[2004] 신동광학 근골격계질환 진단 및 대안마련을 위한 연구 보고서

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2004. 6.

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( )

( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )

( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) () ()

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. 1

. 6

. 6

. 19

. 25

1. 25

2. ( ) 39

3. 50

4. ( ) 61

5. 68

6. 75

. 176

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I.

. (WHO) 1985 (WHO, 1985) (multifactorial) . (Sluiter JK etal, 2001).

()

1

, - , .

. (David Stubbs).

. 1992 . 1 ,

. 10 . 1

- 2 -

. (riskassessment) .- (work system)- - -

( Klaus J. Zink, 2003) .- (Organizational Design and Management : ODAM)- (performance) (quality of working life) - ODAM (Macroergonomics)

(macro-ergonomics) . (Scott PA and Zink K, 2003).

(MICRO-ERGONOMICS)

(MACRO-ERGONOMICS)

(Physical demension)

(Pscychological demension)

(Qualification)

(Economic demension)

-

()

1

- 3 -

, , .

, . WHO 1985 (multifactorial) . . , , , , , , , , , ( , 2003-24) , ( ), ( ), : , , , ( ) :

, . (macro-ergonomics) . , . 1 .

- 4 -

() ()

,

, () ,

- ,

,

,

,

2

, - , , , .

. 2 . () (posture), (force), (movement) (vibration) (physical factors) () ( : ) ( (decision latitude) ) (nonphysical factors)

1. ; , , ,

2. ; (, : )

(, )

3

EU ,

- 5 -

1997 NIOSH , Punnet Bergqvist , UEMSD , ISO/DIS 11226, (IEA) (ICOH) . 1997 1999 DG-5 .NIOSH ,

. , (NIOSH, 1997). , WHO (WHO, 1985). . . . : , (decision latitude), (autonomy) . . , , , . , , . , .Karasek job content . , , . , .: 60 10 .

- 6 -

II.

, . , . , , , , ,

III.

1.

: (Participatory action research)

(Participatory action research) . , , (De Kong Martin 1996). (Participatory action research) --> --> --> --> --> --> --> --> (Ritchie 1996). (Participatory action research) , , .

1) : , .: , .

- 7 -

2) : , .: , , , , O/T, ,

3) : .: , , ,

4) : , .:

5) :

.:

6) ( ): , .:

7) (1) : , , .: , ,

2.

. .

- 8 -

1) . 2 . , . .

(1) .

- , , , , , ,

-

- , , ,

- , (, )

- , ,

- : , ,

- (HAL)

- (NPF)

-

-

-

-

-

- , ,

- ,

- ,

-

- ,

-

- , ,

-

-

- : , , /, /, /, /, /

- , , ,

- ,

- ,

-

4

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(2) (NationalInstitute Occupational Safety and Health, NIOSH) ( 1), ( 2, 3, 4) .

.

1 : 1 1 1 (NIOSH ) 2 : 1 (NIOSH , ) 3 : 1 ( ) 4 : 3 1 (

(3)

. Karasek(1979) . . , , , , , . , 4 (Karasek, 1979)().

- 10 -

2

(low strain group) . , , . (passive group) . . (active group) . (high straingroup) . , , , , (Karasek , 1988). Karasek Theell(1990) .

Karasek (1988) . , .

Karasek(1979) .

Karasek (1982)

- 11 -

. (4) (4) .

(5)

6, 7, 3, 1, 2 .

1 5 , , , , . .

[, intensity of labor] ( EnCyber (http://www.encyber.com/). .

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[ , intensity of labor]

() . ,

. () ,

() ,

. . ,

()

, .

, 1 , 1

, 1 ,

.

, .

, (RMR).

.

RMR = ( - ) /

= /

. RMR

0.1 10.0 , () RMR 01

(), 12 , 24 , 47 , 7 (

) . , ,

,

.

, ,

.

, ()

.

( EnCyber (http://www.encyber.com/)

5

- 13 -

[ , intensity of labour]

, , .

.

.

1 .

.

, 1 .

,

.

( , http://nisweb.nonghyupi.com/dic/aac/aac206.html)

6 (2)

( ) ( ) , . , . . .

( ) =

( )

=

7

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. , . , , , .

(, , )

, ,

,

: , ,

, ,

: ,

,

8

2)

(1) 2003-24: 2003-24(2003.7.15) . . 11 .

1. 4 2. 2 , , ,

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3. 2 , ,

, 4. , 2

5. 2 6. 2 1kg

, 2kg 7. 2 4.5kg

8. 10 25kg 9. 25 10kg ,

, 10. 2 , 2 4.5kg 11. 2 10

(2) ANSI (ANSI) ANSI (ANSI Z-365 Quick Checklist) 10 . , , / , (>3m), ( / / / , / , / : , / / / / / / , ) (8 ) .

(3) ACGIH TLV for Hand Activity

(ACGIH) ACGIH TLV for Hand Activity (HAL) (NPF) , , (TLV) 0.78

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(TLV) . 0.56 0.78 (AL) . (TLV) (flexin), (extension), (rotation) (neutral) , (TLV) . 4 .

(4) RULA

McAtamney Corlett(1993) RULA(Rapid Upper Limb Assessment) . ( ), , , (), , . , 3 4 . 1( 1 - 2 ) , 2( 3 - 4 ) ( ), 3( 5 - 6 ) (soon) , 4( 7) (immediately) . .

1 1-2

,

2 3-4

,

3 5-6

4 7

9 RULA

(5) ACGIH Lifting TLV

ACGIH Lifting TLV (ACGIH)

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. , . , 30 (TLV) 1/2 . NLE (the Revised NIOSH LiftingEquation) (TLV) NLE .

(6) NLE (the Revised NIOSH Lifting Equation)

NIOSH(1991) (AL: Action Limit) (MPL) (Recommend Weight Limit, RWL) , (Lifting Index, LI) .RWL (, 8) . . RWL AL (H), (V), (D), (FM) (AM) (C) .

RWL = 23(25/H){1-(0.003

V-75}{0.82+(4.5/D)}{1-(0.0032A)}(FM)(CM)

H(Horizontal distance) : , ( ) , 25-63 cm 25cm .V(Vertical distance) : , ( ) 0-175cm.D(Vertical travel distance) : 25-175cm,25cm 25cm .F(Frequency, /) : , 0.2/ 0.2/min(, 5 ) .A(Asymmetric angle) : (sagittal plane) , 0-135 .

RWL 23kg 0.2/ , 25cm, 75cm, 25cm

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, .

NIOSH (Lifting Index, LI)' , (RWL) (Ratio) . LI .

LI = (kg) / RWL(kg)

(LI) RWL . LI . NIOSH LI 1 , LI 3 . LI , LI 1 .

(6)

Kilbom(1994) . 50 10 .

.

2.5

, , ,

/ 10 , ,

/ 10

200

10

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.

1.

1)

( %) .

0

20

40

60

80

100

1 2 3 4

%

3

.

1 : 1 1 1 (NIOSH ) 2 : 1 (NIOSH , ) 3 : 1 ( ) 4 : 3 1 (

1 119(84.4), 2 49(34.8), 3 28(19.9), 4 21(14.9) . 1 84.4% , 2 34.8% , 3 19.9% , 4 14.9% .

- 20 -

0102030405060708090

100

1 2 3 4

%

2)

1 39(86.7), 2 19(42.2), 3 1(2.2), 4 1(2.2) . 1 39 , 2 19 , 3 1 , 4 1 .

2 .

3)

1. Motor, Pump , , 8 . , , , , .

2. ANSI 1 , , GM, 15 . ( ANSI 15 ). ANSI

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.

3. ACGIH TLV 2 , 1 , 1 , 2 ,2 , , , ( 1 ). / . ANSI .

4. . . . 25kg .

5. , , , 2 , 2 1 , 1 , 2 , 2 , 2 , , . .

6. .

7. , . .

- 22 -

.

.

.

, .

, , - .

4)

(1)

2002 , 2003 . . 2001 46, 2002 78, 2003 133 . .

(2)

. .

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.

(3)

. . . . .

(4)

. .

(5)

. . . .

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(6)

30.0(5.2) 31.4(6.6) -1.4

64.2(9.5) 52.7(11.0) 8.5

9.8(2.7) 8.0(2.6) 1.8

9.5(2.5) 9.9(2.3) -0.4

19.3(4.5) 17.9(4.0) -0.2

11

010203040506070

5

. , . . . .

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.

1.

1)

2004 5 24 . 400 . 186 46.5% . 141 , 45 .1)

2)

. 139(98.6), 2(1.4) . 171.6cm, 68.5kg. 37.97. 111(79.9) 2/3 , 28(20.1). 63(45.3), 55(39.6), 21(15.1) . 102(54.2) . 14.9, 7.17.

1)

.

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(%) (%)

139 98.6 -

2 1.4 -

(cm) 171.6 4.94 -

37.97 9.02 -

(kg) 68.5 8.31 -

14.9 6.9 -

7.17 14.2 -

1 0.7

4

8 5.8

86 62.8

42 30.7

28 20.1

-

111 79.9

0 0

0 0

0 0

30 21.9

4

107 78.1

55 39.6

2 21 15.1

63 45.3

34 25.0

5

102 75.0

62 44.3

1

78 55.7

12.

3)

135(95.7) 6(4.2).2) 1 44.9. 104(73.8) 37(26.2) . 4276.7.

76(53.9), 44(31.2), 16(11.4) . 76(53.9), 41(29.1), 18(12.8) .

2)

.

- 27 -

(%) (%)

104 73.8

-

37 26.2

16 11.4

-

32 22.7

88 62.4

5 3.6

5 3.6

-

76 53.9

44 31.2

16 11.4

6 4.3

-

76 53.9

41 29.1

18 12.8

4276.7 783.7

135 95.7

3 2.1

() 1 0.7

2 1.4

1 44.9 13.7

13.

5.1 , 3.5 . .

;, 8 (5.8)

2

0 0

; 8 (5.8)

7 (5.0)

; 21 (15.1)

18 (13.0)

; 53 (38.1)

11 (7.9)

; 12 (8.6)

1 (0.7)

; 0 0

14

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()

1 (0.7)

4

4 (2.9)

4 (2.9)

() 30 (21.9)

39 (28.5)

21 (15.3)

22 (16.1)

7 (5.1)

7 (5.1)

2 (1.5)

0 0

() 0 0

15

4) (1)

20(14.2) ,48(34.0) .

() 16(11.4) , 37(26.4) .

25(17.9) , 62(44.3) .

() () 27(19.3) , 73(52.1) .

27(19.3) , 67(47.9) .

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23(16.6) , 75(54.0) .

20(14.3) , 84(60.0) .

52(36.9) , 42(29.8) .

21(15.3) , 49(35.8) .

83(59.3) , 40(28.6) .

.

- 30 -

()

()

.

1. ()

.

20(14.2) 48(34.0) 57(40.4) 16(11.4)

2. ()

.

16(11.4) 37(26.4) 66(47.1) 21(15.0) 1

3.

.

6(4.3) 47(33.6) 62(44.3) 25(17.9) 1

4. ()

() .

6(4.3) 34(24.3) 73(52.1) 27(19.3) 1

5.

.

4(2.9) 42(30.0) 67(47.9) 27(19.3) 1

6.

.

4(2.9) 37(26.6) 75(54.0) 23(16.6) 2

7. ()

()

.

12(8.6) 43(30.7) 68(48.6) 17(12.1) 1

8.

.

7(5.0) 29(20.7) 84(60.0) 20(14.3) 1

9. ()

.

24(17.0) 37(26.2) 53(37.6) 27(19.2)

10.

.

52(36.9) 42(29.8) 35(24.8) 12(8.5)

11.

.

9(6.4) 31(22.1) 47(33.6) 53(37.9) 1

12.

.

16(11.4) 25(17.9) 48(34.3) 51(36.4) 1

13. . 21(15.3) 49(35.8) 40(29.2) 27(19.7) 4

14.

.

5(3.6) 12(8.6) 40(28.6) 83(59.3) 1

- 31 -

5)

. .

1.

.

4(2.9) 18(12.9) 61(43.6) 57(40.7) 1

2.

.

3(2.1) 28(20.0) 82(58.6) 27(19.3) 1

3.

.

3(2.1) 35(25.0) 77(55.0) 25(17.9) 1

4.

.

4(2.9) 31(22.1) 69(49.3) 36(25.7) 1

5.

.

12(8.6) 66(47.1) 57(40.7) 5(3.6) 1

6.

() .

8(5.8) 38(27.3) 83(59.7) 10(7.2) 2

7. . 11(7.9) 61(43.9) 58(41.7) 9(6.5) 2

8.

.

9(6.4) 57(40.4) 63(44.7) 12(8.5)

17

30.0(5.2) 31.4(6.6) -1.4

64.2(9.5) 52.7(11.0) 8.5

9.8(2.7) 8.0(2.6) 1.8

9.5(2.5) 9.9(2.3) -0.4

19.3(4.5) 17.9(4.0) -0.2

010203040506070

- 32 -

. , . . . .

*

44 (33.3) 9

7 (5.3)

68 (51.5)

13 (9.9)

44(33.3). 68(51.5). .

-

. . . .

- 33 -

28.6(4.9) 52.5(10.2) 7.9(2.3) 10.4(1.9) 18.3(3.6)

31.1(6.6) 47.3(9.6) 7.2(2.8) 9.7(2.5) 16.9(4.3)

31.1(5.8) 57.3(10.8) 9.7(2.6) 11.6(2.0) 21.3(3.6)

27.0(9.4) 51.6(14.6) 8.5(1.0) 9.0(1.4) 16.3(0.6)

33.4(5.9) 61.4(8.1) 7.6(1.2) 9.3(2.0) 16.8(2.5)

34.2(5.0) 59.1(10.5) 9.0(2.5) 10.1(2.3) 19.1(4.2)

32.8(9.7) 55.1(9.8) 8.4(2.7) 10.3(2.3) 18.6(3.3)

20 ()

7)

, , ( ) , . ( / 45% ) . 2003 . . .

18.3(2.8) 23.3(2.6) 9.5(1.2) 3.2(0.5) 6.5(0.8) 61.0(5.3)

19.9(3.1) 23.7(4.1) 10.8(1.7) 2.7(0.7) 6.1(1.0) 63.4(7.2)

19.6(2.8) 21.4(4.2) 9.5(1.8) 2.8(1.2) 6.2(0.6) 59.5(8.5)

17.6(2.5) 20.8(4.8) 11.0(1.6) 3.4(0.5) 6.0(0.0) 59.0(6.2)

20.7(3.2) 24.5(2.6) 9.5(1.0) 3.2(0.4) 6.1(0.6) 62.8(4.5)

19.9(3.5) 24.8(3.3) 9.9(1.6) 3.0(0.7) 6.6(1.1) 64.9(8.6)

19.8(4.3) 24.6(3.8) 10.2(1.2) 3.1(0.4) 6.2(0.9) 64.2(8.8)

21 ()

- 34 -

1 3(2.1) 22(15.7) 56(40.0) 43(30.7) 16(11.4) 1

2 20(14.4) 26(18.7) 84(60.4) 8(5.8) 1(0.7) 2

3 15(10.7) 33(23.6) 85(60.7) 7(5.0) - 1

4

9(6.5) 38(27.3) 77(55.4) 15(10.8) - 2

5 5(3.6) 32(22.9) 69(49.3) 32(22.9) 2(1.4) 1

6 / 11(7.9) 25(17.9) 63(45.0) 35(25.0) 6(4.3) 1

7 3(2.1) 9(6.4) 69(49.3) 46(32.9) 13(9.3) 1

8 2(1.5) 9(6.5) 50(36.2) 59(42.8) 18(13.0) 3

9

5(3.7) 7(5.2) 79(59.0) 37(27.6) 6(4.5) 7

10 ( ) 5(3.6) 5(3.6) 61(44.2) 54(39.1) 13(9.4) 3

11 (

)

16(11.7) 34(24.8) 64(46.7) 20(14.6) 3(2.2) 4

12 3(2.3) 5(3.9) 90(70.3) 24(18.8) 6(4.7) 13

13 3(2.3) 4(3.0) 90(68.2) 33(25.0) 2(1.5) 9

14 1(0.8) 5(3.8) 80(60.6) 44(33.3) 2(1.5) 9

15

4(3.0) 2(1.5) 68(51.5) 45(34.1) 13(9.9) 9

16 4(3.0) 7(5.2) 74(55.2) 36(26.9) 13(9.7) 7

17 9(6.8) 2(1.5) 106(80.3) 13(9.9) 2(1.5) 9

18

6(4.4) 9(6.6) 74(54.0) 46(33.6) 2(1.5) 4

19 7(5.2) 3(2.2) 59(44.0) 54(40.3) 11(8.2) 7

22

8)

, (NIOSH) (, , ), ( ), ( 1 ), ( ) .

-

1 119(84.4), 2 49(34.8), 3 28(19.9), 4 21(14.9)

- 35 -

. 1 84.4% , 2 34.8% , 3 19.9% , 4 14.9% .

1 2 3 4

119(84.4) 49(34.8) 28(19.9) 21(14.9)

23

0

20

40

60

80

100

1 2 3 4

%

7

-

1 90(63.8), / 83(58.9), 80(56.7), / 63(44.7), / 56(39.7), / 35(24.8) . 50% . 40% .

1 2 3 4

82(58.2) 80(56.7) 21(14.9) 9(6.4) 8(5.7)

99(70.2) 90(63.8) 24(17.0) 13(9.2) 10(7.1)

/ 43(30.5) 35(24.8) 10(7.1) 5(3.6) 3(2.1)

/ 65(46.1) 63(44.7) 17(12.1) 11(7.8) 7(5.0)

/ 91(65.0) 83(58.9) 29(20.6) 10(7.1) 8(5.7)

/ 58(41.1) 56(39.7) 15(10.6) 8(5.7) 4(2.8)

24 ( ) : %

- 36 -

-

. 1 95.74%, 2 40.43%, 3 34.04%, 4 21.28% . .

1 2 3 4

22 18(81.82) 15(68.18) 6(27.27) 3(13.64) 3(13.64)

47 45(95.74) 45(95.74) 19(40.43) 16(34.04) 10(21.28)

10 9(90.00) 8(80.00) 2(20.00) 2(20.00) 2(20.00)

5 5(100.00) 3(60.00) 2(40.00) 2(40.00) 2(40.00)

18 16(88.89) 16(88.89) 7(38.89) 0(0.00) 0(0.00)

17 15(88.24) 15(88.24) 6(35.29) 2(11.76) 1(5.88)

16 13(81.25) 13(81.25) 5(31.25) 2(12.50) 2(12.50)

25 ( ) : %

9)

p-value

38.7 36.6 0.2062

23.3 23.1 0.7441

4212.2 4380.4 0.2545

15.3 14.2 0.3534

4.9 5.5 0.0675

() 3.3 4.0 0.0235

26 (1)

. .

- 37 -

95%

1.06 0.449-2.491

/

/ 3.03 1.354-6.796

0.37 0.178-0.762

/

/ 6.70 3.098-14.492

/

/ 6.07 2.836-13.011

27 (2)

/ / 3.03 . . / / 6.70 . / / 6.07 , .

p-value

18.7 20.9 0.0002

22.7 24.9 0.0017

10.0 10.4 0.1245

2.9 3.1 0.1700

6.3 6.1 0.2873

60.6 65.3 0.0004

(1)

.

- 38 -

p-value

30.6 33.1 0.0537

53.0 52.1 0.6811

8.3 7.4 0.0593

10.0 9.8 0.5116

18.3 17.2 0.1197

(1)

.

- 39 -

2.

1)

. . . 10% .

-

. . .

13-14 .. .. .. .. .. 2 3 .. .. 1 4 .. 2 .. 12 - 1 .. .. 1 2 ..

2 .. .. .. .. ..

9 6 ..

-

. 46 133 3 . .

- 40 -

.. 1,2 .. .. 1 .. .. 20-30 .. 110 .. 1 .. 7-8 40 5:5 .. .. .. .. .. 2 34-36.. .. .. 3-4 .. 150 ..

.. 1,2 .. 2 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 10-15 .. .. .. .. .. ..

.. .. .. ..

.. 8 10 10 15 .. ..

-

. .

.. .. .. .. .. .. 1 2 .. .. ..

10% .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

- 41 -

..

. . .

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

.. .. .. 30 .. .. 120 .. .. .. .. 2 .. .. 30 120 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

.. .. ... .. ..

2.. 1 .. 1 .. .. 2 .. .. .. .. .. .. , .. ..

.. .. . .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

. . .

- 42 -

.

... .... .... .. ... 100 200 200 ...

10 .. 15 .. 1 .. 1 2 17 .. 10 20 .. ..

.. .. .. .. .. 10 11 .. .. ..

.. .. .. .. () .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

-

. .

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ( ) .. .. .. .. 10 1 .. 1

- 43 -

.. .. .. ..

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

.. .. .. .. .. ..

-

. . .

.. .. 8 30 .. .. .. .. 5 10 .. () .. .. 2 .. 10 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 30 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

16 18 .. .. .. .. .. / .. ..

- 44 -

.. ..

.. 16 18 .. 16 .. .. .. .. .. 16 .. 20 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

.. .. ..

-

. .

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

? .. ... ... .. ..

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

- 45 -

.. .. .. .. .. .. 2 ..

-

.. .. .. .. .. 1 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

.. () .. 30-40KG .. .. 30KG .. .. 50 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

2 .. 3 .. .. 2.. .. 2 .. 3 .. .. 2 .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

.. .. ..

.. ..

2)

-

- 46 -

.3) 2003 .

1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003

2004

4

4 14 4 14 7 14 11 15 8 22 4 72 7 25

: 2

18

18 21 26 30

76

(8)

01020304050607080

1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004.4.

- ()

, () . () . . . 2002 30 2003 76 2 .

2001

2002 2003 2004.

() 46 78 133 175

26 30 76 32(4 )

() 202 206 217 210(4 )

31

3) .( )

- 47 -

0

50

100

150

200

250

2001 2002 2003 2004.

() ()

9

1 84.4%, 2 34.8%, 3 19.9%, 4 14.9% . . . , 10 8.5 .

3)

. .

.. .. ..

15-20% .. .. .. ..

30 .. .. .. 20% .. .. ..

.. 8 .. .. ..

- 48 -

. , . . .

.. .. .. .. .. 2 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. , .. .. .. ..

.. .. .. .. .. .. ..

.. .. .. .. QC .. .. .. .. .. .. .. To .. ..

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

.. .. .. ( ) ..

- 49 -

.

- 50 -

3. 4)

1)

2004 5 24 . 400 . 186 46.5% . 141 , 45 .5)

2)

. 45(100), . 171.2cm, 69.1kg. 35.4. 22(51.2) , 21(48.8). 23(53.5), 9(20.9), 11(25.6) . 38(84.4) . 3.5.

4) .

, .

.

.

.

5)

.

- 51 -

(%) (%)

45 100

0 0

(cm) 171.2 5.1

35.4 11.4

(kg) 69.1 10.8

1.4 1.32

3.5 3.05

1 2.3

2

0 0

34 79.1

8 18.6

21 48.8

2

22 51.2

0 0

0 0

0 0

0 0

2

43 100

9 20.9

2 11 25.6

23 53.5

7 15.6

-

38 84.4

33 73.3

12 26.7

32.

3)

1(2.2), 5(11.1), () 1(2.2), 38(84.4) . 1 51.1. 30(66.7), 15(33.3) 2/3 . 1397.9 .

19(42.2), 16(35.6), 7(15.6) . 24(53.3), 10(22.2), 6(13.3) .

- 52 -

(%) (%)

15 33.3

-

30 66.7

11 24.4

-

8 17.8

25 55.6

1 2.2

3 6.7

-

19 42.2

16 35.6

7 15.6

5 11.1

-

24 53.3

10 22.2

6 13.3

1397.9 558.6

1 2.2

5 11.1

() 1 2.2

38 84.4

1 51.1 14

33.

6.1 , 4.4 . .

;, 0 0

0 0

; 0 0

0 0

;

5 (11.1)

2 (4.4)

;

29 (64.4)

2 (4.4)

;

7 (15.6)

0 0

; 0 0

34

- 53 -

()

0 0

0 0

0 0

()

6 (13.3)

13 (28.9)

6 (13.3)

12 (26.7)

1 (2.2)

4 (8.9)

1 (2.2)

0 0

()

2 (4.4)

35

4) (1)

16(30.8) 23(44.2) .

() 18(34.6) .

18(34.6) 13(25.0) , 21(42.0), 14(28.0) .

34(65.4) 14(26.9) . .

.

- 54 -

()

()

.

1. ()

.

5(11.1) 17(37.8) 21(46.7) 2(4.4)

2. ()

.

5(11.1) 16(35.6) 20(44.4) 4(8.9)

3.

.

3(6.7) 16(35.6) 17(37.8) 9(20.0)

4. ()

() .

3(6.7) 13(28.9) 19(42.2) 10(22.2)

5.

.

3(6.7) 9(20.0) 21(46.7) 12(26.7)

6.

.

1(2.3) 8(18.6) 16(37.2) 18(41.9)

2

7. ()

()

.

12(26.7) 17(37.8) 8(17.8) 8(17.8)

8.

.

1(2.3) 12(27.9) 11(25.6) 19(44.2)

2

9. ()

.

5(11.4) 11(25.0) 16(36.4) 12(27.3)

1

10.

.

30(66.7) 14(31.1)

- 1(2.2)

11.

.

1(2.3) 4(9.3) 9(20.9) 29(67.4)

2

12.

.

2(4.6) 5(11.4) 13(29.6) 24(54.6)

1

13.

.

7(15.9) 12(27.3) 16(36.4) 9(20.5)

1

14.

.

2(4.6) 2(4.6) 7(15.9) 33(75.0)

1

36 (1)

- 55 -

5)

. .

1.

.

2(4.6) 6(13.6) 16(36.4) 20(45.5)

1

2.

.

4

(8.9)

10(22.2) 20(44.4) 11(24.4)

3.

.

4(8.9) 11(24.4) 21(46.7) 9(20.0)

4.

.

5(11.1) 14(31.1) 19(42.2) 7(15.6)

5.

.

3(6.7) 24(53.3) 15(33.3) 3(6.7)

6.

() .

5(11.1) 21(46.7) 14(31.1) 5(11.1)

7. .

8(18.2) 20(45.5) 11(25.0) 5(11.4)

1

8.

.

9(20.0) 21(46.7) 11(24.4) 4(8.9)

37

30.0(5.2) 32.0(6.8) -2.0

64.2(9.5) 43.3(11.3) 20.9

9.8(2.7) 8.4(3.1) 1.4

9.5(2.5) 10.6(2.6) -1.1

19.3(4.5) 19.0(4.9) 0.3

- 56 -

010203040506070

. , . . . .*

14 (36.0)

6

- -

24 (61.5)

1 (2.6)

14(36.0), 24(61.5). .

- 57 -

7)

, . .

. . . . .

1 1(2.2) 12(26.7) 24(53.3) 4(8.9) 4(8.9) -

2 7(15.6) 6(13.3) 28(62.2) 4(8.9) - -

3 7(15.6) 6(13.3) 26(57.8) 6(13.3) - -

4

8(18.2) 8(18.2) 20(45.5) 8(18.2) - -1

5 3(6.7) 5(11.1) 24(53.3) 12(26.7) 1(2.2) -

6 / 14(31.1) 14(31.1) 14(31.1) 1(2.2) 2(4.4) -

7 1(2.2) 9(20.0) 26(57.8) 5(11.1) 4(8.9) -

8 - 7(15.6) 28(62.2) 6(13.3) 4(8.9) -

9

- 3(6.8) 33(75.0) 7(15.9) 1(2.3) 1

10 ( ) 4(9.1) 32(72.7) 6(13.6) 2(4.6) 1

11 (

)

1(2.4) 15(35.7) 24(57.1) 2(4.8) - 3

12 2(4.6) 3(6.8) 33(75.0) 2(4.6) 4(9.1) 1

13 1(2.2) 38(84.4) 5(11.1) 1(2.2) - -

14 - - 38(84.4) 7(15.6) - -

15

1(2.2) 1(2.2) 39(86.7) 4(8.9) - -

16 - - 31(68.9) 10(22.2) 4(8.9) -

17 - - 44(97.8) 1(2.2) - -

18

2(4.4) 2(4.4) 39(86.7) 2(4.4) - -

19 2(4.4) - 43(95.6) - - -

- 58 -

0102030405060708090

100

1 2 3 4

%

8)

, (NIOSH) (, , ), ( ), ( 1 ), ( ) . 1 39(86.7), 2 19(42.2), 3 1(2.2), 4 1(2.2) . 1 39 , 2 19 , 3 1 , 4 1 .

1 2 3 4

39(86.7) 19(42.2) 1(2.2) 1(2.2)

41

- 1 / 39(86.7), 28(62.2), / 27(60.0), / 24(53.3), / 20(44.4), 15(33.3) . / 86.7% . / . 50% .

- 59 -

1 2 3 4

20(44.44) 15(33.33) 6(13.33) 0(0.00) 0(0.00)

30(66.67) 28(62.22) 9(20.00) 0(0.00) 0(0.00)

/ 21(46.67) 20(44.44) 3(6.67) 0(0.00) 0(0.00)

/ 24(53.33) 24(53.33) 6(13.33) 1(2.22) 1(2.22)

/ 29(64.44) 27(60.00) 11(24.44) 0(0.00) 0(0.00)

/ 39(86.67) 39(86.67) 19(42.22) 1(2.22) 1(2.22)

39(86.67) 39(86.67) 19(42.22) 1(2.22) 1(2.22)

42 ( ) : %

9)

p-value

36.2 34.1 0.5664

24.0 22.9 0.2205

1399.3 1395.6 0.9876

1.2 1.7 0.1457

5.8 6.5 0.0402

() 3.7 5.3 0.0145

43 (1)

, .

95%

1.15 0.325-4.045

/

/ 3.54 1.001-12.485

0.48 0.142-1.598

/

/ 3.47 0.994-12.088

/

/ 9.43 2.289-38.835

44 (2)

- 60 -

/ / 3.54 . / / 9.43 , .

p-value

17.7 18.9 0.1936

21.3 22.7 0.2282

9.6 9.8 0.4293

3.0 3.0 0.3269

6.0 6.1 0.3224

57.0 60.2 0.1094

45

. // / .

p-value

29.7 35.2 0.0054

45.6 40.9 0.1973

9.8 6.5 0.0002

11.3 9.7 0.0436

21.0 16.2 0.0009

46

/ / / .

- 61 -

4.

1)

. . .

-

. .

.. .. .. .. ..

.. .. .. ..

.. .. , ? .. ?.. .. 4~5 ..

.. 90 .... ...

.. () .. ..

-

. . .

- 62 -

.. .. .. .. 3D .. ..

.. .. .. EM.. .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. ..

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

-

. . .

.. 16 .. 20 .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

..

1600-1900 .. 3000 .. 1 .. ..

.. .. 30 .. .. .. ..

- 63 -

60 .. 10 .. .. ?.. , 10 .. 2 3 .. .. . , .. 500 .. .. .. .. 80 .. , .. .. .. ..

-

. . , .

.. .. .. .. .. .. ..

.. ~~ .. .. .. ..

.. .. .. .. ..

-

1397.9 . . .

.. / .. 1600-1800 .. .. .. .. ..

- 64 -

2 .. 200 .. .. .. ..

.. .. 3700 .. .. .. .. .. ..

.. 90~100 120~130.. 140 ..

1200 .. 3/1 ..

3 200 .. 6 .. 250%.. 100%.. 50% .. 30 20.. 10 .. ..

-

. , .

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 00 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

- 65 -

.. .. .. ..

-

. . .

.. 2 10 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

.. .. .. .. .. ..

.. .. .. 00 .. .. ..

.. .. ?.. ? .. ..

.. 5 .. .. .. ..

-

.. .. .. .. .. .. ..

- 66 -

.. .. .. ..

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

.. .. .. .. .. .. ..

2)

1 39(86.7), 2 19(42.2), 3 1(2.2), 4 1(2.2) . 1 39 , 2 19 , 3 1 , 4 1 .

3)

. / . . .

24 3 , , 8 .. 8 .. 8 .. 8 ..

- 67 -

.. .. 15%-20% ..

.. /.. .. .. .. .. .. ( ) ..

. .. 150.. .. .. .. ..

.. .. .. .. .. ..

.

- 68 -

5.

( ) .

1)

(1)

() / ANSI .

- 69 -

ANSI Z-365

A

(1) 12

(1) 13

MCT(3) 8

1 (2) 11

2 (1) 9

(6) 9

2 (2) 10

1 (7) 12

1 (1) 12

2 (3) 9

2 R/V(2) 11

1 (5) 10

1 (10) 18

1 (5) 14

1 (6) 15

2 (4) 15

2 (1) 9

2 (2) 15

2 (2) 15

2 (T3X)(4) 12

2 (2) 11

(2) 18

GM(4) 16

(2) 12

(2) 17

(2) 15

(1) 18

(5) 12

TEC(1) 15

FBR (5) 15

(6) 15

(5) 13

47 ANSI

ANSI =10 ( )

ANSI 10 .

- 70 -

1 , , GM, 15 . 13.

() (Hand Activity) ACGIH TLV .

( ) TLV

(1) -

(1) -

MCT(3) -

1 (2) -

2 (1) 0.5

(6) -

2 (2) 0.83

1 (7) 0.8

1 (1) -

2 (3) -

2 R/V(2) -

1 (5) 1

1 (10) -

1 (5) -

1 (6) -

2 (4) -

2 (1) -

2 (2) -

2 (2) 1

2 (T3X)(4) -

2 (2) 0.8

(2) -

GM(4) -

(2) 1

(2) 1

(2) 1

(1) -

(5) -

TEC(1) -

FBR (5) -

(6) -

(5) -

48.

( ) = /(10- ) TLV: =0.78 (=0.56)

- 71 -

ACGIH , , (TLV) . (Hand Activity Level, HAL) (Normalized Peak Force, NPF) . ( ) . (TLV) 0.78 (AL) 0.56. 0.78 .

= / (10 - )

2 TLV . 2 , 1 , 1 , 2 , 2 , , ., .

() ACGIH Lifting TLV . (LI) TLV() 1 .

ACGIH TLV . , . ().

- 72 -

ACGIH TLV ()

(1) (16kg)

(1) -

MCT(3) ()

1 (2) -

2 (1) (16kg)

(6) (16kg)

2 (2) (16kg)

1 (7) (14kg)

1 (1) -

2 (3) ()

2 R/V(2) (9kg)

1 (5) -

1 (10) (16kg)

1 (5) (16kg)

1 (6) (16kg)

2 (4) (16kg)

2 (1) -

2 (2) (16kg)

2 (2) (16kg)

2 (T3X)(4) -

2 (2) (7kg)

(2) -

GM(4) -

(2) (16kg)

(2) (16kg)

(2) -

(1) -

(5) -

TEC(1) -

FBR (5) -

(6) -

(5) -

49 ACGIH TLV

.( )

, TLV .

- 73 -

: > 360/ : 8 : 30 ( ) ( ) , (: )

()

Kilbom(1994) .

.

2.5 , , ,

/

10 , ,

/

10

200

60, 60

17, 34

70, 28

2 28, 28

2

48

1 48

1 70, 210

2 45

2 50, 50

2 45, 45

15, 30

(:12, :20), 60

15, 40

51 Kilbom(1994)

- 74 -

50 10 . , , , 2 , , 1 , , 2 , , , , , . . , .

- 75 -

6. .

1.

2004. 5.25 (5), (,,,,)

1

, . EL(20kg) . .

1 :

(,/ )

, /,

2 :

/ /

- 76 -

1) - ANSI Z-365

/

/

/

0(3) 2(3) 0(3) 0(3) 2(2) 0(2) 2(2) 2(2) 1(2) 0(2) 1(2) 0(2) 0(2) 1(2) 0(2) 1(2) 12

: 12 .

* ( ) . ANSI . /, , / .

2)

(2.5/) (10/) (10/) (200/)

- 60/ 60/ - ,

, .

3)

.

- 77 -

ACGIH (Lifting TLV) :TS ES / 12 (kg) 14.4kg * 30~60cm(TLV) (kg) 16kgTLV

ACGIH (Lifting TLV) .

- 78 -

4)

1 . . 2 1 1 . , . .

. , . . .

.

. . . .

- 79 -

2.

2004. 5. 25. (5), (,,,,)

1

15 . . . .

1 :

()

2 :

(/, )

/,

- 80 -

1) - ANSI Z-365

/

/

/

3(3) 0(3) 3(3) 0(3) 1(2) 1(2) 2(2) 2(2) 0(2) 0(2) 0(2) 0(2) 0(2) 0(2) 0(2) 1(2) 13

: 13 .

* ( ) . ANSI ., /, , /

2)

(2.5/) (10/) (10/) (200/)

- 17/ 34/ - ,

, .

- 81 -

3)

.

.

/ .

.

.

.

- 82 -

3.

2004. 5. 25. (5), (,,,,)

MCT

3

b.n.c3, c.n.c1 4 . 3 2 1 . 1 4 . . .

1 : mct

()

2 : mct

- 83 -

1) - ANSI Z-365

/

/

/

0(3) 2(3) 0(3) 1(3) 1(2) 0(2) 1(2) 1(2) 1(2) 0(2) 0(2) 0(2) 0(2) 0(2) 0(2) 1(2) 8

: 8 .

* ( ) . ANSI .

2)

ACGIH (Lifting TLV) : TS / 12 (kg) 18.2kg * 30~60cm(TLV) (kg) TLV (TLV) .

- 84 -

3)

4 .

.

.

, .

.

.

.( )

- 85 -

4.

2004. 5. 25

(5), (,,,,)

1

2

1 . . . 1~2 . .

1 :

, /

2 :

, , /

- 86 -

1) - ANSI Z-365

/

/

/

3(3) 0(3) 2(3) 0(3) 2(2) 0(2) 2(2) 2(2) 0(2) 0(2) 0(2) 0(2) 0(2) 0(2) 0(2) 0(2) 11

: 11 .

* ( ) . ANSI . , /, , / .

2)

(2.5/) (10/) (10/) (200/)

- 70/ 28/ - ,

, .

ACGIH TLV for Hand Activity (Action Limit) .

- 87 -

3)

2~3 .

() (2) .

.

, , .

.

().

- 88 -

5.

2004. 5. 25 (5), (,,,,)

2

1

. . 10kg . .

1 : 2

2 : 2

, ,

- 89 -

1) - ANSI Z-365

/

/

/

1(3) 1(3) 1(3) 1(3) 1(2) 0(2) 1(2) 1(2) 1(2) 0(2) 1(2) 0(2) 0(2) 0(2) 0(2) 0(2) 9

: 9 .

* ( ) . ANSI .

2) - ACGIH TLV for Hand Activity

(HAL) (NPF) [NPF/(10-HAL)]

4 3 0.5

:(TLV)=0.78(ActionLimit)=0.56

0.5 .

3)

(2.5/) (10/) (10/) (200/)

-

28/()28/(

) - ,

/ .

4)

- 90 -

ACGIH (Lifting TLV) : / 12/ (kg) 14.6kg * 30~60cm(TLV) (kg) 16kgTLV . 14.6kg 20kg .

20kg ACGIH (Lifting TLV) .

5)

.

.

.

.

. . .

- 91 -

6.

2004. 5. 25 (5), (,,,,)

6

. . (30 - 40kg)

1 :

/, /

- 92 -

1) - ANSI Z-365

/

/

/

0(3) 3(3) 1(3) 0(3) 1(2) 0(2) 2(2) 2(2) 0(2) 0(2) 0(2) 0(2) 0(2) 0(2) 0(2) 0(2) 9

: 9 .

* ( ) . ANSI .. , , /

2) RULA(Rapid Upper Limb Assessment)

(6) (3) (4) (2) (6) (6) (2)

1 1 3 1 2 1 1 3 2 3, 2 , .

RULA 2 , , .

- 93 -

3)

.

, .

(86) (2) .

, . .

, .

.

K-1 (MILL-H-46170, MILL-H-6083, SELL TELLES22) ( )

.

.

.

.

- 94 -

7.

2004. 5.25 (5), (,,,,)

2

2

2 . , . 2 1 . . .

- 95 -

1 : 2

2 : 2

.

3 : 2

T

1) - ANSI Z-365

/

/

/

0(3) 2(3) 1(3) 2(3) 1(2) 0(2) 2(2) 1(2) 1(2) 0(2) 0(2) 0(2) 0(2) 0(2) 0(2) 0(2) 10

: 10 .

- 96 -

* ( ) . ANSI .. .



4 5 0.83


0.83 .


3)

ACGIH (Lifting TLV) : BETTEL END, / 12/ (kg) 19.3kg,(bottel end) 30~60CM(TLV) (kg) 16kgTLV

ACGIH (Lifting TLV)

- 97 -

4)

(2.5/) (10/) (10/) (200/)

-

48/() - -

.

5)

(2 ) .

.

.

BOTTLE END , .

.

.

BOTTLE END .

.

.

- 98 -

8.

2004. 5. 25 (5), (, ,, , )

1

7

7 . . (2.8-8kg) . . , .

- 99 -

1 : 1

,

2 : 1

3 : 1

1) - ANSI Z-365

/

/

/

1(3) 2(3) 1(3) 0(3) 1(2) 0(2) 2(2) 2(2) 1(2) 0(2) 0(2) 0(2) 0(2) 0(2) 0(2) 2(2) 12

: 12 .

- 100 -

* ( ) . ANSI .. , /,



5 4 0.8


0.8 .


3)

(2.5/) (10/) (10/) (200/)

-

48/()1 :1~1:30 - -

.

4)

- 101 -

ACGIH (Lifting TLV) : / 13~30/ (kg) 8kg * 30~60cm(TLV) (kg) 14kgTLV


- 102 -

5)

, .

, .

,, .

.

.

.

LOADING UNLOADING ( ) .

.

LAY OUT

, .

.

- 103 -

9.

2004. 5. 25 (5), (,,,,)

1

1

. . .

1 : 1

, /

2 : 1

, /

/

- 104 -

1) - ANSI Z-365

/

/

/

3(3) 1(3) 1(3) 0(3) 1(2) 0(2) 1(2) 2(2) 0(2) 0(2) 1(2) 0(2) 0(2) 0(2) 0(2) 2(2) 12

: 12 .

* ( ) . ANSI .. , /,

2)

(2.5/) (10/) (10/) (200/)

- - 70/() 210/() ,

, .

- 105 -

3)

.

.

.

.

( )

.

.

- 106 -

10.

2004.5.26 (5), (, ,, , )

2

4

REAR FLANGE 54 2,2 . 230 AIR . , , . 4~5 () .

1 :

- 107 -

1) - ANSI Z-365

/

/

/

0(3) 3(3) 0(3) 0(3) 1(2) 0(2) 0(2) 1(2) 1(2) 0(2) 1(2) 0(2) 0(2) 0(2) 0(2) 2(2) 9

: 9 .

* ( ) . ANSI ..

2)

ACGIH (Lifting TLV) :

/ 12/ (kg) 24.9kg * 30~60cm(TLV) (kg) TLV . ( ) ACGIH (Lifting TLV)

- 108 -

3)

1 (4.5)

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

LOADING UNLOADING ( ) .(,)

- 109 -

11.

2004. 5.26. (5), (,,,)

2

R/V

4

11.2KG 26 , , 5 (26*5=130) .LNC 24 3(24*3=72) .( ) CNC . 24 6(24*6=144) . 2 26 24 ,2 32 30 .

1 : 2 R/V

/,

- 110 -

1) - ANSI Z-365

/

/

/

1(3) 1(3) 0(3) 0(3) 1(2) 1(2) 2(2) 2(2) 1(2) 0(2) 0(2) 0(2) 0(2) 0(2) 0(2) 2(2) 11

: 11 .

* ( ) . ANSI 11 .. , /, .

2)

ACGIH (Lifting TLV) : R/V / 31~360/ (kg) 11.2kg * 30~60cm(TLV) (kg) 9kgTLV


- 111 -

3)

.

.

.

, 1 .

.

.

.

.

.

- 112 -

12.

2004. 5. 26. (5), (,,,)

1

7

1 .7 . . . (35VA,40VC COVER)1PART 12 1 .

1 : 1 1

2 : 1 1

/

- 113 -

1) - ANSI Z-365

/

/

/

1(3) 1(3) 0(3) 0(3) 2(2) 0(2) 1(2) 2(2) 1(2) 0(2) 0(2) 0(2) 0(2) 0(2) 0(2) 2(2) 10

: 10 .

* ( ) . ANSI ../, /, .



6 4 1


1 .


- 114 -

3)

.

.

.

.

.

.

, .

- 115 -

13.

2004. 5. 26 (5), (,,,)

1

10

. 1 .(,) . .

1 : 1

, , /,

/

2 : 1

- 116 -

1) - ANSI Z-365

/

/

/

0(3) 3(3) 2(3) 0(3) 2(2) 0(2) 2(2) 2(2) 1(2) 0(2) 2(2) 0(2) 0(2) 2(2) 0(2) 2(2) 18

: 18 ( ) .

* ( ) . ANSI ( ) .. , /, , /, , ,

2)

ACGIH (Lifting TLV) : ASS'Y / 12/ (kg) 22.5kg * 30~60cm(TLV) (kg) 16kgTLV


- 117 -

3)

.

.

.

(: 8kg) .

.( )

.( )

.( )

TM40VC .

, .

- 118 -

14.

2004. 5. 26 (5), (,,,)

1

5

5 3 2 . . . (25KG)

1 : 1

/ ,

- 119 -

1) - ANSI Z-365

/

/

/

1(3) 3(3) 1(3) 0(3) 2(2) 0(2) 1(2) 2(2) 0(2) 0(2) 1(2) 0(2) 0(2) 1(2) 0(2) 2(2) 14

: 14 .

* ( ) . ANSI .. , /, /. .

2)

ACGIH (Lifting TLV) : / 12/ (kg) 25kg * 30~60cm(TLV) (kg) 16kgTLV


- 120 -

3)

( )

, , .

.

(4.4kg) .

.

.

.

( ) .

- 121 -

15.

2004. 5. 26 (5), (,,,)

1

9

6 21 .1 . (:18KG) . . .

1 : 1

,

, O

2 : 1

,

- 122 -

1) - ANSI Z-365

/

/

/

1(3) 3(3) 0(3) 1(3) 1(2) 0(2) 2(2) 2(2) 1(2) 0(2) 1(2) 0(2) 0(2) 1(2) 0(2) 2(2) 15

: 15 .

* ( ) . ANSI .. , , /, .

2)

ACGIH (Lifting TLV) : / 12/ (kg) 20.1kg * 30~60cm(TLV) (kg) 16kgTLV


- 123 -

3)

, () .

.

ERP

.

, .

(4.4kg) . .

.

- 124 -

17.

2004.5.27 (5), (,,,)

2

6

, , 2 2 .( 1) , (, , ) . , .

1 : 2

2 : 2

/,

- 125 -

1) - ANSI Z-365

/

/

/

1(3) 2(3) 1(3) 0(3) 2(2) 0(2) 2(2) 2(2) 1(2) 0(2) 1(2) 0(2) 0(2) 1(2) 0(2) 2(2) 15

: 15 .

* ( ) .

ANSI ./, , /,

2)

(2.5/) (10/) (10/) (200/)

-

45/()43/() - -

.

3)

- 126 -

ACGIH (Lifting TLV) : 140 / 12 / (kg) 25kg * 30~60cm(TLV) (kg) 16kgTLV

ACGIH (Lifting TLV)

4)

, .

, .

.

.

.

- 127 -

18.

2004.5.27 (5), (,,,)

2

1

. . , . (2.8~ 8kg) .

1 : 2

/, /

1) - ANSI Z-365

/

/

/

1(3) 1(3) 0(3) 0(3) 1(2) 0(2) 2(2) 2(2) 0(2) 0(2) 0(2) 0(2) 0(2) 0(2) 0(2) 2(2) 9

: 9 .

* ( ) .

- 128 -

ANSI . , /,

2)

(2.5/) (10/) (10/) (200/)

- 26/ - -

.

3)

.

.

/ .

.

.

- 129 -

19. .

2004. 5. 27 (5), (,,,)

2

1

20 , , . . .

1 : 2

, , , /

, , ,

2 : 2

, /

, /

- 130 -

1) - ANSI Z-365

/

/

/

1(3) 3(3) 0(3) 0(3) 2(2) 0(2) 2(2) 2(2) 1(2) 0(2) 1(2) 0(2) 0(2) 1(2) 0(2) 2(2) 15

: 15 .

* ( ) .

ANSI .. , /, , /, .

2)

(2.5/) (10/) (10/) (200/)

- 50/ 50/ - ,

, .

3)

- 131 -

ACGIH (Lifting TLV) : / 13~30 / (kg) 15.5 kg * 30~60cm(TLV) (kg) 14TLV


4)

. .

. .

.

.

.

.

.

- 132 -

20.

2004. 5.27 (5), (,,,)

2

2

. . .

1 : 2

/, ,

- 133 -

1) - ANSI Z-365

/

/

/

3(3) 1(3) 3(3) 0(3) 2(2) 0(2) 2(2) 2(2) 0(2) 0(2) 0(2) 0(2) 0(2) 0(2) 0(2) 2(2) 15

: 15 .

* ( ) .

ANSI . , /, /, , /,



6 4 1


1 .


3)

(2.5/) (10/) (10/) (200/)

- 45/ 45/ - ,

, .

- 134 -

4)

ACGIH (Lifting TLV) : / 12/

(kg) 13.3kg

*

30~60cm

(TLV) (kg) 16kg

TLV

ACGIH (Lifting TLV) .( )

- 135 -

5)

.

.

.

( )

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

, . .

- 136 -

21.

2004. 6. 1 (5), (,,,)

2

(t3x)

4

4 . , , , . .

1 :

,

2 :

- 137 -

1) - ANSI Z-365

/

/

/

1(3) 1(3) 0(3) 1(3) 2(2) 0(2) 2(2) 2(2) 1(2) 0(2) 0(2) 0(2) 0(2) 0(2) 0(2) 2(2) 12

: 12 .

* ( ) .

ANSI ../, , /, .


(6) (3) (4) (2) (6) (6) (2)

3 1 2 1 1 4 2 7 4 7, 4 .

- 138 -

3)

.

. .

.

- 139 -

21.

2004. 6. 1 (5), (,,,)

2

2

2 . . . .

1 : 2

2 : 2

,

,

- 140 -

1) - ANSI Z-365

/

/

/

1(3) 3(3) 0(3) 0(3) 0(2) 0(2) 2(2) 2(2) 1(2) 0(2) 0(2) 0(2) 0(2) 0(2) 0(2) 2(2) 11

: 11 .

* ( ) .

ANSI .. , , /, .


(HAL) (NPF)

[NPF/(10-HAL)]

5 4 0.8

:

(TLV)=0.78

(Action

Limit)=0.56

0.8 .


3)

- 141 -

ACGIH (Lifting TLV) : / 12/ (kg) 25kg 8cm (180cm) * 30~60cm(TLV) (kg) 7kgTLV


4)

. . .

.

.

, .

( ).

.

.

- 142 -

22.

2004. 5.28 (5), (,,,)

2

. . . . .

1 :

, ,

2 :

, , .

- 143 -

1) - ANSI Z-365

/

/

/

1(3) 2(3) 2(3) 1(3) 2(2) 0(2) 2(2) 2(2) 2(2) 0(2) 1(2) 0(2) 0(2) 1(2) 0(2) 2(2) 18

: 18 .( )

* ( ) .

ANSI .( )/, , /, ,

2)

(2.5/) (10/) (10/) (200/)

- 15/ 30/ - ,

, .

- 144 -

3)

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

- 145 -

23.

2004. 5.28 (5), (,,,)

GM

2

. 1. 2 . . . .

1 : GM

, T

2 : GM

- 146 -

1) - ANSI Z-365

/

/

/

1(3) 0(3) 2(3) 0(3) 2(2) 0(2) 2(2) 2(2) 2(2) 1(2) 1(2) 0(2) 0(2) 1(2) 0(2) 2(2) 16

: 16 .( )

* ( ) .

ANSI .( ) /, , /, , .


(6) (3) (4) (2) (6) (6) (2)

TM 3 1 2 2 1 3 1 4 2 4, 2 .

- 147 -

3)

, .

.

.

.

.

.

.

.( ) . .

- 148 -

24.

2004. 5.28 (5), (,,,)

2

2 . . .

1 :

,

2 :

- 149 -

1) - ANSI Z-365

/

/

/

1(3) 3(3) 0(3) 0(3) 2(2) 0(2) 2(2) 2(2) 0(2) 0(2) 0(2) 0(2) 0(2) 0(2) 0(2) 2(2) 12

: 12 .

* ( ) .

ANSI . , /, , /,


(HAL) (NPF)

[NPF/(10-HAL)]

6 4 1

:

(TLV)=0.78

(Action

Limit)=0.56

1 .


3)

- 150 -


ACGIH (Lifting TLV)

4)

.

() ( )

, .

() .

- 151 -

25.

2004. 5.28 (5), (,,,)

2

. . .

1 :

, /,

- 152 -

1) - ANSI Z-365

/

/

/

3(3) 3(3) 0(3) 1(3) 2(2) 0(2) 2(2) 2(2) 2(2) 0(2) 0(2) 0(2) 0(2) 0(2) 0(2) 2(2) 17

: 17 .( )

* ( ) .

ANSI .( ) , , /, , /, ,



6 4 1


1 .


3)

(2.5/) (10/) (10/) (200/) 20/()12//() 60/ - -

,

, .

- 153 -

4)



- 154 -

5)

.

.

() ..

.

.

- 155 -

26.

2004. 5.28 (5), (,,,)

2

. , .2 .

1 :

, /

2 :

- 156 -

1) - ANSI Z-365

/

/

/

1(3) 0(3) 0(3) 0(3) 2(2) 1(2) 2(2) 2(2) 2(2) 1(2) 0(2) 0(2) 0(2) 0(2) 0(2) 2(2) 13

: 13 .

* ( ) .

ANSI . /, , /, , .


(HAL) (NPF)

[NPF/(10-HAL)]

6 4 1

:

(TLV)=0.78

(Action

Limit)=0.56

1 .


3)

(2.5/) (10/) (10/) (200/)

15/ 40/ - - ,

, .

- 157 -

4)

1 : 1 30(1 3)

. PULL .

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

- 158 -

27.

2004. 5.28 (5), (,,,)

1

1 1 , . .

1 :

/

2 :

/, .

- 159 -

1) - ANSI Z-365

/

/

/

0(3) 3(3) 0(3) 2(3) 2(2) 1(2) 2(2) 2(2) 2(2) 1(2) 1(2) 0(2) 0(2) 0(2) 0(2) 2(2) 18

: 18 .( )

* ( ) .

ANSI .( ) , /, , /, ,


(6) (3) (4) (2) (6) (6) (2)

3 2 2 1 1 3 2 5 3 5, 3 .

- 160 -

3)

( )

( )

() . ( )

. . . . . . . .

- 161 -

28.

2004. 6. 1 (5), (,,,)

5()

5 1 . . .

1 :

/, , , ,

, / ,

2 :

,

- 162 -

1) - ANSI Z-365

/

/

/

0(3) 1(3) 0(3) 0(3) 2(2) 0(2) 2(2) 2(2) 1(2) 0(2) 1(2) 0(2) 0(2) 1(2) 0(2) 2(2) 12

: 12 .

* ( ) .

ANSI . /, , /, .


(6) (3) (4) (2) (6) (6) (2)

2 1 2 1 2 3 1 6 3 7, 3 .

- 163 -

3)

.

.

.

.

.

.

. ( )

()

.

.

- 164 -

29.

2004. 6. 1 (5), (,,,)

TEC

2

2 . () .

1 : TEC

/

,

2 : TEC

- 165 -

1) - ANSI Z-365

/

/

/

0(3) 3(3) 0(3) 1(3) 2(2) 0(2) 2(2) 2(2) 1(2) 0(2) 1(2) 0(2) 0(2) 1(2) 0(2) 2(2) 15

: 15 .

* ( ) .

ANSI . , /, , /, .


(6) (3) (4) (2) (6) (6) (2)

TEC 3 2 1 1 1 3 1 6 3 6, 3 .

- 166 -

3)

. ( ) .

, .

.

.

- 167 -

30.

2004. 6. 1 (5), (,,,)

FBR

5

1 , , , , , , , . .

1 : FBR

2 : FBR

, ,

- 168 -

1) - ANSI Z-365

/

/

/

0(3) 3(3) 0(3) 1(3) 2(2) 0(2) 2(2) 2(2) 1(2) 0(2) 1(2) 0(2) 0(2) 1(2) 0(2) 2(2) 15

: 15 .

* ( ) . ANSI .. , /, , /, .



(6) (3) (4) (2) (6) (6) (2)

FBR 2 2 1 1 2 2 2 3 2 3, 2 .

- 169 -

3)

( , )

.

.

.

- 170 -

30.

2004. 5.28 (5), (,,,)

6

6 . . , . . .

1 :

2 :

,

- 171 -

1) - ANSI Z-365

/

/

/

0(3) 3(3) 1(3) 1(3) 2(2) 0(2) 2(2) 2(2) 2(2) 0(2) 0(2) 0(2) 0(2) 0(2) 0(2) 2(2) 15

: 15 .

* ( ) .

ANSI .. , /, , /, , .

2)

(2.5/) (10/) (10/) (200/)

- -

1 120/ -

.

- 172 -

3)

.

.

, ..

( ).

- 173 -

1 :

,

, ,

31.

2004. 6. 1 (5), (,,,)

5

. 5 . .

- 174 -

1) - ANSI Z-365

/

/

/

1(3) 3(3) 0(3) 1(3) 1(2) 0(2) 2(2) 2(2) 1(2) 0(2) 0(2) 0(2) 0(2) 0(2) 0(2) 2(2) 13

: 13 .

* ( ) . ANSI .. , , /,


(6) (3) (4) (2) (6) (6) (2)

1 1 3 1 2 2 1 3 2 3, 2 .

- 175 -

3)

.

.

.

, .

.

.( . )

/ .

.

- 176 -

.

. . IMF .6) .

1. 84.4% , 34.8% , 19.9% , 14.9% . 34.8% .

2. ( ),, , . , , , .

3. , , , , , , . .

4. . . , , . .

5. .

6) IMF . 2001

. .

.

- 177 -

, , . .

6. .

1) .

2) .

3) . .

4) .

5) .

6) , .

7) .

8) . , . .

9) . ,

- 178 -

. . .

, .

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