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1713-1763

CHAPTER 5 AN AMERICAN BABEL

CREATED EQUAL

JONES WOOD MAY BORSTELMANN RUIZ

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“God shows me that America must be my place for action.”

George Whitfield, Journals

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TIMELINE1720 French settlements in Illinois and Louisiana1734 Great Awakening begins

Oglethorpe settles Georgia (non-slave colony)Slave revolt in Stono, South Carolina

1737 Walking Purchase (Pennsylvania gains Delaware Indians’ land)1743 German edition of Luther’s Bible published1744 King William’s War begins1746 College of New Jersey established1749 Spanish sign treaty with Apaches at San Antonio1747 Ohio Company of Virginia founded1751 Slavery is legalized in Georgia

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TIMELINE continued1754 The French and Indian War begins1755 Acadians evicted from Nova Scotia

General Braddock arrives with troops in America1758 Comanches attack San Antonio1759 British take Quebec1763 The Treaty of Paris

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AN AMERICAN BABEL OverviewNew Cultures on the Western PlainsBritain’s Mainland Colonies: A New

Abundance of PeopleThe Varied Economic LandscapeMatters of Faith: The First Great

AwakeningThe French Lose a North American Empire

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NEW CULTURES ON THE WESTERN PLAINS

The Spread of the HorseThe Rise of the ComanchesThe Expansion of the Sioux

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The Spread of the Horse1600: Horse herds in Rio Grande valley1680: Horses in Indian trading networks1690: Utes trade horses to ShoshonesThe “Big Dog” (the horse) brings Native

Americans the ability to haul bigger loads, long tent poles, tasty food, hunting partner, and trading product

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The Rise of the Comanches1690: Comanches obtain the horseComanches encourage into Apache areas and

push them to the south and by 1767 Spanish withdraw from San Saba

1780: The Comanche nation numbers 20,000 people and dominates the Western portion of North America

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The Expansion of the SiouxMaxawakan, “mysterious or sacred iron”Sioux migrate to Minnesota area and begin

trade with French1700: The horse introduced to the Sioux

The gun and the horse bring improved food supplies and easier travel

The Sioux nation dominate the Great Plains

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BRITAIN’S MAINLAND COLONIES: A NEW ABUNDANCE OF PEOPLE

Population Growth on the Home Front

“Packed Like Herrings”: Arrival from Abroad

Non-English Newcomers in the British Colonies

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Population Growth on the Home Front

Labor creates need for larger families

Low death rate and long average life spanEpidemics decrease, food plentiful,

improved housing, and sustain peace from 1720s to 1730s

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“Packed Like Herrings”: Arrival from Abroad

Prisoners and indentured servantsPoor conditions in Europe bring free familiesImmigrant settlements in west provide buffer from

foreigners and Indian attacksSouth Carolina offers financial incentives to bring in

immigrants to balance their population, attempting to overcome a black majority$360 for importing a Protestant European and $90 for getting them

started

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Comparison of Overall Population Structure by Gender and Age: British Mainland Colonies, 1760s, and United States, 1980s

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Non-English Newcomers in the British Colonies

1750: 240,000 African Americans New York

42% Dutch, 30% English, 18% African, 1% Jewish, 9% French Protestant

Arcadians from Nova Scotia to Louisiana Scotland: poverty, famine, and political rebellion brings

30,000 by 1770 Ireland: 60,000 by 1770 Germany: Religious persecution, land scarcity, warfare

brings 85,000 by 1770

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THE VARIED ECONOMIC LANDSCAPE

Sources of Gain in the SoutheastChesapeake Bay’s Tobacco

EconomyNew England Takes to the SeaEconomic Expansion in the

Middle Colonies

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Economic Regions of the British Colonies

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Sources of Gain in the Southeast

South CarolinaMild climate, long

growing seasonRice and indigoSlave laborDeerskin trade

North CarolinaPine, tar and pitchGreat Wagon Road

farmsCape Fear River

TWO REGIONAL ECONOMIES

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Chesapeake Bay’s Tobacco Economy

1600s Chesapeake Bay’s main product is tobacco. Snuff popularizes the crop after 1710.

Due to depleted soil and reduced yields, tobacco is supplemented by crops of wheat, corn, flax, hemp, apples bringing barrel and wagon making as well as mills.

Societies with Slaves…southern colonies become reliant on slave labor

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New England Takes to the Sea

Timber brings shipbuilding to New England

WhalingFishing

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Economic Expansion in the Middle Colonies

Delaware, Pennsylvania, New Jersey, New YorkGrain, flaxseed, barrel staves, livestock,

pig ironPorts: Philadelphia and New YorkFree labor

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MATTERS OF FAITH: THE FIRST GREAT AWAKENING

Seeds of Religious TolerationPietism and the Arrival of George

WhitefieldA Crisis Within the ClergyThe Awakening and its

Consequences

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Seeds of Religious Toleration

Non-Christians:Africans, Jewish immigrants

ProtestantsPresbyterians, Quakers, Lutherans, Baptists,

Methodists

Rhode Island and Pennsylvania favor toleration1750: Plans for an Anglican bishop in Boston

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The Onset of the Great Awakening

1743: Pennsylvanian German edition of Luther’s Bible

“Second Reformation”: pietism and spiritual renewal

George WhitfieldEnglish preacher critical of Anglican churchJournals

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“The Danger of an Unconverted Ministry”

Jonathan Edwards “Our people do not so much need to have their heads

stored, as to have their hearts touched.”William Tennant

His “Log College” trains ministers and becomes the College of New Jersey in 1746

Gilbert Tennent“The Danger of an Unconverted Ministry” calling for

revival in 1740

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The Consequences of the Great Awakening

“New Lights”: a democratic salvationAppealed to young people, women and the poor

and some Native and African AmericansTheir legacy:

An optimism that opposed the Calvinist pessimismEvangelicalismDemocracy in the New Testament

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THE FRENCH LOSE A NORTH AMERICAN EMPIRE

Prospects and Problems Facing French Colonists

British Settlers Confront the Threat from France

An American Fight Becomes a Global Conflict

Quebec Taken and North America Refashioned

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Prospects and Problems Facing French Colonists

French population smallLack of support from FranceEnglish settlers cross the

Applachians1763: the Treaty of Paris

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British Settlers Confront the Threat from France

1748: After King William’s War Louisburg becomes French

1753: Virginia governor sends Washington to warn the French to leave the Ohio River area

1754: Franklin’s Albany Plan to repel the French

1755: British and colonial army march west to fight the French

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An American Fight Becomes a Global Conflict

William Pitt expands the war to the world

1758: 50,000 troops in America, France loses Louisburg, Ft. Frontenac

1759: British and Iroquois take Ft. Niagara, Ticonderoga and Crown Point

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Quebec Taken and North America RefashionedAmerica redrawn:

Spain acquires New Orleans and Louisiana west of Mississippi

East Florida goes to Britain as well as the French holdings between the Appalachians and the Mississippi, and parts of Canada

England becomes a major colonial power