)
ACGIH (Lifting TLV) : / 31 (kg) 13 * 30-60(TLV) (kg) 9TLV 1.4
- 110 -
(NIOSH)
(4)
- 111 -
2
2004. 5. 19 , , , , ,
2
2
: ( )
( , ,
/)
.
(1) - ANSI Z-365
/
/
/
3(3) 2(3) 1(3) 2(3) 0(2) 2(2) 0(2) 2(2) 2(2) 0(2) 0(2) 0(2) 0(2) 2(2) 0(2) 2(2) 18 : 18 ( ) .
- 112 -
(2) - ACGIH TLV for Hand Activity
(HAL) (NPF) [NPF/(10-HAL)]6 3 0.75
: (TLV)=0.78 (Action Limit)=0.56 0.75 .
(3) (2.5/) (10/) (10/) (200/)
(4)
ACGIH (Lifting TLV) :
- 113 -
/ 31-360 (kg) 13 * 30cm (TLV) (kg) 14TLV 0.928
(RULA)
(6) (3) (4) (2) (6) (6) (2)
3 2 2 2 1 4 2 5 3
, , . 5, 3 .
5)
- 114 -
2() AAW
2004. 5. 19 , , , , ,
2
AAW
: AAW ( )
.
: AAW
, , .
- 115 -
(1) - ANSI Z-365
/
/
/
3(3) 0(3) 0(3) 0(3) 2(2) 0(2) 2(2) 2(2) 2(2) 0(2) 0(2) 0(2) 0(2) 0(2) 0(2) 0(2) 11 : 11 .
(2) - ACGIH TLV for Hand Activity
(HAL) (NPF) [NPF/(10-HAL)]5 3 0.6
: (TLV)=0.78 (Action
Limit)=0.56 0.6 .
(3)
(2.5/) (10/) (10/) (200/)
(RULA)
(6) (3) (4) (2) (6) (6) (2)
4 2 3 2 4 4 1 7 4
. 7, 4 .
- 116 -
(4)
- 117 -
2() AAW
2004. 5. 19 , , , , ,
2
AAW
: AAW
(, ,
/ )
.
(1) - ANSI Z-365
/
/
/
3(3) 0(3) 0(3) 0(3) 2(2) 0(2) 2(2) 2(2) 1(2) 0(2) 0(2) 0(2) 0(2) 0(2) 0(2) 0(2) 10 : 10 .
- 118 -
(2) - ACGIH TLV for Hand Activity
(HAL) (NPF) [NPF/(10-HAL)]6 3 0.75
: (TLV)=0.78 (Action
Limit)=0.56 0.75 .
(3)
(2.5/) (10/) (10/) (200/)
(RULA)
(6) (3) (4) (2) (6) (6) (2)
4 2 2 2 1 5 1 6 3
, , . 6,
3 .
- 119 -
(4)
- 120 -
2 PW
2004. 5. 19 , , , , ,
2
PW
: PW (PW )
(, ) .
: PW (PW )
(, ,
/ )
JAW NUT .
- 121 -
(1) - ANSI Z-365
/
/
/
3(3) 0(3) 0(3) 0(3) 2(2) 2(2) 2(2) 2(2) 2(2) 0(2) 0(2) 0(2) 0(2) 0(2) 0(2) 0(2) 13 : 13 .
(2) - ACGIH TLV for Hand Activity
(HAL) (NPF) [NPF/(10-HAL)]6 4 1
: (TLV)=0.78 (Action
Limit)=0.56 1 .
(3) (2.5/) (10/) (10/) (200/)
(4)
ACGIH (Lifting TLV) :
- 122 -
/ 13-60 (kg) 4 * 30cm (TLV) (kg) 14TLV 0.28
(5)
- 123 -
2() C/T
2004. 5. 19 , , , , ,
2
C/T
: PW C/T,
(,
)
.
: PW C/T,
( ) .
- 124 -
(1) - ANSI Z-365
/
/
/
1(3) 3(3) 0(3) 3(3) 2(2) 2(2) 2(2) 2(2) 2(2) 0(2) 0(2) 0(2) 0(2) 0(2) 0(2) 0(2) 17 : 17 ( ) .
(2) - ACGIH TLV for Hand Activity
(HAL) (NPF) [NPF/(10-HAL)]
: (TLV)=0.78 (Action
Limit)=0.56 .
(3)
(2.5/) (10/) (10/) (200/)
(4)
- 125 -
ACGIH (Lifting TLV) : / 36 (kg) 25 * 30cm (TLV) (kg) 14TLV 1.78
(NIOSH)
- 126 -
(5)
- 127 -
2()PVC
2004. 5. 19 , , , , ,
2
PVC
: PVC ( )
( , ,
, )
PVC .
: PVC ()
( , ,
, )
PVC .
- 128 -
(1) - ANSI Z-365
/
/
/
3(3) 2(3) 0(3) 2(3) 2(2) 2(2) 2(2) 2(2) 2(2) 0(2) 0(2) 0(2) 0(2) 0(2) 0(2) 0(2) 17 : 17 ( ) .
(2) - ACGIH TLV for Hand Activity
(HAL) (NPF) [NPF/(10-HAL)]4 4 0.66
: (TLV)=0.78 (Action
Limit)=0.56 0.66 .
(3) (2.5/) (10/) (10/) (200/)
(4)
ACGIH (Lifting TLV) :
- 129 -
/ 31 (kg) 9 * 30cm (TLV) (kg) 14TLV 0.64
(RULA)
(6) (3) (4) (2) (6) (6) (2) PVC 6 2 2 2 1 1 1 4 2
, , . 4,
2 , .
(5)
- 130 -
2() AAW
2004. 5. 20 , , , , ,
2
AAW
: AAW
( ,
)
.
: AAW
(, ,
, )
AAW JAW .
: AAW ( )
, .
- 131 -
(1) - ANSI Z-365
/
/
/
3(3) 2(3) 3(3) 0(3) 2(2) 2(2) 2(2) 2(2) 2(2) 0(2) 0(2) 0(2) 0(2) 2(2) 0(2) 0(2) 20 : 20 ( ) .
(2) - ACGIH TLV for hand Activity
(HAL) (NPF) [NPF/(10-HAL)]5 5 1
: (TLV)=0.78 (Action
Limit)=0.56 1 .
(3)
(2.5/) (10/) (10/) (200/)
4 10-13. 10, 12 120 . 4 .
(NIOSH)
- 132 -
(4)
- 133 -
2()
2004. 5. 19 , , , , ,
2
: ()
( )
.
:
(, ,
, )
.
- 134 -
(1) - ANSI Z-365
/
/
/
3(3) 3(3) 2(3) 0(3) 2(2) 2(2) 2(2) 2(2) 2(2) 2(2) 0(2) 0(2) 0(2) 2(2) 0(2) 0(2) 22 : 22 ( ) .
(2) - ACGIH TLV for Hand Activity
(HAL) (NPF) [NPF/(10-HAL)]4 4 0.66
: (TLV)=0.78 (Action
Limit)=0.56 0.66 .
(3)
(2.5/) (10/) (10/) (200/)
(4)
- 135 -
ACGIH (Lifting TLV) : / 13 (kg) 23 * 30cm (TLV) (kg) 9TLV 2.55
(REBA)
REBA
3 2 4 2 4 2 2 10 REBA 10 3 , , .
- 136 -
(5)
- 137 -
2004. 5. 20 , , , , ,
2
S/W
: SOCKET ( )
(, ) SOCKET .
(1) - ANSI Z-365
/
/
/
3(3) 3(3) 0(3) 0(3) 2(2) 1(2) 2(2) 2(2) 2(2) 0(2) 0(2) 2(2) 0(2) 0(2) 0(2) 0(2) 17 : 17 ( ) .
- 138 -
(2) - ACGIH TLV for Hand Activity
(HAL) (NPF) [NPF/(10-HAL)]5 1 0.2
: (TLV)=0.78 (Action
Limit)=0.56 0.2 .
(3)
(2.5/) (10/) (10/) (200/)
(4)
ACGIH (Lifting TLV) : / 13 (kg) 41 * 30cm (TLV) (kg) 18TLV 2.27
- 139 -
(5)
- 140 -
2
2004. 5. 20 , , , , ,
2
(1) - ANSI Z-365
/
/
/
3(3) 0(3) 1(3) 0(3) 2(2) 2(2) 0(2) 2(2) 2(2) 0(2) 0(2) 0(2) 0(2) 2(2) 0(2) 0(2) 14 : 14 .
(2) - ACGIH TLV for Hand Activity
(HAL) (NPF) [NPF/(10-HAL)]5 1 0.2
: (TLV)=0.78 (Action
Limit)=0.56 0.2 .
- 141 -
(3)
(2.5/) (10/) (10/) (200/)
(4)
- 142 -
.
1. MK 134(89.93%), 54(36.24%), 28(18.79%), 25(16.78%) . MK , .
2. MK (ANSI ), ( ), . , , , .
3. MK (, , ) ( , , , , ) , , , . .
4. , , , , , , , . .
5. , . , . . .
- 143 -
6. .
1) .
2) , .
3) .
4) , . , .
5) . . 50 10 . .
6) , . , .
7) , .